KJIY1:IHH3EOPOBH:

KJIY1:IHH3EOPOBH:
npaBO; JIH'IHH npaBa; nOJIHTH~KH npaBa; COQHjaJIHH npaBa;
KYJITypHH npaBa; eKOHOMCKH npaBa; AOJI)KHOCTH; CYA 3a
~OBeKOBHTe npaBa.

Cn060AHTe H npaBaTa ce OCHOBeH KpHTepHYM H MepHnO 3a nonO}K6aTa
H 3a ynoraTa Ha qOBeKOT H Ha rpataHHHOT BO OnlliTeCTBOTO, OA
eAHa CTpaHa, H 3a AeMOKpaTHqHOCTa Ha CHCTeMOT, OA APyra cTpaHa. THe
ce HHCTpYMeHT 3a orpaHHqyBaH>e Ha BnaCTa H 3a OHeB03MO}KYBaH>e Ha
Hej3HHaTa ap6HTpapHOCT H 3a 3noynoTpe6H OA CTpaHa Ha BnaCTa.
30lliTO 360pYBaMe 3a OCHO6HU cn060AH? 3aToa lliTO THe H3BHpaaT
OA npHpOAaTa Ha qOBeKOT, a He OA BonjaTa Ha AP}KaBHaTa BnaCT. "JIyteTo
ce pataaT cn060AHH H eAHaKBH", BenH )l(aH )l(aK Pyco, a Toa ro nOBTopH
H ~eKnapaQHjaTa 3a He3aBHCHOCTa Ha CA~ OA 1776 rOAHHa.
fIpaBaTa ce aKT Ha oApeAeH CTeneH OA pa3BojoT Ha QHBHnH3aQHjaTa,
nnOA Ha HOBOBeKOBHOTO pa36HpaH>e Ha CBeTOT H Ha }KHBOTOT.
TeopHcKaTa AHMeH3Hja Ha cn060AHTe H Ha npaBaTa e TeCHO noBp-
3aHa co TeopHjaTa 3a npHpoAHOTO npaBo, co nojaBaTa Ha YCTaBOT (KaKo
nHlliaH AoKYMeHT) H co H3rpaA6aTa Ha eAHHCTBeH MetYHapOAeH nopeAOK.
1. KOH~en~HH 3a CJIO60~H H npaBa Ha qOBeKOT H Ha rparaHHHOT
1.1. Teopuja 3a npupO~HOTO npaso
HliKYJI~liTe Ha TeoplijaTa 3a nplipO~HOTO npaBO rli HaotaMe BO clJli-
JIO3oclJcKaTa MliCJIa Ha COclJlicTliTe Ii Ha CTOHnliTe. 3a COclJlicTliTe JIyteTo
ce e~HaKBIi no cBojaTa nplipo~a, a ponCTBOTO e HenplipO~Ha cocToj6a.
Cnope~ CTOIi~liTe, JIyteTO ce nplipO~HO Ha~apeHIi co YM (JIoroc) Ii Tlie
Tpe6a paMHonpaBHO ~a ~eCTBYBaaT BO jaBHlioT }KliBOT. Ha HliB ce Ha-
~OBp3YBa pliMCKaTa MliCJIa. 3a QIi~epOH, nplipO~HOTO npaBO e npaBliJIeH
YM (recta racio), BO COrJIaCHOCT CO nplipo~aTa.
TeoplijaTa 3a nplipO~HOTO npaBO BO XVII Ii BO XVIII BeK Ke 6~e
3acTanyBaHa O~ UOH JIOK Ii O~ TOMac UeclJepCOH. 3a o6aj~aTa, CliTe JIyte
-no nplipo~a -ce CJIO60~HIi Ii e~HaKBIi Ii liMaaT HeOTytliBIi Ii HenpliKoc-
HOBeHIi npaBa KOIi ~p}KaBHaTa BJIaCT MO}Ke caMO ~a rli IIITliTIi, HO He Ii ~a
rli OrpaHliQYBa liJIIi ~a rli YKliHYBa.
TeoplijaTa 3a nplipO~HOTO npaBO rli nOBp3YBa CJIO60~liTe Ii npa-
BaTa CO npaB~aTa -KaKO Bpe~HOCT.
1.2. TeopujaTa 3a nO3UTUBHOTO npaBO
CnopeA TeopHjaTa 3a nO3HTHBHOTO npaBO, CJIo60AHTe H npaBaTa ce
npOH3BOA Ha CYBepeHaTa AP)KaBHa BJIaCT. THe ce Kpea~Hja Ha AP)KaBHaTa
BJIaCT. PaKOBOAeHa OA AP)KaBHHOT pe30H, Taa MO)Ke Aa rH orpaHHqH HJIH
Aa rH YKHHe. 3HaQH, CJIo60AHTe H npaBaTa He ce npHpOAHO QOBeKOBO CBOjCTBO,
TYKY KaTeropHja Ha AP)KaBHHOT nopeAOK. "lJoBeKoT He e rparaHHH,
32

TYKY nO~aHIIK. CJIO60~IITe II npaBaTa He ce BO clJYHKI(lIja Ha npaB~aTa II
Ha npaBII1JHOCTa, TYKY BO clJYHKI(lIja Ha ~p)KaBHaTa BJIaCT.
2. x.OKYMeHTH 3a CJIO60~HTe H npaBaTa Ha lIOBeKOT H Ha rparaHHHOT
H~ejaTa 3a qOBeKOBHTe CJIOOO~H H npaBa e pO~eHa BO CTapa
rpI(Hja, BO CTapHOT PHM H BO Cpe~HHOT BeK. Bo rpqKHTe nOJIHCH
rparaHHTe HMaJIe npaBO Ha rOBOp (HCHropHja) H OHJIe e~HaKBH npe~ 3a-
KOHOT (HCHHoMHja). HCTOTO Ba)KH H 3a pHMCKHTe rparaHH, a cpe~HHOT
BeK e nO3HaT no rOJIeMHOT opoj nOBeJIOH 3a npHBHJIerHH Ha o~pe~eHH
CTaJIe)KH H rpynH. Ro, H CTapa rpI(Hja H CTapHOT PHM H cpe~HHOT BeK ce
BpeMe Ha ponCTBO H Ha KOJIeKTHBHCTHqKH ~YX. CTapa rpI(Hja OCTaHYBa
KOJIeBKa Ha ~eMoKpaTHjaTa, CTapHOT PHM H3BopHIIITe Ha npaBOTO, a
cpe~HHOT BeK BpeMe Ha Ba}KHH nOBeJIOH.
rOJIeMaTa nOBeJIOa 3a cJIOOO~aTa (Magna Carta Libertatum) o~ 1215
rO~HHa, BO HeKOH o~pe~oH, e ce YllITe Ba)KeqKH ~oKYMeHT Ha aHrJIOCaK-
COHCKOTO npaBo, co KOj aHrJIHCKHTe cpey~aJII(H OCBOHJIe H3BeCHH npHBH-
JIerHH 3a ceoe o~ KpaJIOT JoBaH Ee33eMja. Bo qJIeH 40 ce BeJIH: "llpaBoTo
H npaB~HHaTa HHKOMY HeMa ~a MY OH~aT npo~a~eHH, YCKpaTeHH HJIH
O~JIO)KeHH".
