,xldfõ kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;sh ms

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;shg 

tfrys cd;sl fldñiu 

› ,xldfõ 

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú 

jHdma;sh ms

ia;=;sh ia;=;sh 

ia;=;sh 

ksrdhqO lghq;= ms

fmrjok mrjok 

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;shg tfrys cd;sl fldñiu (NCAPISA) iq¿ wú iy ieye,ä wdhqO 

wdY% s; .eg¿ i|yd ixúOdkd;aul ms

mgq mgqk mgq 

ia;=;sh 

flá fhÿï 

idrdxYh idrdxYh 

1 

ks¾foaY ks¾foaY 

14 

1 1 ye¢kaùu ye¢kaùu 

1'1 ióCIKfha ikao¾Nh 23 

1'2 ióCIKfha wruqK 24 

1'3 ióCIKfha mrdih 

2 rcfha rcfha md,kh hgf;a we;s .sks wú iy f;d. l,ukdlrKh 26 

26 

2'1 ikakoaO fiajdj, f;d. l,ukdlrKh iy wdrCIdj 26 

2'1'1 yuqodfõ iq¿ wú iy WKav .ek jd¾;d ;eîu iy wëCIKh 29 

2'2 fmd,sia wú f;d. l,ukdlrKh iy wdrCIdj 29 

2'2'1 fmd,sia ks,Odrskag ksl=;a l< .sks wú md,kh 31 

2'3 .%dudrCIl fiAjfha$isú,a wdrCIl fomd¾;fïka;+fõ iq¿ wú iy WKav md,kh 31 

2'4 nkaOkd.drfha wú f;d. l,ukdlrKh iy wdrCIdj 33 

2'5 jk ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ f;d. md,kh iy l,ukdlrKh 34 

2'6 jdKsscuh 

lghq;= ioyd msmsreï o%jH" .sks wú iy WKaX 

ñ

3'7 n,m;% b,aÆï m;a m%;sfCIm lsÍu 56 

3'8 n,m;% w¿;a lsÍu 57 

3'9 n,m;% l%uh .ek jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu 58 

3'10 n,m;% wdmiq .ekSu 59 

3'11 n,m;% l%uh .ek uyck woyia 60 

3'11'1 ±kqj;a Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;djh 61 

3'12 kS;Hdkql=, ;=jlal= fj

5'6'1' .,algia iy fnfy;a fldgk ;=jlal= 125 

5'6'2 m%ydrl rhs*,a iy ñ,sgß udÈ,sfha iq¿ wú 125 

5'6'3' n¢k ;=jlal= 126 

5'6'4' w;a fndaïn 130 

5'7 iq¿ wú wmyrKfha wd¾Ól n,mEu 131 

5'7'1 wmrdO msßjeh 131 

5'7'2 wdfhdackh iy jHdmdr úYajdih 132 

5'7'3 fi!LH fiajdfõ msßjeh 133 

5'7'4 kS;sh l%shdjg kexùfï msßjeh 134 

5'7'5 kS;s úfrdaOS wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g bv ,nd §u 134 

5'8 kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú Ndú;h iy iudch 137 

5'8'1 kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú Ndú;h iy NdIKfha ksoyi 138 

6 kS;sh kS;sh l% 

l% shdjg shdjg keÕSu keÕSu iy iy uyck uyck wdrCIdj wdrCIdj 

140 

140 

6'1 wmrdO iy wkdrCIs; Ndjh .ek uyck woyia 140 

6'2 wdrCIdj iemhSug rcfha we;s yelshdj .ek uyck woyia 143 

6'2'1 wdrCIdj imhk wxYj, yelshdj .ek woyia 144 

6'3 fmd,Sish 145 

6'3'1' fmd,Sish ms

7'4'2' iq¿ wú ysñlr .ekSfï wruqKq 176 

7'4'3' iq¿ wú CIudj .ek woyia 177 

7'4'4' iq¿ wú CIudj iy /ia lsßu id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu isÿ l< yels iSudj 179 

7'5' iq¿ wú úkdY lsßu 181 

7'6' foaY iSud md,kh iy fydr ryfia f.k tau je,elaùu 183 

7'6'1' f¾.=fõ yelshdj 183 

7'7' wka;¾ wdh;k iyfhda.h iy ks'iq'w'jHd't'cd'fld' (NCAPISA) 183 

7'7'1' iq¿ wú jHma;sh md,kh lsÍfï yelshdj 185 

7'7'2' kS;s úfrdaë isoaê ksÍCIKh lsÍfï yd l%shdoduhg Ndckh lsÍfï yelshdj 186 

7'8' iq¿ wú .eg¿ .ek uyck wjfndaOh 186 

7'9' isú,a iudcfha yelshdj iy ld¾h Ndrh 188 

7'10' ck udOHfha ld¾h Ndrh 189 

weuqKqu weuqKqu w w - l%ufõoh 191 

191 

weuqKqu weuqKqu ’wd ’wd - kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iy ieye,ä wdhqO yïnkaf;dg yïnkaf;dg 

196 

196 

kshuq kshuq kshuq ióCIKh ióCIKh îdrdxYh& îdrdxYh& 

îdrdxYh& 

7

flá flá flá fhÿï fhÿï 

fhÿï 

m%'uQ'i' (CBO ) m%cd uQ, ixúOdkh 

jd'ms'.s'ñ'ta (CEFAP) jdKscuh msmqreï øjH iy .sks wú ñ,§ .ekSfï tallh 

;d'ms'W' ( IED ) ;djld,sl msmqreï WmlrK 

w'w'mq' ( IDP ) wNHka;ßlj wj;eka jQ mqoa.,hd 

w'ffj'ks' ( JMO ) wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odß 

t,a'à'à'B' ( LTTE) fou, B,dï úuqla;s fldá 

cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) cd;sl wdrCIl" uyck wdrCIdj" kS;sh iy 

iduh ms

idrdxYh 

idrdxYh 

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;sh iy wmyrKh • ,xldj flfrys ksfYaOkSh f,i n,md ;sfí' tu 

n,mEu ksid kS;sh iy iduh" iudodkh" yd m%cd;dka;%sl md,kh yuqfõ úYd, wNsfhda. u;= lrhs' 

tA wkqj rfá iq¿ wú yd ne÷Kq m%pKaX;ajfha udkj msßjeh by< h' 

• ,xldj ;=, iq¿ wú ms,sn|j cd;sl ióCIKhla isÿ lsÍu i|yd ’ kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú 

jHdma;shg tfrys cd;sl fldñiu ^ kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'& (NCAPISA) úiska fia*¾j¾,aâ wdh;khg 

n,h mjrk ,È' rg ;=, kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma; ùfï iy Ndú;d ùfï iajNdjh iy 

mßudKh úYaf,aIKh lsÍu o" fuu wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK §u i|yd fhda.H m%;sl% shd ±laúï 

ks¾udKh lsÍu o i|yd • ,xld rchg iydh §u" fuu ióCIKfha o" tys m%;sM, f,i ieliqKq 

jd¾;dfõ o wruqK h' 

m¾fhaIKh wÈhr folla ;=, isÿ lrk ,È' 2006 uehs iy cQks w;r§ yïnkaf;dg Èia;% slalh 

;=, kshuq ióCIKhla 1 isÿ lrk ,ÿj" bka wk;=rej 2006 fkdjeïn¾ iy 2007 wfm% a,a w;r 

ld,h ;=, § cd;sl ióCIKh isÿ lrk ,È' • ,xldfõ ;;ajh ms

tla uOHu o;a; nexl=jla fhdod .ksñka tu f;d. wëCIKhg" ú.Kkhg iy ksÍCIKhg ,la 

fldg jd¾;d ;nd .kakd uOHu wdh;khla j¾;udkfha fkdue;' tneúka fuh ksjerÈ l< hq;= h' 

fiajfhka m

úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o b,ä ï m;a .ek lsisÿ f;dr;=rla ,nd .ekSug ke;' Èia;%sla f,alïjrekao 

ysñlrejka úiska fyda wêlrKh úiska Tjqkag wdmiq Ndr fok ,o uDÿ l|la iys; .sks wú ;uka 

ika;lfha ;nd .ks;s' 

ffk;sl ffk;sl ffk;sl isú,a isú,a ysñldß;ajh ysñldß;ajh iy iy iy n,m;% n,m;% l%uh 

l%uh 

fNda. /l .ekSu iy wd;audrCIdj hk wxY hgf;a isú,a ysñldß;ajh ;=, n,m;% iys; .sks wú 

30"500 la mj;sk njg weia;fïka;= lr ;sfí' cd;sl jYfhka fuh ck .yKfha mqoa.,hka 

oyilg n,m;% iys; .sks wú 1'5 la n÷ m%udKhls' 

.sks wú n,m;% ysñ mq'wd'i'( P S C ) ,shdmÈxÑ mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï 62 la mj;sk w;r fuh 

tn÷ iud.ïj,ska ishhg 16 l m%;sY;hls' jHdmdßl wdh;k úiska ;u jHdmdr wdrCId lr 

.ekSug mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï fhdod .ekSu j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk w;r th tn÷ iud.ï 

ixLHdj j¾Okh lsÍug;a tajdfha .sks wú Ndú;h j¾Okh lsÍug;a u. mdod we;s w;r th ;=,ska 

.sks wú mqoa.,slj ysñ lr f.k ;sîu meyeÈ,sj fmfka' ixLHd;aul iuia:h jYfhka .;fyd;a • 

,xldj ;=, we;s mq'wd'i'( P S C ) 571 la iq¿ wú mßyrKh lsÍu i|yd n,m;% ,nd isá;s' mq'wd'i' 

(P S C) i;= .sks wú ms

lsÍfï iy mßmd,kfha mj;sk ÿn,;d ksid" iEu jirl§u o, jYfhka .sks wú 6"000 l n,m;% 

kshñ; ld,fha§ w¿;a fkdflfrhs' 

n,m;% l%uh ms

mqoa.,hka fyda ±kg fiagfha kshq;= mqoa.,hka úiska ryis.;j /f.k tau u.ska njgo úYajdi 

flfrhs' rcfha wú f;d. j,ska ke;s jQ ixLHdj b;d l=vd nj ^1996 mgka yuqodfõ wú f;d. 

j,ska wia:dk.; jQ njg jd¾;d ù we;af;a à 56 .sks wú 37la fyda Bg iudk iq¿ wú m%udKhls'& 

rcfha uQ,dY% úiska fmkakqï lrk kuq;a" ñ,sgß udÈ,sfha kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú fõ.fhka iq,N ùu 

iy tajd wmrdO j,§ fhdod .ekSu" f;dr;=re iemhQ m%Odk mqoa.,hka iy uyckhd úiskA wdrCIl 

yuqod j,ska m,d hk mqoa.,hkag iïnkaO lr fmkaj;s' yuqodjka úiska mdúÉÑ lrk wdldrfha iq¿ 

wú lsysmhl m%Njh .ek muKla lreKq ,nd f.k we;s kuq;a" tajd imhk ,oafoa t,a'à'à'B' fha 

f;d.j,skao ke;fyd;a rcfha f;d.j,ska o hkak iy tajd ryis.;j f.k tkq ,enqfõ ljr 

wdldrfhkao hkak wmeyeÈ,s h' fjk;a nvq fyda jdyk fldgia iu. fuu wdhqO ryis.;j /f.k 

tafï l%uhla ;sìh yels nj i|yka úh' 

foaYmd,k{hka" Tjqkaf.a wdOdrlrejka iy jHdmdßlhkao" kS;ss 

úfrdaë iq¿ wú m%Njhka f,i 

y÷kd f.k ;sfí' m%;spdr ±la jQ mqoa.,hka w;ßka ishhg 40 lg wdikak msßila mejiQ wdldrhg 

Tjqka mÈxÑ m%foaYj, kS;s úfrdaë wú cdjdru mej;=Ks' ikakoaO fiajdj, Ndú;d jk .sks wú 

md;d, wmrdO lKavdhï i|yd kS;s úfrdaê wdldrhg l=,shg fok nj f;dr;=re iemhQ m%Odk 

mqoa.,hka iy b,lal.; lKavdhï idlÉPdj,§ m%ldY úh' 

n¢k ;=jlal= kS;s úfrdaêS f,i ksIamdokh lsÍu Y% S ,xldfõ .%dóh m%foaYj, olakg we;s fmdÿ 

Ndú;djls' tu wú u.ska isÿjk ydksh ms

ióCIKh i|yd m%;spdr ±lajQ fndfyda fokdf.a woyi jQfõ iq¿ wú" wkdrCIS; Ndjfha fya;=jla 

nj h' iq¿ wú iïnkaO wmrdO m%udKh j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk njg úYd, ck msßila ^ 44 ] & 

úYajdi ld;k i|yd ;e;a lsÍï 1"596 3 la i|yd iq¿ wú fhdod f.k ;sfí' tu ld,h 

;=,§u" meyer .ekSï 805 la" nrm;, f,i ;=jd, isÿ lsÍï 518 la" ia;%S ¥IK 382 la iy 

fidrlï 10"774 la iq¿ wú Ndú;d lrñka isÿ fldg ;sfí' fï wdldrhg 1999-2005 w;r ld,h 

;=, isÿ jQ nrm;, wmrdO iuia:h w;ßka iEfyk fldgila isÿ lsÍu i|yd iq¿ wú Ndú;d fldg 

;sfí' ukqIH >d;kj,§ iy ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;e;a lsÍïj,§ iq¿ wú b;d by, uÜgñka 

Ndú;d jkq ±l .; yel' ukqIH >d;k isÿ lsÍu i|yd iajhxlS%h wdhqOj, isg m%dfoaYSh jYfhka 

2 ukqIH >d;kh hk fhÿu Ndú;d lrkafka ’nrm;, wmrdO ±lafjk fmd,sia mßmd,k jd¾;d ixLHd f,aLkj,g wkql+,jh' 

tfyhska oKav kS;s ix.%yh hgf;a my; i|yka jerÈ yd iïnkaO lrñka ukqIH >d;kh jgyd .; yels h' 

idjoH ukqIH >d;kh ^2001 wxl 19 orK& ôKav kS;s ix.%yfha 293 jk j.ka;sfha ±lafjk mßÈ& ’urKh isÿ lsÍfï woyiska 

fyda urKh isÿ úh yels wkaofï YdÍßl mdvqjla isÿ lsÍfï woyiska fyda ;ud lrk hï l% shdjlska urKh ùug bv we;s nj oksñka 

u hï l%shdjla lsÍfuka urKh isÿ lrk ;eke;af;la idjoH ukqIH >d;kh lsÍfï jro isÿ lrhs' 

ñkS uereu ^294 j.ka;sh& ’ fuys §" ñka u;= neyer lrkq ,enQ wjia:dj,§ yer my; ±lsfjk mßÈ jqjfyd;a idjoH ukqIH 

>d;kh ñkS uereula fõ' tkï ( md;khla i|yd ;e;a lsÍu ^ 2001 wxl 19 orK& • ,xld oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 300 jeks j.ka;sfha ks¾jpkh 

lr we;af;a fufia h ( ’hï woyilska fyda ±kqulska yd hï wjia:d hgf;a hï l% shdjlska urKh isÿ lrk ,o kï hï ;eke;af;l= 

ñkS uereug jroldrfhl= fjf;d;a tn÷ l% shdjla lrk ;eke;af;l=g wjqreÿ oyh olajd ld,hl" fowdldrfhka tla wdldrhl 

nkaOkd.dr.; lsÍulska oËqjï l< hq;= h' Tyq ovhlgo hg;a úh hq;= h' tn÷ l% shdjlska hï ;eke;af;l=g ;=jd, ù kï" jrolre 

wjqreÿ úiai olajd ld,hl fowdldrfhka tla wdldrhl nkaOkd.dr.; lSÍulska oËqjï l< hq;= h' Tyq ovhlgo hg;a úh hq;= h' 

6

ksIamdokh l< .,algia olajd úúO mrdihl wdhqO fhdod f.k ;sfí' ikakoaO fidrlïj,§ iy 

meyer .ekSïj,§ iq¿ wú fhdod .ksñka ;¾ckh lsÍu fyda iq¿ wú Ndú;d lsÍu nyq,j isÿfõ' 

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>d;k iy fjk;a m%pKav wmrdO i|yd iq¿ wú úYd, jYfhka Ndú;d ùu yd iei£fï§" Èú kid 

.ekSï i|yd iq¿ wú b;d wvqfjka Ndú; ùu úYauh Wmojhs' 

.DydYs%; ióCIKhg iyNd.s jQ mqoa.,hkaf.a jegySug wkqj jvd;au nyq, jYfhka Ndú; jk 

kï" n¢k ;=jlal= ^32]&" m;frdï ;=jlal= ^26]&" m%dfoaYSh jYfhka ksIamdÈ; .,algia ^23]&" 

msiaf;da, ^18]&" à 56 ^17]&" iy fnfy;a fldgk ;=jlal= fjhs' iïuqL idlÉPd i|yd iyNd.s jQ 

iq¿ msßila ueIska ;+jlal= iy ovhï ;=jlal= .ek o i|yka l

md,kh iy kS;sh yd iduh flfrys b;d wys;lr f,i n,mE yels h' uyck úfrdaOh iy kS;sh 

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ld,h ;=,§ foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh i|yd iy ìh .ekaùu i|yd iq¿ wú wjNdú;h nyq, 

jYfhka isÿ jQ nj ie,flhs' 

iq¿ wú u.ska isÿ jk wdrÓl n,mEu o ióCIKh ;=, jd¾;d .; flfrhs' iq¿ wú isÿùul§ 

fnfyda úg urKhg fyda ;=jd, ùug ,la jkafka mjqf,a wdodhï Wmojk mqoa.,hd jk neúka tys 

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m%udKhla wysñ ùfï bvlvla mej;Su h' tfiau iq¿ wú wmrdO ksid Rcq fkdjk msßjeho mek 

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.; yels ùu u.ska" lmamï .ekSu" meyerf.k hdu iy ¥Is; l% shd wdrlaId lsÍu wd§ fjk;a 

ixúê; wmrdO lghq;= i|yd iydh ,efí' wkdrCIs; Ndjh msd;k i|yd ;e;a lsÍï 1"596 la nrm;, ;=jd, isÿ lsÍï 518 la iy ia;%s ¥IK 392 la fmd,Sish 

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kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wúj, ixialD;sl n,mEu .ek i

kS;sh kS;sh kS;sh l%shdjg l%shdjg keÕSu keÕSu iy iy iy uyck uyck wdrCIdj 

wdrCIdj 

j;auka .egqïldÍ mßirh fya;=fjka kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu iy iq¿ wú md,kh mrÿjg ;nd 

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ckhd mji;s' 

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iy kvq mejÍfï l% shdj,shg nrm;, ndOd meñK we;s nj o fidhd .kq ,eìK' fuu .eg¿ 

úi£u i|yd mshjr .ksñka mj;sk kuq;a rcfha ri mÍaaaaaaaaaCIl 

fomd¾;fïka;=j W!K iïm;a iys; 

wdh;khla njo ióCIKh u.ska fidhd .kakd ,È' 2006 wjidkh jk úg rcfha ri mÍCIl 

ld¾hd,h ;=, iq¿ wú iy WKav ms

kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) taldnoaOj ilia l< my; iúia;rd;aulj ±lafjk ks¾foaY fuu 

Wmdhsl m%fõYh ieliSu i|yd mokula f,i l% shd lrkq we;' 

n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu" rcfha wdrCIl fiajdjkaj, f;d. l

Widúj, f.dv .eiqkq tajd úh' fuu iq¿ wú /ia lsÍu iy fhda.H mßÈ úkdY lsÍu úëu;a l< 

hq;= h' 

miq .sh iud ld,hka iy kS;s úfrdaê iq¿ wú yd úêu;a md,khlska f;drj ksl=;a l< iq¿ wú 

/ia lr .ekSug l< W;aidyhka m%Odk jYfhkau wid¾:l ù ;sfì' fuu wid¾:l ùï flfrys 

n,mE iuyr fya;= fuu ióCIKfhaa 

fidhd .ekSï ;=, ±lafjk w;r id¾:l;ajh ,eîu i|yd 

wkd.; .sks wú /ia lsÍfï jev igyka bÈßm;a l, hq;af;a flfiao hkak .ek hï woyiaa 

o 

fuys ±lafú' wid¾aaaaaaa:l 

ùfï fya;= w;r my; i|yka tajdo wvx.= h' wmrdO NS;sh" iq¿ wú 

CIudj hgf;a m%ldYs; wdldrhg kvq mejÍug ,la fkdù isàug yels jkq we;s njg úYajdihla 

fkdue;slu iy fmd,Sish flfrys úYajdihla fkdue;s neúka Tjqkag iq¿ wú ndr §ug we;s 

wlue;a; wdÈh fjhs' 

fuhg fmr mej;s /ia lsÍï jev igyka ms

odhl;ajhka u.ska fmkakqï lrkafka iq¿ wú wrnhd l% shd lrk kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) wkd.; 

jev igykaj,§ isú,a ixúOdk i|yd je.;a fufyjrla mejßh hq;= nj h' 

ikakoaO m%pKav;ajh wvq lsÍfï Wmdh ud¾.hla ieliSfï§ iy YlH;dj ;lafiare lsÍfï§ isysfha 

;nd .; hq;= tla jeo.;a lreKla kï iemhSfï ud¾. • ,xldj ;=, mj;sk ;dla" iq¿ wú i|yd 

we;s b,ä u ms

ks¾foaY ks¾foaY 

ks¾foaY 

• ,xldj ;=, iq¿ wú md,kh lsrSfï iy ikakoaO m%pKav l% shd wvq lsrSfï kshqla; úúO mroq 

md¾aYjhkaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd" ióCIKh mokï lr f.k ilia l< ks¾foaY my; i|yka 

fõ'ukqIH wdrCIdj flfrys iq¿ wú n,mEu md,kh lsÍug ilik taldnoaO m%fõYhg fldgila 

jYfhka fuu ks¾foaY l% shd;aul l< hq;= h' wLKavj isÿjk fmd,sia fiajdj iy wdrCIl wxYfha 

mq¿,a ixj¾Okh we;=¿ wfkl=;a wod, l% shdldrlï iu. fuu ks¾foaY l% shd;aul lsÍug wkq.ukh 

lrk lghq;= noaO úh hq;= w;ru tajd iu. ix.; úh hq;= h' cd;sl m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha isg 

fufyhqï ie,iqï lsÍu f;la we;s ish¿ uÜgïj,§ iy ish¿ l% shdldrslhka i|yd fuu taldnoaO 

m%fõYh jeo.;a fõ' 

kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld' 

kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld' 

kS;s kS;s úfrdaë úfrdaë úfrdaë iq¿ iq¿ wú wú jHdma;shg jHdma;shg tfrys tfrys cd;sl cd;sl fldñiu 

fldñiu 

− cd;sl iq¿ wú m%;sm;a;shla iy cd;sl iq¿ wú l% shdldÍ ie,eiaula ieliSug 

kdhl;ajh §u 

− md¾,sfïka;= mk;la hgf;a kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd flgqïm;la 

ieliSu iy cd;sl iq¿ wú m%;sm;a;sh iy cd;sl iq¿ wú l% shdldÍ ie,eiau 

iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu tu fldñiug mejÍu' 

− .sks wú iïnkaO ish¿ isÿùï iudf,dapkh lsÍug wjYH iajdëk mÍCIK wëldßhl 

YlH;djh iy ixhq;sh mÍCId lsÍu yd .sks wú wdY% s; isÿùï wkd.;fha§ mek 

ke.Su je

− ixfYdaê; .sks wú kS;s md¾,sfïka;=j ;=,È ixjdohg ,la fldg n,d;aul lsÍu' 

− foaYmd,k{hkag iy b;d jeo.;a mqoa.,hkag .sks wú ksl=;a lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh 

iudf,dapkh fldg tn÷ .sks wú ms,sn| .eg¿j n,m;% ,nd §fï rgdj hg;g m;a 

lsÍu' 

cd;sl cd;sl wdrCIdj" wdrCIdj" uyck uyck wdrCIdj" wdrCIdj" kkS;sh 

k S;sh iy iy iduh iduh ms

wdrCIl wdrCIl wxY 

wxY 

fmd,Sish 

fmd,Sish 

− fufyhqï m%foaYj, isg mqoa.,hka" wdhqO" WKav iy WmlrK fjk;a ;ekaj,g f.k 

hdu l

wkd.;fhaÈ ieliSfï§"tu .sks wúh n,m;% iys; tllao tfia fkdjk tllao hk 

lreK meyeÈ,sj ±laùu' 

