mgqk msg qj

YS% ,xldfõ nyqmd¾Yúl
mdßißl .súiqï ms,sn| w;afmd;
mßir yd iajNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh
2009
1

2009 uq¥Kh
ISBN 978-955-0033-09-06
m%ldYkh mßir yd iajNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh, YS% ,xldj
ixialrKh
wkqr ch;s,l, wOHlaI, jdhq iïm;a l

mdßißl yd iajNdúl iïm;a .re wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh
Y%S ,xldj f.da,Sh mdßißl ixrlaIK l%shdoduhg yjq,alrejl= fjñka
mdßißlj b;d jeo.;a nyqmdrAYùh mdßißl .súiqï 40 l muK wmrdkqu;
lr we;' mßir yd iajNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh nyqmdrAYùh mdßißl .súiqï
16 lg cd;sl flakaø wdh;kh f,i l%shdlrk w;r m%Odk jYfhka jdhqf.da,Sh"
foaY.=K úmrAhdi" ffcj úúO;aj" N+ñ" iuqøSh yd fjr

fmrjok
1992 j¾Ifha§ ßfhdao cefkhsfrda kqjr mej;s ñys;, iuqˆfõ§ mdßißl .egˆ
i|yd iaÒridr úiÿïj, wjYH;dj yÿkd.kakd ,È' fuysoS mdßißl m%Yak j,
ixlS¾K;ajh i,ld fuu .egˆ i|yd rgj,a j,g iajdëkj wjYH lrk
l%shdud¾. .ekSfï wmyiq;djh wjOdrkh lrk ,o w;r fï iïnkaOfhka
tlai;aj yd taldnoaOj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd m%Odk mdßißl nyqmd¾Yùh .súiqï
lsysmhla we;s lr .kakd ,È'
fï l%shdj,sh i|yd YS%s ,xldjo il%shj odhl ù we;s w;r ±kgu;a ;sridr
ixj¾Okh yd mßirhg iïnkaO lafIa;%hkag wod, nyqmd¾Yùh
mdßißl .súiqï 40 la muK wmrdkqu; lr we;' fuu nyqmd¾Yùh
mdrsißl .súiqï fndfyduhla i|yd cd;sl flakaøSh wdh;kh f,i fuu
wud;HdxYh lghq;= lrk w;r fuu .súiqï l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wksl=;a
md¾Yjlrejka yd iïnkaOj lghq;= lsÍu ioyd nyqmd¾Yùh mdßißl .súiqï
ms

ye¢kaùu
miq.sh jir lsysmhla ;=, l%ñl f,i j¾Okh ú we;s f.da,Sh ;;a;ajhla ;=,
nyqmd¾Yúl mdßißl ixOdk yd .súiqï yd j¾;udk mdßißl l;sldjka
ms

mgqk
msgqj
mrsir ixrlaIKh ms

mrsir ixrlaIKh ms

nyqmdrAYaúl mdrsirsl wdh;k yd ixúOdkhkaf.a l%ñl jrAOkhla
miq.sh oYl fol ;=< isoqú we;
tlai;a cd;skaf.a mdrsirsl jevigyk -United Nations Environment Programe
^UNEP&
tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkfha ^UN& mrsirh ms

nyqmdrAYaúh mdrsirsl .súiqï ^MEA& wod, mdrsNdIsl mo
mdrAYjhka (Parties) - .súiqulg we;=