Bo XVII BeK BO AHrJIHja Ke OH~aT ~OHeceHH lleTHI(HjaTa 3a npa-
BaTa (Petition of Rights) BO 1628 rO~HHa, EHJIOT 3a npaBaTa (Bill of Rights)
BO 1689 H nO3HaTHOT Habeas Corpus Act (1679), KaKO OCHOBa H HHcnHpaI(Hja
3a CHTe H~HH ~oKYMeHTH o~ CJIHqeH KapaKTep. Co Hero ce no-
TeHI(Hpa ~eKa HHKOj He MO)Ke HeOBJIaCTeHO ~a ce anCH, HHTY naK ~a ce
3aTBopH oe3 COO~BeTHa CY~CKa npecy~a, a npaBaTa Ha )KHBOT, CJIOOo~a H
conCTBeHOCT CTaHYBaaT nO3HTHBHH npaBa.
CJIe~YBaaT ~Be ocooeHO 3HaqajHH ~eKJIapaI(HH. llpBaTa e AeKJIapaI(HjaTa
3a He3aBHCHOCTa Ha CAA o~ 1776 rO~HHa, co Koja 13 opHTaHcKH
KOJIOHHH MY OTKa)Kaa nOCJIYllIHOCT Ha opHTaHCKHOT KpaJI, nOBHKYBajKH
ce Ha nOJIHTHqKHTe npaBa Ha HapO~OT H eJIaOOpHpajKH rH npHqHHHTe 3a
OTcppJIaH>e Ha KOJIOHHjaJIHHOT japeM.
EHJIOT 3a npaBaTa o~ 1776 rO~HHa e npB cHcTeMaTH3HpaH ~oKYMeHT
3a npaBaTa Ha qOBeKOT, npOKJIaMHpaH BO BHpUHHHja. Co Hero ce nporJIaCeHH
"npaBaTa H CJIOOO~HTe Ha noe1l;HHeI(OT", KaKO BOBe~ KOH Y C-
TaBOT Ha BHpUHHHja.
CenaK, cppaHJJ.yCKaTa AeKJIapaI(Hja 3a npaBaTa Ha qOBeKOT H Ha
rparHHHOT o~ 1789 rO~HHa e H~ejHo-nOJIHTHqKa nJIaTcpopMa H nporpaMa
Ha CHTe nO3Ha1JajHH peBOJIYI(HOHepHH ~BH)KeH>a.
"llJIeH 1 o~ OBaa AeKJIapaI(Hja BeJIH: "nyreTo ce paraaT H )KHBeaT
CJIOOO~HH H e~HaKBH cnope~ CBOHTe npaBa".
CJIOOO~aTa e MO)KHOCT ~a ce npaBH ce IIITO HeMa ~a MY HaIIITeTH Ha
~PyrHoT. TaKa, Y)KHBaH>eTO Ha npHpO~HHTe npaBa Ha ceKoj 1JOBeK HeMa
33

paHH~H, OCBeH OHHe KOH OBO3MO~BaaT HCTHTe OBHe npaBa ~a rH ~H-
BaaT H ~pyrHTe qJIeHOBH Ha OnrnTeCTBOTO.
UOH JIoK (1632-1704), aHrJIHCKH cpHJIO30eTO HaBTopaTa CBeTCKa BojHa, BO 1945 rO~HHa OHJIa
CO3~a~eHa OOH, KojarnTo Tpeoarne ~a rpa~iI MHp H pa30HpaH>e Mety
Hapo~HTe H ~a BocnOCTaBH O~HOCH KOH ce 3aCHOBaHH Ha nOqHTYBaH>e Ha
qOBeKOBHTe npaBa. Bo 1948 rO~HHa reHepaJIHOTO coopaHHe ja YCBOH
YHHBep3aJIHaTa ~eKJIapa~Hja 3a npaBaTa Ha qOBeKOT (Universal Declaration
of Human Rights), KaKO onrnT cTaH~ap~ 3a CHTe JIyte H Ha~H'H. ;r:(eK-
JIapa~HjaTa e COCTaBeHa o~ BoBe~ H HMa 30 qJIeHa.
Cnope~ qJIeH 1, CHTe qOBeqKH cyrnTecTBa ce pataaT CJIOOO~HH, e~-
HaKBO ~OCTOHHCTBeHH H co e~HaKBH npaBa. THe ce Ha~apeHH co pa3YM H
co COBeCT H Tpeoa ~a ce O~HeCYBaaT e~eH KOH ~pyr BO ~YXOT Ha onrnTOqOBeqKaTa
npHna~HOCT.
Co YHHBep3aJIHaTa ~eKJIapa~Hja 3a npaBaTa Ha qOBeKOT, CJIOOO-
~HTe H npaBaTa Ha qOBeKOT H Ha rpataHHHOT CTaHaa MetYHapO~Ha npoo-
JIeMaTHKa, OCHOBa 3a rpa~eH>e Ha e~HHCTBeH MetYHapO~eH nope~OK, a He
caMO nparnaH>e Ha BHaTpernHOTO Ha~HOHaJIHO npaBO Ha ceKoja ~p)KaBa.
OOH ~OHece H ~pyrH ~OKYMeHTH O~ OOJIaCTa Ha qOBeKOBHTe
npaBa, Mety KOH H MetYHapO~HHOT naKT 3a rpataHcKH H 3a nOJIHTHqKH
npaBa H MetYHapO~HHOT naKT 3a eKOHOMCKH, co~HjaJIHH H KYJITypHH
npaBa o~ 1966 rO~HHa.
CHTe OBHe MetYHapo~HH aKTH, KaKO H ~pyrHTe KOHBeH~HH 3a CJIOoo~HTe
H 3a npaBaTa Ha qOBeKOT, HMaaT KapaKTep Ha HMnepaTHBHH
(3a~OJI)KHTeJIHH) MetYHapo~HH HOpMH (ius cogens), oe3 orJIe~ Ha Toa ~aJIH
ce paTHcpHKYBaHH HJIH He O~ cTpaHa Ha O~~eJIHa ~p)KaBa.
MetYHapO~HaTa 3aeAHH~a He ce 3a~OBOJIYBa co YTBp~YBaH>e Ha
CTaH~ap~H BO ceTO H OCTBapYBaH>eTO Ha CJIOOO~HTe H Ha npa-
BaTa BO npaKTHKaTa, KopHcTejKH pa3HH MexaHH3MH 3a HaOJbYlJ.YBaH>e
(MOHHTopHHr), H MO)Ke ~a H3peKYBa caH~HH npOTHB KOHKpeTHH ~p)KaBH,
Torarn Kora pacnOJIara co no~aTO~H 3a Kprneffie Ha qOBeKOBHTe CJIOOO~H
H npaBa.
CenaK, OOH ce yrnTe He ycneaJIa ~a BocnOCTaBH HHCTHTY~HOHaJIeH
MexaHH3aM 3a KOHKpeTHa 3arnTHTa Ha qOBeKOBHTe CJIOOO~H H npaBa.
COBeTOT Ha EBpona BeKe eTaOJIHpa TaKOB HHCTpYMeHT co EBponCKaTa
KOHBeH~Hja 3a qOBeKOBHTe npaBa H OCHOBHH CJIOOO~H o~ 1951 rO~HHa:
34

EBponCKa KoMHcHja 3a qOBeKOBHTe npaBa H EBpOnCKH cy~ 3a QOBe-
KOBHTe npaBa (QneH 19). OQHrne~Ho e ~eKa QOBeKOBHTe cn060~H H
npaBa CTaHYBaaT 6a3HQeH eneMeHT BO rpa~effieTO Ha MetyHapo~HaTa
apxHTeKTypa.