− .sks wú wd{d mk;" fr.=,dis iy .sks wú mßyrKh" y÷kd .ekSuiy jd¾;d ;eîu 

hk lreKq ms,sn|j fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a ±kqu w¿;a lsÍfï mqyqKq jev igyka 

ielisu' 

− fmd,sia ia:dk uÜgfï" .nvd lsÍfï miiqlï iy wdhqO l

− ffoksl moku hgf;a rdcldß i|yd .%dudrCIlhkag ksl=;a lrk .sks wú iy WKav 

ms

nkaOkd.dr 

nkaOkd.dr 

− nkaOkd.dr moaO;sh ;=, we;s w;sßla; iy h,a mek .sh ish¿ wdhqO /ia fldg 

úkdY lsÍfï j.lSu ndr .ekSu' 

− nkaOkd.dr ;=, mj;sk" wdhqO .nvd lsÍfï myiqlï iudf,dapkh fldg fïjd 

cd;Hka;r ukd mßphka" iïu;hka iy m%ñ;Ska iu. .e,fmk f,i Yla;su;a lsÍu' 

− kS;s úfrdaë .sks wú nkaOkd.dr mßY%hka ;=,g we;=,a fkdùu ;yjqre lrkq jia" 

nkaOkd.dr ;=,g NdKav /f.k tau ms

úfoaY úfoaY lghq;= lghq;= wud;HdxYh 

wud;HdxYh 

fi!LH fi!LH fiajd fiajd 

fiajd 

f¾.=j 

f¾.=j 

− tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jev igyk iy wú fj

− f¾.=j iy kS;sh l% shd;aul lrùfï wfkl=;a wdh;k w;r iyfhda.h iy f;dr;=re 

yqjudrej j¾Okh lsÍu' 

− wdhqO fydr ryfia f.k tau md,kh lsÍu i|yd m%Odk iemhqï$yqjudre isÿ lrk 

rgj,a iu. úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh yjq,a lr .ksñka f¾.= iyfhda.s;d .súiqula 

i|yd tlÕ ùu' 

− kdúl yuqodj iy fjr

is isú,a is 

ú,a iudch 

iudch 

− m%pKav;ajh W;al¾Ihg kexùu iy ;=jlal= ixialD;sh m%j¾Okh lsÍu je

1' ' ' ye¢kaùu ye¢kaùu 

ye¢kaùu 

1'1 ióCIKfha ióCIKfha ikao¾Nh ikao¾Nh 

ikao¾Nh 

fuu ióCIKh isÿ lrk ,oafoa • ,xldfõ kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;shg tfrys cd;sl fldñiu 

(NCAPISA) úisks' ióCIKh iy tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ìys jQ fuu jd¾;dj u.ska wfmaCId 

lrkafka rg ;=, kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;sfha iy Ndú;dfõ iajNdjh yd mßudKh .ek 

úYaf,aIKh lsÍu iy fuu wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK §ug fhda.H m%;spdr l%u j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd • 

,xld rchg iydh ùu h' 

• ,xldj ;=, iq¿ wú iïnkaOfhka isÿ l< mq¿,a cd;sl ióCIKhl m%;sM, fuu jd¾;dj ;=, 

wka;¾.; fõ' ol=Kq wdishdj ;=, fun÷ ióCIKhla isÿ l< m%:u wjia:djo fuh fjhs' ksrdhqO 

lghq;= ms

weiqreu weiqreu 1( 1( 1( iq¿ iq¿ wú wú ms

fuu ióCIKh wÈhr folla hgf;a isÿ lrk ,§' 2006 uehs iy cQks w;r§ yïnkaf;dg w,,d 

kshuq ióCIKhla 6 isÿ lrk ,o w;r 2006 fkdjeïn¾ iy wfm% a,a w;r ld,fha§ cd;sl 

ióCIKhla isÿ lrk ,§' 

ióCIK lKavdhug .egqï mj;sk m%foaY lrd hdug fkdyels jk f,i n, mE wdrCIl iSudjka 

fya;=fjka fuu cd;sl ióCIKfha m¾fhaIK nyq;rh isoq lrk ,oafoa rcfha md,kh hgf;a we;s 

• ,xldfõ m%foaY ;=,oS h' fuu.ska .Dy wdY% s; ióCIKh" b,lal.; lKavdhï idlÉPd iy 

m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re ,nd oqka mqoa.,hka iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj, mrdih iSud úh' fiiq 

f;dr;=re uQ,dY% uq¿ rgu wdjrKh jk f,i fhdod .kakd ,os' fuu jd¾;dj lshùfñ§ tu lreK 

isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a h'fuu ióCIKfha§ fhdod .;a f;dr;=re iy l%u fúohka jeä úia;r 

weuqKqu ’w hgf;a ±lafõ' 

6 tu 

25

2' 2' rcfha md md,kh md 

,kh hgf;a hgf;a we;s we;s .sks .sks wú wú iy iy f;d. 

l,ukdlrKh 

l,ukdlrKh 

Y% s ,xldfõ rch úiska ;uka i;= iq¿ wú f;d. l

− fin¨kag iy ks,Odßkag ksl=;a l< wdhqO" tu wdhqO Ndú; lrkakdf.a ku iy 

wdhqOfha wxlh iys;j f,aLk.; lrkq ,efì' 

− fin¨ka $ ks,OdÍka rdcldßfhka neyerj isák úg wdhqO wdmiq wú .nvdjg Ndr 

Èh hq;= h' 

− iEu ikaOHdjl§u wú .nvd wêldß n, fkdue;s ks,Odßka úiska (N C O) wdhqO 

iy wú .nvdfú uqød mÍCId lr ne,sh hq;= h' 

− fufyhqï m%foaYj, fiajfha kshq;= mqoa.,hka ksjdvq wkqu; lr .ekSug kï" Tjqka 

fj; 

− ksl=;a lr ;snQ wdhqO iy WKav ms

úfYaIfhkau m,d hdu ksid yuqodjg ie,lsh hq;= fin, msßila wysñj f.dia we;s kuq;a th m%ldY 

lrk wkaoug tu.ska ke;s jQ wdhqO ixLHdj fkd;ld yeßh yels ;rï iq¿ m%udKhls' 1996 g 

miqj yuqod w;a yer m,d .sh iuia: ixLHdj 69"000 ls' tfy;a tu ld,h ;=,§ wia:dk .; jQ 

nj lshefjkafka m,d hkakka ksid fyda wia:dk .; ùu fya;======================fjka wysñ jQ à-56 fyda tn÷ wú 37 

la mukla jk w;r tA w;ßkao 21 la miqj fidhd .kakd ,§' 13 

weiqreu weiqreu 2 2 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ iq¿ wwú 

w ú me;s me;s lvla lvla ( ( à à -56 56 

Type -56 ^à -56& 7'62 x 39 ñ'ó' m%ydrl rhs*,h" • ,xldj ;=, yuqod iy fmd,sia fiajd ;=, 

Ndú; flfrhs' th reishdkq AK-47 wkqj hñka Ökh ;=, ksIamdokh lrk ,o wúhls' lsf,da .%Eï 

4 l muK nrla iys; à-56 ^fuu nr ta ta udÈ,shg wkqj fjkia fú'& úkdählg WKav jg 650 

l m%udKhla ^kHdhslj& msg lsÍfñ úNjhla iys; óg¾ 710 l ÿrlg fjä ;eîug;a ïg¾ 400 la 

olajd id¾:lj m%ydr t,a, lsÍug;a yels .sks wúhls' 

m%uqL Ök iq¿ wú ksIamdolfhl= jk W;=re Ök ld¾ñl ixia:dj (Norinco) wdh;kh úiska à - 56 

.sks wú udÈ,s lsysmhls ksmojd we;' tkï( 1956 § uyck úuqla;s yuqodjg y÷kajd fok ,o 

uQ,sl udÈ,sh fidaúhÜ AKM mokï lr .ksñka ksIamdokh l< hgg keúh yels f,day l| iys; 

à -56 - 1 1980 § wmkhkh i|yd muKla ksIamdokh l< mfilg keúh yels f,dayuh l| 

iys; à-56-11 iy fjk;a udÈ,s 14 

• ,xldj ;=, Ndú; jk ;j;a .sks wúhla jk à-81 wdhOh" à - 56 mokï lr .ksñka ksmojk 

,o m%ydrl rhs*,aa 

iy ieye,ä ueIska ;=jlal=(LMG) mjqf,a wúhls'fuys ;=jlal= ngh à -56 g 

jvd u|la È. jk w;r" nßkA u|la wvq kuq;a WKav msg ùfï fú.h iy m%ydrl ÿr tl iudk 

h' 15 

yuqodfú fufyhqï wOHCIjrhd m%ldY l< wdldrhg ’wú .nvdj hkq mQckSh ia:dkhla jYfhka 

yeu úgu ie,lSug yuqqod 

fin¿ka mqyqKq lr we;' tA wruqK iys;j wms ks;ru frðfïka;= j¾K 

fyda tn÷ fjk;a .re lghq;= øjH wú .nvdj ;=, r|juq' wú .nvdjg hk ´kEu wfhla úêu;a 

f,i ks, we÷fuka ieriS isáh hq;= h' tu.ska wms wú .nvdfjka wú fidrlï ùu je,elaùu 

i|yd udkisl ndOlhla ks¾udKh lruq' 16 

tfy;a fuu m%ldYkj,g m%;s úreoaO wdldrhg" m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,hka" 

b,lal.; lKavdhï" iy .DydY% s; ióCIK we;=¿ úúO uQ,dY% u.ska ,efnk f;dr;=rej,ska 

mejfikafka kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iemhSfï m%Odk uQ,dY%hla jkafka yuqod ;=, ±kg fiajfha kshq;= 

msßia iy yuqod fj;ska m,d hk mqoa.,hka nj h' fïjd Tjqkaf.au f;d.j,ska fyda .egqï mj;sk 

m%foaYj,§ hqo msáfhka w,a,d .;a tAjd fjhs' yuqodfjkA m,d hk msßia ;uka fj;g ksl=;a lr ;snQ 

13 tu 

14 http://www.sinodefence.com/army/small_arms/type56rifle.asp. 

15 tu' tfiau n,kak ( http://www.norinco.com 

16 tu' 

28

.sks wú /f.k hk njg;a tajd wj Ndú;hg fhdod .kakd njg;a wNHka;r lghq;= wud;HxYfha 

fiajh fldg úY%du ,o f,alï jrfhl= l< m%ldYh fuhg ksoiqkla jYfhka ±laúh yels h' 17 

tu fcHIAG yuqod ks,Odßhd úiska mjik ,o wdldrhg yuqodfjka wú fidrd .ekSu w;sYhska 

ÿIalr h' iq¿ wú fyda WKav wia:dk .; jqjfyd;a ta ms

m

iuyr ia:dkj," ksoiqkla jYfhka r;akmqr" iq¿ wú .nvd lr ;snqfKa wêlrKhg bÈßm;a l< 

hq;= idlaIs NdKav oud we;s ueÈßfha kvq NdKav wi, h' 27 

2'2'1 2'2'1 2'2'1 fmd,sia fmd,sia ks,Odrskag ks,Odrskag ksl=;a ksl=;a l< l< .sks .sks .sks wwú 

w md,kh 

md,kh 

fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag ksl=;a l< iq¿ wú md,kh mj;ajd f.k hdu iïnkaO .eg¿ lsysmhla mj;sk 

nj fmfka' ióCIK lKavdhu úiska /ia lr .;a iuyr f;dr;=rej,ska m%ldY jkafka kS;s úfrdaë 

iq¿ wú iy WKav iemhSfï tla uQ,dY%hla fmd,sia ks,OdÍka nj h' tla fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= ;u 

iq¿ wúh re'5"000 lg wf,ú l< njg" b,lal.; lKavdhulg iyNd.s jQ tla mqoa.,fhl= úiska 

l< m%ldYh ksoiqkla f,i ±laúh yels h' 28 uqr lfmd¨j, isák ks,OdÍka fj;ska flá ld,hlg 

iq¿ wú l=,shg .; yels njo" b,lal.; lKavdhul iyNd.s jQ ;j;a wfhla mejiS h' 29 mq¿,a 

uyck u;h u.skao tn÷ fpdaokd u;= jk nj fmfka' iq¿ wú iy WKav iemhSfï tla uQ,dY%hla 

jkafka fmd,sia ks,OdÍka nj" .DydY% s; ióCIKhg lreKq ±la jQ wh w;ßka ishhg 10 l 

msßilf.a woyi úh' 

fjk;a m%foaYj,§ fukau" fufyhqï m%foaYj,Èo" tys fmd,sia ia:dkj, isák fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag iq¿ 

wú ,nd oSfï§ tlu l%uh wkq.ukh lrk kuq;a uq,skau wdhqO ksl=;a l< miqj uqr fmd,j, we;s 

iq¿ wú wdrCIs; .nvdjg wdmiq ndr §ulska f;drj tu ia:dkj,u ;nd .ekSu fndfyda úg olakg 

,efí' tn÷ iq¿ wú uqr fmd,la ;=, tl È.g jir .Kkdjla mqrd ;sìh yels w;r tla fcHIaG 

fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla fuu Ndú;dj úfõpkhg ,la lf,ah' 30 

rdcldßfha kshq;= fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag wdhqO ksl=;a lsÍug w;sf¾lj" Wm fmd,sia mÍCIl iy bka 

by, ks,OdÍkag mqoa.,sl wdhqO o ksl=;a lrkq ,efí' 31 tfiau mÍCIK lghq;a;l fhfok 

ks,OdÍka wjodkulg uqyqK § we;s nj i

m%;sM,hla jYfhka" .egqï iys; m%foaYj, wkdrCIs; Ndjh jeä ùu" .%dudrCIl fiajh mq¿,a 

ùug fya;= ù ;sfí' 34 

.%udrCIlhkaf.a iq¿ wú ksl=;a lsÍu yd md,kh lsÍu" m%foaYfha msysá fmd,Sish fyda yuqod l|jqr 

úiska isÿ l< hq;= hehs wfmaCId flfrhs' rdcldÍ lghq;= wdrïN lsÍfï§ wod, fmd,sia ia:dkfhka 

fyda yuqod l|jqfrka ish iq¿ wú ,nd .kakd .%dudrCIlfhda" ish fiajd uqr wjidk jQ jydu tu 

iq¿ wú ;uka tajd ,nd .;a ia:dkhgu wdmiq Ndr fo;s' 35 ióCIK lKavdhug iuyr m%foaYj,§ 

fuu l% shdj,sh isÿ jk wdldrh úuid ne,Sug yels úh' m%foaYfha l% shd;aulj isák .%dudrCIlhka 

úiska fmd,sia ia:dkh ;=,§;a" bka neyer§;a iq¿ wú mÍCId l< hq;= nj l,amsáh m%foaYfha§ 

ióCIK lKavdhug mjik ,È' iuia;hla jYfhka fuu m%foaYfha fiajfha kshq;= .%dudrCIlhka 

j.lSfuka hq;=j l%shd lrk" È.= b;sydihla iys; msßila njg yeÕSula mj;S' 36 

;¾ckhg ,laj we;s .ïudkj, iuyr .%dudrCIlhkag ksl=;a fldg we;s iq¿ wú Tjqkaf.a ksfjia 

lrd f.k hdug wjir § we;' fuu ixLHdj iuia; .%dudrCIl ixLHdfjka o, jYfhka 15] - 

20] la w;r m%udKhla hehs weia;fïka;= fldg we;' 37 isú,a wdrCIl fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHCI 

ckrd,ajrhd úiska fuu l%uh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa ;%ia;jd§kaf.a m%ydrj,g tfrys id¾:l úê 

l%uhla jYfhka' 38 .%dudrCIlhkaf.a ksjdij, ;nd f.k we;s iq¿ wú iy WKavj, wdrCIdj iy 

/ljrKh ms

.%dudrCIl fiajdj ie,lsh hq;= ;rï mq¿,a ùulg ,la ùu ksid th ±ka ir, jHqyhla f.dv k.d 

;sfí' fuhg m%:ufhka .%dudrCIlhka lghq;= lf

6 ßmSg¾ j¾.fha mf;drï ;=jlal= úYd, ixLHdjla kv;a;= lsÍulska iy úêu;a fidhd 

ne,Sulska f;drj mej;s w;r tajd l%shdldÍ uÜgul fkd;snqKs' fï w;ßka nyq;rhla 

w¿;ajeähdj i|yd n,h ,;a ia:dkhlg heúh hq;= h' 

7 iq¿ wú Ndú;h yd kv;a;=j ms

fj;g h' n,m;% iys; iq¿ wú ysñlrejkag iy WKav fjf

2'7 2'7 osia;s%la osia;s%la f,alï f,alï ld¾hd,fha ld¾hd,fha f;d. 

f;d. 

úúO fya;= .Kkdjla ksid tl;= jQ iq¿ wú iSñ; ixLHdjla Èia;s%la f,alï ld¾hd,fha we;' tu 

fya;= w;r" n,m;% ,dNS isú,a jeishka" jhi wjqreÿ 65 iïmQ¾K ùfuka wk;=rej ^fndfyda Èia;% sla 

f,alïjreka úiska mqoa., n,m;% wdmiq ,nd .kakd jhi& 51 Ndr fok ,o ;=jlal=" n,m;% ,dNshd 

ñh hdfuka wk;=rej Ndr fok ,o iq¿ wú iy ffk;sl l% shd ud¾. wjika ùfuka miq Widú 

úiska úkdY lsrSu i|yd ,nd fok ,o ;=jlal=o fõ' 52 

osia;% sla f,alï ld¾hd, úiska r|jd f.k we;s iq¿ wú m%udKh tlsfklg fjkia h' mq;a;,fï iq¿ 

wú 25 la muK ;sfnk w;r fjk;a m%foaYj, ie,lsh hq;= uÜgul wú f;d. we;s wjia:do 

olakg ,efí' 2006 uehs udih ;=,§ yïnkaf;dg Èia;%sla f,alï ld¾hd,h iq¿ wú 200 la muK 

^bka nyq;rh fndar 12 m;frdï ;=jlal= h'& ;snqKs' 53 

iuia:hla jYfhka .;a l< ish ixÑ; ;=, we;s iq¿ wú ixLHdj ±lafjk l%uj;a jd¾;d olakg 

fkdue;s fyhska" Èia;%sla f,alï ld¾hd, i;= iq¿ wú ixLHdj .Kkh lsÍu wiSre h' tfyhska uq¿ 

iq¿ wú ixLHdj weia;fïka;= l< fkdyels kuq;a fï ixLHdj 1"500 fkdblaujkq we;s w;r iuyr 

úg th ish .Kkla ;rï wvq m%udKhlao úh yel' fmd,sia fldÜgdY iy fmd,sia ia:dk" Èia;%sla 

f,alï ld¾hd, iy Widú hk wdh;kj,ska fldk ì;a;s" Yla;su;a fodrla 

iy oaú;aj w.=¿ moaO;shla iys;j wjOdkh fhduq l, yels ia:dkhl mssysgqjd 

we;s l=áh iq¿ wú 

.nvd lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a wdrCIs; ia:dkhla f,i fmKqks' flfia fj;;a Èia;%sla f,alï ld¾hd, 

i;= .sks wú ks;s m;d úkdY lsÍfï l%uhla ieliSu u.ska" tu wú wh:d f,i mßyrKh ùfï 

wjodku iy Nhdkl wdhqO wkjYH f,i f.dv .eiSu ;j ÿrg;a wvq l< yels h' 

2'8 rdcH rdcH wdh;k wdh;k úiska úiska úiska wdfhdackh wdfhdackh lrk lrk iq¿ iq¿ wú wú ms

wod, ñ,§ .ekSï wjYH ikakoaO fiajdj úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk fgkav¾ u.sks' úúO iq¿ wú" 

m%Odk iïm%odhsl wdhqO iy mqmqrk øjH wdjrKh jk tn÷ j¾.SlrKhka 37 la ;sfí' fndfyda 

iemhqïlrejka úfYaI{;djh orkafka fuu j¾. tlla fyda folla ms

3 ffk;sl ffk;sl isú,a ysñldß;ajh iy n,m;% l%uh 

n,m;% l%uh hgf;a isú,a mqoa.,hka õiska iq¿ wõ ysñ lr f.k ;sîu .ek fuu mßÉfPoh ;=, 

idlÉPd flfrhs' n,m;% ,;a iq¿ wú ysñ isú,a mqoa.,hkA uq¿ ixLHdj 30"500 la f,i 

weia;fïka;= lr ;sfí' fuhska nyq;rh j.djka wdrCIdj i|yd fhdod .kakd m;frdï ;=jlal= fjhs' 

rdcH wdh;k .Kkdjla - m%Odk jYfhka" cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) " Èia;%sla f,alï ld¾hd, iy 

fmd,Sish - n,m;% iys; iq¿ wú md,kh lsÍfï§ jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrhs' ;;a;ajh fufia 

jqjo" n,m;% w¿;a lsÍu fyda uqod yeÍSu yd iïnkaO wëCIKhla fkdue;s ùu fya;=fjka l,lg 

fmr ksl=;a l< kS;Hdkql+, wú fndfyda m%udKhla kS;sfha iSudfjka bj;g ;,ä ù hdug bv yer 

;sfí' 

3'1 3'1 

isú,a isú,a ysñldß;ajhg ysñldß;ajhg n,mdk n,mdk kS;s kS;s 

kS;s 

.sks wú wd{d mk;g wkqj" ;=jlal=jla ysñ lr .kakd ieu isú,a mqoa.,fhl= úiskau wdhqOh ñ,§ 

f.k Èk oyhla we;=,;§ n,m;%hla ,nd .ekSu msKsi whÿï l< hq;= h' 56 b,ä ïlrefjl= úiska 

my; i|yka úia;r n,m;% wêldßh fj;g bÈßm;a l< hq;= h( 

− ku iy ,smskh 

− ksIamdok úia;r iy wod, wdhqOh .ek úia;rhla 

− wjYH jqjfyd;a tu ;=jlal=j 57 

n,m;%hla fkdue;s kï iq¿ wúhla ,nd .; fkdyels fjk;a rgj,a yd ii|k l< fuys§ imqrd 

,sh hq;= jkafka iSñ; wjYH;d m%udKhls' fjk;a rgj,§ kï n,m;%hla ,nd .ekSug fmr 

iïmQ¾K l< hq;= wjYH;d w;r udkisl fi!LHh ±lafjk iy;sl" iq¿ wú iy WKav mßyrkh 

lsÍu iy .nvd lsÍu ms

^msiaf;da, iy ßfjda,ajr& n,m;% mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj i|yd o" m;frdï ;=jlal=" msiaf;da, iy ßmSg¾ 

n,m;% mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï i|yd o ksl=;a flfrk nj fmfkhs' 

ta wdldrhgu wjir Èh hq;= iq¿ wú j¾. .ek wfkl=;a ;SrK o .kq ,nkafka ksYaÑ; kS;shlg 

wkqju fkdj ks,Odßka úiska ;u wNsu;hg wkqj h' wdrCIl f,alï jrhd úiska .kq ,enQ 

;SrKhlg wkqj hñka" cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) uE;l mgka mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj i|yd Ndú;d 

lrkq jia iajhxl%Sh iq¿ wú fjkqfjka kj n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍug wjir ,nd fkdfohs' tfiau 

jd'ms'.s'ñ'ta (CEFAP) yryd ,nd fok iq¿ wú j, ksYaÑ; j¾.h fyda udÈ,sh ;SrKh lrkq 

,nkafka o ksYaÑ; kS;shlg wkqj fkdj jd'ms'.s'ñ'ta (CEFAP) iy cd'u'kS'id'w'(MODPSLO) 

iukaú; ñ,§ .ekSfï lïsgqjla úiska h' 

kS;shg wkqj ksYaÑ; wruqKq lsysmhla i|yd muKla iq¿ wúhla ysñ lr .ekSug isú,a mqoa.,hkag 

wjir we;' fjk;a ish¨ wdldrfha ysñldß;ajhka ;ykï h' wjir ,nd § we;s tuksYaÑ; wruqKq 

fufia h( 

− j.d wdrCIdj fyda i;aj md,kh 

− mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj 

− foam, wdrCIdj ^ uqrlre wjir m; iy mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï n,m;%h& 