nyqmdrAYaúl mdrsirsl .súiqï ^MEA& j¾.
.súsiqu (Agreement) - iïuq;shlg M

nyqmdrAYaúl mdrsirsl .súiqï ^MEA& yd Y%S ,xldj
mrsirh wdrlaIdlr .eksug yd ;sridr ixjrAOkh i|yd .súi .kakd ,o
wka;rAcd;sl tlÕ;djka nyqmdrAYaúl mdrsirsl .súiqï f,i yeoskajk w;r tajd
n,d;aul f,i l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd iEu uÜgulu md¾Yjlrejka lghq;= l,
hq;=fõ' f.da,Sh mßird;aul .eg¿ w;ßka jvd;a jeo.;a yd ;SrKd;aul lrekq
ms,sn|j fujeks tlÕ;djhka we;slrf.k we;'
rdcHhla lsishï mdßißl .eg¿jla iukh lsrSfïoS ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nk
nyqmd¾Yúl mdßißl .súiqï" rdcHhka w;r we;slr .;a ffk;sl fkdjk
wkq.uHh uQ,O¾u iajrEmfha ’uDÿ kS;s’ (soft-law), f,i fyda mdrsirsl wruqKla
flfrys ffk;slj wkq.uHh l%shdudrA.hka .;yels ’oeä kS;S’ (hard-law) f,i
ksrAjpkh l, yel'
Y%S ,xldj wdnoaO fyda wmrdkqu; l, (acceded or ratified) nyqmdrAYúl
mdrsirsl .súiqï 40la muK we;s w;r bka 16la i|yd cd;sl flakao%Sh ia:dkh
f,i mrsir yd iajNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh l%shdlrhs' tajd wh;ajk úIh
wkqj my; ioyka whqrska jrA.Slrkh l, yel'
1. jdhqf.da,h (Atmosphere)
´fidaka úhk iq/lSu i|yd jq úhdkd iïuq;sh ^1985&-Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
´fidaka ia:rhg ydks muqKqjk m%ySKldrs o%jH ;=rka lsrsu ms

ixl%uKsl jk Ôú úfYaI ixrlaIKh i|yd jq iïuq;sh ^CMS-
1979& - Convention on the conservation Of Migratory Species
wdishd -meismsla c,cSú j.d uOHia:dk cd,h ms

Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of
environmental modification techniques
iuqø kS;Sh ms

1' ´fidaka úhk iq/lsu i|yd jq úhdkd iïuq;sh
(The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer)
www.ozone.unep.org
ye|skaúu
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mrsir jevigyfka md,k uKav,h ^Governing Council& 1976oS
´fidaka ia:rh laIh ùu ms

2' ´fidaka ia:rhg ydks muqKqjk m%ySKldrs o%jH ;=rka lsrsu ms,sn| jq
fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkh - (Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer) www.ozone.undp.org
ye|skaùu
´fidaka ia:rhg ydks meusKsúh yels m%ysKldrS o%jH ;=rka lsrsu ms

fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkh l%shd;aul lsrsu i|yd cd;sl ´fidaka tallh
^NOU& .kakd ,o l%shdudrA.
1. Y%S ,xldj fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkfha ish,q ixfYdaOk wmrdkqu; lsrsu ^,kavka"
fldamkafyda.ka fudkaá%h,a yd îcSx&
2. 1994 cQ,s udifha msysgqjk ,o fudkaá%sh,a ikaOdk tallh ^MPU& fï jk úg cd;sl
´fidaka tallh olajd wdh;ksl jYfhka jrAOkh lr we;'
3. Y%S ,xldfõ fudkaá%h,a ikaOdk tallfha ^MPU& wkq.%yfhka ´fidaka ks,Odrskaf.a
ol=Kq wdishd l,dmsh cd,h 2000oS Y%S ,xldfõ meje;aùu'
4. fudkaá%sh,a ikaOdkfha 13 jk mdrAYj /iaùu" 2001 Tlaf;danrA ui 16 fjks osk
fld

10. YS;ldrl o%jH l

XIII. Y%S ,xldj u.ska bosrsm;al, cd;sl fyaf,daka nexl= l

3' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úsmrAhdi ms

3. yrs;d.dr jdhq ms

4' lshf;da ikaOdkh(Kyoto Protocol)- www.unfccc.int/kyotoprotocol
ye|skaùu
tlai;a cd;skaf.a foaY.=K úmrAhdi ms

Y%S ,xld ldnka wruqo,
ldnka wf,ú lsÍfï jHdmdrfha l%shdldrs f,i ksr; ùu i|yd Y%S ,xld ldnka wruqo,
msysgqúug mrsir yd iajNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh iu;aj we;' fuu wruqo,
fm!oa.,sl iud.ula jk w;r tu.ska foaYSh CDM jHdmD;s ixj¾Okh iy CDM
jHdmD;s ixjrAOkh lsßfï yelshdj we;s jHdmD;s úldYlhka i|yd wjYHh uQ,H yd
wfkl=;a myiqlï iemhSu is¥lrhs' tfiau" th ldnka fj