3. CJI060~HTe H npa8aTa 80 Peny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja
OCHoBHHTe CJIO60~H H npaBa Ha qOBeKOT H Ha rparaHHHOT ce yc-
TaBHa MaTepHja BO Peny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja. HajnpBo, CJIO60~HTe H
npBaTa ce nOCOqeHH KaKO e~Ha O~ OCHOBHHTe QeJIH BO KOHCTHTYHpalbeTO
Ha Peny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja KaKO CaMocTojHa H CYBepeHa ~p)KaBa. llOToa,
CJIO60~HTe H npaBaTa ce YTBp~eHH KaKO TeMeJIHa Bpe~HOCT Ha YCTaBHHOT
nOpe~OK Ha PM (qJIeH 8, aJIHHeja 1). Bo ~YXOT Ha JIH6epaJIHO-~eMoKpaT-
CKaTa Tpa~HQHja, Y CTaBOT Ha PM HM ~aBa QeHTpaJIHO MeCTO Ha CJIO-
6o~HTe H Ha npaBaTa Ha qOBeKOT H Ha rparaHHHoT (rJIaBa II), Ha6pojy-
BajKH IIIHpoKa JIHCTa Ha CJIO60~H H npaBa, IIITO on

aprYMeHTHpaHo 36oPYBaaT H3BellITaHTe Ha Amnesty International, Helsinki
Watch HJIH rO~HIIIHHOT H3BellITaj 3a "lOBeKOBHTe npaBa Ha CTejT AenapTMeHTOT
Ha CAA.
)' CTaBOT Ha p~ ja onpe~eJIYBa cJIO60~aTa Ha "lOBeKOT KaKO HenpHKOCHOBeHa.
llpaBoUlo Ha cAo6o9a MO)Ke ~a 6H~e OrpaHH"leHO caMO co
CY~CKa O~JIYKa H BO CJIY"laH H BO nOCTanKa YTBp~eHH co 3aKOH. )' CTaBOT
nO~eTaJIHO ro perYJIHpa BpeMeTpaeH>eTO Ha npHTBopOT H npaBaTa IlITO
rH HMa JIHQeTO KoellITO e JIHllIeHO o~ cJIo6o~a1.
llpeaYMUl4ujaUla (upeUluocUlaBKaUla) Ha HeBUHOCUl, HCTO TaKa, e
e~HO O~ npaBaTa CO~p)KaHH BO )'CTaBOT. Taa e rapaHQHja ~eKa JIHQeTO
KoellITO e 06BHHeTO 3a Ka3HHBO ~eJIO Ke ce CMeTa 3a HeBHHO ce ~o~eKa
HerOBaTa BHHa He 6H~e YTBp~eHa co npaBOCHJIHa CY~CKa O~JIYKa.
llpaBOUlO Ha upUBaUlHOCUl e e~HO O~ npaBaTa KoellITO e Haj3arpO3eHO
BO ~eHeIlIHHOT COBpeMeH Ha"lHH Ha )KHBeeH>e. )' CTaBOT rapaH-
THpa nO"lHTyBaH>e H 3allITHTa Ha npHBaTHOCTa Ha JIH"lHHOT H Ha ceMe-
]HHOT )KHBOT, nO"lHTYBaH>e H 3allITHTa Ha ~OCTOHHCTBOTO H Ha yrJIe~OT,
KaKO H CHrypHOCT H TajHocT Ha JIH"lHHTe no~aTOQH.
TeCHO nOBp3aHO co npaBOTO Ha npHBaTHOCT e H npaBOTO Ha Ulaj-
HocUl Ha uucMaUla U Ha 9PyiuUle 06AUl4U Ha oumUlelbe. Bp3 OCHOBa Ha
CY~CKa O~JIYKa MO)Ke ~a ce OTCTanH O~ Ha"leJIOTO Ha HenOBpe~JIHBOCT Ha
TajHocTa Ha nHCMaTa H Ha ~pyrHTe 06JIHQH Ha OllllITeH>e,2 ~OKOJIKY Toa e
Heonxo~Ho 3a BO~eH>e Ha KpHBH"lHaTa nOCTanKa HJIH aKa Toa ro 6apaaT
HHTepeCHTe a o~6paHaTa Ha Peny6JIHKa ~aKe~oHHja.
HCTO TaKa, BO TeCHa BpCKa co npaBOTO Ha npHBaTHOCT e H upaBOUlo
Ha HeuOBpe9AUBOcUl Ha 90MOUl. Toa MO)Ke ~a 6H~e OrpaHH"leHO e~-
HHCTBeHO co CY~CKa O~JIYKa, Kora e BO npallIaH>e OTKpHBaH>e HJIH cnpe-
"lYBaH>e Ha KpHBH"lHH ~eJIa HJIH 3allITHTa Ha 3~paBjeTo Ha JIyfeTO.
)' CTaBOT ja rapaHTHpa H cAo6o9aUla Ha 9BU.?/CeJiJe U HacUlaHYBaJiJe.
CeKOj rpafaHHH Ha P~ HMa npaBO CJIO60~HO ~a ce ~BIf)KH Ha TepHTopHjaTa
Ha P~ H CJIO60~HO ~a ro H36Hpa MeCTOTO Ha CBoeTO )KHBeaJIHIlITe.
CeKoj rpafaHHH HMa npaBO ~a ja HanYIlITH TepHTopHjaTa Ha P~ H ~a ce
BpaTH BO P~. Ho, )' CTaBOT ~aBa MO)KHOCT OCTBapYBaH>eTO Ha OBHe npaBa
~a ce OrpaHH"lH co 3aKOH, Kora e Toa noTpe6HO 3apa~H 3allITHTa Ha 6e3-
6e~HOCTa Ha Peny6JIHKaTa, BO~eH>e Ha KpHBH"lHa nOCTanKa HJIH 3allITHTa
Ha 3~paBjeTo Ha JIyfeTo ("lJIeH 27, CTaB 3).
CAo6o9aUla Ha MucAaUla, coBecUla U YBepYBafbeUlo ce 3Ha"lajHH
npaBa Ha "lOBeKOT BO rpa~eH>eTO H H3pa3YBaH>eTO Ha CBOj norJIe~ Ha CBe-
TOT. THe 3Ha"laT ocJIo6o~aH>e Ha "lOBeKOT o~ poncTBoTo
..
]aJIHa H~eOJIOrH]a, ~orMa H BHCTHHa.
Ha OeTO Ha OOBHHeHHeTO, no OAJIYKa Ha CYA MO)Ke Aa Tpae Haj-
AOJIrO 180 AeHa OA AeHOT Ha npHTBOpaH>eTO ('IJIeH 12, CTaB 5).
2 AMaHAMaH XIX Ha Y CTaBOT Ha PM.
36

CAo6o9aiUa Ha eepoucuoee9iUa e npaBO Ha qOBeKOT cnO60~Ho H
jaBHo, nOe~HHeqHO HnH BO 3ae~HHQa co ~pyrH, ~a ja H3pa3YBa cBojaTa
BepCKa npHna~HOCT. )TcTaBoT rapaHTHpa e~HaKBOCT Ha BepCKHTe 3ae~-
HHQH H Ha penHrHO3HHTe rpynH H npOKnaMHpa "naHqKa ~p)KaBa" (O~BOe-
HOCT Ha BepCKHTe 3ae~HHQH H rpynH O~ ~p)KaBaTa).
IIpaeoiUo Ha 9pJ/CaejaHciUeo e, HCTO TaKa, nHqHO npaBO KoellITO He
MO)Ke ~a MY 6H~e O~3eMeHO Ha HHTY e~eH ~p)KaBjaHHH Ha PM. MCTO TaKa,
~p)KaBjaHHH Ha PM He MO)Ke ~a 6H~e npOTepaH O~ 3eMjaTa.