− nexl= iy rcfha wdh;k wdrCIdj 

− ovhï l% Svd 58 

n,m;% wkqu; lrk ,oafoa ljr fya;= ksido hkak .ek we;s iSñ; f;dr;=re u; mokï fjuska 

igykla ieliqjfyd;a n,m;% ,;a isú,a ysñlrejka my; i|yka wdldrhg j¾. l< yels h' 

n,m;% iys; iq¿ wú nyq;rh ^ ;=fkka folla & j.djka wdrCIdj i|yd ksl=;a lr we;s nj 

Èia;s%lal 11 lska /ia lr .;a o;a; u.ska meyeÈ,s fjhs' îgyk & 59 fld

j.d j.d wdrCIdj wdrCIdj Crop $ $ iFj 

iFj 

Protection/Animal 

md,kh md,kh 66'7 

66'7 

Husbandry, 66.7 

Chart 1: Percentages of Weapons Licences by Type 

fjk;a Other fjk;a (Colombo ^fld

igyk igyk 2 2 ( ( ck.yKfhka ck.yKfhka oyilg oyilg n,m;%,dNS n,m;%,dNS isjs,a isjs,a mqoa.,hka mqoa.,hka ika;l ika;l .sks 

.sks 

wjs 

wjs 

kqjr t

ixikaokh l< yels ióCIK o;a; ,nd .ekSug fkdue;slu fya;=fjka ol=Kq wdishdfõ wfkl=;a 

rdcHj, isú,a ysñldrs;ajh iu. fuu wkqmd; ixikaokh l, fkdyels kuq;a hqfrdamSh rgj,a yd 

ii|d ne,Sfï§ fmkS hkafka ck.yKfha oyilg iq¿ wú 1'55 la hkq my, wkqmd;hla nj h' 

fuda,aodúhdfõ isÿ l< iq¿ wú ms

isú,a mqoa., ixLHdj iSñ; jk w;r idudkHfhka tfia id¾:l b,ä ïlrejka jkafka 

foaYmd,k{hka iy m%n, jHdmdßlfhda h' f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels Èia;%slal 13 la w;r "id¾:l 

jQ b,ä ïlrejka nyq;rh fld

y, ks,Odßfhla fjhs' fujeks iudc 13 la iy b,lalhg fjä ;eîfï mdie,la fï jk úg;a 

mj;S' yuqodfõ" kdúl yuqodfõ iy .=jka yuqodfõ idudðlhkao we;=¿j cd'r'i' idudðl;ajh 1"000 

la muK fjhs' fï w;ßka isú,a mqoa., idudðl;ajh 600 la muK jk nj jd¾;d fõ' cd'r'i' 

idudðlhka w;frka 20] la ldka;dfjda h' idudðlhka i;= iq¿ wú ixLHdj .ek f;dr;=re ,nd 

.ekSug fkdue;' 

flfia fj;;a lsishï idudðlfhl= úiska ish mqoa.,sl mßyrKh i|yd iq¿ wúhla wdkhkh 

lsÍug fmr tu idudðlhd hg;a msßfihska wjqreÿ ;=kl ld,hla mqrd cd'r' ix.ufha fldgila 

jYfhka l% shd fldg ;sìh hq;= w;r tu ld,h ;=,§ fjä ;eîfï ;r. lsysmhlg ^ksYaÑ; 

ixLHdjla olajd ke;'& iyNd.s ú ;sìh hq;= h' wk;=rej wod, whÿï m; wkqu; lsÍug fmr 

;dCIKsl lKavdhula úiska i,ld n,kq ,efí' fmdÿfõ .;a l< ovhï l% Svd wruqK i|yd ´kEu 

idudðlfhl= úiska iq¿ wúhla ysñ lr .ekSug m%:u ±ä ks¾Kdhl .Kkdjl wjYH;d imqrd,sh 

hq;= h' ta wkqj ;dCIKsl lKavdhu iy uKav,hla úiska b,ä ï m;%hg wod, l% shdj,sh wdrïN 

lsÍug m%:u" idudðlhd" ;ukag iq¿ wúhla wjYH jkafka ljr lreKla ksido hkak .ek ;yjqre 

jk lreKq bÈßm;a l< hq;= w;r ksrjq,a nj ±lafjk fmd,sia jd¾;djlao iemhsh hq;= h' 

3'2'4' 3'2'4' mqoa.,sl mqoa.,sl wdrCIl wdrCIl iud.ï iud.ï iud.ï i|yd i|yd n,m;% 

n,m;% 

• ,xldj ;=, l% shd;aulj mj;sk mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï 389 la we;' ta w;ßka 58] la fld

iq¿ wúhla ysñ lr .ekSug n,m;% we;s mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï ixLHdj 62 la muKls' ^ • 

,xldfõ mqoa.,sl iud.ï iuia;h w;ßka 16] la & fï w;ßka id;sYh nyq;rhla fld

j.=j j.=j 3' 3' mqoa.,sl mqoa.,sl wdrCIl wdrCIl iud.ï iud.ï iy iy iq¿ iq¿ wú wú ysñldß;ajh 

ysñldß;ajh 

osia;%slalh 

mqoa.,sl wdrCIl 

iud.ï ^PSC- 

mqwdi& tl;=j 

ysñldß;ajh 80 

iq¿ wú iys; 

mqwdi (PSC) 

uq¿ ixLHdj 

46 

iq¿ wú rys; 

mqwdi(PSC) 

uq¿ ixLHdj 

ta ta Èia;% slal ;=, 

mqwdi (PSC) i|yd § 

we;s iq¿ wú n,m;% 

uq¿ ixLHdj 

wïmdr 2 - 2 - 

wkqrdOmqr 6 1 5 1 

n¥,a, 5 1 4 2 

uvl,mqj 3 - 3 - 

r;akmqr 6 1 5 5 

;%sl=Kdu,h 1 - 1 - 

jjqkshdj 1 - 1 - 

fld

16 m;frdï ;=jlal= fjhs' nexl=j,g iy mqoa.,sl wdrCIdjg ksl=;a l< iuyr n,m;% ßmSg¾ 

;=jlal=" msiaf;da," ßfjda,ajr" iy rhs*,a i|yd h 2006 g m%:u mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj i|yd ñ'ó' 9 

msiaf;da, ksl=;a lrk ,o kuq;a 2006 § cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) úiska fuu l%uh w;a ysgqùug 

;SrKh lrk ,È' t;eka mgka mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj fjkqfjka ksl=;a lrkq ,nkafka '38 ßfjda,ajr 

fyda ßmSg¾ muKls' 81 

wiïmQ¾Kj mej;Sfï ,CIKhla iys;j jqj;a" Èia;%sla uÜgfï we;s iSñ; jd¾;d m%udKhl jeo.;a 

f;dr;=re iuyrla f,aLk.;j ;sfí' tfia f,aLk.;j we;s ksIamdolhka fyda udÈ,s ms

i|yd ,shdmÈxÑ fj

Ndú;d l< iq¿ wúhla Èia;%sla f,alïjrhd yryd ,nd .ekSu fojk l%uhhs' w,a,d .kakd ,o fyda 

Ndr fok ,o rcfha foam,la njg m;a jQ iuyr iq¿ wú n,m;% ,dNSkag úlsKSu u.ska fuh 

isÿfõ' yuqodj" fmd,Sish iy Èia;% sla f,alïjrhdf.ka iukaú; iajdëk lñgqjla úiska tla tla iq¿ 

wúfha jákdlu ks.ukh lrkq ,efí' 87 

3'5 3'5 kj kj n,m;% n,m;% i|yd i|yd b,ä b,ä u 

u 

f.jqKq jir fol ;=,È j.d wdrCIdj i|yd n,m;% b,a,d isàu j¾Okh ù we;s nj;a" mqoa.,sl 

wdrCIDj i|yd n,m;% b,a,su ia:dhs f,i b;d by, uÜgul mj;sk nj;a tla fcHIaG 

ks,Odßfhla mejiS h' 88 flfia fj;;a f.jqkq oi jirl ld,fhaÈ mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj i|yd ksl=;a 

l, n,m;%j, iuia: tl;=j cd;sl jYfhkaa 

my, jeà we;s njg úYajdihla mj;s' 89 mqoa.,sl 

wdrCIdj i|yd n,m;% ,nd ÿka fyda ksl=;a l< iq¿ wú j¾. .ek úia;rd;aul o;a; ,nd .; 

yelafla f.jqKq isjq jirlg wod,j muKla jk w;r tu ld,fha§ th iq¿ jYfhka j¾Okh ù 

;sfí' 

87 .sks wú n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfï ks,Odßfhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj" mq;a;,u 2006 foieïn¾ 5 

88 cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) cd;sl wdrCIdj" uyck wdrCIdj" kS;sh iy iduh ms

p.=j p.=j 7 7 7 wdrÌl wdrÌl wruqKq wruqKq i|yd i|yd n,m;% n,m;% iy iys; iy s; wdhqO 2003 2003 - 2006 

wd;audrÌdj wd;audrÌdj foam, foam, wdrÌdj 

wdrÌdj 

^nexl= ^nexl= we;=¿& we;=¿& 

we;=¿& 

50 

2006 90 

uqo,a uqo,a m%jdykh m%jdykh rcfhka rcfhka uka;%Sjrekag uka;%Sjrekag 

uka;%Sjrekag 

ksl=;al< ksl=;al< 

ksl=;al< 

ßfjda,ajr ßfjda,ajr 

8 

msiaf;da, msiaf;da, 

58 1 4 2 

ßmSg¾ ßmSg¾ ;=jlal= ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

2 70 42 

m;frd m;frdï m;frd ;=jlal= 20 2 35 

tl;=j tl;=j 

80 73 81 10 


2 7 

ms msiaf;da, ms 

iaf;da, 43 36 3 1 

ßmSg¾ ßmSg¾ ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

5 45 17 

m;frd m;frdï m;frd ;=jlal= 7 5 24 

tl;=j tl;=j 

57 86 44 8 


6 


80 7 3 


15 8 49 

m;frd m;frdï m;frd ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 1 36 56 

tl;=j tl;=j 

96 44 112 9 


2 7 


13 25 


15 64 36 

m;frd m;frdï m;frd ;=jlal= 32 97 24 1 

tl;=j tl;=j 

62 186 60 8 

Wm Wm tl;=j 

tl;=j 


32 

msiaf;da, msiaf;da, msiaf;da, 

276 


368 

m;frd m;frdï m;frd ;=jlal= 340 

90 tu 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2006

kj n,m;% i|yd we;s b,ä u Èia;%slalj,g wkqj fjkia fjhs' iq¿ wú b,ä u ms

wkql+,;djh ±laúh hq;= h' bka miqj fmd,sia ia:dkfha wkque;sh iy Èia;%sla f,alïjrhdf.a w;aik 

Bg wjYH fõ' Èia;% sla f,alïjreka ^fyda .sks wú n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfï ks,OdÍka& úiska 

b,ä ïlrejka iïuqL mÍCIKhlg ,la l< hq;= hehs wfmaCId flfrhs' tys§ id¾:l;ajh ,enQ 

b,ä ï m;% muKla bka miqj cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) fj;g bÈßm;a flfrhs' 96 l% shdj,sfha fuu 

ia:dkfha§ bvï Tmamq jeks jeä mqr ,sÅ; lreKq b,a,d isàug w;sf¾l f,alïjrhdg n,h ;sfí' 

w;sf¾l f,alïjrhdf.a w;aik fh§fuka wk;=rej wjidk wkque;sh ;yjqre lrkq ,nkafka 

wdrCIl f,alïjrhd úisks' 

3'6'2 3'6'2 mqoa.,sl mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj wdrCIdj i|yd i|yd n,m;% n,m;% ,nd ,nd §fï §fï mámdáh mámdáh 

mámdáh 

mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj fjkqfjka b,ä ï m;% ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj we;af;a wdrCIl f,alïjrhdf.a 

n,m;% wêldßh ;=,ska muKls' j.d wdrCIdj i|yd iy i;aj md,kh i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a lsßfï 

mámdáhg m%;súreoaO wdldrhg" fuys§ b,ä ï m;%hla ksl=;a lsÍug m%:u" wod, b,ä ïlre úiska 

fmd,sia jd¾;djla" Okh ms

2007 ckjdß udifha isg" ksYaÑ; uqrlrejka ms

3'6'6 3'6'6 3'6'6 mqo mqoa.,sl mqo a.,sl wdrCIl wdrCIl iud.ï iud.ï iud.ï i|yd i|yd n,m;% n,m;% ,nd ,nd §fï §fï §fï mámdáh 

mámdáh 

mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï ^mq'wd'i'& • ,xldj ;=, j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk m%mxphla f,i fmkS hhs' 

úê úOdk .Kkdjla u.ska • ,xldfõ mq'wd'i' iy tajdfha iq¿ wú md,kh lrkq ,efí' iq¿ wú 

ysñ lr .ekSug iy Ndú;d lsÍug kï lsishï mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ula i;=j ( 

- mq'wd' iud.ula jYfhka l% shd;aul ùu i|yd mq'wd'i' ,shdmÈxÑ iy;slhla · 

- iud.u i|yd iq¿ wú n,m;%hla îdudkHfhka iud.fï wOHCI i|yd& · 

- wdrCIlhka i|yd uqrlre n,m;% · ;sìh hq;= h' 

cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) ;=, ,shdmÈxÑ ù fkdue;s iud.ï úiska mqoa.,sl wdrCIl fiajdjkays 

fh§u kS;s úfrdaë fõ' mq'wd'i' fufyhùu i|yd we;s kS;s moaO;sh idfmaCI jYfhka w¿;a h' 

1988 wxl 45 orK mqoa.,sl wdrCIl wdh;k mk; iy tlS mk; iy 1999 fkdjeïn¾ 12 Èke;s 

wxl 1105 $ 27 orK w;s úfYaI .eiÜ m;%h hgf;a mekjQ úê úOdk" l% shd;aul ùu werUqfKa 

2002 ckjdß 01 jk od isg h' 107 

fuu mshjrhka hgf;a" ’mqoa.,sl wdrCIl wdh;k úiska mqoa.,sl wdrCIl jdmdrh ia:dms; lsÍfï 

iy l% shd;aul lsÍfï§ n,mdkakd jQo' tn÷ wdh;kj, fiajlhkaf.a mqyqKqj ms

fyda wod, .sks wú n,m;% fkdue;s ,shdmÈxÑ iud.ï úiska fyda iq¿ wú fnod yeÍu fyda wj 

Ndú;h isÿ lrk njla ±k .ekSug ke;' 

mq'wd'i' i|yd iq¿ wú n,m;% b,a,k whÿï m;a bÈßm;a lrkafka tla tla wdrCIl ks,OdÍka 

úiska fkdj iud.u úiska h' 114 thska miqj iud.u ;u ld¾h uKav,hg wú ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd 

uqrlre n,m;%h ,nd .kS' 115 uqrlre wjir m;%hla fkdue;sj mq'wd' iud.ula úiska iq¿ wú 

mßyrKh lsÍu kS;s úfrdaë lghq;a;ls' 116 ksYaÑ; mq'wd'i' i;=j ;sìh hq;= iq¿ wú ixLHdj .ek 

;SrKh .kq ,nk cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) tu ;SrKhg t

ÿ¾j,;djhla jkafka wdrCIl ks,OdÍka úiska wdhqO ;u ksfjia lrd /f.k hdfuka je

3'8 3'8 

n,m;% n,m;% n,m;% w¿;a w¿;a lsÍu 

lsÍu 

kS;shg wkqj" ish¿ n,m;% wjqreoaol ld,hla i|yd j,x.=j mej;S foieïn¾ 31 jk Èk wj,x.= 

fõ' mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj i|yd ksl=;a l< n,m;% mjd w¿;a lsßu Èia;%sla f,alï u.ska isÿ l, yels 

h' 127 jd¾Islj n,m;%h w¿;a lsÍfï j.lSu" n,m;%fha ku i|yka mqoa.,hd fj; mejfrhs' 128 

w¿;a lsÍfï l% shdj,sfha fldgila jYfhka" n,m;%h wjYH jk .sks wúh mÍCId lsÍfï whs;sh" 

n,m;% ksl=;a lrk wdh;kh i;= fjhs' .sks wú wd{d mk; hgf;a ´kEu wjia:djl n,m;%hla 

fyda wjir m;%hla wj,x.= lsÍug fyda th w¿;a lsÍu m%;sfCIm lsÍug n,m;% ksl=;a lrk 

wêldßhg n,h ;sfí' fuh isÿ jqjfyd;a m%Yakhg n÷ka jQ n,m;%h ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=,§ 

n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfï wêldßh fj;g wdmiq ,nd Èh hq;= h' 129 

n,m;% w¿;a lsÍfï wkqmd;h Èia;%slalfhka Èia;%slalhg fjkia jk nj fmfkhs' ióCIK 

lKavdhu úiska f;dr=re ,nd .;a Èia;%slal y;rla ;=,È th ishhg 70 la iy ishhg 90 la w;r 

w.hl mej;=Ks' iuyr m%foaYj,§ w¿;a lsÍfï wkqmd; by, uÜgul mej;=K kuq;a fcHIaG 

fmd,sia wêldßjrhd úiska ksl=;a l< hq;=" tfy;a iuyr úg l,a .; jk" iy;slhla fya;=fjka 

iuyr wjia:dj,§ w¿;a lsÍï ishhg 10 la muK mud jQ nj jd¾;d úh' 130 

tlsfklg fjkia wdldrfha n,m;% w;r w¿;a lsÍfï wkqmd; tlsfklg fjkia nj fmfkhs' 

ióCIK lKavdhug l¿;rÈ m%ldY l< wdldrhg msiaf;da, ysñlrefjda wksjd¾hfhka ;u n,m;% 

w¿;a lr;s' fkdtfia kï Tjqkaj w;a wvx.=jg .; yels h' 131 fuhg m%;súreoaO wdldrhg" 

foaYmd,k n,mEï fya;=fjka ,nd .;a n,m;% hgf;a ksl=;a l< wdhqO" kS;s úfrdaë ysñldß;ajhlg 

,siaid hk nj jd¾;d fjhs' uykqjr§ ióCIK lKavdhug ±ka jQ wdldrhg" ’wms wkjYH 

mqoa.,hkag ^foaYmd,k wkq.%yh iys; mqoa.,hkag& n,m;% ksl=;a lr, ;sfhkjd' ta w;ßka lsysm 

fofkla muKhs tajd w¿;a lrkafka' hkak ksoiqkla jYfhka ±laúh yels fõ' 132 

n,m;% w¿;a fkdlsÍu fya;=fjka fndfyda iq¿ wú ;dCIKSlj kS;s úfrdaë tajd njg m;a fjhs' 

ksoiqkla f,iska jd¾Isl w¿;a lsÍfï wkqmd;h ishhg 80 la f,i i,lf;d;a túg wú 6"000 la 

jd¾Islj ;dCIKSl jYfhka kS;s úfrdaë Ndjhg m;a jkq we;' w¿;a lsÍfï l%ufõofha we;s fuu 

wid¾:l ùï idOl y;rla tl;= ùu ksid mek ke.=kq njla fmkS hhs' 

1 w¿;a lsÍfï wjYH;djh .ek uyck ±kqj;a Ndjh wvq lu 

2 w¿;a lsÍfï wjYH;d n,d;aul lsßfï ÿn,;d 

3 w¿;a lsÍug wiu;a jQ úg muqKqjk wvq oËqjï iy ÿn, kS;s rgdj 

4 cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) iy Èia;%sla f,alïjreka w;r f;dr;=re 

yqjudrefõ mj;sk wid¾:l ,CIK 

127 

cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) cd;sl wdrCIdj" uyck wdrCIdj" kS;sh iy iduh ms

.DydY% s; ióCIKhg iyNd.s jQ msßi w;ßka ishhg 60 la w¿;a lsÍfï ld,h ms

.ksñka úia;r jd¾;d mj;ajd f.k hk kuq;a ks, f,aLk wdlD;sh Ndú;d lrkafka Èia;%slal 

lsysmhl muKla jk neúka jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu ms

.sks wú wd{d mkf;a 29 jk j.ka;shg wkqj" n,m;%hla wj,x.= l,fyd;a fyda n,m;% iys; iq¿ 

wúhla wdmiq Ndr fok f,i b,a,Sula lrkq ,enqjfyd;a tu ksfõokh ,eî Èk 10 la we;=,; 

wod, n,m;% ,dNshd úiska tu iq¿ wúh Ndr Èh hq;= h' fuh wod, jk wjia:d jkafka ( 

^w& l,a bl=;a ùfuka miq ;=jlal=jla i|yd n,m;%h w¿;a lrk f,i n,m;% ysñhd úiska 

b,a,Sula bÈßm;a fkdl< úg · 

^wd& ;=jlal=jla i|yd n,m;%h w¿;a lsÍu m%;sfCIm jQ úg · iy 

^we& ;=jlal= n,m;%hla wdmiq ,nd .;a úg h' 145 

29 ^1& fþofha ^wd& iy ^we& n,h mjrk ,o wdldrhg n,m;%hla wdmiq .ekSu fyda w¨;a lsÍu 

m%;sfCIm lsrSu mek k.skafka" kS;sfha wvx.= ksYaÑ; fldkafoaishlg jvd n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfï rgdj 

;=, we;s fmdÿ Ndú;dfõ m%;sm,hla jYfhks' jhi wjqreÿ 65 blaujd .sh mqoa.,hka i|yd n,m;% 

iys; .sks wúhla ysñ lr .ekSug fndfyda úg wjir fkd§u ksoiqkla f,i ±laúh yels h' jhi 

iy YdÍßl fhda.H;djh moku u; iq¿ wú n,m;% wj,x.= lsÍu i|yd .; hq;= ;SrK tf,i 

jhi iïmQ¾K ùug m%:u .kq ,enQ wjia:d o we;' fun÷ ;SrKj,g t

3'11'1 3'11'1 ±kqj;a ±kqj;a Ndjh Ndjh j¾Okh j¾Okh lsÍfï lsÍfï wjYH;djh 

wjYH;djh 

kS;Hdkql+,j .sks wúhla ñ,§ .kafka wdldrh .ek Tjqka okafka±hs .DydY% s; ióCIKhg iyNd.s 

jQ mqoa.,hkaf.ka úuik ,§' Tjqka w;r ta ms

,enqKq ish¨q ;=jlal= iy wk;=rej ;uka úiska wf,ú l< ish¨ wdhqO .ek f,aLk .; lr Èk 

;=kla we;=,; taa 

nj n,m;% wêldßh fj;g ±kqï Èh hq;= h' 148 

flfia fj;;a m%dfhda.slj i,lk l< • ,xldj ;=, kS;Hdkql+,j n,m;% ,;a iq¿ wú fj

m%;smdokj,g wkql+,jk f,i WKav wf,ú fkdlrkafka kï th .sks wú wd{d mk; hgf;a 

oËqjï ,eìh hq;= jrola isÿ lsÍula f,i ie

3'14 3'14 3'14 iq¿ iq¿ wú wú ksmoùu ksmoùu ksmoùu md,kh md,kh lsÍu 

lsÍu 

.sks wú wd{d mk; wkqj iq¿ wúhla kS;Hdkql+,j ksmoùug fmr" tu ish¿ .sks wú ksIamdolhka 

wjir m;%hla ,nd .; hq;= h' 161 • ,xldj ;=, ksmojk iEu iq¿ wúhlu ngfha" ksIamdolf.a 

ku iy wkq wxlhla we;=,;a ksIamdok úia;r igyka l< hq;= h' 162 .sks wú wd{d mk;g 

mgyeks wdldrhg .sks wúhlA ksIamdokh lsÍu oËqjï ,eìh hq;= jrola fjhs' 

ksIamdokh l< ish¨ wú ms

mqoa.,fhda fyd¢ka oks;s' kS;s úfrdaë ksèmdokh ms

fgkav¾ m;a mokï lr .ksñka iemhqïlrejka ms

tys§ wod, fjhs' 175 tf,iska iq¿ wúhla b,a,d isàug fmr tu mqoa.,hd hg;a msßfihska jir 