5' ffcj úúO;ajh msgkSh fldgila jk ñksid mQrAK
jYfhka ffcj úúO;ajh u; hefmkafkla ù we;'
iïuq;sh wmrdkqu; l, ish¿ rdcH mdrAYjhkaf.ka ^yd l,dmsh wd¾Ól taldnoaO;d
ixúOdk& iukaú; mdrAYj iuq¿jg ^COP& iïuq;sfha w;Hka; wên,h mejÍ we;' fuu
iïuq;sh hgf;a m%.;s iudf,dapkh" kj m%uqL;d y÷kd.eksu yd idudðl rdcH i|yd
jev ie,iqï iïmdokh lsßu mdrAYj iuq¿fõ ^COP& ldrAhNdrh w;r fõ' tfiau"
md¾Yj iuq¿j ^COP& iïuq;shg ixfYdaOk bÈßm;a lsßu" úfYaI{h WmfoaYk iNd
msysgq úu" idudðl rdcHhkaf.a m%.;s jdrA;d iudf,dapkh yd fjk;a wka;¾ cd;sl
ixúOdk iu. tlaj iyfhda.sj lghq;= lsßu wdÈho isÿlrhs'
wruqK (
ffcj úoHd;aul úúO;aj ixrlaIKh" cdk iïm;a fj; fhda.H m%fõYh yd
fhda.H ;dlaIKh mejÍu yd wruqo,a we;=¿ ixrpl ;sridr f,i Ndú;h yd cdk
iïm;a Wmfhda.s lr .eksfuka we;sjk m%;s,dN idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; f,i
yqjudre lr.eksu'
S
iïu; jq oskh ( 1992-05-22
n,d;aul jq oskh ( 1993-12-29
Y%S ,xldj wmrdkqu; l, oskh ( 1994-03-23
Y% ,xldfõ n,d;aul jq oskh ( 1994-03-23
iïuq;sh wmrdkqu; l, rdcH ixLHdj ( 191
cd;sl flakao%Sh ia:dkh ( f,alï" mßir yd iajNdúl iïm;a
wud;HdxYh
iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd .kakd ,o l%shdudrA. (
1. ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh i|yd jq l%shdldß ie,eiau ms

5. ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh i|yd jq foaYSh yelshd we.hSula isÿlsßu'
6. úúO wka;rAcd;sl m%Odhlhkaf.a uQ,H wdOdrh we;sj ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh
i|yd yelshd jrAOkh lsßug wod, jHdmZD;s m%jrAOkh lsÍu'
7. mqyqKq" ±kqj;a lsßï yd wOHdmk jevigyka meje;aúu'
8. úIh úfYaI jq m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh ^idïm%odhsl ±kqu" cdk iïm;a fj; m%fõYh
wdÈ&
9. Y%S ,xldj ;=, fuu iïuq;sh ls%hd;aul lsrSu ioyd we;s yelshdjka fidhd ne,Su
ioyd cd;sl yelshd wjYH;d iajwOHk jHdmD;sh (National Capacity needs Self
Assesment for Global Environmental Management -NCSA) hgf;a yelshd ixjrAOk
ls%hdldrS ie,iaula ms,sfh, lsrSu'
ffcj úúO;ajh - mßir moaO;shl" ffcj orAYhl ^biome& fyda iuia: mD;=úfha Ôù iajNdjfha
úúO;ajh ffcj úúO;ajh f,i ie,fla' ffcj moaO;shl fi!LHh iïmkakNdjh ;SrKh lsßfï
o¾Ylhla f,io ffcj úúO;ajh ie,lsh yelsh' jir ñ,shk 3'5l mßkdñl l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hla jq
meyeÈ,s ffcj úfYaI ñ,shk fndfyda .Kklska mD;=úfha ffcj úúO;ajh iukaú; ú we;' 1992"
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ßfhdao cfkhsfrdays mej;s ñys;, iuq¿fõ§ ksrAjpkh l, wdldrhg ffcj
úúO;ajh hkq fN!ñl" iuqøsh yd fjk;a c,c mßir moaO;s" Ôú úfYaI ;=," úfYaI w;r yd mßir
moaO;ska yd mdßißl ixlSrAKhkaf.a mdrAYj Ôúkaf.a úúO;ajho we;=¿j ish¿ ðú m%Njhkaf.a ðúka
w;r we;s úúO;ajh fõ'
mD:súfha wo mj;sk ffcj úúO;ajh jir ì,shk 4l mßKdufha m%;sM,hls' mD:súh u; Ôjfha
wrïNh úoHd;aulj ;yjqre ú fkdue;s jqjo" mD:súh ks¾udKh ú jir ñ,shk ish .Kklg miqj
cSúka we;sjkakg we;ehs ms,s.; yels idOl we;' wdikak jYfhka jir ñ,shk 600lg fmr mD:súfha
ish¿ ðúka nelaàßhd" fm%dafgdafidajd yd iudk tal ffi,Sh ðúkaf.ka iukaú;j mej;s we;'
jdis yd wjia:d
1. ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh yd cdk iïm;a ;sridr f,i Ndú;h i|yd ldrAhlaIu
cd;sl ie,eiaula yd iïnkaêlrKhla i|yd wdxYsl yd wxY w;r iyfhda.s;dj
jrAOkh lsßu'
2. ;dlaIKh m%j¾Okh lsßu yd mejÍu'
3. kS;s yd fr.=,dis M,odhs f,i n,d;aul lsßu'
4. cdk iïm;a fj; idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; m%fõYh'
5. cdk iïm;a fhdod.kakd ffcj ;dlaIKh ms