110JJUWU'I"uwe CJJo6oou U "paBa ro H3pa3YBaaT nOnHTHqKHOT cy6jeKTHBHTeT
Ha rparaHHHOT, OBO3MO)KYBajKH MY aKTHBHO yqeCTBO BO
nOnHTHqKHOT )KHBOT Ha 3eMjaTa. Bo TeopHjaTa OBHe cno60~H H npaBa ce
HMeHYBaaT KaKO jaBHH HnH KaKO nO3HTHBHH cno60~H H npaBa. THe, npHpO~HO,
ce Ha~OBp3YBaaT Ha nHqHHTe cno60~H H npaBa BO XIX H XX BeK,
BO npoQecoT Ha rpa~eH>e Ha nOnHTHqKHOT nnypanH3aM H napnaMeHTap-
HaTa ~eMoKpaTHja. CTaH~ap~HH nOnHTHqKH cno6o~H H npaBa ce: cno6o-
~aTa Ha jaBHHoT roBar, cno60~aTa Ha HHcpopMHpaH>e, cno60~aTa Ha
nOnHTHqKO 3~pY)KYBaH>e, H36HpaqKOTO npaBO H npaBOTO Ha MHpHO CO6H-
paH>e.
Bo Y CTaBOT Ha PM, noKpaj HaBe):\:eHHTe, ce B6pojYBaaT H npaBoTo
Ha BpllleH>e Ha jaBHH clJYHKI(HH H npaBoTo Ha no):\:HecYBaH>e npeTcTaBKH.
CJlO6ogaiUa Ha jaBHuoiU 20BOp U Ha jaBHuoiU HaciUau 3HaqH npaBo
Ha qOBeKOT jaBHo ):\:a rH H3pa3YBa CBOHTe MHCJIH -He caMO co 360pOBH,
TYKY H co ):\:PyrH cpe):\:CTBa 3a H3pa3YBaH>e.
CJlo6ogaiUa Ha UHcjJopMupalbe oncl>aKa CJI060):\:eH npHCTan ):\:0 HHclJopMaI(HHTe,
cJI060):\:a Ha npHMaH>e H npeHeCYBaH>e Ha HHcl>opMaI(HH. Y C-
TaBOT rapaHTHpa H CJI060):\:HO OCHOBaH>e Ha HHCTHTYI(HH 3a jaBHo HHclJOp-
MHpaH>e, npaBO Ha o):\:rOBOp BO cpe):\:CTBaTa 3a jaBHo HHclJopMHpaH>e,
npaBO Ha HcnpaBKa BO cpe):\:CTBaTa 3a jaBHo HHclJopMHpaH>e, npaBO Ha
3alllTHTa Ha H3BOpOT Ha HHclJopMaI(HjaTa BO cpe):\:CTBaTa 3a jaBHo HHclJOp-
MHpaH>e H ja 3a6paHYBa I(eH3ypaTa.
CJlO6ogaiUa Ha UOJlUiUUIlKO 3gpYJICYBalbe 3HaqH npaBO Ha rpata-
HHTe CJI060):\:HO ):\:a OCHOBaaT 3):\:p~eHHja Ha rpataHH H nOJIHTHqKH nap-
THH, ):\:a npHCTanYBaaT KOH HHB H ):\:a HCTallYBaaT a):\: HHB. llporpaMHTe H
):\:ejcTBYBaH>eTO Ha 3):\:p~eHHjaTa Ha rpataHHTe H Ha nOJIHTHqKHTe napTHH
He MO)l{aT ):\:a 6H):\:aT HaCOqeHH KOH HaCHJIHO ypHBaH>e Ha YCTaBHHOT nope-
):\:OK Ha PM H KOH noTTHKHYBaH>e HJIH noBHKYBaH>e Ha BoeHa arpecHja HJIH
pa3ropYBaH>e Ha HaI(HOHaJIHa, pacHa HJIH BepcKa oMpa3a H HeTpneJIHBocT.
H36upallKoiUo upaBo BO PM e rapaHTHpaHo KaKO e):\:HaKBO, onlllTO
H Henocpe):\:Ho npaBo IlITO ce ocTBapYBa Ha CJI060):\:HH H360PH, co TajHo
rJIacaH>e.
Bo paMKHTe Ha nOJIHTHqKHTe npaBa e B6poeHo H upaBoiUo Ha
MUpHO co6upalbe. rpataHHTe HMaaT npaBo MHpHO ):\:a ce c06HpaaT H ):\:a
H3pa3YBaaT jaBeH npoTecT 6e3 npeTxo):\:Ho npHjaBYBaH>e H 6e3 noce6Ha
37

~03BOJIa. KOpMCTe1l>eTO Ha DBa npaBO MO)Ke ~a 6M~e OrpaHMqeHO caMO BO
YCJIOBM Ha BoeHa M BOHpe~Ha cocToj6a.
llpa80illO Ha 8pUlefbe Ha ja8Hu cjJYHKl{UU e npaBO KoeIIITO rapaH-
TMpa ~OCTanHOCT Ha jaBHMTe ~YHKQMM ~O CMTe rpataHM Ha Peny6JIMKa
MaKe~oHMja, O~HOCHO HMBHO ~eMMCTM~MQMpa1l>e.
KOH ~eMMCTM~MQMpa1l>e Ha jaBHaTa BJIaCT M KOH KpeMpa1l>e Ha aK-
TMBeH rpataHMH BO~M M upa80illo Ha uogHeCY8afbe upeillCilla8KU. CeKoj
rpataHMH MMa npaBO ~a nO~HeCYBa npeTCTaBKM ~O ~p)KaBHMTe opraHM M
~O ~pyrMTe jaBHM CJI~6M M ~a ~06Me o~rOBOp Ha HMB. rpataHMHOT He
MO)Ke ~a 6M~e nOBMKaH Ha o~rOBopHOCT, HMTY ~a TpnM IIITeTHM nOCJIe-
~MQM nopa~M CTaBOBMTe M3HeceHM BO npeTCTaBKMTe, OCBeH aKa co HMB He
CTOpMJI KPMBMQHO ~eJIo.
EKOHO.MCKU U collujaJlHU CJlo600U U "paBa. Co OBMe npaBa ce M3pa3YBa
eKOHOMCKMOT M coQMjaJIHMOT CTaTYC Ha QOBeKOT M Ha rpataHMHoT.
THe if npMnataaT Ha nOHOBaTa reHepaQMja npaBa, npoMoBMpaHa BO XX
BeK, KaKO pe3YJITaT Ha eKOHOMCKaTa M Ha coQMjaJIHaTa ~YHKQMja Ha
~p)KaBaTa. RMBHM rJIaBHM npoMoTopM ce: BajMapcKMoT ycTaB o~ 1919,
YHMBep3aJIHaTa ~eKJIapaQMja 3a npaBaTa Ha QOBeKOT o~ 1948 M MetYHapo~HMoT
naKT 3a eKOHOMCKM, coQMjaJIHM M KYJITYpHM npaBa o~ 1966
rO~HHa. Ro, Mety HMB ce HaotaaT M HeKOM MOIIIHe cTapM npaBa. llpaBoTo
Ha conCTBeHOCT BP3 3eMjaTa ro cpeKaBaMe YIIITe BO CTapMoT 3aBeT o~
EM6JIMjaTa, a MCTO TaKa M BO CTapMOT PMM. Y CTaBHaTa rapaHQHja Ha
OBMe npaBa BO PM e noBeKe ~eKJIapaQHja OTKOJIKY e~eKTHBHa ycTaBHa
HopMa, IIITO e YCJIOBeHO o~ KOHQenTOT H npaKTHKaTa Ha nocTcoQHjaJI-
HCTMQKMTe TpaH3HQMOHM CTpYKTypHM npoMeHH Ha MaKe~OHCKOTO on~
IIITeCTBO.