;=kl ld,hla mqrd cd;sl rhs*,a ix.ufha idudðlfhl= jYfhka isáh hq;= w;r tu ld,h ;=,§ 

wod, ;r.j,g iyNd.s jQ wfhl= úh hq;= h' b,ä ïlre ;r.lrefjl= njg ikd: jQ mqoa.,fhl= 

nj wod, fjä ;eîfï iudcfha iNdm;sjrhd úiska cd;sl rhs*,a ix.uhg ks¾foaY l< hq;= h' 

fun÷ b,ä ï m;a i,ld ne,Sfï ;dCIKsl lñgqjla cd;sl rhs*,a ix.uhg we;' iq¿ wúhla ysñ 

lr .ekSu i|yd b,ä ïlreg we;s iqÿiqlï b;d ie,ls,af,ka mÍCId lrk nj m%ldY fjhs' 

Tyqg$wehg iq¿ wúhla wjYH jkafka wehs o hkak iy b,a,qïlre i;=j fï jk úg;a mj;sk iq¿ 

wú ixLHdj fldmuKla o hkak yd ;j;a tn|q mrSCId lsrSï .Kkdjla isoq lrkq ,efnhs' fun|q 

wdhqOhla i|yd b,a,qï lrk mqoa.,fhl= fmd,sia jd¾a;djla o wksjd¾hfhka ,nd .; hq;= h' cd;sl 

rhs*,a ix.ufha ;dCIKsl lñgqj fuu l%shdj,sh iïmQ¾K l< miq wjidk wkque;sh fokq ,nkafka 

cd;sl rhs*,a ix.ufha ljqkais,h úiska h' wk;=rej fuu ljqkais,h úiska cd'u'kS'id'w 

(MODPSLO) fj;g ks¾foaYhla bÈßm;a lrhs' cd'u'kS'id'w (MODPSLO) wkque;sh ,eîfuka miq 

rch jd'ms'.s'ñ'ta (CEFAP) yryd iq¿ wú ^h& wdkhkh lrhs' 176 

175 fcHIaG ksfhdað;fhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj" cd;sl rhs*,a ix.uh" fld

4 kS;s úfrdaë úfrdaë iq¿ wõ jH jHdma;sh jH 

ma;sh 

• ,xldj ;=, we;s kS;sSs 

úfrdaë iq¿ wú m%udKh ;lafiare lsÍug fhdod .; yels úYajdikSh 

mokula fkdue;' flfia fj;;a iq¿ wú me;sÍu úYd, úúO;ajhlska hq;= nj fmkajk idOl mj;S' 

W;=r yd kef.kysr yer ióCIKhg m%;spdr ±la jQ fndfyda ksjeishka f.a woyi jQfha niakdysr 

^62]& iy W;=reueo ^37]& m,d;a ;=, o kd.ßlj ^64]& iy .%dóhj ^8]& wdhqO ixflakaøKh ù 

mj;sk njh' tfy;a fmd,Sish úiska w,a,d .;a .sks wú u.skA meyeÈ,s jkafka fmdÿ uyck 

úYajdih l=ula jqj;a W!j iy ol=Kq m,d;aj,ska úYd, wú m%udKhla w,a,df.k we;s nj h' fuhska 

meyeÈ,s jkafka fufyhqï l

tfiau" • ,xld rch iy t,a'à'à'B' h w;r mj;sk .egqfï w;=re M,hla jYfhka" yuqodj úiska 

mdúÉÑ lrk wdldrfha iq¿ wú kS;s úfrdaëj jHdma; ùfï mßudj j¾Okh jk nj fmkS hhs' 

md;d, l,a,sj,g wdhqO imhkq ,nk njg nyq,j mj;sk fmdÿ úYajdih jkafka yuqodj,ska m,d 

hkakka úiska tajd imhkq ,nk nj h' tfy;a f;dr;=re iemhQ iuyr mqoa.,hka" úlsKSu i|yd 

fyda l=,shg iq¿ wú imhk" ±kg;a wdrCIl wxYj,$fmd,Sisfha fiajfha ksr; wh iu. in|;d 

we;s nj mejfihs' m%Odk iemhqï m%Njh t,a'à'à'B' h hehs m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ iuyre 

wjOdrKh l

uyckhdf.a iq¿ wú meyer .ekSu u.ska fyda c'ú'fm' ler

.ek úYajikSh weia;fïka;=jla lrd t

tfiau" ksjfia ;snQ wúh fmd,Sish úiska /f.k hk ,o nj mjik m%;spdr ±lajQjkaw;ßka iuyre 

tfia lshkafka wjxlj fkdúh yels h' f.ù .sh oYlh ;=, fmd,siajd¾;dj,ska m%ldY jk 

wdldrhg fmd,Sish úiska fidhd f.k we;s iq¿ wú ixLHdj 13"000 lg wvq h' iuyr uQ,dY% úiska 

mejfik wdldrhg c'ú'fm' fojeks le/,af,ka miqj iy ,nd .; yels ixLHd o;a; u.ska 

wdjrKh fkdjk fjk;a wmrdO uev,Sfï lghq;=j, m%;sM, jYfhka /ia lr .kakg we;ehs 

ie,flk wdhqO ixLHdj ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla úh yels kuq;a lsishï wjia:djl ;uka i;=j 

;sìKehs m%;spdr ±la jQ mqoa.,hka mjik iuia: wdhqO ixLHdfjka îq¿ wú 100"000 lg wêl& 

wvla" u;lfha we;s lsisu l,l§ fmd,Sish úiska /f.k .sfhao hkak m%Yakhlaj mj;S' 

lsishï wjia:djloS ;uka i;=j .sks wúhla mej;s njg ksjeishka w;rska 4'4] la u; mokïj 

lrkq ,nk ;lafiarejl we;s j,x.= Ndjh ;j oqrg;a mrSCId lrkq jia l, úuiSuj,oS ;j;a 8] 

la m%ldY lf,a ;u ksjdij, floskl fyda wdhqOhla ;snQ njla Tjqka fkdokakd nj h' 17] la thg 

ms

m%;sY;h u; muKla mokïj "kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú ysñldß;ajh .ek weia;fïka;=jla ieliSfñ 

yelshdjla fkdue;' md;kj,§ .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu" rgj,a 18 l o;a; ii|ñka" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ 

l

cd;sl wOHhkh i|yd iyNd.s jQ rgj,a 34 l ióCIKhl § fy,sorjq jQ wdldrhg .sks wú 

u.ska Èú kid .ekSfï wkqmd;fha idudkHh 19] la úh' 189 ta wkqj fjk;a rgj,a yd ii|k l< • 

,xldfõ iq¿ wú .eg¿j uek ne,Sfï §" • ,xldfõ .sks wú u.ska Èú kid .ekSfï wkqmd;h 

jeo.;a lulaaaaa 

fkdorK nj o" rg ;=, mj;sk kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú ysñldß;ajh ms

tfukau" iq¿ wú jHdma;sh m%Odk jYfhkau kd.ßlj mj;sk .eg¿jla nj úYd, msßila ^64]& 

m%ldY l< w;r iq¿ msßila ^4]& th .%dóh .eg¿jla nj mejiQy' tn÷ m%foaY fNaohlska 

f;drj wú jHdma;j mj;sk nj mejiQfú l=vd lKavdhula ^4]& muKls' 

fmdÿfú mj;sk uyck úYajdihg m%;s úreoaO wdldrhg fmd,sia ixLHd f,aLk fhdackd lrkafka • 

,xldfú fufyhqï m%foaYj,ska msg;§ iq¿ wú w,a,d .ekSu nyq,j isÿ jk nj h' my; i|ykA 

j.=j ( 4 ;=, ±lafjk wdldrhg 1995 - 2004 w;r ld,fha§ W!j" jhU iy ol=Kq m,d;aj, wú 

jHdma; ùu by, uÜgul mej;S we;' flfia fj;;a tu ixLHd f,aLk w¾: l:kh l< hq;af;a 

m%fõYï iy.;j h' kS;sh l% shd;aul lsÍfï § iy iq¿ wú w,a,d .ekSug lem ù lghq;= lsÍfï § 

Èia;%slalfhka Èia;%slalhg wkqj fjkialï mj;sk neúka tu o;a;' • ,xldj ;=, ks;s úfrdaë iq¿ 

wú jHdma; ùu olajk o¾Ylhla f,i ie,lsh fkdyels h' 

igyk igyk 4 4 ( ( m,d;a m,d;a wkqj wkqj wkqj w,a,d w,a,d w,a,d .;a .;a iq¿ iq¿ iq¿ wú 

wú 

1995 1995 - - - 2004 2004 

2004 

W;=re ueo 

m

1600 

1400 

1200 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

igyk igyk 4(m,d;a 4(m,d;a wkqj wkqj w,a,d w,a,d .;a .;a iq¿ iq¿ wú wú 1995 -2004 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

niakdysr m

2500 

2000 

1500 

1000 

500 

0 

igyk igyk 7 7 ( ( m

wdhqO ;snQ nj 6] la mejiqy' 8] la ;u m%foaYfha we;af;a n,m;% iys; wdhqO nj mejiQ w;r tu 

foj¾.hu mj;sk nj 4] l msßila lSy' ;u wi,ajeishka w; wdhqO ke;ehs 33] la i|yka l

Yla;su;a fjhs' ckhdf.a úYd, m%;sY;hla tkï 43] la mejiQ wdldrhg foaYmd,k{hka iy 

Tjqkaf.a wdOdrlrefjda iq¿ wú ysñ lr f.k isá;s' 26] la jHdmdßlhka w; wú we;s nj o" 24] 

la yuqodfjka m,d hkakka w; wú we;s nj o ;j;a 16] la t,a'à'à'B h iy rcfha fkdjk fjk;a 

ikakoaO lKavdhï i;=j iq¿ wú we;s nj o mejiQy' m%;spdr ±lajQjka w;ßka 8] l woyig 

wkqj mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ï" f.dùka" .%dudrCIlhka iy ovhlalrejka o tfiau iq¿ wú ysñ 

lr f.k isá;s' 

t,'à'à'B' iy rcfha 

fkdjk fjk;a wú.;a 

mqoa.,sl wdrCIl lKavdhï 16 

iud.ï 8 

f.dõhka 8 

.%dudrCIlhsk 8 

ovhlalrejka 8 

igyk igyk 8( 8( iq¿ iq¿ wú wú we;af;a we;af;a ldg ldg o@ 

o@ 

jHdmdrslhska 26 

yuqodj,ska m

4'3'1 4'3'1 ysñldß;ajh ysñldß;ajh kS;s kS;s úfrdaë úfrdaë o@ o@ kS;Hdkql=, kS;Hdkql=, o@ 

o@ 

by; i|yka lKavdhï i;=j we;s .sks wú kS;Hdkql+, tajd o hkak úuik ,ÿj" fndfyda msßila 

^62]& fuu lKavdhï i;= wdhqO n,m;% rys; tajd úh yels nj h' 9] la muKla tajd n,m;% 

iys; tajd úh yels hehs mejiQy' 

mqoa.,slj ysñ lr f.k we;s .sks wú n,m;% rfys; tajd úh yels hehs m%;spdr ±la jQ wh 

w;ßka wvlg wêl msßila ^57]& mejiQy' bka ’fndfyda m%udKhla n,m;% rys; tajd nj 44] la 

m%ldY l

igyk igyk 9 9 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wjs wjs ysus ysus lr lr .ekSfïoS .ekSfïoS wdrCIdj wdrCIdj yereKq yereKq fldg fldg n,mdk n,mdk fya;=== 

fya;=== 

tl;= lsrSu 2 

fjä ;eîfï l%Svd 2 

mjqf,a iïm%odh 2 

ovhu 14 

yuqodj,ska mek hk 

wh 13 

mrïmrdfjka 9 

iudc ;;ajh 8 

m,s .ekSu 23 

81 

wmrdO l%shd 29 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 

^yuqodj,ska m,d hk mqoa.,hka iy kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;sh w;r we;s iïnkaOh ms

Ndú;h fuf;la jHdma;j fkdue;s nj o fmfkhs' 194 2003 jif¾ isÿ jQ ìysiqKq wmrdO 748 la yd 

2004 isÿ jQ tn÷ wmrdO 834 la iu. ii|k úg 2006 jd¾;d jQ tjeks wmrdO 528 la u.ska 

ikd: jk wdldrhg m%foaYfha ixúê; wmrdO ixLHd;aulj wvq ùfuka miq ñßydfka m%Odk jYfhka 

f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,fhl=f.a m%ldYkh u.ska ikd: jkafka ixúê; wmrdO iy iq¿ wú kS;s 

úfrdaë f,i Ndú; lsÍAu w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh h' 195 

wNHka;r lghq;= wud;HdxYfha ysgmq f,alïjrfhl=g wkqj 2003 j¾Ifha §" yuqodj,ska m,d hk 

mqoa.,hka úiska wú 30"000 lg ióm ixLHdjla /f.k hkakg we;' 196 m%ldYs; wdldrhg ( 

’ikakoaO fiajd i|yd w¿f;ka n|jd .;a úYd, msßila yuqod w;a yer m,d .sh w;r ;ukag 

ksl=;a fldg ;snQ wdhqO Ndú;d l< fudjqyq .egqï m%foaYj,ska msg; § nrm;, wmrdO isÿ l

tla md;d, wmrdO lKavdhu ;=, yuqodj,ska m,d .sh tl mqoa.,fhl= fyda isák nj h' 204 tfukau 

fuu lKavdhï" wú yeisrùu ms

jYfhka folla fyda ;=kla iEu .ulu we;s njg" fudkrd., iy l=reKE., f.dúhka iu. 

meje;a jQ b,lal.; idlÉPdjl § m%ldY jQ woyi ksoiqkls' 209 

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú ysñ f.dúhka idudkHfhka j¾. ;=klg fnÈh yels h' 

− n¢k ;=jlal=jla fyda foaYSh jYfhka ksmojk ,o fnfy;a fldgk ;=jlal=jla jeks 

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wúhl ysñlrefjla · 

j.d wdrCIdj i|yd fndfyda f.dùyq n¢k ;=jlal= Ndú;d lr;s' oUq,af,a § m%Odk jYfhka 

f;dr;=re iemhq mqoa.,fhl=g wkqj" 2006 jif¾§ n¢k ;=jlal= ysñ lr f.k isàu fya;=fjka w;a 

wvx.=jg .ekSï 15la isÿ l< kuq;a j.d wdrCIdj hk moku u; isg pQÈ;hska ish¨ fokdf.au 

tu l%shdj idOdrKShlrKh lrk ,§' n¢k ;=jlal= mßyrKh iy ta ms,sn| ±kqu .%dóh m%foaY 

;=, úYd, jYfhka mj;sk nj f.dúhka iu. meje;a jQ b,lal.; lKavadhï idlÉPdj,ska 

meyeÈ,s úh' 210 j,a W!rka iy uqjka jeka i;=ka kS;s úfrdaëj ovhï lsÍfï § n¢k ;=jlal= úYd, 

jYfhka Ndú;d jk nj m%isoaO h' lka;f,a" ud;r" wúiaidfõ,a," kqjr t

wkq.ukh l< hq;= n,m;% wjYH;d ms

we;af;a md;d, lKavdhïj, m% sh;u wdhqOh jk m%ydrl rhs*,a w;a wvx.=jg .ekSfï m%udKh 

iS.%fhka jeä ùu h' ie,ls,a,g Ndckh jk ld,h mqrdu iq¿ wú wjia:d ixLHdfõ wkqmd;sl ia:dhs 

Ndjhla mej;Su u.ska fuu ks.ukh ;yjqre jk njla fmfkhs' 214 

by; we;s j.= wxl 10 olajd we;s mßÈ uE; wjqreÿj,§ fmd,sish úiska w,a,d .;a jvd;a u ia:dhS 

f,i y÷kd .eKqkq iq¿ wú jkafka .,algia iy m;frdï ;=jlal=;a bka miqj iajhxl% Sh wdhqO;a h' 

^tajd uqükska u mdfya à - 56 wdhqOj,ska iukaú; h'& ’fjk;a hkqfjka j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,enQ 

w,a,d .;a iq¿ wú úYd, m%udKhla u.ska ms

4'4'1 4'4'1 n¢k n¢k ;=jlal= 

;=jlal= 

n¢k ;=jlal= w,a,d .ekSfï uÜgu .ek fmd,sia jd¾;dj, fkd ±lafj;;a" .DydY% s; ióCIKh" 

m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,hka iu. iïuqL idlÉPd iy udOH úYaf,aIK wd§ ish,a, 

u.ska jd¾;d jkafka tajd mq¿,a f,i me;sÍ we;s nj iy jerÈ f,i Ndú;d flfrñka we;s nj h' 

n¢k ;=jlal= yd iïnkaO ukqIH >d;k m%udKh úiska fmkakqï lrk foh kï tu wdhqOj, 

me;sÍu iy wmyrKh" jvd;a nrm;,j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreK nj h' wïmdr" 

wkqrdOmqrh" .d,a," yïnkaf;dg" lka;f,a" l¿;r" lE.,a," l=reKE.," ud;f,a" ueojÉÑh" 

fudKrd.," fmdf,dkakrej" r;akmqr iy jõkshdj hk m%foaYj, n¢k ;=jlal= Ndú;h úfYaIfhka 

iq,Nj mj;sk nj jd¾;d úh' 

wmrdOj,§ n¢k ;=jlal= Ndú;d ùfï uÜgu u;= wjia:djl ±lafjk ’wmrdOj,§ iq¿ wú 

Ndú;h hk fldgi ;=, ksYaÑ;j jd¾;d.; lr we;' 

4'4'2 4'4'2 4'4'2 m;frdï m;frdï m;frdï ;=jlal= 

;=jlal= 

isú,a mqoa.,hka w; we;s n,m;% iys; iq¿ wú w;r by,u ixLHdj m;frdï ;=jlal=j,g ysñjk 

kuq;a kS;s úfrdaë .sks wú w;ro by, wkqmd;hlg th Wreu lshhs' j.d wdrCIdfõ § Ndú;d 

lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd wú w;r m;frdï ;=jlal= ckm% sh ùu u.ska iy ixLHd;aulj fkd okakd 

tu wú m%udKhla fuhg fmr wjia:dj, § .%dudrCIlhkag ksl=;a lr ;sîu u.ska o fuu Wm 

l,amkh f.dv ke.Sug iydh ,efnhs' 215 tfiau c'ú'fm' le/,a, ;=, § fuu wú ie,lsh hq;= 

m%udKhla ^2005 § wdhqO úkdY lsÍfï m%isoaO jev igyfka § meyeÈ,s jQ wdldrhg c'ú'fm' i;=j 

;sî w,a,d .;a m;frdï ;=jlal= úYd, ixLHdjla tfia úkdY l< wdhqO w;r úh'& ;sîu u.ska o 

tu WmkHdYh ;yjqre fjhs' 

4'4'3 4'4'3 .,algia .,algia .,algia .,algia iy iy fnfy;a fnfy;a fldgk fldgk fldgk ;=jlal= 

;=jlal= 

• ,xldfõ ióCIKh isÿ l< ish¨ l

;reKhka iu. meje;ajQ iïuqL idlÉPdjl § fy,s jQ wdldrhg fnfy;a fldgk ;=jlal=" .,algia 

iy n¢k ;=jlal= tys iq,nj mj;S' 217 

4'4'4' 4'4'4' m%ydrl m%ydrl rhs*,a rhs*,a 

rhs*,a 

ñ,sgß udÈ,sfha kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;sh j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk njg úYajdihla mj;soa§" tys 

ienE jHdma;sh ksYaÑ; lKavdhïj,g iSud ù we;s nj fmfkhs' ^md;d, wmrdO l,a,s iy wdrCIl 

yuqodjkaf.ka m,d hk mqoa.,hka'& 218 .egqï mj;sk m%foaYj,ska neyer§ iy .egqï mj;sk 

m%foaYj,g ióm m%foaYj,§ w,a,d .kq ,enQ ie,lsh hq;= à - 56 wú m%udKh" md;d, lKavdhï yd 

iïnkaOlï mj;ajk kd.ßl uOHia:dkj,g ^fld

msßfihska iq¿ fyda ±kqula Tjqka i;=j mj;sk nj h' wdhqOhla ,nd .kafka flfiao hkak .ek 

fkd±k isá ishhg 34 w;r jhi yd ia;% S mqreI Ndjh ms

j;=lrfha oñ, ckhd wjOdrKh l< w;r" • ,dxlSh oñ,hka iy uqia,sïjre jvd;a wjOdrKh 

lf


25,000–40,000 

40,000 ;,x.u( fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla 

75,000 fnd/,a,( fmd,Sish ^ jir follg fmr mej;s 

25,000 mq;a;,u( rcfha ks,Odß 

25,000–35,000 l¿;r ( jHdmdßlfhla 221 

50,000–75,000 je,slv nkaOkd.drh" isrlrefjla 

35,000 je,slv nkaOkd.drh" isrlrefjla 

US$200 iS iaïs;a 2003 weiaa;fïka;=j 

(idudkHh 33,000) 

.DydY% s; ióCIKhKhg m%;spdr oela jQ mqoa.,hka 3 la 

50,000 kshuq ióCIK b,lal.; lKavdhï - .%duSh msrsñ 

15,000 l¿;r ( jHdmdßlfhla 222 

ñ'ó'9 ñ'ó'9 ñ'ó'9 msiaf;da, msiaf;da, 

100,000 fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla - fmd,sia uOHu wú .nvdj 223 

50,000–100,000. cd;sl rhs*,a ix.ufha idudðlfhl= úiska weia;fïka;= 

l< kS;s úfrdaê wú ñ, 

60,000 isrlrefjla" je,slv nkaOkd.drh 



35,000–40,000 fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla - fmd,sia uOHu wú .nvdj 224 

ovhï ovhï rhs*,a rhs*,a 

5,000 .DydY% s; ióCIKhg m%;spdr oela jQ mqoa.,hka 1 la 

m;frdï m;frdï ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

7,000–15,000 


.DydY% s; ióCIKhg m%;spdr oela jQ mqoa.,hka 16 la 

ngh ngh ngh lemq lemq m;frdï m;frdï ;=jlal= ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 30,000 .DydY% s; ióCIKhg m%;spdr oela jQ mqoa.,hka 1 la 

.,algia .,algia 

250–25,000 


fnfy;a fnfy;a fldgk fldgk ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 2,000–6,000 


3,000 kshuq ióCIKhg m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re ±la jQ 

wfhla " ;x.,a, 

1,500 kshuq ióCIKh(wdhqO ksIamdolfhla njg iel flfrk 

mqoa.,fhla 


2,000 kshuq ióCIKh (;reKhska" ñoafoksh 


n¢k n¢k n¢k ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

40–5,000 




3,500 m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re ±la jQ wfhla" frdgje,a, 

w;a w;a fndaïn fndaïn 

5,000 .DydY% s; ióCIKhg m%;spdr oela jQ mqoa.,hka 1 la 

4,000–5,000 .,alsiai ( fmd,Sish 

221 

lKavdhï iïuqL idlÉPdj" l¿;r jdKsc uKav,h" 2007 fmnrjdß 22' 

222 

tu 

223 

fcHIAG fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj" uOHu wú .nvdj" fld

100 .,alsiai ( fmd,Sish 

500–1,000 isrlrefjla" je,slv nkaOkd.drh 

;=jlal= ;=jlal= (SG) m;frdï m;frdï 200 isrlrefjla " ;x.,a, 

N+ f.da,Sh m%foaYh " b,ä u iy wf,ú lsÍug we;s läkïlu u; kS;s úfrdaë wdhqO fj

f; jk uÜgu ieÿï ,nkafka" kj fhdjqka msßia o we;=,;a j /lshd úrys; ;reKhkaf.ka jk 

w;r Tjqkag idudkHfhka wdhqO ,nd fkdfohs' msgia;r mqoa.,fhl=g md;d, l,a,sh iu. in|lï 

we;s lr .; yels jkafka o" iq¿ wúhla ñ,g .ekSu msKsi lghq;= iïmdokh lr .; yels 

jkafka o" fuu my, u ia:rh yryd nj" m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re ÿka tu mqoa.,hd mejiS h' 235 

md;d, l,a,s iu. ±k ye÷kqïlï we;s wfhl=g fuu my, ia:rh yd iïnkaO ùu myiq h' 

iïuqL idlÉPdjlg Ndckh l< tla isrlrefjl= mejiQ wkaoug ’ uq,skau ;=jlal=jla .kak wudre 

jqKd'''okak iuyrekaf.ka uu wymqjyu ta wh neye lsjqjd'''ug iïnkaOlï we;s jqkdg miafia tal 

myiq jqkd' uu uf.a m,fjks '22 ßfjda,ajrh .;af;a re'10"000 lghs' 236 

fuu iemhqï ud¾.fha we;s id¾:l;ajh ms

we;s nj fmkS hhs' 240 flfia fj;;a" fiajfhka m

ùh' 246 yuqod úiska Ndú; lrk WKav .ek i|yka lrñka iïuqL idlÉPdjg Ndckh jQ 

isrlrefjla mejiQ wdldrhg ’à - 56 WKav ,nd .ekSu úfYaIfhka myiq h' yuqod mqyqkq l|jqre" 

fuu WKav imhk m%Odk ud¾.hhs' tys§ WKav úYd, f;d.hla wia:dk.; ùfï bv lv jeäfhka 

mj;sk neúka h' ksjdvq ,nd tk ys;j;=ka tu WKav wmg ,nd fohs' 247 

fmd,Sish úiska w,a,d .kakd ,o ñ,sgß udÈ,sfha iq¿ wúj, jQ úfYaIs; ,l=Kq ^wkql%ñl wxl & 

fndfyda wjia:dj,§ bj;a fldg ;snQ neúka tu wúj, ksYaÑ; m%Njh ikd: lsÍu ienúkau " 