6' ffcj iqrlaIs;;dj ms

ffcj úlsrKh lrk ,o ðúka ^ Living Modified Organisms-LMOs) - wNsckkh"
jrKSh ;dlaIKh yd úlrKh lsßïo we;=¨j kj m%;siïnkaê; DNA ;dlaIKfhka
ksIamdÈ; ðúka yd ffcj ;dlaIKh fhdod .eksu u.ska ffcj úlrKh lrkq ,enq
csúka'
cdk úlrKh l, ðúka ^ Genetically Modified Organism-GMO) $ cdk
bxðfkare ;dlaIKfhka ksmo jq ðúka ^ Genetically Engineered Organism-GEO& - fjkia
m%Njhkaf.ka ,nd .;a DNA wKq tl;=lr.ekSu ;=,ska ksmojd.;a kj cdk Wmfhda.s
lr.ksñka ;dlaIKsl l%u u.ska ksmojd.;a kj cSúka fï hg;g .efka'
fuu ;dlaIKh m%;siïnkaê; DNA ;dlaIKh f,io ye¢kafõ' fuysÈ fjkia
m%Njhkaf.a DNA wKq tla lsßfuka kj cdk ksmofõ'
iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd .kakd ,o l%shdud¾.
1. Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl ffcj iqrlaIs;;d uQ,dlD;sh ieliSfï jHdmD;sh
ls%hd;aullr wjika lsßu ^2003-2005&
2. mj;akd jHjia:d Yla;su;a lsßu yd cdk úlrKh l, ðúka ^GMOs& ms

7' tlai;a cd;skaf.a ldka;drlrKh msgqoelsu ms

5. tlai;a cd;skaf.a ldka;drlrKh msgq±lsSu ms

8' Wmøjldß wmøjH foaYiSud yryd m%jdykh yd neyer lsßu md,kh
lsßu ms

Y%S ,xldj ;=, iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsrsu i|yd f.k we;s l%shdudrA. (
1. Y%S ,xldj ;=, ndi,a iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd cd;sl iïnkaêlrK lñgqjla
yd iïnkaêlrk hdka;%Khla we;s lsßu'
2. f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j iu. taldnoaOj ndi,a iïuq;sfha weuqKqï IX
hgf;a ,ehsia;= .;l, NdKav i|yd talSh ixfla; moaO;shla ^HS& ix.%y.; lsßu
yd foaYiSud yryd Wmøjldß wmøjH m%jdykh md,kh lsßu i|yd wdkhk wmkhk
wd{dmK; hgf;a fr.=,dis flgqïm;a lsßu'
3. Wmøjldß wmøjH ms

9' os.=l,a mj;akd ldnksl ¥Il ms

fmd,slaf,daßfkagâ nhs*skhs,a ^Polychlorinated Biphenyls -PCB& fuu ixfhda. l¾udka;
lafIa;%fha" úÿ,sh g%dkaiaf*dau¾ yd lemeisg¾ i|yd ;dm yqjudre ixfhda.hla f,i yd fmakaÜ"
ldnka rys; fldms fmam¾" iS,kaÜ yd ma,diaála ksYamdokfha ixl,k øjHla f,io Ndú;d flf¾'
fgdlaid*ska (Toxaphene)- fuh lmq" OdkH" m

10' f;;a ìï ms

ïid f;;a ìï ,ehsia;= (Ramsar Site List) ksfhdackd;aul" oqrA,N fyda wkkHh
úfYaI we;=