EKOHoMcKuiUe cAo6ogu U upa8a ro pa30TKpHBaaT KapaKTepoT Ha
eKoHoMMjaTa Ha e~Ha 3eMja, a KJIYQHO npaBO Mety HHB e npaBOTO Ha
conCTBeHOCT. MHory YCTaBM He CO~p)KaT 0~pe~6M 3a eKOHOMCKMTe o~-
HOCH M 3a HHB ~03HaBaMe nocpe~Ho, npeKY eKOHOMCKHTe CJI060~M.
COl{ujaAHuille cAo6ogu U upa8a Ha rpataHMTe ro M3pa3YBaaT COQHjaJIHMOT
CTaTYc Ha rpataHHTe, HO M COQHjaJIHaTa ~YHKQHja Ha ~p)KaBaTa
..
BO Haco~a Ha aMopTM3Mpa1l>e Ha COQMjaJIHHTe pa3JIMKM, KaKO M CTHXMjaTa
Ha na3apHaTa eKoHoMMja. COQMjaJIHaTa ~p)KaBa ja KopMrHpa Hee~HaK-
BocTa, rM IIITMTM OHMe KaTeropHH rpataHM KOH ce BO TeIIIKa MaTepHjaJIHa
noJIo)K6a M npOMOBHpa COQHjaJIHa npaB~a.
Y CTaBOT Ha PM o~ 1991 rH YTBp~YBa CJIe~HHBe eKOHO.MCKU CJlo6oou
U "paBa: npaBOTO Ha conCTBeHOCT, npaBOTO Ha pa60Ta, CJI060~aTa Ha
pa60Ta, npaBoTO Ha IIITpajK M npaBOTo Ha cHH~MKaJIHO opraHH3Hpa1l>e.
Cnope~ CJIOBOTO Ha Y cTaBoT, conCTBeHOCTa He e YTBp~eHa caMO
KaKO npaBO, TYKY M KaKO 06BpCKa, BO CMMCJIa Ha ~06po IIITO He e caMO O~
HHTepec Ha conCTBeHHKOT, TYKY M O~ onIIIT HHTepec 3a 3ae~HHQaTa. Bo
OBaa CMMCJIa, ~OKOJIKY Toa ro 6apa jaBHMoT MHTepec YTBp~eH co 3aKOH,
conCTBeHOCTa MO)Ke ~a ce OrpaHMQH MJIH ~a ce 0~3eMe, HO caMO co
38

npaBHQeH Ha~OMeCT lliTO He MO)Ke ~a 6H~e nOHH30K O~ na3apHaTa Bpe~-
HOCT.
Y CTaBOT Ha Peny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja He ja ynoTpe6YBa eKCnJIHQHT-
HO KaTeropHjaTa "npHBaTHa conCTBeHOCT", HHTY, naK, rH onpe~eJIYBa
06JIHQHTe Ha conCTBeHOCTa. CenaK, aKa ce HMa Ha YM QeJIHHaTa Ha Y C-
TaBOT, CHTYHpaHOCTa Ha conCTBeHOCTa BO O~~eJIOT 3a qOBeKOBHTe CJIO-
60~H H npaBa, a oco6eHo KBaJIHHKaQHjaTa Ha CJIO60~HHOT na3ap H
npeTnpHeMalllTBoTo KaKO OCHOBa Ha eKOHOMCKHTe O~HOCH, CJIO60~HO
MO)Ke ~a ce 3aKJIyqH H ~a ce TBp~H ~eKa npHBaTHaTa conCTBeHOCT e OCHO-
BeH conCTBeHHQKH 06JIHK BO Peny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja. Bo Y CTaBOT Ha PM
He ce H3peQHO onpe~eJIeHH HHTY jaBHaTa, HHTY ~p)KaBHaTa conCTBeHOCT.
I1MnJIHQHTHO, HHB rH npenO3HaBaMe BO KaTeropHHTe 906pa 60 ouwilla
yuoillpe6a (jaBHH naTHllITa, KaHaJIH H CJI.) H 906pa 09 ouwill uHillepec 3a
Peuy6JlUKailla (npHpo~HH 6oraTcTBa, paCTHTeJIeH H )KHBOTHHCKH CBeT,
npe~MeTH H o6jeKTH o~ oco6eHo KYJITYpHO H HCTOpHCKO 3HaQeH>e 3a Pe-
ny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja).
COrJIaCHO co ~YXOT H HaQeJIaTa Ha na3apHoTo CTonaHCTBO, Y CTaBOT
Ha Peny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja HM ro rapaHTHpa npaBoTo Ha conCTBeHOCT H
Ha cTpaHQHTe, no~ YCJIOBH YTBp~eHH co 3aKOH. lla3apHaTa JIOrHKa e BO
OCHOBaTa Ha HallIHOT Y CTaB, cnope~ KOj Ha cTpaHcKoTo JIHQe MY ce rapaHTHpaaT
npaBaTa CTeKHaTH co BJIO)KYBaH>e KanHTaJI, KaKO H npaBaTa
Ha CJIO60~HO H3HeCYBaH>e Ha KanHTaJIOT H Ha ~o6HBKaTa (QJIeH 50, CTaB
1). U:eJITa Ha BaKBHTe o~pe~6H e ~a ce nOTTHKHaT cTpaHcKHTe HHBeCTH-
QHH BO Peny6JIHKa MaKe~oHHja.
IIpa60illo Ha HaCJle9Y6a~e 3HaQH npaBo ~a ce CTeKHe npHBaTHa
conCTBeHOCT BP3 OCTaBHHaTa, no~ 3aKOHCKH YCJIOBH.
CJl0609ailla Ha pa60illa 3HaQH npaBo Ha rparaHHHoT CJIO60~HO ~a
O~JIYQH ~aJIH Ke pa6oTH HJIH He. 3HaQH, TOj caMHOT CJIO60~HO ro H36Hpa
CHaeTa 3aHHMaH>e H Bpa6oTYBaH>e. HeMY MY ce no~e~HaKBO ~OCTanHH
CHTe pa60THH MeCTa H ceKoja YHKQHja BO onlllTeCTBOTO, a npHHY~HaTa
pa60Ta e 3a6paHeTa.
IIpa60illo Ha pa60illa e npaBO Ha rparaHHHOT ~a ce Bpa6oTH BO CorJIaCHOCT
co CBOHTe cnoco6HoCTH. HeroBaTa peaJIH3aQHja ce ype~YBa co
3aKOH H co KOJIeKTHBHH ~oroBopH. Bo cYllITHHa, DBa npaBO 3HaQH npaBO
Ha nocTojaH HJIH Ha npHBpeMeH pa60TeH O~HOC, O~ e~Ha cTpaHa; 3arapaH-
THpaHa 3alllTHTa npH pa60TeH>eTO, O~ ~pyra cTpaHa, H npaBO Ha MaTepHjaJIeH
Ha~OMeCT BO CJIYQaj Ha HeBpa6oTeHOCT, O~ TpeTa CTpaHa.
Ha Bpa6oTeHHTe YCTaBOT HM rapaHTHpa upa60 Ha co096eillHa
3apa60illY6a'iKa. CocToj6aTa Ha MaCOBHa HeBpa6oTeHOCT, noBeKeMeCeQ-
HHTe ~oQHeH>a BO HCnJIaTaTa Ha nJIaTHTe H HHCKHOT MaTepHjaJIeH Ha~o-
MeCT BO CJIYQaj Ha HeBpa6oTeHOCT, ja ~OBel1YBaaT BO npalllaH>e peaJIH-
3aQHjaTa Ha OBHe npaBa. I1CTO TaKa, H o~pe~6HTe 3a TPY~OT -KaKO OC-
HOB a Ha ynpaBYBaH>eTO H O~JIyqyBaH>eTO, 3ae~HO co conCTBeHOCTa -ce
nOBeKe ~eMOKpaTCKH YCTaBeH ~eKOp, OTKOJIKY npaKTHKa.