ÿIalr lreKls' 248 flfia fj;;a i

mejiQy' 253 tla ksYaÑ; wjia:djl §" tkï 2004 l=reúg § fiajfha kshq yuqod idckajrfhl= iq¿ 

wúhla ika;lfha ;sìh È w,a,d .kakd ,È' wdhqOh ,enqKq wdldrh .ek mÍCId lrk úg 

fy,sorjq jQfha th uOHu wú .nvdfjka ,enqKq tlla fyda • ,xld yuqodj úiska thg m%:u 

wdkhkh lrk ,o tlla fyda fkdjk nj h' ^c¾uka ksIamdokhla jQ& tu iq¿ wúh yuqod 

jeg,Sul § t,a'à'à'B' fhka w,a,d .kakd ,oaols' 254 rcfha wú f;d.j,ska uyd mßudKfha wú 

w;=reoyka ùu ms

4'5'6 4'5'6 • • ,xldjg ,xldjg fydfrka fydfrka fydfrka wú wú f.k f.k tau 

tau 

m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re ±la jQ iuyr mqoa.,hkaf.a lreKq ±laùïj,g wkqj úfoaYj,ska iq¿ wú 

fydr ryfia f.kaùu isÿ jk kuq;a tys m%udKh iSñ; h' 262 iañ;ag wkqj ’t,a'à'à'B' h fj;g 

tjkq ,nk wú yereKq úg kS;s úfrdaê wdhqO rgg we;=,a úh yels tla m%foaYhla kï fld

.,algia Ndú;d lrkakka úiska WKav jYfhka ysia m;frdï fldmq kej; mqrjd Ndú;d lrk nj 

yïnkaf;dg m%foaYfha f;dr;=re uQ,dY% .Kkdjla i|yka lrhs' 265 ksjfia iE¥ úúO udÈ,sfha WKav 

o fmdÿfõ Ndú;d lrk WKav j¾.hls' Bhï fnda,j, isg j;=r nd,aÈ fldl=j,ska ,nd .;a 

f,dayuh fldgia olajd jQ úúO øjH fuf,i WKav iE§u i|yd Ndú;d flfrhs' fjä fnfy;a 

i|yd o tn÷u úúO øjH fhdod .efkhs' ^r;s[a[dj, mgka ld¾ñl mqmqrk øjH olajd& 

.,algia ksIamdokhg iy Ndú;hg we;s keUqrej flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= w;r 

úfYaIfhka u à - 56 m%ydrl rhs*,a WKav ^ñ'ó' 7'62 ‹ ñ'ó' 33& msg lrk f,i kùlrKh l< 

à lgia wúfha mrsKduh .ek wjOdkh fhduq l, hq;= h' 266 fuu wú jHdma;sh iy à -56 WKav 

,nd .; yels ùfuka fmkS hkafka fuu wú ksIamdokh uq,a nei .kakd njls' 267 à lgia ;Èka 

.eiafik iq¿ nj;a" WKav nyd ,k l=àrh >klñka wvq nj;a" flá nghlska iukaú; nj;a jd¾;d 

fjhs' 268 

.,algia yd à lgia hk j¾. folu tajd Ndú;d lrk mqoa.,hkag fukau úkaÈ;hkag o úYd, 

YdÍßl ydkshla isÿ lsÍfï wjodku iys; wú fjhs' 269 fndfyda úg .,algia úYajdiodhl wúhla 

fkdfjhs' ksjfia iE¥ ßfjda,ajrhlska fjä ;nd f.k Èú kid .eksug ;e;a l< wjia:djla .ek 

.d,af,a wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßjrfhla jd¾;d lf

foaYSh m;frdï msiaf;da, me,auvq,a," udoïfma m%foaYj, ksIamdokh lrkq ,efnhs' 275 n¢k ;=jlal= 

iy mqmqrk øjH m%dfoaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh lrk nj fudKrd., iy wkqrdOmqr m%foaYj,ska 

meñKs f.dùka m%ldY l< w;r fldaudß yd fmd;=ú,a m%foaYj, .,algia ,nd .ekSug we;s nj 

wïmdfrka meñKs b,lal.; lKavdhï i|yd iyNd.s jQ mqoa.,fhda mejiQy' 276 lkaoleáh iy 

uyshx.Kh we;=¿ fyaka j.dj i|yd m%isoaO wE; m%foaYj, o kS;s úfrdaë wú ksIamdokh isÿ jk 

nj nÿ,a, fmd,Sish wjOdrKh lf

5 kS;s úfrdaë úfrdaë iq¿ wú Ndú;h iy tys n,mEu 

wmrdO" iudc m%pKav;ajh" ks;s úfrdaë wd¾Ól lghq;= iy foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh i|yd iq¿ wú 

Ndú;d lrk wdldrh iy tys n,mEu .ek fuu mßÉfþoh ;=, § úNd. flfrhs' iq¿ wú Ndú;d 

lrñka isÿ l< wmrdO .ek úia;rd;aul fmd,sia o;a; ióCIK lKavdhug ,nd fok ,È' flfia 

fj;;a fuu o;a; w;ßka nyq;rh u.ska wdjrKh jkafka" 1999 isg 2005 olajd jk idfmaCI 

jYfhka flá ld, mrdihls' fuu ixLHd o;a; úYd, jYfhka ,nd .ekSug we;s kuq;a" È.= ld,Sk 

keUqrej .ek úYaf,aIKhla lsÍug fuu.ska m%udKj;a wjldYhla fkd ,efnhs' tmuKla fkdj 

.eg¿fõ ikao¾Nh .ek mq¿,a Ñ;%hla o bka fkd ,efnhs' • ,xldj ;=, isÿjk njg iel flfrk 

wmrdOj,ska ishhg 60 la lsis Èkl j;a fmd,Sishg jd¾;d fkd ùu iy wmrdO ms

.eg¿jla mj;sk nj úYajdi l

wú md,kh ms

wkdrCIs; Ndjh ms

46 

35 36 32 

fld

thska nyq;rhla rhs*,a n÷ iq¿ wú ûQ,sl jYfhka à - 56& ksid isÿ ù ;sfí' tfy;a w;a ;=jlal= 

iy m;frdï ;=jlal= o" .DydY% s;j ksIamdokh l< iq¿ wú o" u.ska isÿ jk ;=jd, ÿ,n h' 286 

fldd;k w;ßka ishhg 95 la md;d, f,dalh yd iïnkaO 

fjhs' f.ù .sh jir ;=k ;=, § iq¿ wú yd iïnkaO isÿùï ksid urKhg m;a md;d, idudðlhka 

ixLHdj by, f.dia we;s nj mejfihs' fndfyda úg úkaÈ;hka njg m;a jQ wh mqreIhska h' 287 

5'3 5'3 

wmrdO 

wmrdO 

• ,xldj ;=, isÿ jk wmrdO ixLHdj ±lafjk ixLHd f,aLk we;af;a iSñ; m%udKhla jk w;r" 

jd¾Islj isÿ jk ’nrm;, wmrdO idudkHh 53"675 la fyj;a o, jYfhka ck .yKfhka 

100"000 lg 273 la nj fmd,sia ixLHd f,aLk fmkajd fohs' 288 

wmrdOhg f.dÿre jQ úkaÈ;hka ms

;uka fyda ;u mjqf,a idudðlfhla fyda uE;l § m%pKav wmrdOhl úkaÈ;fhl= njg m%ldY l< 

m%;spdr ±lajQjkaf.ka m%Yakhla úuiQ ióCIK lKavdhu tys È Ndú;d l< wú j¾.h l=ula±hs 

weis h' wúhla Ndú;d jQ wjia:d w;ßka ishhg 23 la msys .ek o ishhg 10 la iq¿ wú .ek o 

i|yka lf

5'3'1 5'3'1 5'3'1 ixúê; ixúê; wmrdO 

wmrdO 

fmd,Sisfha ixLHd f,aLk ixúê; ’md;d, isÿ ùï iy fjk;a isÿ ùï jYfhka j¾. fldg ke;' 

flfia fj;;a" fjk;a j¾.j, wmrdOj,g jvd ixúê; ^lKavdhï úiska fufyhjk& wmrdO .ek 

uyck wjOdkh jeä nj .DydY% s; ióCIKh fmkajd fohs' f.jqkq jir ;=, § ixúê; wmrdO 

j¾Okh jQ nj ishhg 31 l woyi jQ w;r ishhg 26 l yeÕSu jQfha iuia: wmrdO wkqmd;h 

j¾Okh ù we;s nj h' iuia: wmrdO ixLHdj my, hñka we;s nj úYajdi l, ishhg 34 l 

msßi iu. ii|k l, ixúê; wmrdO my, hk nj úYajdi lf

j.=j j.=j 10 10 ( ( nrm;, nrm;, wmrdO wmrdO wmrdO i|yd i|yd jd¾Islj jd¾Islj jd¾Islj iq¿ iq¿ wú wú Ndú;h Ndú;h 

292 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

nrm;, nrm;, wmrdO wmrdO tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 57,095 52,565 48,697 48,903 52,727 56,662 59,075 

iq¿ iq¿ wwú 

w iïnkaO wmrdO 

tl;=j tl;=j 

2,461 1,908 3,754 1,906 1,669 2,114 2,999 

m%;sY;h m%;sY;h 

4.31% 3.63% 7.71% 3.89% 3.16% 3.73% 5.07% 


401 321 957 412 324 476 210 

rhs*,a rhs*,a 

38 145 576 86 32 26 18 


988 632 927 867 891 1,146 2,139 

n¢k n¢k ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

41 139 24 26 41 

iajhxl%Sh iajhxl%Sh iajhxl%Sh wdhqO wdhqO 

1,013 769 1,155 520 398 439 591 

4000 

3500 

3000 

2500 

2000 

1500 

1000 

500 

0 

igyk igyk 19 19 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wjs wjs wmrdO wmrdO tl;=j-jd¾Islj 

tl;=j-jd¾Islj 

2461 

1908 

3754 

1906 

1669 

2114 

2999 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

108 

% 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

igyk igyk 20 20 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wõ wõ Ndõ;d Ndõ;d Ndõ;d l< l< l< wmrdO wmrdO 

wmrdO 

tl;=fõ tl;=fõ m%;sY;h 

m%;sY;h 

4.31 3.63 

7.71 

3.89 3.16 3.73 

5.07 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

iq¿ wú iïnkaO jq nrm;, wmrdO w;ßka jvd;a jdr .Kkla isÿ ù we;af;a ^tajd mek ke.=kq 

wdldrfha idudkHhg wkqj& wú .;a fidrlï" ukqIH >d;k iy ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;e;a lsrSï h' 

thska miqj meyer .ekSï" oreKq ydks" ia;% S ¥IK iy ’widudkH jerÈ ±l .; yels h' ^j.=j 11& 

my; i|yka úYaf,aIKfha ±lafjk wkaoug tn÷ wmrdOj,§ Ndú;d l< iq¿ wú jißka jirg" 

iy wmrdO j¾.hg wkqj fjkia ù we;' 

292 1999 - 2005" fmd,siam;sjrhdf.a md,k jd¾;dfõ o;a; mokï fldg f.k ;sfí' n¢k ;=jlal=j, m%;sM,hla f,i we;s jk nrm;, 

wmrdO" mqoa.,fhl= urd ±óug b,lal lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka we;s fkdjk njg wkqudk flfrhs'

j.=j j.=j 11 11 ( ( ksYaÑ; ksYaÑ; j¾.j, j¾.j, nrm;, nrm;, wmrdOj, wmrdOj, § § iq¿ iq¿ wú wú Ndú;h 

Ndú;h 

meyer.ekSï meyer.ekSï 

nnrrm;, m;, ;=jd, 

;=jd, 

ukqIH ukqIH >d;k 

>d;k 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 


3 1 49 43 2 6 

rhs*,a rhs*,a 

1 1 44 42 5 


81 13 158 95 10 16 75 

n|sk n|sk ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

1 

iajhxl%Sh iajhxl%Sh rhs*,a rhs*,a 

18 23 60 21 5 15 17 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 103 38 311 201 23 37 92 

tl;=j tl;=j 

825 783 743 723 805 830 926 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO m%;sY;h m%;sY;h 12.5 4.8 41.9 27.8 2.9 4.5 9.9 

m;frdï m;frdï m;frdï ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

5 11 138 5 23 3 6 

rhs*,a rhs*,a rhs*,a 

2 30 2 2 


4 3 86 12 4 4 5 


9 8 5 1 3 1 


10 11 97 25 3 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 28 35 351 49 30 10 15 

tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 

2,080 1,965 1,813 1,847 1,854 1,921 1,749 



71 69 87 73 56 113 42 

rhs*,a rhs*,a 

21 8 112 16 8 7 9 


82 78 93 58 85 128 164 


6 10 87 10 13 18 


265 307 114 76 84 128 161 

iq¿ iq¿ iq¿ wú wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO iïnkaO tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 445 472 493 223 243 389 394 

tl;=j tl;=j 

1,797 1,707 1,572 1,346 1,307 1,375 1,219 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO iïnkaO m%;sY;h m%;sY;h 24.8 27.6 31.4 16.6 18.6 28.3 32.3 

109

j.=j j.=j 11 11 ( ( ksYaÑ; ksYaÑ; j¾.j, j¾.j, nrm;, nrm;, wmrdOj, wmrdOj, § § iq¿ iq¿ wú wú Ndú;h Ndú;h ^b;sß& 

^b;sß& 

ñkSueÍug ñkSueÍug ;e;a ;e;a lsÍu 

lsÍu 

ia;%S ia;%S ¥IK 

¥IK 

fl 

fld,a, d,a, lEï 

lEï 

wiajdNdúl wiajdNdúl wmrdO wmrdO 

m;frdï m;frdï ;=jlal= ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

97 75 55 86 83 116 53 

rhs*,a rhs*,a 

7 10 44 2 5 8 2 

msiaf;da msiaf;da, msiaf;da 

54 43 54 30 44 37 67 


6 23 52 16 12 10 22 


101 120 53 37 41 48 83 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 265 271 258 171 185 219 227 

tl;=j tl;=j 

626 639 653 502 484 500 466 



12 1 81 14 4 4 1 

rhs*,a rhs*,a 

1 

msiaf;da, msiaf;da, msiaf;da, 

16 5 77 62 5 6 3 


;=jlal= 


14 1 79 4 2 

iq¿ iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO iïnkaO tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 42 7 237 76 13 11 6 

tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 

1,303 1,196 1,279 1,243 1,364 1,424 1,531 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO m%;sY;h 3.2 0.6 18.5 6.1 0.9 0.8 0.4 


213 164 547 186 156 234 108 

rhs*,a rhs*,a 

9 124 346 24 12 9 7 


751 490 435 610 710 955 1844 


5 


605 307 725 361 264 248 325 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO tl tl;=j tl ;=j 1,583 1,085 2,053 1,181 1,142 1,446 2,284 

tl;=j tl;=j 

4,900 4,582 5,215 5,618 6,482 7,860 7,759 

iq¿ iq¿ iq¿ wú wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO iïnkaO m%;sY;h m%;sY;h m%;sY;h 32.3 23.7 39.4 21 17.6 18.4 29.4 

m;frdï m;frdï m;frdï ;=jlal= ;=jlal= 

5 

rhs*,a rhs*,a rhs*,a 

1 


24 33 1 11 

n|s n|sk n|s n|s k k ;=jlal= 


27 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO tl;=j tl;=j tl;=j 0 51 5 33 2 11 

tl;=j tl;=j 

170 182 388 302 249 418 426 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iïnkaO iïnkaO m%;sY;h m%;sY;h 0 0 13.1 1.6 13.2 0.5 2.6 

110

iq¿ wú fhdod f.k isÿ lrk wmrdO ixLHdj m%udKd;aulj l=vd wkqmd;hlaj mj;soa§;a" fjk;a 

wmrdOj,g jvd" iq¿ wú wmrdO fú.fhka j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk njg m%n, yeÕSula rg ;=, 

mj;shs' fï wkqj iuia: wmrdO m%udKh .ek we;s yeÕSug mgyeks wdldrhg ^ by; we;s igyk 

18 n,kak' & ckhdf.ka úYd, fldgila ^ ishhg 44 la & úYajdi lrkafka iq¿ wú yd nef|k 

wmrdO ixLHdj by, hñka mj;sk nj h' iq¿;r msßia w;r fuu woyi jvd;a ±äj ;sfí' 293 

tfiau" iq¿ wú jHdma;sh fya;=fjka wmrdO m%udKh by, f.dia we; hk woyi o b,lal .; 

lKavdhï i|yd iyNd.s jQ iuyr mqoa.,fhda mejiQy' 294 

iq¿ wú fhdod f.k isÿ lrk wmrdO m%jK;dj .ek woyia ta ta N+ f.da,Sh m%foaY ;=,§ 

úYd, jYfhka fjkia fjhs' îgyk 21 n,kak'& fuu woyia m%Odk jYfhka kd.ßl m%foaY yd 

iyiïnkaOhla we;s njla meyeÈ,sj fkdfmfkk w;r" .egqï mj;sk m%foaYj,g ióm m%foaY iy 

rfá fiiq m%foaY w;r o tu yeÕSï ms

ukqIH ukqIH >d;k >d;k iy iy iy ukqIH ukqIH ukqIH >d;k >d;k i|yd i|yd ;e;a ;e;a ±Íï 

±Íï 

ukqIH >d;k iy ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;e;a ±Íï úYd, m%udKhla isÿ lsÍu i|yd Wmfhd.s lr 

f.k we;af;a iq¿ wú ùu" úYauh okjk iq¿ lreKls' fmd,Sisfha ks, ixLHd f,aLkj,g wkqj 

ukqIH >d;kj, § fuh ishhg 16 isg 30 olajd jQ mrdihl o" ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;e;a ±Íïj, 

§ th ishhg 34 isg 48 olajd jQ mrdihl o úys§ we;' iq¿ wú Wmfhda.s lr .;a ukqIH >d;k 

wkqmd;hg jvd ksrka;rfhka u jeä wkqmd;hla ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;e;a ±Íïj, § ^ wvlg 

wdikak m%udKhla olajd& olakg ,eîu ie,lsh hq;= lreKls' 295 

tfy;a ióCIK lKavdhu úiska iïuqLj idlÉPd l< fndfyda wêlrK ffjoHjrekaf.a woyi 

thg imqrd u fjkia h' Tjqka fndfyda fofkl= m%ldY l< wdldrhg ukqIH >d;k i|yd iq¿ wú 

Ndú;d ùfï fmdÿ iajNdjhla olakg fkdue;s w;r" tn÷ >d;kj, § ;,hla iys; wdhqO iy 

fudÜg WmlrK Ndú;h .ek lreKq ±lajQy' 296 

iq¿ wú j¾.j,g jvd jeä W,a msys iy lefmk wdhqO o" iuyr wjia:dj, § fudÜg WmlrK 

n÷ fjk;a wdhqO o " fhdod .kakd nj fmkS hhs' flfia fj;;a iuia:hla jYfhka .;a ld;k i|yd fhdod .kakd ,o 

nj fmkS hhs' 2005 § ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;,h iys; wú fhdod .;a jdr .Kk yd iudk jdr 

.Kkl § iq¿ wú Ndõ;d lr ;sîu ksoiqkla f,iska ±laúh yels h' 297 

ukqIH >d;k i|yd idudkHfhka fhdod f.k we;s njg jd¾;d ù we;af;a iajhxl% Sh wdhqO ^ fndfyda 

úg à-56 & fú' wmrdOj, § m;frdï ;=jlal= Ndú;h wvq fjñka mj;sk njg fmdÿ yeÕSula 

meje;sh o" ukqIH >d;kj, § tajd msiaf;da, m%udKhg u fhdod .efkkq muKla fkdj" iuyr 

jirj, § ukqIH >d;kh i|yd ±rE m%h;kj, § Wmfhda.s lr .;a m%Odk;u wúh f,iskao"th 

meje;S we;' 

295 ukqIH >d;k iy ukqIH >d;khg ;e;a lsÍug fhdod .;a ksYaÑ; .sks wú j¾.fha wkqmd;h jd¾Islj nrm;, f,i fjkia jk 

kuq;a" fuu fjki u.ska" Ndú;d l< iq¿ wú j¾. w;r we;s fjki ksfhdackh fkdfjhs' 

296 l=reKE.," 2006 foieïn¾ 12" .d,a, 2006 foieïn¾ 05 iy kqjrt,sh" 2006 foiïn¾ 08" wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍka iu. 

iïuqL idlÉPd" wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍkaf.a woyia iy ks, ixLHd f,aLk w;r we;s nj fmfkk úIu;dj we;s ùug fya;= jkakg 

we;af;a iq¿ wú j¾. fnod ±laùu jd¾;djg f.k tAfï fjkialï úh yels h' fmd,Sisfha o;a; ;=, iq¿ wú j¾. fldgiaj,g fnod 

we;s kuq;a ;, iys; wdhqO tfia fnod olajd ke;' iq¿ wú Ndú;d jkafka l

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

igyk igyk 22 22 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wú wú Ndjs;d Ndjs;d l< l< ukqIH ukqIH >d;k >d;k iy iy ta ta i|yd i|yd ;e;a ;e;a lsrSfï 

lsrSfï 

m%;sY;h 

m%;sY;h 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

ukqIH >d;kj, m%;sY;h ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;e;a lsrSï m%;sY;h 

igyk igyk 23 23 ( ( wdhqO wdhqO j¾.h j¾.h wkqj wkqj iq¿ iq¿ wú wú ukqIH ukqIH ukqIH >d;k >d;k 

>d;k 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

iajhxl%Sh wú 265 307 114 76 84 128 161 

n|sk ;=jlal= 6 10 87 0 10 13 18 

msiaf;da, 82 78 93 58 85 128 164 

rhs*,a 21 8 112 16 8 7 9 

m;frdï ;=jlal= 71 69 87 73 56 113 42 

113

5 

4.5 

4 

3.5 

3 

2.5 

2 

1.5 

1 

0.5 

0 

TiafÜ%,shdj 0.3 

igyk igyk 24 24 ( ( f,dalfha f,dalfha f,dalfha rgj,aj,g rgj,aj,g idfmaCIj idfmaCIj idfmaCIj • • ,xldj ,xldj ;=, ;=, ^1995-2005& ^1995-2005& ck.yKfha ck.yKfha 100"000 100"000 lg lg .sks .sks 

.sks 

wjs wjs iïnkaO iïnkaO >d;k >d;k ^,nd ^,nd .; .; yels yels iuSm;u iuSm;u iuSm;u jraI jraI 1999-2000& 