11' j|ùfï ;rAckhg ,lajq jki;a;aj yd jDlaI,;d úfYaIhkaf.a wka;rA
cd;sl fj

wdkhk$wmkhk n,m;% l%uhla wkq.ukh lr j|ùfï ;rAckhg ,lajq hï úfYaI wê
mrsfNdackfhka j

12' ixl%uKsl jk Ôù úfYaI ixrlaIKh i|yd jq iïuq;sh ^Convention on
Conservation of Migratory Species -CMS&-www.cms.int
ye|skaùu
fndka iïuq;sh l=re¿ úfYaI iy fN!ñl yd id.rjdiS wfkl=;a ish¿ i;aj úfYaI
ixrlaIKh wruqKqfldg ia:dms; lr we;' fuh f.da,Sh mrsudKfhka jk cSùka yd jdi
N+ó ixrlaIKh i|yd tlai;a cd;skaf.a mrsir jevigyfka ^UNEP& wkq.%yfhka
mrsiudma;s jq wka;rA rdcHh tlÕ;djhls'
iïuq;sfha I mrsYsIaGh hgf;a j|ùfï ;rAckhg ,lajq ixl%uKsl úfYaI ,ehsia;= .;
lr we;' fuu i;a;aj úfYaI wdrlaId lr .eksu" ixrlaIKh lsrsu fyda Tjqkaf.a
jdiN+ó h:d;;a;ajhg m;alsßu" ixl%uKhg we;s ndOl bj;alsrsu yd Tjqkaf.a
meje;aug ;rAckd;aul wfkl=;a idOl md,kh lsrsug iïuq;sfha mdrAYj .kq ,enq
W;aiyhl m%:sM,hla f,i ixl%uKsl úfYaI ixrlaIKh ms

w;r;=r ld,fha m%;sm;a;s yd mrsmd,k udrAf.damfoaY ,ndosu msKsi ia:djr lñgqjla
m;alr we;s w;r ;dlaIKsl yd úoHd;aul WmfoaY i|yd idudcsl rdcHh yd mdrAYj
iuq¿j ^COP& m;a l, m%ùKhkaf.ka iuka ú; úoHd;aul ljqkai,hmsysgqjd we;'
wruqK (
rdcHhkaf.a cd;sl foaY iSud yryd fyda bkamsg; ixl%uKh jk jkcSù úfYaI wdrlaId
lsrsu'
iïu; jq oskh ( 1979-06-23
n,d;aul jq oskh ( 1983-11-01
Y%S ,xldj wmrdkqu; l, oskh ( 1990-06-06
Y%S ,xldfõ n,d;aul jq oskh ( 1990-09-01
iïuq;sh wmrdkqu; l, rdcHh ixLHdj ( 110
cd;sl flakao%Sh ia:dkh ( jkcSù ixrlaIK fomdrA;fïka;=j
iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsrsu i|yd .kakd ,o l%shdudrA. (
1. ol=Kq fjr< ;Srfha leianE ixrlaIKh yd wdrlaIK lghq;= wëlaIKh
lsrSu
2. udkj l%shdldrlï yd úf,damShkaf.ka leianE leo,s wdrlaId lr
ixrlaIKh lsrsu
3. leianE ixrlaIK l%shdudrA. jeäoshqKq lsrSu
4. leianE ixrlaIK l%shdldrs ie,eiau ilia lsrsu
5. ixl%uKsl úfYaI ixrlaIKh ms

13' iuqøfha f;,a ldkaÿfjka isÿjk iuqø ¥IK wk;=re iïnkaOfhka ueÈy;a
ùu i|yd jq wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh (International Convention Relating to
Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties)-
www.imo.org/convention
ye|skaùu
kdúl wk;=re fya;=fjka f;,a u.ska isÿúh yels mßir ¥IKh fyda tys n,mEfuka
iuqø ;Srhg fyda ta wdY%S; whs;skag isÿúh yels wka;rdhka j

14' f;,a u.ska isoqjk mrsir ¥IKh i|yd isú,a j.lSï mejÍu ms

Y%S ,xldj wmrdkqu; l, oskh ( 1983-04-12 ^AC&
Y%S ,xldfõ n,d;aul jq oskh ( 1983-07-11
iïuq;sh wmrdkqu; l, rdcH ixLHdj ( 102
cd;sl flakao%Sh ia:dkh ( iuqø mdrsirsl wdrlaIK wêldßh
ixfYdaOk
( jir 2000§ ixfYdaê;" 1969 iïuq;sh
1992 ikaOdkfhka m%;sYaGdmkh
lrkq ,eîh'^1976 ixfYdaOkh"1984
ixfYdaOkh yd 1992 ixfYdaOkh&
Y%S ,xldj ;=, iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsrsu i|yd f.k we;s l%shdudrA. (
1. 1962 isú,a j.lSï ms