39

llpa60illO Ha cUH9UKa./lHO OpZaHU3Upafbe e npaBO Ha BpaOOTeHHTe
]:I;a rH OCTBapYBaaT H ]:I;a rH OapaaT CBOHTe eKOHOMCKH H co~HjaJIHH npaBa
npeKY clJopMHpaIbe Ha CHH]:I;HKaTH. I1CTOTO MO)Ke ]:I;a ce OrpaHH1:IH CaMO co
3aKOH H TOa BO cclJepaTa Ha °pY)KeHHTe CHJIH, nOJIH~HjaTa H OpraHHTe Ha
ynpaBaTa (1:IJIeH 37). Bo ~eMoKpaTcKHTe nOJIHTH1:IKH CHCTeMH, CHH]:I;H-
KaTHTe ce paMHonpaBeH napTHep Ha ]:I;p)KaBaTa H Ha paOoTo]:l;aB~HTe.
llpa6oillo Ha ~illpajK e npaBo Ha BpaooTeHHTe ]:I;a npoTecTHpaaT
npoTHB YCJIOBHTe BO KOHllITO paooTaT H npoTHB BHCHHaTa Ha 3apaoo-
TYBa1:IKaTa. HeroBoTo OrpaHH1:IYBaIbe e MO)KHO caMO co 3aKOH H BO TO1:IHO
onpe]:l;eJIeHH OOJIaCTH: op~eHHTe
BaTa (1:IJIeH 38).
CHJIH, nOJIH~HjaTa H opraHHTe Ha ynpa-
Y CTaBOT Ha PM rH YTBpJIYBa CJIe]:l;HHBe coquja./lHU "paBa: npaBOTO
Ha co~HjaJIHa CHrypHOCT, npaBOTO Ha co~HjaJIHO OCHrYPYBaIbe, npaBOTO
Ha co~HjaJIHa 3allITHTa, npaBOTO Ha nOMOllI H noceOHa 3allITHTa, noceo-
HHTe co~HjaJIHH npaBa, npaBOTO Ha 3]:1;paBCTBeHa 3allITHTa, npaBOTO Ha
CJIOOO]:l;HO O~JIY1:IYBaIbe 3a C03~aBaIbe ~e~a H npaBOTO Ha 3~paBa )KHBOTHa
cpe~HHa.
llpa60illO Ha COl{uja./lHa CUZYPHocill 3Ha1:IH npaBO Ha npHCToeH
)KHBOT, BO CMHCJIa Ha 3apaOOTYBa1:IKa llITO 00e30e]:l;YBa ~OCTOHHCTBeHa
er3HcTeH~Hja, ]:I;OM, 3]:1;paBCTBeHO OCHrYPYBaIbe, MO)KHOCT 3a llIKOJIYBaIbe
H 3~paBa )KHBOTHa OKOJIHHa. ORa npaBO ce onepa~HOHaJIH3Hpa co 3aKOH
H co KOJIeKTHBHH ~orOBopH. MaKe]:l;oHcKaTa peaJIHOCT, Koja ce KapaKTep-
H3Hpa co eHopMHa HeBpaOOTeHOCT H naynepH3a~Hja Ha rpafaHHTe, 300-
PYBa 3a 3anOCTaBeHa H 3a HepeaJIH3HpaHa co~HjaJIHa CHrypHOCT, O]:l;HOCHO
3a con;HjaJIHa HeCHrypHOCT.
llpa60illO Ha COl{uja./lHO OCUZYPY6afbe 3Ha1:IH npaBO Ha 3~paBCTBeHO,
HHBaJIH~CKO H neH3HCKO OCHrYPYBaIbe, YTBp~eHH co 3aKOH H co KOJIeK-
THBeH ~orOBOp (1:IJIeH 34, CTaB 1), H no npaBHJIO ce O~HeCYBa Ha Bpaoo-
TeHHTe JIHn;a H Ha 1:IJIeHOBHTe Ha HHBHHTe ceMejcTBa.
llpa60illO Ha COl{uja./lHa 3a~illuilla e npaBO Ha O~pe]:l;eHa KaTeropHja
rpafaHH Ha nOMOllI npH HeBpaOOTeHOCT, HHCKH nJiaTH HJIH neH3HH.
3a BaKBaTa 3allITHTa e o~rOBopHa ~p)KaBaTa, Ha Ha1:IHH llITO e YTBp~eH co
3aKOH H co KOJIeKTHBeH ~orOBOp.
llpa60illo Ha ilo.MO~ ce O~HeCYBa Ha rpafaHHTe KOH He ce cnOCOOHH
H KOH ce HeMOKHH 3a paOOTa, a ilpa60illo Ha peXa6U./lUillal{uja rH nOKpHBa
HHBaJIH~HTe.
lloce6HU COl{uja./lHU ilpa6a HMaaT: oop~HTe O~ AHTH

llpaBomo Ha agpaBcmBeHa aaUlmUma e npaBO Ha ceKoj o~ HaC, oe3
orne~ Ha paOOTHHOT cTaTYc, ~a ~OOHe 3~paBcTBeHH ycnyrH BO 3~paBcTBeHHTe
ycTaHOBH.
llpaBomo Ha cAo6ogHO ogAYttYBafbe aa coagaBafbe gel{a e npaBO Ha
)KeHaTa cnOOO~HO ~a o~nyqYBa 3a paraH>eTO.
CeMejcmBomo U MajttUHCm6omo, gel{ama U MaAoAemHume AUl{a,
cnope~ Y cTaBOT, Y.JICUBaam uoce6Ha aaUlmuma. PO~HTenHTe HMaaT npaBO
H ~On)KHOCT ~a ce rpH)KaT 3a BocnHTYBaH>eTO H 3a H3~p)KYBaH>eTO Ha ~e-
~aTa. Ae~aTa, flaK, ce ~On)KHH ~a ce rpH)KaT 3a cTapHTe H H3HeMOllITeHH
pO~HTenH.
IIoceoHa 3allITHTa HM ce rapaHTHpa Ha ~e~aTa oe3 pO~HTenH H Ha
OHHe oe3 pO~HTencKa rpH)Ka. MajKHTe H ManoneTHH~HTe ~HBaaT noceOHa
3allITHTa npH paOOTa, a nH~a no~ 15 rO~HHH He MO)Ke ~a ce Bpa-
OOTYBaaT.
llpa6omo Ha agpaBa .JICU60mHa cpeguHa e npaBO Ha qHCT BO3~YX H
npHpo~a, oe3 KOH e HeBO3MO)KHa HopManHaTa onllITecTBeHa aKTHBHOCT
Ha nyreTO. Ce pa30Hpa, ceKoj O~ Hac e ~On)KeH ~a ja IlITHTH H ~a ja YHanpe~YBa
)KHBOTHaTa cpe~HHa. Cnope~ qneH 43, ~p)KaBaTa e ~On)KHa ~a
CO3~aBa nOBonHH ycnoBH 3a OBaa ~en.
KYAiilypHuiile cAo6odu u iipa8a MY OBO3MO)KYBaaT Ha qOBeKOT ~a
ce H3pa3H KaKO noceOHa nHqHOCT BO pa3nHQHH ccpepH, ~a ja HcTpa~a
cpe~HHaTa BO KojallITo )KHBee, ~a YQH H ~a ro ycOBpIIIYBa 3HaeH>eTO H ~y-
XOT, O~HOCHO ~a TBOpH.