1999-2000& 

fn,aðhu 0.6 

n,af.aßhdj 0.6 

uqo,g uqo,g ñkS ñkS ueÍu 

ueÍu 

lekvdj 0.5 

fl%dtaIshdj 1.5 

fpla ckrch 0.4 

tiaf;dakshdj 2.1 

*ska,ka;h 0.4 

m%xYh 0.3 

c¾uksh 0.2 

.% Sish 0.7 

yxf.aßhdj 0.3 

b;d,sh 0.8 

114 

cmdkh 0 

,e;aúhdj 1.4 

fko¾,ka;h 0.5 

mD;=.d,h 0.6 

fud,afodajd ckrch 1.2 

iaf,djelshdj 0.8 

imd[A[h 0.2 

YS% YS% ,xldj 

,xldj 2.02 

;dhs,ka;h 

3.8 

uqo,g ñkS ueÍu" ixúê; wmrdO yd iïnkaO jQ ukqIH >d;k wdldrhls' kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ 

uQ,dY%hlg wkqj • ,xldj ;=, isÿjk uqo,g ñkS ueÍïj, § yeu úgu mdfya iq¿ wú Ndú;d 

lrkq ,efí' 298 

osú osú kid kid .ekSu 

.ekSu 

Èú kid .ekSfï by, wkqmd;hla we;s rgla jYfhka • ,xldj m%lg h' 299 ck .yKfha 100"000 

lg 24 lg wêl Èú kid .ekSï wkqmd;hla mj;sk nj j.=j 12 u.ska meyeÈ,s fjhs' 300 flfia 

fj;;a Èú kid .ekSïj, § iq¿ wú Ndú;h iq,Nj olakg ke;s w;r th o, jYfhka ishhg 1 

la fjhs' ukqIH >d;kj, § iy wfkl=;a ìysiqKq wmrdOj, § iq¿ wú Ndú; jQ by, wkqmd;h yd 

ii|k l< Èú kid .ekSïj, § iq¿ wú b;d wvq jYfhka Ndú;d ùu úYauh ckl h' Èú kid 

.ekSfï § mqreIhka úiska iq¿ wú Ndú;d lsÍu iEfyk by, uÜgulska mj;sk kuq;a th lsis 

úgl;a Èú kid .;a msßñkaf.a iuia; tl;=fjka ishhg fol fkd blaujhs' ldka;djka Èú kid 

.ekSu i|yd iq¿ wú Ndú;d l< wjia:d ixLHdj .Kkh l< fkd yels ;rï w,am h' 

298 

kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fcHIaG ks,Odßfhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj" fld

j.=j j.=j 12 12 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wú wú wú u.ska u.ska ÈÈú 

È Èú 

ú kid kid .ekSu .ekSu 1999 1999 - 2005 

2005 

115 

2005 301 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Èú kid .ekSï - msßñ 4,536 4,034 3,778 3,667 3,626 3,803 3,708 

iq¿ wú u.ska Èú kid .ekSï-msßñ 43 37 53 63 36 33 33 

m%;sY;h 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 

Èú kid .ekSï - .eyeKq 1,371 1,378 1,177 1,025 981 1,073 1,034 

iq¿ wú u.ska Èú kid .ekSï-.eyeKq 3 6 2 0 3 6 9 

m%;sY;h 0.2 0.4 0.1 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 

iuia; Èú kid .ekSï 5,907 5,412 4,955 4,692 5,607 4,876 4,742 

iq¿ wú u.ska Èú kid .ekSï tl;=j 46 43 55 63 39 39 42 

m%;sY;h 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.9 

fidrlï fidrlï iy iy meyer meyer .ekSï 

.ekSï 

fidrlï iy meyer .ekSï j, § ^fndfyda úg uqo,a i|yd& iq¿ wú fhdod .ksñka ;¾ckh lsÍu 

iy n,h fh§u fndfyda úg wvx.= fjhs' • ,xldj ;=, § fidrlïj,ska ishhg 17 isg ishhg 

40lg wdikak m%udKhl § iq¿ wú Ndú;d flf¾' tfiau meyer .ekSïj, § o ^jd¾Islj ishhg 3 

isg ishhg 42 olajd& iq¿ wú" úfYaIfhka msiaf;da," iajhxl% Sh wdhqO iy m;frdï ;=jlal= Ndú;d 

flfrhs' 

% 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

igyk igyk 24 24 ( ( .sks .sks wjs wjs Ndjs;d Ndjs;d l< l< fidrlï fidrlï iy iy meyer meyer .ekSï .ekSï m%;sY;h 

m%;sY;h 

meyer.ekSï 

fld,a, lEï 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

301 fmd,sia md,k jd¾;d o;a; mokï lr .ksñks'

igyk igyk 25( 25( iq¿ iq¿ wú wú fhdod fhdod .ksñka .ksñka l< l< fidrlï fidrlï j, j, § § fhdod fhdod .;a .;a iq¿ iq¿ wú wú j¾. 

j¾. 

2500 

2000 

1500 

1000 

500 

0 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

iajhxl% Sh wú 605 307 725 361 264 248 325 

n|sk ;=jlal= 5 


rhs*,a 9 124 346 24 12 9 7 

m;frdï ;=jlal= 213 164 547 186 156 234 108 

igyk igyk 26 26 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wú wú fhdod fhdod .ksñka .ksñka l< l< meyer meyer .ekSïj, .ekSïj, § § fhdod fhdod fhdod .;a .;a .;a iq¿ iq¿ iq¿ wú 


350 

j¾. j¾. 

j¾. 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

iajhxl% Sh wú 18 23 60 21 5 15 17 



rhs*,a 1 1 44 42 5 

m;frdï ;=jlal= 3 1 49 43 2 6 

fidrlïj, § jvd;a nyq,j Ndú;d fldg we;s iq¿ wú f,i ie,flkafka msiaf;da, iy iajhxl% Sh 

wdhqO fjhs' o;a; tl;= lrkq ,enQ ld, mrdih ;=, § tu wú j¾.j, idfmalaI jeo.;alu 

fjkia ù iajhxl%Sh wú Ndú;h l%udkql+,j wvq ù f.dia msiaf;da, Ndú;d lrñka tu wmrdO isÿ 

lsÍfï wkqmd;h by, f.dia ;sfí' flfia fj;;a fuu o;a; flá ld,Sk tajd jk neúka iajhxl%Sh 

wdhqO fj;ska mq¿,a f,i bj;aj hdfï iajNdjhla .ek idCIs we;af;a iaj,amhls' fndfyda wjia:dj, 

§ Ndú;d ù we;af;a m;frdï ;=jlal= h' fun÷ wmrdO i|yd n¢k ;=jlal= fhda.H fkdjk fyhska 

116

tajd l,d;=rlska muKla Ndú;hg f.k we;' ^1999 ish¨ wmrdO w;ßka wjia:d 5l § muKla& 

iuyr fidrlïj, § w;a fndaïn fhdod .;a njg o jd¾;d úh' 

2006 jif¾ isÿ jQ ikakoaO fidrlï wjia:d .Kkdjla w;ßka udOH ióCIKh my; i|yka 

isÿùï úfYaI fldg olajhs' 

− wïn,kaf.dv msysÜ idmamqjlska remsh,a ñ,shk 10l jákdlula we;s iaj¾KdNrK 

wú .;a lKavdhula úiska fidrlï lrk ,È' 302 

− ñßiafia msysá jHdmdßlfhl=f.a ksjilg cfka,fhka we;=,a jQ fidre ksjeishkag 

;¾ckh lsÍu i|yd msiaf;da,hla Ndú;d lrk ,È' 303 

− wyqka.,af,a È wú fmkajd jdykhla meyer f.k th miqj mqïaid ouk ,È' 304 

− .d,af,a lrdmsáfha bkaOk wf,ú ie,la fidrlï fldg tys jQ remsh,a 75"000lg 

wdikak m%udKhla meyer .kakd ,È' 305 

− moúfha § .%dudrCIlfhl= urd oud Tyqf.a iq¿ wúh fidrlï lrk ,È' 306 

− msiaf;da,hla fhdod .ksñka wlaóuk § is.rÜ jEka r:hla uxfld,a, ld re' 

100"000lg ióm uqo,la fidrlï lrk ,È' 307 

tfiau meyer .ekSu iïnkaO iq¿ wú Ndú;fha § uQ,sl jYfhka fhdod .kakd ,o .sks wú 

jkafka msiaf;da, iy iajhxl% Sh wdhqO h' meyer .ekSïj, § n¢k ;=jlal= yd iïnkaO isÿùï 

jd¾;d jkafka tlla muKls' iq¿ wú fndfyda fldg fhdod .ksñka l< meyer .ekSï úYd, 

m%udKhla .ek ;uka okakd nj m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,fhla fld

fjk;a fjk;a nrm;, nrm;, idyisl idyisl jerÈ 

jerÈ 

iq¿ wú Ndú;d lrñka fjk;a nrm;, idyisl jerÈ isÿ lsÍfï m%udKh my, uÜgfï mj;S' iq¿ 

wú Ndú;d lrñka isÿ l< nrm;, ;=jd," ia;%S ¥IK iy jHdNspdr iy wiajdNdúl jerÈ ^,uqka 

,sx.sl wmpdrhg ,la lsÍu jeks wmrdO fuu j¾.hg we;=,;a h'& ish,a, l=vd m%;sY;hla .kshs' 

ia;%S ¥IK" nrm;, myr §ï iy wiajdNdúl jerÈj, § 2001 jir ;=, iq¿ wú Ndú;h oi 

.=Khlska jeä ù we;s nj fmkakqï flfrk kuq;a fufia isÿ ùug fya;= ù we;af;a wmrdOj, § 

iq¿ wú Ndú;fha ienE úYd, fjkila yg .ekS we;s nj fkdj fuu wmrdO uÜgï miqj t

igyk 29 ( iq¿ iq¿ wõ wõ iïnkaO ia;%S ¥IK iy jHNspdr - - iq¿ wõ j¾.h wkqj 

wkqj 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

iajhxl% Sh wú 14 1 79 4 2 

n|sk ;=jlal= 


rhs*,a 1 

m;frdï ;=jlal= 12 1 81 14 4 4 1 

nrm;, ;=jd, isÿ lsÍï wjia:dj, § iy ia;%S ¥IK yd jHdNspdr wjia:dj, § Ndú;d l< iq¿ wú 

j¾. tla tla j¾Ij, § fjkia h' m;frdï ;=jlal=" iajhxl% Sh wdhqO iy msiaf;da, fmdÿfõ Ndú;d 

jQ iq¿ wú jQ w;r n¢k ;=jlal= iy rhs*,a Ndú;h idfmaCI jYfhka ÿ,n h' 

5'4 ue;sjrK ue;sjrK m%pKaX m%pKaX l% 

l% shd shd iy iy iq¿ iq¿ wúj, wúj, foaYmd,k foaYmd,k n,mEu 

n,mEu 

foaYmd,k ue;sjrKj,§ iq¿ wú wmyrKh uE; jirj, § • ,xldfõ we;s tla jeo.;a 

.eg¿jls' flfia fj;;a .;jQ mia jirl ld,fha § jd¾;d jQ isÿùï ixLHdfõ lemS fmfkk wvq 

ùula olakg ,efnhs' 2001 mej;s uy ue;sjrK iuh ;=, yg .;a isÿùï 4"861la" ksÍCIlhka 

úiska jd¾;d lrkq ,en we;s w;r bka 1"051la fyj;a ishhg 21'6la iq¿ wú yd iïnkaO isÿùï 

fjhs' 309 ióCIK lKavdhu úiska iïuqL idlÉPd i|yd Ndckh l< foaYmd,k{fhda ;u iq¿ wú 

Ndú;h .ek .eUqßka l:d lsÍug wÈ uÈ l

wjqreoaolg miq mej;a jQ m%dfoaYSh iNd ue;sjrKh o rg mqrd iq¿ wú Ndú;d l< tn÷u 

m%pKavlï iys; tlla úh' 311 óg mgyeKs wdldrhlska 2004 mej;s uy ue;sjrKfha §" tys mQ¾j 

yd mYapd;a wjêfha § o m%pKav wmrdO isÿùï ixLHdfõ lemS fmfkk my, hdula olakg ,enqKs' 

ue;sjrK Èk l%shdj,sh .ek ksÍCIlhka woyia m, l< wdldrhg th 2001 foieïn¾ udifha § 

mej;s ue;sjrKhg jvd m%pKav l% shd w;ska ie,lsh hq;= iy .=Kd;aul uÜgu my, jeàula ±l 

.; yels h' 312 jd¾;d.; l< m%Odk iy iq¿ isÿùï tl;=j ^1"747& w;ßka 143 la iq¿ wú Ndú;h 

yd iïnkaO fjhs' 313 flfia fj;;a 2004 u;sjrKj," iuia; m%pKav l% shd ixLHdj my, hdula 

olakg we;;a mQ¾j ue;sjrK iufha jd¾;d jQ m%pKav l% shd w;r ukqIH >d;k 5 la" ukqIH >d;k 

i|yd ;e;a lsÍï 13 la" ;=jd, isÿ lsÍï 178 la" nrm;, f,i ;=jd, isÿlsÍï 9 la" myr §ï 299 

la iy ;¾ckh lsÍï iy ìh .ekaùï 86 la jd¾;d ù ;sfí' 314 

fuu idOkSh fjki 2005 ue;sjrKj, § o mej;=Kq w;r tys § ue;sjrK ld,h ;=, iq¿ wú 

Ndú;d lrñka isÿ l< njg jd¾;d jQfha isÿùï 29 la muKls' 315 flfia fj;;a fuu isÿùï w;r 

foaYmd,k l% shd fya;=fjka isÿ l< ukqIH >d;k 5 la" 316 317 

ukqIH >d;k i|yd ;e;a lsÍï 7 la" iy 

318 

;¾ckh lsÍï iy ìh .ekaùï 34 laa 

jd¾;d ù ;sfí' 2005 § isÿ jQ ue;sjrK wdY% s; m%pKav 

l% shd wvq ù we;s nj hqfrdamd fldñifï ksÍCIl lKavdhu o i|yka lr ;sfí' 319 

m%pKav l% shdj, fmdÿ my, hdu" 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha m%;smdok l% shdjg ke.Su" 320 fmd,Sisfha 

iqmÍCIdldß;ajh j¾Okh ùu iy ±kqj;a Ndjh by, kexùfï ’WKavfhka f;dr Pkaoh jev 

igyk jeks l%u u.ska uyck n,mEu wLKavj mj;ajd f.k hdu u.ska isú,a iudch il% shj 

iïnkaO ùu we;=¿j mshjr .Kkdjl tl;=jla ksid isÿ jQ nj ie,flhs' 321 ’WKavfhka f;dr 

Pkaoh kue;s fuu jev igyk kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;shg tfrys 

cd;sl fldñifï ^ks'l's't'cd'ld' (UN ODA) ksrdhqO lghq;= ms

lsysmhla isÿ jQ njg jd¾;d jQ W;=r iy kef.kysr ;=, m%pKav l% shd úfYaIfhka mej;s nj 

ksÍCIlfhda 2004 § jd¾;d l

lrk idyisl m,s .ekSï iy m%pKav wmrdO lghq;= fya;=fjka wkdrCIs; Ndjh mek kef.k nj 

b,lal.; lKavdhïj,g iyNd.s jQ mqoa.,fhda iy .DydYs%; ióCIKhg m%;spdr ±la jQ wh hk 

fo fldgiu m%ldY ld;kh lrkq ,eîu tla ksoiqkls' 329 • ,xldfõ foaYmd,k >d;kj, ^t,a'à'à'B' h úiska lrk 

>d;ko we;=¿j& ld, wdhduh .ek woyia m, l," m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ tla 

mqoa.,fhl=f.a ;lafiarej jQfha foaYmd,k{hka >d;kh lsÍu • ,xldfõ ixialD;shg ld je§ 

mj;sk fohla nj h' 330 

md;d, wmrdO l,a,s iy ks;s úfrdaê wd¾Ól lghq;= iu. foaYmd,k{hkag we;ehs mejfik 

iïnkaOlï ksid m%cd;dka;% sl md,k l%uhg ydks meñfKk w;r tys § foaYmd,k{hka iy 

foaYmd,k l% shdj,sh .ek mj;sk uyck úYajdih wk;=rg ,la ù" wmrdOlrejkaf.a ks;shg msgq md 

hdfï iajNdjh Yla;su;a fjhs' tfiau" ue;sjrKj, § uyck;djf.a m%cd;dka;%sl wNs,dIh m%ldYhg 

m;a ùu o je,flhs' 

5'5 wyUq wyUq urK urK iy iy wk;=re wk;=re 

wk;=re 

iq¿ wú u.ska isÿjk wyUq urK iy wk;=re" • ,xldj ;=, wêl nj fmkS hhs' ixLHd o;a; 

mj;ajd f.k f.dia fkdue;s jqj o mq¿,a f,i me;sÍ we;s n¢k ;=jlal= ksid wk;=re oyia .Kkla 

324 

úYaj úoHd, YsIHhka iu. b,lal.; lKavdhï idlÉPdj"^ le

isÿ jQ njg m%n, idOl mj;S' 331 wkqrdOmqrfha wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßfhl=g wkqj Èia;% slalh ;=, 

jd¾Islj n¢k ;=jlal= wk;=re 500lg wdikak m%udKhla isÿ jk w;r" bka 10-15 w;r m%udKhla 

urKsSh 

tajd fjhs' 332 ovhï i|yd n¢k ;=jlal= nyq, jYfhka fhdod .kakd lka;f,a m%foaYfha" 

iEu uil§u tn÷ wk;=re tlla fyda folla ±l .; yels h' 333 

flfia fj;;a" fuu ióCIKh i|yd isÿ l< ck udOH ióCIKh ;=,ska meyeÈ,s jQ wdldrhg 

n¢k ;=jlal= ksid isÿ jk urKSh wk;=re .ek udOH wjOdkh fhduq ù we;af;a l,d;=rlsks' tfia 

jd¾;d jQ isÿùï iaj,amfhka tll §" n¢k ;=jlal=jla u.ska isÿ jQ ;=jd, ksid lsrswe,af,a ldka;djla 

ñh f.dia ;sfí' 334 úkdYldÍ n,h w;ska fndfyda wvq ;ekl mej;=k o n¢k ;=jlal= o ìï fndaïn 

fukau lsisÿ t,a,hlska f;drj" tfiau iÕjkq ,enQ wdhqO jk w;r ta fya;=fjka úúOdldr iy 

fndfyda úg w;sYhska fn,ySk lrk m%;sM, we;s lrhs' my; i|yka jk ’iq¿ wú wmyrkh - 

tla tla j¾. wkqj hk fldgi ;=, § n¢k ;=jlal= .ek úia;rd;aulj idlÉPd flfrhs' 

5'6 5'6 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú wmyr wmyrKh wmyr h - tla tla tla tla j¾. j¾. wkqj wkqj wkqj - 

,nd .; yels jd¾;d iSñ; neúka tla tla j¾. wkqj iq¿ wú jerÈ f,i Ndú;d lsrSfï mßudKh 

.ek ksjerÈj igyka lsÍu wmyiq h' nrm;, wmrdOj, § fhdod .;a iq¿ wú j¾. .ek 

±lafjk uOHu fmd,sia ixLHd f,aLk u.ska ^my; we;s igyk 32 n,kak& hï woyila iemfhk 

kuq;a tajd iSñ; mrdihl muKla me;sr mj;sk neúka imqrdu úYajdiodhl f,i ie,lsh fkd yels 

h' tfyhska" Ndú;d l, iq¿ wú j¾. fnod ±laùfï § ta flfrys iïmQ¾K úYajdih ;eîu l< 

fkd yels h' ksoiqkla .;fyd;a" .,algia msiaf;da,j,ska fjka fldg olajd ke;' fï wdldrfha iq¿ 

wú wmrdOj, È Ndú;d jk nj" f;dr;=re iemhQ fndfyda mqoa.,hka úiska wjOdrKh lr we;s 

;;ajhla ;=, fuu w;a yeÍu jeo.;a h' tmuKla fkdj o;a; u.ska ksfhdackh lrkafka iq¿ wú 

jerÈ f,i Ndú;d jQ wjia:d iSñ; ixLhdjla muKla jk fyhska" tu.ska bÈßm;a jkafka ta ta 

j¾.hkag wh;a iq¿ wú jerÈ f,i Ndú;d lsÍfï ienE m%udKfha ixCIsma;hla muKls' nrm;, 

wmrdO w;r" n¢k ;=jlal= u.ska isÿ flfrk wk;=re ixLHdj iq¿;rhla jk kuqÿ th fndfyda 

m%foaYj, § iq¿ wú wk;=rej, m%Odku m%Njh ùu fuhg tla ksoiqkls' .egqï mj;sk m%foaYj,g 

ióm m%foaYj, § mjd" n¢k ;=jlal= úiska isÿ jQ wk;=re fojeks úYd,;u iq¿ wú wk;=re 

ixLHdj fjhs' ^.egqïj,ska miqj& 

iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l< fndfyda rgj, § fukau fuys§ o 1999-2005 w;r ld,h ;=, È 

nrm;, wmrdO i|yd jvd;a nyq,j fhdod .;a iq¿ wú j¾.h msiaf;da, fjhs' tajd myiqfjka 

iÕjd .; yels ùu thg fya;=j úh yels h' 335 msiaf;da, úfYaIfhkau" ikakoaO fidrlï" meyer 

.ekSï iy ukqIH >d;k j, § nyq,j fhdod f.k ;sfí' fuhska fmks hkafka msiaf;da, ixirKh 

ms,sn|j úfYaI wjOdkhlska l% shd l< hq;= nj h' 

331 

kS;s úfrdaë f,i ksmojk neúka n¢k ;=jlal= kS;s úfrdaë h' 

332 

wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßfhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj" wkqrdOmqrh" 2006 foieïn¾ 08 

333 

wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßfhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj" wkqrdOmqrh" 2006 foieïn¾ 07 

334 

ikafâ whs,kaâ' 2006 Tlaf;dan¾ 22 

335 

o;a; ,nd .kakd ,oafoa pkaød m%kdkaÿf.a ’ fmd,siam;sjrhdf.a md,k jd¾;dj ^1999-2005& lD;sfhks' .,algia jeks jeo.;a j¾. tys 

wvx.=j fkdue;' 

123

igykigyk 32 32 nrm;, nrm;, wmrdOj, wmrdOj, oS oS fhdod fhdod .;a .;a iq¿ iq¿ wõ wõ j¾. j¾. " " 1999- 1999- 1999- 

2005 

2005 


rhs*,a 921 5% 

2% 

m;frdï ;=jlal= 

3101 18% 

iajhxl%Sh wú 4885 

29% 

124 

msiaf;da,, 7590 

46% 

nrm;, wmrdO i|yd fhdod .;a wfkla úYd,;u fldgi ^ 29]& iukaú; jkafka iajhxl% Sh wdhqO 

^úúO wkqmd;hkaf.ka hq;a à - 56" tï 16 iy úúO j¾.j,g wh;a ueIska ;=jlal=" msiaf;da, iy 

m;frdï ;=jlal= n÷ ñ,sgß udos,sfha wdhqO wdjrKh jk fmd,sia uOHu o;a; ;=, wvx.= j¾.hls'& 

Ndú;h u.ska h' m;frdï ;=jlal= o úYd, wkqmd;hlska ^18]& mj;sk w;r rhs*,a iy n¢k 

;=jlal= Ndú;d ú we;af;a Bg wvq m%udKhls' wmrdOj, § m;frdï ;=jlal= fmr mßÈ b;d úYd, 

jYfhka Ndú;d fkdjkafka h hk úYajdih mj;sk kuq;a" 336 fmd,sia o;a; fmkajd fok wdldrhg 

;;ajh th fkdfõ' tu o;a;j,g wkqj fidrlïj, È yer fndfyda nrm;, wmrdOj, § ñ,sgß 

udÈ,sfha wdhqO iy w;a ;=jlal= ;rï Ndú;d fkdjqk o" Bg uola wvqfjka m;frdï ;=jlal= o 

Ndú;d fjhs' ^j.=j 11 n,kak& 

Ndú;d lrk ,o kS;s úfrdaë wdhqO j¾. .ek ie,lSfï È fmkS hk lreKla kï iuyr 

wjia:dj, § tla wmrdOhla i|yd úúO j¾.j, iq¿ wú .Kkdjla fhdod .kakd nj h' iq¿ wú 

Ndú;h yd iïnkaO fidrlï wkqmd;h by, uÜgul mj;sk ;,x.u fldÜGdYfha msysá fmd,Sish 

i|yka l< wdldrhg" iEu ikakoaO wmrdOhl§u à - 56" ßfjda,ajr" msiaf;da, iy w;a ;=jlal= 

iu. yjqf,a hg;a msßfihska .,algia tllaj;a Ndú;d ú ;sfí' 337 

thg w;sf¾lj wmrdOlrejka úiska jHdc ;=jlal= Ndú;h o by, hñka mj;sk nj f;dr;=re 

iemhQ tla mqoa.,fhla lSh' 338 ikakoaO l,a,s" ienE iq¿ wú iu. jHdc wkq rE .Kkdjla o Ndú;d 

lrk nj ;uka úYajdi lrkafka hhs fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla úfYaIfhka mejiS h' 339 fou< 

ldka;djka iu. mej;s b,lal.; lKavdhï /iaùïj, § fufia m%ldY úh' ’ixpdrlhkaf.a 

336 fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdj" uOHu wú .nvdj" fld

iaj¾KdNrK .ekSu i|yd l,auqfKa mdr fome;af;a ;reKhska jHdc ;=jlal= Ndú;d lrk nj 

m%isoaO h' 340 

5'6'1' 5'6'1' .,algia .,algia iy iy fnfy;a fnfy;a fldgk fldgk ;=jlal= 

;=jlal= 

iuyr úg" fmd,sia jd¾;d ;=, we;s iSñ; j¾.SlrKh fya;=fjka" wmrdOj, § .,algia yd fnfy;a 

fldgk ;=jlal= Ndú;h .ek we;s f;dr;=re iSñ; h' .,algia fndfyda wjia:dj, § Ndú;d lrk 

nj iuyr f;dr;=re ud¾.j,ska m%ldY jk w;r fjk;a wh mjikafka tajdfha Ndú;h ie,lsh hq;= 

f,i wvq ù we;s nj h' ksoiqkla jYfhka" r;akmqr fmd,Sisfha mej;s iïuqL idlÉPdjl § fmks 