15' f;,a ¥IK ydksmQrKh i|yd wka;¾cd;sl wruqo,la msysgq úu ms

1. foaYN+ól iuqø;Srh we;=¿ wkkHh wd¾Ól l,dmhkaf.a isÿjq ¥IK ydks
j

16' keõ u.ska isÿjk iuqø ¥IK j

Y%S ,xldj ;=, iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsrsu i|yd f.k we;s l%shdudrA. (
1. mj;akd mk;g jeä n,;, yd wên,h ,nd.eksu msKsi th mK;la f,i
md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lsßu i|yd weu;s uKav, wkque;sh ,nd.eksu'
2. by; i|yka ld¾hhka i|yd iqÿiq fiajd imhkakka iuqø mdrsirsl wdrlaIK
wêldßh úiska 1996 isg ,shdmÈxÑ lsßu'
3. keõ u.ska cks; lrkq ,nk wmøjH m%udKh wvqlr .eksu i|yd jq fr.=,dis
iys; .eiÜ ksfõokh flgœïm;a lsrSu'
4. iuqø mdrsirsl wdrlaIK wêldßfha fiajd imhkakka úiska keõ u.ska
uqodyefrk wmøjH ms

17' wka;rA cd;sl Ydl wdrlaIK iïuq;sh (International Plant Protection
Convention) -www.ippc.int
ye|skaúu
wka;rAcd;sl Ydl wdrlaIK iïuq;sh rdcHh 170l idudcsl;ajhla we;s YdL
iajia:;djh ms

18' wdishd meismsla l,dmsh YdL wdrlaIKh ms

19' bka§h id.r gQkd u;aiHh fldñiu ia:dms; lsßu ms

20' uqyqÿ kS;Sh ms

21' frdgrAveï iïuq;sh (Rotterdam Convention) -www.pic.int
ye|skaùu
ld¾ñl ridhksl øjH yd m

1946 l¾udka;Yd,d wd{dmK; - ld¾ñl ridhksl øjH ms

22' iuqø kS;sh ms

23' f,dal ixialD;sl yd iajNdúl Wreu wdrlaId lsrsu ms

24' w;sYh ixl%uKsl yd ixl%uKsl u;aiH iïm;a l

25' iuqøh wdY%S; Ôù iïm;a ixrlaIKh yd ëjr lghq;= ms

27' ffcj úoHd;aul ^nelaàßhdfõÈh& yd Oq,l wú ieliSu" ksIamdokh yd
f;d. /ialsßu ;ykï lsßu iy tu.ska we;sjk úkdYhla j

29' uydoaùmsl ;gdlh ms

31' uy uqyqo ms

33' jdhq f.da,fha" wNHjldYfha yd osh hg kHIaál wú w;ayod ne,su ;ykï
lsßu ms

iïuq;sh i| yd .%yhka we;=¿ wdldY jia;=ka udkj j¾.hdf.a fmdÿ whs;shg iSudlr
lsishï rdcHhlg th i;=lr .eksu ksYaÑ;ju ;ykï lr we;' iïuq;sfha j.ka;s IIg
wkqj i| yd .%yhka we;=¨ wNHjldYfha .%y jia;=ka mßyrKh lsßu fyda mÈxÑj isàu
fyda wka wdldrhlg rdcHhl cd;sl mrudêm;Hh whs;shlg ysñlï lSug yelshdjla
fkdue;sh'
wruqK (
wNHjldYh Ndú;d lsßu yd .fõIKh i|yd wka;¾cd;sl ffk;sl wdêm;Hhla
ia:dms; lsÍu'
iïu; jq oskh ( 1967-01-27
n,d;aul jq oskh ( 1967-10-10
Y%S ,xldj wmrdkqu; l, oskh ( 1986-11-18
35' hqOuh fyda wka wdldrhl wys;lr tÈßjdÈ l%shd i|yd
mßird;aul ;dlaIKsl úlrKhka fhdod.eksu keje;aùu ms

wOHlaI
jdhq iïm;a l