Y cTaBOT Ha PM o~ 1991 rO~HHa rH YTBp~YBa cne~HHBe KynTYpHH
cnooo~H H npaBa: npaBoTo Ha OOpa3.0BaHHe, cnooo~aTa Ha HaYQHOTO H
YMeTHHQKOTO TBopellITBo, cnooo~aTa Ha H3pa3YBaH>e, HeryBaH>eTO H pa3-
BHBaH>eTO Ha eTHHQKHOT, KynTypHHoT, ja3HQHHOT H Ha BepCKHOT H~eH-
THTeT Ha 3ae~HH~HTe.
llpaBomo Ha o6paaoBaHue 3HaQH npaBo Ha ceKoj, no~ e~HaKBH ycnOBH,
~a cTeKHYBa 3HaeH>e BO CHTe CTeneHH Ha oopa30BaHHe. HHKoj, na
HHTY po~HTenHTe, BepcKHTe 3ae~HH~H HnH ~pyrHTe cyojeKTH, He MO)Ke ~a
ro OrpaHHQH HnH ~a ro 3aopaHH DBa npaBO.
Y cTaBOT ja YTBp~YBa 3a~On)KHTenHOcTa Ha OCHOBHOTO oopa30-
BaHHe. Co HaMepa ~a BHece KBanHTeT, KoHKypeH~Hja H npeTnpHeMallITBO
H BO ccpepaTa Ha oopa30BaHHeTO, Y cTaBOT ja npOMOBHpa MO)KHOCTa 3a
npHBaTHH oopa30BHH HHCTHTY~HH BO cpe~HOTO H BO BHCOKOTO oopa-
30BaHHe.
YCTaBOT, HCTO TaKa, ja rapaHTHpa aBToHoMHjaTa Ha YHHBep3H-
TeTOT, co ~en ~a ce OBO3MO)KH caMocTojHO H KBanHTeTHO BpllIeH>e Ha
BocnHTHo-oopa30BHHTe H Ha HaYQHO-HCTpa}KYBaQKHTe CPYHK~HH. Ce pa3-
OHpa, oe3 aBTOHOMeH CTaTYC Ha YHHBep3HTeTOT He MO)Ke ~a ce OQeKYBa
HerOBa OTBopeHOCT KOH HOBH co3HaHHja, BHCTHHH H HayqHH npe~H3BH~H.
CAo6ogama Ha HayttHOmo U Ha YMemHUttKOmo m6opeUlm6o e
npaBO Ha rparaHHHOT cnOOO~HO ~a CO3~aBa, BO cornaCHOCT co cBojaTa
41

MHCJIa H YBepYBaffie. Ce pa36Hpa, TBOpeQOT HMa aBTOpCKO IIpaBO BP3
llJIOAOBHTe (TBOp6HTe) OA CHaeTa TBopeIIITBO. TBop6HTe OA MaTepHjaJIeH
KapaKTep ce HMeHYBaaT KaKO HH]J.yCTpHCKa COIICTBeHOCT, a OHHe OA AYXO-
BeH KapaKTep KaKO HHTeJIeKTyaJIHa COIICTBeHOCT. THe ce AP)KaBHO H
MerYHapOAHO 3alIITHTeHH KaKO OIlIIITO~OBe~KO MaTepHjaJIHO H AYXOBHO
60raTCTBO.
MaKeAOHCKaTa AP)KaBa e AOJI)KHa Aa ce rpH)KH 3a pa3BojoT Ha CJIO-
60AaTa Ha TBopeIIITBOTO, co OrJIeA Ha Hej3HHoTO 3Ha~effie BO pa3BojoT Ha
KYJITYpaTa.
CAo609HOato uapaaYBafbe Ha Hal{UOHaAHaata ilpuila9Hocat IIpeT-
XOAHO ro 1I0TeHQHpaBMe KaKO TeMeJIHa BpeAHOCT Ha YCTaBHHOT 1I0peAOK
Ha Pelly6JIHKa MaKeAoHHja. CTaHYBa 360p 3a eAHO OA Haj~YBCTBHTeJIHHTe
H HajCYIITHJIHHTe IIpalIIaffia, oc06eHO BO eTHH~KH xeTeporeHHTe 011-
IIITeCTBa, KaKO IIITO e HalIIeBO. CJI060AHOTO H3pa3YBaffie Ha HaQHOHaJI-
HaTa IIpHllaAHOCT e AeMOKpaTCKH MeTOA, CllpOTHBeH Ha eTHOQeHTpH3MOT
H Ha aCHMHJIaQHjaTa, KaKO HeAeMOKpaTCKH KOHQellTH BO MYJITHKYJI-
TYpHHTe OIlIIITeCTBa.
Bo ~JIeH 48 Ha npHllaAHHQHTeHa 3aeAHHQHTe HM ce rapaHTHpa IIpa-
BOTO Aa OCHOBaaT KYJITypHH, YMeTHH~KH H 06pa30BHH HHCTHTYQHH, KaKO
H HaY~HH H APyrH 3APY)KeHHja, 3apaAH H3pa3YBaffie, HerYBaffie H pa3-
BHBaffie Ha cBOjOT HAeHTHTeT. I1CTO TaKa, IIpHllaAHHQHTe Ha 3aeAHHQHTe
HMaaT IIpaBO Ha HaCTaBa Ha CBOjOT ja3HK BO OCHOBHOTO H BO cpeAHOTO
06pa30BaHHe, Ha Ha~HH YTBPAeH co 3aKOH3. Bo Y~HJIHIIITaTa BO KOHIIITO
06pa30BaHHeTO ce CllpOBeAYBa Ha APyr ja3HK, ce H3Y~YBa H MaKeAOH-
CKHOT.
4. AOmKHOCTH Ha 1JOBeKOT H Ha rparaHHHOT
~OJI)KHOCTHTe Ha QOBeKOT H Ha rparaHHHOT ce Hepa3AeJIHH OA oc-
HOBHHTe CJIo60AH H npaBa. THe ce peCTpHKTHBHO YTBPAeHH, BO TJ.yXOT Ha
JIH6epaJIHO-AeMOKpaTCKHOTKOHQenT.
fIpaBaTa ja H3pa3YBaaT cJIo60AaTa Ha noeAHHeQOT H AeMOKpaTHjaTa,
a AOJI)KHOCTHTe -CHJIaTa Ha AP)KaBaTa H OArOBopHOCTa Ha rparaHHTe
KOH Hea.
CTaHAapAHH AOJI)KHOCTH BO KOMnapaTHBHOTO YCTaBHO npaBO ce:
nOQHTyBafueTO Ha YCTaBOT H Ha 3aKOHHTe; QeCHOTO BplIlefue Ha jaBHHTe

Bo Y CTaBOT Ha PM ce B6poeHH H ~OJDKHOCTa Ha pO~HTeJIHTe ~a ce
rpH)KaT 3a ~e~aTa, KaKO H 3a~OJI)KHTeJIHOTO 3aBpllIYBaH>e Ha OCHOBHOTO
o6pa30BaHHe.
AOJI)KHOCTa Ha rparaHHTe e npaBeH HHCTHTYT llITO e nOTeceH o~
o~roBopHocTa -KaKO npaBHa, HO H nOJIHTHQKa H cpHJIO30cpcKa KaTeropHja.
CenaK, HeKOH ~OJI)KHOCTH, KaKO llITO ce: JIojaJIHOCTa cnpeMa
~p)KaBaTa, QeCHOTO BpllIeH>e Ha jaBHHTe cl>YH~HH, pO~HTeJICKaTa rpH)Ka
3a ~eQaTa H rpH)KaTa Ha ceKoj O~ Hac 3a ~PyrHoT KOj e BO HeBOJIja, HMaaT
nOllIHpOK KapaKTep O~ npaBHHOT.