.sh wdldrhg miq .sh jir lSmhl ld,h ;=,§" wmrdO i|yd à -56 udÈ,sfha .,algia fhdod.kq 

,nk njg we;s úYajdih jefvñka ;sfí' tfy;a" m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ fjk;a 

mqoa.,hkaf.a woyi kï .,algia Ndú;d jkafka l,d;=rlska nj h' 341 

5'6'2 5'6'2 m%ydrl m%ydrl rhs*,a rhs*,a iy iy ñ,sgß ñ,sgß udÈ,sfha udÈ,sfha iq¿ iq¿ wú 


rg mqrd isÿ jQ wmrdOj, § Ndú;d jQ iq¿ wú j¾. .ek jd¾;d lrk wjia:dfõ §" ñ,sgß 

udÈ,sfha wú Ndú;h jd¾;d lr we;af;a ’iajhxl% Sh wdhqO hk YS¾Ih hgf;a jk kuq;a" • ,xldj 

;=, m%Odk jYfhkau Ndú;d jk iajhxl% Sh wdhqOh à -56 jk fyhska fuu YS¾Ih hgf;a ±lafjk 

fndfyda wdhqO u.ska yeÕ fjkafka tu wdhqOh úh yels h' fuu wdhqO Ndú;fha uE; ld,Sk wvq 

ùula mj;sk nj flá ld,Sk ixLHd f,aLk u.ska fmkS hk kuq;a" §m jHdma; ixLHd f,aLk 

fmkajd fokafka wmrdOj, § iajhxl%Sh wdhqO Ndú;fha uÜgu iEfyk ;ekl mj;sk nj h' ^j.=j 

11 n,kak& 2003 isg 2005 olajd fmd,Sisfha ks, ixLHd f,aLk wkqj nrm;, wmrdO 1"428 l § 

ñ,sgß udÈ,sfha iq¿ wú fhdod f.k we;s w;r bka nyq;rhla ukqIH >d;k" ukqIH >d;k i|yd 

;e;a lsÍï iy fidrlï h' tmuKla fkdj" iïuqL idlÉPdj, § ,o f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s jk 

wkaoug È.= ld,Sk jYfhka tajdfha j¾Okhla olakg ,efí' wúiaidfõ,a," nÿ,a," fld

wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßjrhdf.a wjOdkhg ,la jQ iq¿ wú wdY% s; urK w;ßka nyq;rh isÿ ù 

we;af;a by, m%fõ.hla iys; iq¿ wú" m%Odk jYfhkau à -56 u.ska h' ^tajd idudkHfhka 

fn,sw;a;" ùrleáh" j,iauq,a, fyda ;x.,a, m%foaYj, isÿ ù we;'& fuys§ .,algia fyda w;a 

;=jlal= iaj,am wjia:djl § muKla Ndú;d ù we;s w;r" Tyq 2001 § ud;r m%foaYfha lghq;= 

lsÍug werUQ jljdkqfõ mgka" ukqIH >d;k".,algiaj, isg à - 56 olajd udre ú we;s nj 

meyeÈ,sj fmfkkafka hhs lS h' 344 

5'6'3' 5'6'3' n¢k n¢k ;=jlal= 

;=jlal= 

idudkHfhka n¢k ;=jlal= fhdod .ekSug wfmalaId lrkafka ryis.;j i;=ka ovhï lsÍug iy jk 

i;=kaf.ka j.djka wdrCId lr .ekSug h' tajd idudkHfhka jk i;=ka hk ux fm;a Tiafia wgjkq 

,efí' b,lal l< jk i;d wkqj th wegùfï Wi iy fldaKh ;SrKh fjhs' n¢k ;=jlal=jla 

wegùu" úfYaI ±kqula wjYH lghq;a;ls' 

PdhdrEmh PdhdrEmh 1( 1( n|sk n|sk ;=jlal=j ;=jlal=j iy iy ’yekao 

’yekao 

126 

PdhdrEmh PdhdrEmh 2( 2( n|sk n|sk ;=jlal=j ;=jlal=j l%shd l%shd lrk lrk wdldrh 

m%o¾ m%o¾Ykh m%o¾ Ykh lsrSu 

úIalïNh wÕ,a 0'5 l .e,ajkhsia nghlska o mqmqrk øjH .%Eï 15-20 lska o îdudkHfhka 

r;s[a[dj,ska ,nd .kakd&" iy WKav .%Eï 50 lska o ^nhsisl,a fnda," f,day len,s& n¢k 

;=jlal=jla iukaú; fjhs' fldld .eiaiSfuka ^fndfyda úg È.= ndyqjla iys; f,day m;=rla fjä 

fnfy;a u; fõ.fhka je§fuka& ;=jlal=j ±,a ù WKav msg lsÍu isÿ fjhs' 

ukqIH >d;k msd;k ixLHdj 104 ls' f.dùka" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka" .%dudrCIlhka" jk 

Ôù ks,Odßka" jk ixrCIK ks,OdÍka iy ,uqka jeks ish¨ wdldr mqoa.,hka uE; jirj, È • 

,xldj ;=, §" n¢k ;=jlal= ksid urKhg fyda úl,dx. ;;ajhg m;aù ;sfí' n¢k ;=jlal= yd 

344 kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) ^2007&

iïnkaO ukqIH >d;k ixLHdj u.ska fmkakqï flfrkafka" j¾;udkfha olajk wjOdkhg jvd jeä 

wjOdkhlska hq;=j tu wúj, me;sÍu iy Ndú;h .ek lghq;= l< hq;= nj h' 

n¢k ;=jlal= nyq,j mj;skafka wE; m

weiqreu eiqreu 5 5 ( ( wkqrdOmqr wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh Èia;%slalh ;=, ;=, n¢k n¢k ;=jlal= 

;=jlal= 

wkqrdOmqr Èia;% slalh ;=," jd¾Islj isÿ jk frday,a .;j m%;sldr .; hq;= njg weia;fïka;= fldg 

we;s n¢k ;=jlal= wdY% s; isÿùï 500 la w;ßka úYd, m%;sY;hla Y,Hl¾u wjYH wjia:d fjhs' 

2001 jif¾ È n¢k ;=jlal= wk;=rej,g ,laj Y,Hl¾u wjYH jQ" 249 la o" 2002 § tn÷ wh 

234 la o" wkqrdOmqr YsCIK frday, ;=," isáhy' úkaÈ;hkaf.ka 70-75] la mqreIhka jQ w;r 

thska 60] l msßila wjqreÿ 21 ;a 40 ;a w;r jhia ldKavj,g wh;a úh' 348 mia jirl ld,hla 

;=, § m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdY ;=kl muKla ûeojÉÑh" .f,kaì÷Kqjej iy rUEj& n¢k 

;=jlal= ksid ;=jd, ,o msßi 108 la o ñh .sh msßi 14 la o úh' 

j.=j j.=j 13 13 ( ( W;=re W;=re ueo ueo m,df;a m,df;a m%dfoaYSh m%dfoaYSh f,alï f,alï fldÜGdY fldÜGdY ;=, ;=, n¢k n¢k ;=jlal= ;=jlal= ;=jd, ;=jd, iy iy urK 

urK 

ueojÉÑh 

ueojÉÑh 

wkqrdOmqrh iy fudKrd., Èia;% slalj, wjqreÿ 10 l ld,hla fiajh l< jk Ôù ks,Odßfhl=g 

wkqj jk Ôú ixrCIKhg o n¢k ;=jlal= iEfyk n,mEula t,a, fldg we;' jk Ôù wmrdO 

fndfyda m%udKhl È m;frdï ;=jlal= fyda n¢k ;=jlal= fhdod f.k ;sfí' 

n¢k n¢k ;=jlal=" ;=jlal=" fi!LHh fi!LHh fi!LHh iy iy Ôjk Ôjk jD;a;Ska jD;a;Ska 

jD;a;Ska 

wkqrdOmqr wdfrda.H Yd,dfõ jdÜgq wxl 27 isá n¢k ;=jlal= úkaÈ;hka ;sfofkl=" ióCIK 

lKavdhu úiska iïuqL idlÉPdjlg Ndckh lrk ,È' n¢k ;=jlal= wk;=re ksid fi!LHhg iy 

Ôjk jD;a;Skag isÿ flfrk n,mEu flf;la o hkak Tjqkaf.a m%ldY ;=,ska meyeÈ,sj fmfkhs' 

ùrl=,ï ^jõkshdfõ& .ïudkfha mÈxÑ orejka ;sfofkl=f.a msfhla jk 47 yeúßÈ mqoa.,fhl 

m%ldY l< wdldrhg ( 

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 tl;=j 

;=jd, 12 13 13 6 5 49 

urK 3 1 2 1 1 8 

.f,kaì÷Kjej 

.f,kaì÷Kjej 

.f,kaì÷Kjej 

;=jd, 11 7 4 5 6 33 

urK 1 3 4 

rUEj 

rUEj 

;=jd, 8 3 7 6 2 26 

urK 1 1 2 

’2006 fkdjeïn¾ 16 fjks od uu yrla n,d .ksñka isáhd' wms ;=ka fofkla yrla tl;= lrf.k 

tkav yji .shd' uu f.or j;a; wdrCId lr .kav f.aÜqjg WK ng od,d ;snqKd' ta fj,dj yji 

6'30 g ú;r we;s' ta yßfh ,÷ le,Ej' ;=jlal=j m;a;= jqKd' n¢k ;=jlal= ksid wjqreoaolg ;=ka 

128

y;r fofkla wk;=rg m;a fjkjd wms ±l, ;sfhkjd' idudkH fõ,dj Wfoa mdkaor' tfyu 

ke;akï yji' mdhk ldf,È ^cQ,s-wf.daia;=& jf.au jysk ldf,È ^Tlaf;dan¾-ckjdß& n¢k ;=jlal= 

;=jd, isÿ jk m%udKh jeähs' .egqï yskaod w;yer, od, ;sfhk bvï fndfyduhs' jk i;a;= l,ska 

j.d ìï fj,d ;snqKq ta bvïj,g weú;a bkakjd' biamsß;df, ysgmq myq .sh i;s lSmfhÈu ug 

uql=;a riaidjla lrkak neß jqKd' iuyr úg uq¿ wjqreoafoÈu neß fjkak mq¿jka' 

ore fofofkl=f.a msfhl= jk ueojÉÑfha mÈxÑ" .jhka ysñ 44 úhe;s mqoa.,fhla lSfõ fufia h 

( 

’uf. f.or b|,d lsf,da ógrhla ú;r tydhska fyakla ;sfhkjd' uu jyq meáfhla fydhkav .shd' 

n¢k ;=jlal=j m;a;= jqKd' ta fj,dj Wfoa 7'30 g ú;r we;s uu meh folla ú;r isysh ke;=j 

ysáhd' Bg miafi jeiaid' ug wdmyq isysh wdjd' uf. mq;d,d udj fydhd f.k ueojÉÑfh 

biamsß;df,g f.kdjd' tfyka udj fuydg tõjd' uf. ll=,a folu ^flKavd& ;=jd, fj,d' tafl 

f;areu ;=jlal=j wgj,d ;snqfK j,a W!frl=g njhs' mQkEj l|jqf¾ b|,d lef,a mqyqKqjg wdmq 

kdúl yuqodfj wh n¢k ;=jlal= yskaod ;=jd, fj,d bkakjd uu ±l, ;sfhkjd' kdúl yuqodj 

n¢k ;=jlal= ;ykï lrk ±kaúula .y,d ;snqK;a taflka jevla kE' uf. f.a ;sfhkafka 

ueojÉÑfha fmd,sia fpla fmdhskaÜ tfla b|,d lsf,da ógrhlg tydhska' ug fyd| fjkav 

wjqreoaolg lsÜgq ld,hla hhs' 

by; i|yka l< wdldrhg n¢k ;=jlal= ;=jd, ksid mjq,aj, Ôúld jD;a;shg isÿ jk n,mEu 

úYd, h' th n¢k ;=jlal=jg f.dÿre jk mqoa.,hdg muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a wUqjkag fyda 

ieñhkag o" hefmkakkag o n,mdhs' 

wkqrdOmqrh iy fudKrd., Èia;% slalj, wjqreÿ 10 l ld,hla fiajh l< jk Ôù ks,Odßfhl=g 

wkqj jk Ôú ixrCIKhg o n¢k ;=jlal= iEfyk n,mEula t,a, fldg we;' jk Ôù wmrdO 

fndfyda m%udKhl È m;frdï ;=jlal= fyda n¢k ;=jlal= fhdod f.k ;sfí' 

n¢k n¢k n¢k ;=jlal=" ;=jlal=" fi!LHh fi!LHh iy iy Ôjk Ôjk jD;a;Ska 

jD;a;Ska 

wkqrdOmqr wdfrda.H Yd,dfõ jdÜgq wxl 27 isá n¢k ;=jlal= úkaÈ;hka ;sfofkl=" ióCIK 

lKavdhu úiska iïuqL idlÉPdjlg Ndckh lrk ,È' n¢k ;=jlal= wk;=re ksid fi!LHhg iy 

Ôjk jD;a;Skag isÿ flfrk n,mEu flf;la o hkak Tjqkaf.a m%ldY ;=,ska meyeÈ,sj fmfkhs' 

ùrl=,ï ^jõkshdfõ& .ïudkfha mÈxÑ orejka ;sfofkl=f.a msfhla jk 47 yeúßÈ mqoa.,fhl 

m%ldY l< wdldrhg ( 

’2006 fkdjeïn¾ 16 fjks od uu yrla n,d .ksñka isáhd' wms ;=ka fofkla yrla tl;= lrf.k 

tkav yji .shd' uu f.or j;a; wdrCId lr .kav f.aÜqjg WK ng od,d ;snqKd' ta fj,dj yji 

6'30 g ú;r we;s' ta yßfh ,÷ le,Ej' ;=jlal=j m;a;= jqKd' n¢k ;=jlal= ksid wjqreoaolg ;=ka 

y;r fofkla wk;=rg m;a fjkjd wms ±l, ;sfhkjd' idudkH fõ,dj Wfoa mdkaor' tfyu 

ke;akï yji' mdhk ldf,È ^cQ,s-wf.daia;=& jf.au jysk ldf,È ^Tlaf;dan¾-ckjdß& n¢k ;=jlal= 

;=jd, isÿ jk m%udKh jeähs' .egqï yskaod w;yer, od, ;sfhk bvï fndfyduhs' jk i;a;= l,ska 

j.d ìï fj,d ;snqKq ta bvïj,g weú;a bkakjd' biamsß;df, ysgmq myq .sh i;s lSmfhÈu ug 

uql=;a riaidjla lrkak neß jqKd' iuyr úg uq¿ wjqreoafoÈu neß fjkak mq¿jka' 

129

ore fofofkl=f.a msfhl= jk ueojÉÑfha mÈxÑ" .jhka ysñ 44 úhe;s mqoa.,fhla lSfõ fufia h 

’uf. f.or b|,d lsf,da ógrhla ú;r tydhska fyakla ;sfhkjd' uu jyq meáfhla fydhkav .shd' 

n¢k ;=jlal=j m;a;= jqKd' ta fj,dj Wfoa 7'30 g ú;r we;s uu meh folla ú;r isysh ke;=j 

ysáhd' Bg miafi jeiaid' ug wdmyq isysh wdjd' uf. mq;d,d udj fydhd f.k ueojÉÑfh 

biamsß;df,g f.kdjd' tfyka udj fuydg tõjd' uf. ll=,a folu ^flKavd& ;=jd, fj,d' tafl 

f;areu ;=jlal=j wgj,d ;snqfK j,a W!frl=g njhs' mQkEj l|jqf¾ b|,d lef,a mqyqKqjg wdmq 

kdúl yuqodfj wh n¢k ;=jlal= yskaod ;=jd, fj,d bkakjd uu ±l, ;sfhkjd' kdúl yuqodj 

n¢k ;=jlal= ;ykï lrk ±kaúula .y,d ;snqK;a taflka jevla kE' uf. f.a ;sfhkafka 

ueojÉÑfha fmd,sia fpla fmdhskaÜ tfla b|,d lsf,da ógrhlg tydhska' ug fyd| fjkav 

wjqreoaolg lsÜgq ld,hla hhs' 

by; i|yka l< wdldrhg n¢k ;=jlal= ;=jd, ksid mjq,aj, Ôúld jD;a;shg isÿ jk n,mEu 

úYd, h' th n¢k ;=jlal=jg f.dÿre jk mqoa.,hdg muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a wUqjkag fyda 

ieñhkag o" hefmkakkag o n,mdhs' 

n¢k n¢k n¢k ;=jlal= ;=jlal= iy iy jk jk Ôùka Ôùka 

Ôùka 

• ,xldj mqrd jd¾Islj iq¿ wú u.ska urd ouk w,s we;=ka ixLHdj 120 ls' fuh fndfyda úg 

n¢k ;=jlal= iy m;frdï ;=jlal= fjä myrj,a u.ska we;s jq ;=jd, ksid isÿ fjhs' 349 

wkqrdOmqrfha § muKla ñh .sh w,skaf.ka ishhg 60 la tfia urKhg m;a jQfha n¢k ;=jlal= 

fya;=fjks' wkqrdOmqrfha jk Ôù ks,Odßfhl= m%ldY l< wdldrhg ’n¢k ;=jlal= ksid urKhg m;a 

jqKq w,s fndfyda .Kkla uf.a jD;a;sfha fndfyda wjia:dj, È uu mqoa.,slj ±l,d ;sfhkjd' ^'''& 

w,sfhl=f.a bÈß ll=,lg ;=jd, jqKq úg w,shdg weúo .kak neß fjkjd' fndfydu fj,djg W! 

uefrkafka nv .skafkka" msmdifhka" ta jf.au ;=jd,j,g úI îc we;=,a ùfukqhs' 

j.=j j.=j 14 14 ( ( wkqrdOmqr wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalfha Èia;%slalfha j,a j,a w,s w,s urK 

urK 

2004 2005 2006 tl;=j 

j,a w,s urK 24 22 40 86 

;=jlal= ;=jd, ksid isÿ jQ j,a w,s urK 13 12 25 50 

;=jlal= ;=jd, ksid isÿ jQ j,a w,s urK ] 54.1 54.5 62.9 58.1 

5'6'4' '6'4' '6'4' w;a w;a fndaïn 

fndaïn 

w;a fndaïn Ndú;h iy tajd ,nd .; yels ùu .ek" m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,hka 

fndfyda fofkla úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l

wmrdOj, § w;a fndaïn Ndú;h .egqï m%foaYj,g ióm l,dmj, È muKla fkdj fjk;a úúO 

Èia;%slalj, o mj;S' ksoiqkla jYfhka 2006 È w;a fndaïn yd iïnkaO isÿ ùï folla ud;r § 

yg .;a nj ±laúh yels h · úYaj úoHd, lÓldpd¾hjrfhl=f.a jEka r:hlg j,afmd, È w;a 

fndaïnhla oud .ikq ,ÿj jdykhg ydks isÿ úh' tfiau" w;a fndaïnhla ika;lfha ;nd f.k isá 

^m,s .eksu i|yd Ndú;d lsÍfï wruqKska& fokshdh fmd,Sisfha fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajrfhl= w;a 

wvx.=jg .eKqks' 351 tfiau" idudkHfhka udi 3la fyda 4l ld,hla we;=,; § isÿ l< fufyhqïj,ska 

o, jYfhka w;a fndaïn ;=kla fidhd .;a nj ióCIK lKavdhug .,alsiai fmd,Sisfha ks,Odßfhla 

mejiS h' 352 

w;a fndaïn fhdod .ksñka isÿ l< wmrdO w;r ukqIH >d;k iy ikakoaO fidrlï o we;=,;a h' 

2006 iema;eïn¾ udifha § wúiaidfõ,af,a § w;a fndaïnhla Ndú;d lrñka yuqod finf,l= úiska 

ldka;djka fofofkl= urd ±óu tla ksoiqkls' >d;khg fya;= ù we;af;a yuqod fin,sh iy fin,d 

w;r jQ fm% au iïnkaOhls' 353 ikakoaO fidrlï i|yd o w;a fndaïn fhdod .efkñka ;sfnhs' 

2006 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § uykqjr m%foaYfha iaj¾KdNrK idmamqjla fld,a, lk wjia:dfõ È 

ñksiqkag ;¾ckh lsÍu i|yd w;a fndaïnhla Wmfhda.s lr .kakd ,È' re' 155"000 la fidrlï 

lsÍu ms

wmrdOj, we;s Rcq wd¾Ól msßjehg w;sf¾lj mjq,l wdodhï Wmhkakd wysñ ùu w;s úYd, 

ydkshls' 

wmrdOj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka ìys jk wkdrCIs; Ndjh ms,sn| yeÕSï ksid" wdfhdack wffO¾hhg 

m;a ùu iy wdrCIs;j .uka ìuka hdug ñksiqkag we;s yelshdj iSud ùu fya;=fjka th /lshdjka 

flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdhs' ikakoaO wmrdO" jHdmdßl mßirhg n,mdk wdldrh .ek ñY% 

woyia m, l< úúO jHdmdßl iy jdKsc uKav, ksfhdað;hka iu. iïuqL idlÉPd .Kkdjla 

mej;a ùug ióCIK lKavdhug yels úh' o, jYfhka idudðlhka 200 la isák yïnkaf;dg 

Èia;%sla jdKsc uKav, ksfhdað;fhla m%ldY lf

weiqreu weiqreu 6 6 ( ( m%ldYh m%ldYh ( ( ( mq;a;,fï mq;a;,fï ixúê; ixúê; wmrdOhl wmrdOhl úkaÈ;fhla 

úkaÈ;fhla 

’wjqreÿ úiailg l,ska .sks wú m%Yakhla fkd;snqKq kuq;a isú,a hqoaOh;a iu. ±ka .sks wú;a" w;a 

fndaïn;a úYd, m%udKhla ;sfnkjd' uf.a ksjfia y;a fofkla Ôj;a fjkjd' mjqf,a wdodhï Wmhk 

mqoa.,hd uuhs' rfÜ fndfyda m%foaYj, ñksiqkaf.a Ôú;j,g isú,a hqoaOh n,md,d ;sfhkjd' .egqï 

mj;sk l,dmh;a rfÜ wfkla m%foaY;a w;r msysá ksid mq;a;,u fjr, ;Srej" msiaf;da, fyda fndaïn 

iys;j isÿ lrk ixúOdk.; wmrdOj,g" uerjrhkag iy m%pKav l%shdj,g ,la ùfï wjodku 

orñka ;sfnkjd' 

lmamï jYfhka remsh,a 500"000 la f.jk f,i;a tfia ke;akï úmdl ú£ug iQodkïj isák 

f,i;a okajk ÿrl;k mKsúvhla ug ,enqKd' uu uqo,a f.ùu m%;sfCIm l

5'7'4 5'7'4 kS;sh kS;sh l%shdjg l%shdjg l%shdjg kexùfï kexùfï kexùfï msßjeh 

msßjeh 

tfiau fmd,Sisfha" rcfha ri mÍCIlf.a" kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iy wêlrKj, m%;spdr wjYH 

jk fyhska ta i|yd o rcfha jeh YS¾Ij,ska iEfyk uqo,la iq¿ wú yd iïnkaO wmrdOj,g Wrd 