OnllITeCTBO 6e3 cJIo6o~a e ~ecnoTHja, a onllITeCTBO 6e3 o~rOBOp-
HOCT e aHapxHja.
AeMoKpaTHjaTa e o~rOBopeH nOJIHTHQKH CHCTeM.
s. llpaBHa 3aWTHTa Ha OCHOBHHTe CJIO60):t:H H "paBa
Pa3nHKYBaMe ~Ba BH~a npaBHa 3aIUTHTa Ha CnO60~HTe H npaBaTa
Ha qOBeKOT H Ha rpafaHHHOT: BHaTpeIUHa H Ha~BOpeIUHa. BHaTpeIUHaTa
npaBHa 3aIUTHTa ce OCTBapYBa npeKY nO3HTHBHOTO npaBO Ha e~Ha KOH-
KpeTHa 3eMja, a Ha~BopeIUHaTa co nOMOIU Ha MefYHapO~HOTO npaBO.
IIocTojaT pa3nHQHH clJOpMH Ha 3aIUTHTa Ha cno60~HTe H npaBaTa:
CY~CKaTa, KaKO OCHOBeH 06nHK; oM6Y~CMaHOT HnH HapO~HHOT npaBO-
6paHHTen, KaKO opraH 3a 3aIUTHTa Ha cno60~HTe H npaBaTa Kora THe ce
nOBpe~eHH O~ CTpaHa Ha opraHHTe Ha ~p)KaBHaTa ynpaBa; napnaMeHTap-
Ha KOHTpona Ha~ cnpOBe~YBaH>eTO Ha cno60~HTe H npaBaTa O~ CTpaHa Ha
KOMHCHHTe H ~pyrHTe pa60THH Tena Ha napnaMeHTOT.
Bo CBeTOT ~OMHHHpa 3aIUTHTa Ha cno60~HTe H npaBaTa O~ CTpaHa
Ha pe~OBHHTe CY~OBH.
MefYHapo~HaTa 3aIUTHTa Ha cno60~HTe H npaBaTa ce O~BHBa npeKY
Ha6JbY~YBaH>e H KOHTpona (MOHHTopHHr), KaKO H npeKY caHKQHH npOTHB
~p)KaBHTe-QneHKH Ha OOH, BO cnYQaj Ha nOIUHpOKO H norpy60 KpIUeH>e
Ha cno60~HTe H npBaTa.
Co Y CTaBOT Ha PM o~ 1991 ce npe~BH~eHH cne~HHBe clJOpMH Ha
3aIUTHTa Ha cno6o~HTe H npaBaTa: o~ pe~OBHOTO CY~CTBO, o~ Y CTaBHHOT
cy~, o~ Hapo~HHoT npaBo6paHHTen, o~ IIocTojaHaTa aHKeTHa KoMHcHja
Ha Co6paHHeTo Ha PM.
YcTaBoT Ha PM o~ 1991 rO~HHa npe~BH~YBa npaBO Ha rpafaHHHoT
~a 6H~e 3anO3HaT co QOBeKOBHTe npaBa H OCHOBHH cno6o~H H aKTHBHO ~a
npH~OHeCYBa, nOe~HHeQHO HnH 3ae~HO, 3a HHBHO YHanpe~YBaH>e H 3aIU-
THTa (QneH 50, CTaB 3).
Co paTHeTO Ha EBponcKaTa KoHBeHQHja 3a QOBeKOBHTe
npaBa, Ha rpataHHTe Ha Peny6nHKa MaKe~oHHja HM e CTaBeHa Ha pacnonaraH>e
H neTHQHjaTa npe~ Cy~OT 3a QOBeKOBHTe npaBa npH CoBeToT Ha
EBpona BO CTpa36yp, KaKO e~HO o~ cpe~cTBaTa 3a 3aIUTHTa Ha HHBHHTe
43

npaBa. ~O CyAOT 3a qOBeKOBHTe npaBa BO CTpa36yp MO)Ke Aa ce 06paTH
CeKOe JIHQe KoemTO CMeTa AeKa MY e 3arpO3eHO HeKoe OA npaBaTa mTO
rH rapaHTHpa EBponCKaTa KOHBeHQHja.
IIpoQecHH YCJIOBH mTO Tpe6a Aa 6HAaT HCnOJIHeTH ce:
.Aa ce HCQpneHH CHTe AOMamHH npaBHH cpeACTBa;
.neTHQHjaTa Aa e nOAHeceHa BO pOK OA 6 MeceQH OA KOHeQHaTa
OAJIYKa mTO ce oAHecYBa Ha HaBOAHaTa noBpeAa Ha npaBaTa OA
KoHBeHQHjaTa.
IIpeA CyAOT 3a QOBeKOBHTe npaBa JIHQeTO ja T~H AP)KaBaTa KojamTO
nOBpeAHJIa HeKoe HerOBO npaBO, OAHOCHO He MY 06e36eAHJIa 3am-
THTa Ha npaBOTO nOBpeAeHO OA CTpaHa Ha HeKoj APyr. CyAOT 3a QOBe-
KOBHTe npaBa ce 06HAYBa Aa nOCTHrHe "npHjaTeJICKO cnorOlIYBaH>e" Mety
JIHQe,!,o KoemTO ce )KaJIH H BJIaAaTa, HO AOKOJIKY He AojAe Ao Toa, CyAOT
MO)Ke Aa ja 3aAOJI)KH BJIaAaTa napHQHO JI:a ro o6ecmTeTH JIHQeTo QHeIlITO
npaBo e noBpeAeHo.
llPAIIIAffiA
44
1. KOH ceHajBa)KHHTe ~OKYMeHTH (aKTH) 3a CJIOOO~HTe H 3a npa-
BaTa?
2. IIITo npOnHlnYBa YHHBep3aJIHaTa ~eKJIapaQHja 3a qOBeKOBHTe
npaBa o~ 1948 ro~HHa?
3. HaopojTe HeKOJIKY JIHqHH npaBa!
4. HaBe~eTe HeKOJIKy nOJIHTHqKH npaBa!
5. KOH eKOHOMCKH npaBa rH no3HaBaTe?
6. HaopojTe HeKOJIKY coQHjaJIHH npaBa!
7. AajTe npHMepH Ha KYJITypHH npaBa!
8. AaJIH Ha ~p)KaBjaHHH Ha PM MO)Ke ~a MY oH~e O~3eMeHO
~p)KaBjaHcTBoTO?
9. AaJIH ~p)KaBjaHHH Ha PM MO)Ke ~a oH~e npoTepaH o~ 3eMjaTa?
10. Bo KOH CTeneHH Ha oopa30BaHHe MO)KaT ~a ce ~opMHpaaT
npHBaTHH oopa30BHH HHCTHTYQHH?
11. IIITo e Toa HHTeJIeKTyaJIHa, a inTO HH~ycTpHcKa concTBeHocT?
12. IIITo e Toa "JIaHqKa ~p)KaBa" H ~aJIH PenYOJIHKa MaKe~oHHja
MO)Ke ~a ce nO~Be~e no~ OBaa KaTeropHja?
13. IIITo e Toa npe3YMnQHja Ha HeBHHocT?
14. HaBe~eTe HeKOJIKY ~OJI)KHOCTH!
15. llpOTHB Koro e HaCOqeHa neTHQHjaTa npe~ Cy~OT 3a
~IOBeKOBHTe npaBa?
16. KaKoB Ha~OMeCT MO)Ke ~a onpe~eJIH Cy~OT 3a qOBeKOBHTe
npaBa, ~OKOJIKY ce YTBP~H nOCTOeH>e Ha nOBpe~a Ha HeKoe
npaBo?