.kS' 1999-2005 ld,h ;=, § jirlg nrm;, wmrdOj,ska 4'5] la ;=, iq¿ wú Ndú;d fldg ;snQ 

neúka tajdfha wmyrkh ksid kS;shg yd hqla;sh mis|,Sfï wdh;kj, hg;a msßfihska fumuK 

m%udKhla Bg Wrd .kq we;ehs wkqudk l< yels jk w;r ñkS uereïj,ska ishhg 16 isg 30 

olajd m%udKhla o" ñkS ueÍug ;e;a lsÍfï wjiaa:dkj,ska 

ishhg 34 isg 48 olajd m%udKhla o 

iq¿ wú u.ska isÿ úkehs Wm l,amkh l

kS;s kS;s úfrdaë úfrdaë ±j ±j cdjdru 

cdjdru 

• ,xldfõ jk ixrCIK kS;sh b;d ±ä h' 364 flfia fj;;a" fuu kS;s l% Shd;aul lsÍfï § iq¿ wú 

fj;ska t,a, jk ie,lsh hq;= wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug thg isÿ fjhs' jk ixrCIK 

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,dßfhl=g wkqj kS;s úfrdaë ±j cdjdrïlrejka fj;ska jk ixrCIK 

ks,Odßkaf.a mqoa.,sl wdrCIdjg iy Ôú;j,g t,a, jk ;¾ckh" 1887 tu fomd¾;fïka;=j 

wdrïN l< hq.h olajd u miq mig me;sr hhs' 365 iq¿ wú we;=¿ m%pKaav 

l% shd Ndú;h" kS;s 

Yla;su;a fldg kS;s úfrdaë ±j cdjdru i|yd we;s wjia:d iSud lsÍfuka wk;=rej 1980 jljdkqj 

mgka j¾Okh jQ nj jd¾;d fjhs' 366 

jk ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍka ;u yeÕSï m%ldYhg m;a lrñka bÈßm;a l< wdldrhg 

fndfyda kS;s úfrdaë ±j cdjdrïlrefjda wdrCIl yuqodjka yer m,d .sh mqoa.,fhda fj;s' 367 ;u 

mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj ms

w;r we;s iïnkaO;d .ek o" .fõIKh l< udOHfõÈfhla ióCIK lKavdhu úisk iïuqL 

idlÉPdjlg Ndckh lrk ,È' 376 à - 56" msiaf;da, iy .,algia we;=¿ iq¿ wúj,ska ikakoaO 

uerjrhka úiska ;udg ;¾ckh lrk ,o nj Tyq lSh' fuu ;¾ck isÿ jQfha Rcqju fmd,sia 

ks,OdÍka iy rcfha weu;sjrfhla bÈßmsg § jqj o" lsisÿ l% shd ud¾.hla fkd .kakd ,È' ;¾ck 

ms

j.=j j.=j 15 15 ( ( wkqrdOmqrfha wkqrdOmqrfha jk jk cS cSù cS fomd¾;fïka;=j fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska úiska l< l< jeg,Sï 

jeg,Sï 

2005 2006 tl;=j tl;=j % 

iuia; iuia; jeg,Sï jeg,Sï ixLHdj ixLHdj 

120 90 210 

jk jk jk cS cSú cS wmrdO wmrdO 

24 23 47 22.3 

n|sk n|sk ;=jlal= ;=jlal= iïnkaO iïnkaO wmrdO wmrdO 16 30 46 21.9 

jk Ôù fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍyq ish rdcldßfha § iq¿ wú Ndú;d lr;s' flfia fj;;a jk 

i;=ka kS;s úfrdaë f,i ovhï lsÍfï § fuu iq¿ wú o Ndú;d jk nj iuyr ks,OdÍyq 

mejiQy' 385 

fyaka fyaka j.dj 

j.dj 

n,m;% ,nd .ekSug wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%ufha § wjYH bvï ysñldß;ajh imqrd,sh fkdyels 

neúka" fyaka j.dfõ fhfok f.dùkag j.d wdrCIdj i|yd kS;Hdkql+, iq¿ wú ,nd .ekSfï 

yelshdjla ke;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka fyaka f.dùka w;r n¢k ;=jlal= iy .,algia Ndú;h 

mq¿,a f,i me;sÍ we;' 386 j.d wdrCIdj i|yd o tfukau bvï wdrjq,a ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu 

iïnkaOfhka o fhdod .; yels neúka iq¿ wúhla ysñ lr .ekSu flfrys Tjqyq jeä reÑhla 

olajk nj fmfkhs' iuyr m%foaYj, § tkï yïnkaf;dg Èia;% slalfha iuyr m%foaYj, § ixúê; 

wmrdOj,g jvd" m%pKav;ajh i|yd jvd;a fya;= ù we;af;a fyaka j.dj h' 387 yïnkaf;dg wdfrda.H 

Yd,dfõ" iq¿ wú ksid isÿ jQ fndfyda urK iy ;=jd,j,g f.dÿre ù we;af;a f.dùka nj o Tjqka 

.j md,kh fyda fyaka j.dj yd iïnkaO wdrjq,aj,g ueÈ ù isá mqoa.,hka njo jd¾;d úh' 388 

lxid lxid j.dj j.dj j.dj iy iy fj

t

jd¾;d imhk mqoa.,hkaf.a Ôú;j,g t,a, ù we;s úúO ;¾ck mej;Su ksid udOH úYaf,aIKfhaÈ 

ksYAÉ; wmrdO lxvdhïj, kï Tjqka fj;ska fy,sorõ ùfï wjia:d m%udKh iSud ùu flfrys 

n,mdkakg we;s nj fmkS hhs' 

;e;s .kajk iq¿ wdrCIl ;;ajh ksid" rfÜ mj;sk .egqu yd iïnkaOj woyia m%ldY lsÍfï § 

l;=jrekaf.a yd udOHfõ§kaf.a wd;au úYajdih my, jeà ;sfí' fjk;a m%Yak nyq;rhla .ek 

weÕs,s .eiSulska f;drj úfõpkd;aul lreKq m%pdrh lsÍu udOH úiska isÿ lrñka ;sfí' 

udOHfõ§kag tfrysj m%pKav l% shd isÿ lsÍu iy ìh .ekaùu i|yd iq¿ wú fhdod .kakd úg th 

ne?reïj i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKls' ukao h;a m%cd;ka;%jd§ hy md,kfha uq,a .,la jk isú,a 

ckhdf.a wëCIKh iy uyck ixjdo Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd jvd;au id¾:l l%uh jkafka ksoyia ck 

udOH jk fyhsks' 

139

6 kS;sh l%shdjg l%shdjg keÕSu iy uyck wdrCIdj 

iq¿ wú yd iïnkaO lr .ksñka • ,xldfõ kS;sh l% shdjg keÕSu iy uyck wdrCIdj ms

fj;;a" fuu ixLHd f,aLk úúO ck jd¾.sl lKvdhï iu. iudf,dapkhg ,la lrk úg tys 

meyeÈ,s úfYaI;d ±l .; yels h' m%;spdr ±la jQ ,dxlSh fou< iy uqia,sïjreka w;ßka úYd, 

m%;sY;hla mejiqfha ;uka mosxÑ m%foaY wdrÌs; fkdjk nj h' fu u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka 

isxy,hka iy j;=lrfha oñ,hka iu. ii|k l< ;uka mosxÑ m%foaYj, wdrÌdj ms

ler,s ler,s, ler,s 1.0% 

mqoa., mqoa., wdrjq,a wdrjq,a, wdrjq,a 0.2% 

igyk igyk 33 33 ( ( mqoa.,sl mqoa.,sl $ $ mjqf,a mjqf,a wkdrCIs; wkdrCIs; Ndjfha Ndjfha fya;= fya;= jYfhka jYfhka fmkajd fmkajd fok fok wmrdO 

wmrdO 

j¾. 

j¾. 

îu;aj îu;aj wúkS;j wúkS;j yeisrSu 

yeisrSu 

40.0% 

wmyrKh$meyer wmyrKh$meyer .ekSï 

.ekSï 

5.9% 

;¾ckh$lmamï ;¾ckh$lmamï ;¾ckh$lmamï .ekSu .ekSu, .ekSu .ekSu 

4.5% 

¥IKh ¥IKh, ¥IKh 4.0% 

ck ck jd¾.sl jd¾.sl wmrdO wmrdO, wmrdO wmrdO 3.9% 

ñkS ñkS uereï uereï $ukqIH $ukqIH >d;k 

>d;k 

3.9% 

wkdrCIs; wkdrCIs; ke; ke;, ke; 3.2% 

udkj udkj udkj l+Ügkh l+Ügkh, l+Ügkh 2.8% 

hy hy md,kh md,kh fkdue;slu fkdue;slu, fkdue;slu fkdue;slu 

0.4% 

ikakoaO ikakoaO fidrlï fidrlï 9.5% 

,sx.sl ,sx.sl wmrdO wmrdO 7.9% 

myr myr oSu oSu $;e,Su $;e,Su 6.5% 

ksrdhqO ksrdhqO fidrlï fidrlï 13.7% 

foaYmd,k foaYmd,k m,s m,s .ekSï .ekSï $ 

$ 

m%pKav m%pKav l% 

l% shd shd 11.4% 

.Dyia: .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh m%pKav;ajh 15.7% 

142 

u;a u;a øjH øjH fnod fnod fnod yerSu yerSu yd yd 

yd 

wf,úh wf,úh 31.2% 

iq¿ iq¿ fidrlï fidrlï fidrlï 37.2% 

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 

fmkajd fok ,o wmrdO j¾. .ek ia;% S mqreI jYfhka iy jhia jYfhka ie,lsh hq;= fjkialï 

mej;=Ks' wmyrKh iy meyerf.k hdu" myr §u" ,sx.sl yd ck jd¾.sl wmrdO hk lreKq 

.ek jeäysáhkag jvd jeä ;reK msßila wjOdrKh l

6'2 6'2 6'2 

wdrCIdj wdrCIdj wdrCIdj iemhSug iemhSug iemhSug rcfha rcfha we;s we;s yelshdj yelshdj .ek .ek uyck uyck woyia 

woyia 

ckhdf.ka nyq;rhla ;=, fmd,Sish .ek úYajdih mj;S' ’Tn fyda Tfí mjqf,a idudðlfhl=g 

m%pKav l% shd ;¾ckhla t,a, jqjfyd;a Tn wdrCIdj m;d hkafka ljqreka fj;±hs úuiQ úg 

ishhg 70 l msßila m%ldY lf

fmd,Sisfhka iyh m;k nj i|yka l< úYd, msßila isá w;r wvq wdodhï,dNS m%;spdr ±lajQjka 

w;r muKla" l,a,s kdhlhka foig yeÍfï úl,amh olakg ,enqKs' 

6'2'1 6'2'1 wdrCIdj wdrCIdj wdrCIdj imhk imhk wxYj, wxYj, yelshdj yelshdj .ek .ek woyia woyia 

woyia 

ìysiqKq wmrdOhlska iudch wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd m%Odk jYfhka ks;sh l% shd;aul lrk iy 

md,khg iïnkaO wdh;kj, we;s ld¾hCIu;djh .ek Tjqkaf.a woyia ljf¾±hs hkak o 

.DydY% s; ióCIKfha § m%;spdr ±la jQ mqoa.,hkaf.ka úuik ,È' tlS wdh;k ’b;d ld¾hÌu" 

’;rula ÿrg ld¾hÌu" ’ld¾hÌu" ’ld¾hÌu fkdfõ fyda ’fkdokS hkqfjka j¾. lrk f,i 

m%;spdr ±lajQjkaf.ka b,a,d isák ,È' ta wkqj ,o m%;sM, wkqj wdh;ksl ld¾hÌu;d wkq 

ms,sfj, my; i|yka mßÈ fõ' 

1 fmd,Sish ( ld¾hÌu;d ,l=Kq uÜgu ishhg 79 ls' 

2 .%du ks,OdÍ ( ld¾hÌu;d ,l=Kq uÜgu ishhg 70 ls' 

3 Widú iy wêlrK moaO;sh ( ld¾hÌu;d ,l=Kq uÜgu ishhg 64 ls' 

4 m%dfoaYSh f,alï ( ld¾hÌu;d ,l=Kq uÜgu ishhg 57 ls' 

5 kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j ( ld¾hÌu;d ,l=Kq uÜgu ishhg 50 ls' 

6 rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy m%cdj mokï lr .;a ixúOdk ( 403 ld¾hÌu;d ,l=Kq 

uÜgu ishhg 47 ls' 

wmrdOj,g tfrysj igka lrk nj uyckhd w;r idfmaÌ jYfhka me;sÍ ;sîfuka fmd,Sishg 

iy .fï ks,OdÍkag jdisodhl ;;ajhla Wod lr .; yels h' flfia fj;;a" fmd,Sish ld¾hÌu 

fkdjk nj i|yka lf

m%udKhla i|yka lf

.DydY% s; ióCIKfha fidhd .ekSïj,g mgyeKsj hñka" b,lal.; lKavdhïj,g iyNd.s jq 

iuyr mqoa.,fhda fmd,Sish .ek idOkSh woyia m%ldY l< 407 kuq;a fmd,sish .ek mej;=K yeÕSu 

ksfYaOd;aul tlla úh' fï iïnkaOfhka b,lal.; lKavdhï i|yd iyNd.s jQjka fukau m%Odk 

jYfhka f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,fhda o u;= l< m%Odk ldrKh jQfha ¥IKhhs' 408 tmuKla fkdj 

fmd,sishg idOl imhd fok wjia:dj, oS mjd Tjqka tajd .ek fidhd fkd n,k njg o yeÕSula 

mej;=Ks' Bg tla fya;=jla f,i ie,flkafka foaYmd,k weÕs,s .eiSï ksid fmd,Sishg ish lghq;= 

lr f.k hdug fkd yels ùuhs' 409 tfiau" idCIslrejka wdrCId lsÍug fmd,Sisfha we;s yelshdj 

.ek úYajdihla fkdue;s fyhska" kS;s úfrdaë lghq;= ms

fuu yeÕSïj,ska meyeÈ,sj fmfkk ldrKh kï fmd,Sishg uyck iyfhda.h we;s kuq;a jvd 

fyd|ska wmrdOj,g m%;spdr ±laùug iy fiajd iemhSug mshjr .eksu wjYH nj h' wjOdkh 

fhduq úh hq;= wxY ms,sn| ;j;a ksoiqka my; i|yka fldgi ;=, ±lafõ' 

6'3'2' 6'3'2' wmrdOj,g wmrdOj,g m%;spdr m%;spdr ±laùug ±laùug fmd,Sisfha fmd,Sisfha we;s we;s yyelshdj 

y elshdj 

wmrdOj,g m%;sl% shd ±laùug fmd,sisfha we;s iSñ; yelshdj yd ne÷Kq m%dfhda.sl wNsfhda. 

.Kkdjlg fmd,sish uqyqK fohs' ta w;r m%uqL ;ekl mj;skafka ld¾h uKav,h" m%jdykh" iy 

ikaksfõokh yd ne÷Kq iïm;a .eg¿ h' mqyqKq ÿ¾j,lï iy mÍCIK isÿ lsÍug fmd,sia 

ks,OdÍkaf.a we;s yelshdj o tn÷u jeo.;alula iys; .eg¿ h' 

fmd,sish m%dfhda.sl yelshdfõ mj;sk iSñ;lï fmd,sish ms,sn|j we;s yeÕSïj,g whym;a f,i 

n,mdhs' b,lal.; lKavdhï i|yd iyNd.s jQ iuyr mqoa.,hka mejiQ wdldrhg yÈis wk;=rla 

.ek ;uka fmd,Sishg ±kajQ úg iuyr wjia:dj, § tu yÈis wk;=r jQ ia:dkhg hdu i|yd 

fmd,Sish Tjqkaf.ka m%jdyk myiqlï b,a,hs' 420 

;u lKavdhug Rcqj n,mE ikakoaO wmrdO lsysmhla .ek fmd,Sishg jd¾;d l< o" tajd .ek 

fmd,Sish l% shd fkd l< nj b,lal.; lKavdhï idlÉPdjl § wïmdf¾ fou< ckhd m%ldY l

fiajhg n|jd .kakd ,È'& 426 fmd,Sish iy ck.yKh w;r wkqmd;h" iEu mqqoa.,hka 

308 lgu 

tl fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= ne.ska fjhs' ^2005 ks, wkqmd;& 427 fuh fjk;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh 

l

ks,OdÍka tla ck j¾.hlg mCIj l% shd lr we;s nj o b,lal.; lKavdhï idlÉPdj,g iyNd.s 

jQ iuyr mqoa.,fhda mejiQy' fou< NdIdj rdcH NdIdjla jYfhka m%ldY fldg ;sìh§;a fmd,Sisj, 

ish¨ ks, lghq;= isÿ flfrkafka isxy, NdIdfjka nj Tjqyq lSy' 435 

6'3'4' 6'3'4' WmlrK 

WmlrK 

ld¾huKav,h ysÕlug w;sf¾lj jdyk ysÕh ksid o fmd,Sishg fndfyda úg ndOd we;s fõ' 

r;akmqr" ud;f,a" fmdf,dkakrej yd wúiaidfõ,a, hk m%foaYj, fndfyda fmd,sia ks,OdÍ yq fuu 

.eg¿j .ek ióCIK lKavdhug jd¾;d l

fndfyda ñksiqka m%ldY l< wdldrhg wmrdO úêu;aj mÍCId lsÍu fjkqfjka" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka 

fm

weiqreu weiqreu 7 7 ( ( .,algia .,algia wúhlska wúhlska wúhlska isÿ isÿ l< l< ukqIH ukqIH >d;khla >d;khla >d;khla .ek .ek isoaê isoaê isoaê wOHhkh 

wOHhkh 

2006 fkdjeïn¾ 11 jk Èk ukqIH >d;khla isÿ jQ ia:dkhlg fmd,Sish le|jk ,È' isoaêhg 

fya;= jq mjqf,a wdrjq,l § msfhla iy Tyqf.a mq;=ka fofofkl= tlaj f;jeks mq;d urd ouk ,È' 

ish Èú kid .ekSula f,i fmkajñka >d;khla isÿ jQ nj jikaa 

lsÍug mjqf,a wh ;e;a ld;khla nj ikd: lsÍug fmd,Sishg yels úh' wmrdO ia:dkh wdikakfha iÕjd ;snQ" ’fldld 

rys; m;frdï ;=jlal=jla" fmd,Sish miqj fidhd .;af;a h' miqj wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßhd úiska 

u, isrefrka bj;a lr .;a uQKsiaiï" .,algia wúfha ;snQ uQKsiaiïj,g jvd fjkia nj meyeÈ,s 

úh' fuu isoaêh fmd,sish úiska mÍCIKhg Ndckh lrk ,o w;r Tjqyq wêlrK ffjoH 

ks,Odßjrhdf.ka jd¾;djla o ,nd .;ay' flfia fj;;a isoaêh ms

6'3'6' 6'3'6' idCIs idCIs /ia /ia lsÍu lsÍu iy iy mßyrKh mßyrKh lsÍu 

lsÍu 

wmrdO ia:dk ks,OdrSyq (SOCO)wmrdO ia:dkj, idCIs mrsyrKh lr;s' 445 wmrdO isoq jQ 

ia:dkj,ska idCIS l%uj;aj tl;= lsrSu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd .nvd lsÍu ms

flfia fj;;a" tys fkdjq jeo.;a wxYhla jkafka wdhqO úoHdj fyda m%lafIamK .uka m: mÍCIK 

fkdue;s ùuhs' iq¿ wúhla Ndú;d lrk ,o ñkS uereï wjia:djlska wmrdO ia:dk ks,OdÍka 

(SOCO) úiska /ia lr .;a idCIs iuyrla iudf,dapkh lsÍug ióCIK lKAvdhugyels úh' .sks 

wúhla l% shd;aul jkafka flfia o hkak .ek" úfYaIfhkau" WKavhla msg lrk wdldrh 

iïnkaOfhka ;snQ wjfndaOfha nrm;, jerÈ mej;s nj meyeÈ,s úh' tneúka isÿùï jk fudfydf;a 

wmrdOlre iy úkaÈ;hd isgf.k isá ia:dk .ek weia;fïka;= lsÍfï o nrm;, jerÈ mej;s nj 

tys È m%;HCI úh' tmuKla fkdj" fuu ksYaÑ; isoaêhg iïnkaO m;frdï fldmqj wmrdO 

ia:dkfha § PdhdrEm.; lrk ,ÿj" jerÈ f,i y÷kajd § ;snqKs' fuhg úi÷ula jYfhka" 

mqyqKqjg tla l< yels úYd, uqo,la jeh fkdjk wx.hla jkafka • ,xldj ;=, iq,Nj olakg 

we;s iq¿ wú iy WKav j¾.j, úia;r iy PdhdrEm /.;a w;a fmd;la" wmrdO yd iïnkaO .sks 

wúhla .ek mÍCIK isÿ lrk úg wmrdO ia:dk ks,OdÍkaf.a (SOCO) w;a fmd;la f,i Ndú;d 

lsÍug ,nd §u h' 

ióCIK lKvdhug tu ld,h ;=, È wmrdO ia:dk ks,OdÍkaa 

(SOCO ) lsysm fofkl= uqK .eiqKq 

w;r Tjqka mqyqKqj .ek iy ;u wruqKq l% shd;aul lsÍug we;s yelshdj .ek ±la jQ Wkkaÿfõ 

uÜgu ms

idCIs l

.,a lgia ,Õ ;nd .ekSu" iq¿ jerÈ jYfhka j¾. lrhs· fjk;a fmd,sia ia:dk th nrm;, 

wmrdOhla f,i j¾. lrhs' fndfyda m%foaYj,§ kS;s úfrdaë ysñldß;ajh jd¾;d lr we;af;a 

yqjudre lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d l< iq¿ wú hk j¾. hgf;a iq¿ wmrdO ±lafjk fldgq ;=, h' 

úfYaIfhka r;akmqrh n÷ fndfyda m%foaY ;=, §" n¢k ;=jlal= iy .,algia ,Õ ;nd .ekSu jd¾;d 

fldg ;sfnkafka fnfy;a fldgk ;=jlal= ,Õ ;nd .ekSu hk fldgi ;=, h' tfiau iuyr 

m%foaYj, §" iq¿ wú kS;s úfrdaë mßyrKh iy ksIamdokh .ek úêu;a jd¾;d mj;ajd .ekSula 

isÿ fkdfjhs' uykqjr uQ,ia:dkfha Èia;%sla wmrdO mÍCIK tallhg (DCDB) ióCIK lKavdhug 

wkdjrKh jQ wkaoug" .sks wú wd{d mk; hg;g .efkk ks;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jerÈ ms

NdKav ueÈß ;=," iq¿ wú Èrdm;aj hñka iuyr wjia:dj, § idCIs úkdY ùu fuys m%;sM,h 

fjhs' 462 fufiau rcfha ri mÍCIl ld¾hd,fha we;s YlH;djh o b;d iSñ; h' 463 

6'3'9' 6'3'9' fmd,Sisfha fmd,Sisfha m%uqL;d 

m%uqL;d 

fmd,sisfha YlH;djhka flfrys wú .egqu úiska lrkq ,nk n,mEu" fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a wdpdr 

O¾u iy w;a±lSï fjkia ùu u.ska fmkakqï flfrhs' fuh" fuu fCI;%j, fmd,Sisfha YlH;djka 

wvq lrkq muKla fkdj wmrdO md,kh lsÍug wjYH jD;a;Shuh yelshdjka ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh 

lsÍug ndOd muqKqjk wNsfhda. fndfyda .Kkla o ìys lrhs' 

mj;sk wú .egqu fya;=fjka fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a N+ñldj wdrCIdj iemhSug muKla ±ka iSud ù 

we;ehs ióCIK lKavdhu úiska iïuqL idlÉPd j,g ,la l< iuyr fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a woyi 

úh' 464 fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaj fndfyda wjia:dj,§ fufyhqï mj;sk m%foaYj,g wkqhqla; lrk w;r 

wdrCIl uqr lfmd¨j, fiajh lsÍug iy úfYaI jeo.;alula iys; mqoa.,hkag wdrCIdj 

iemhSug o fjk;a úfYaIs; fiajdjkays fh§ug o Tjqkag isÿ fjhs' 465 wú .egqu úiska fmd,Sish 

wdrCIl n,ldhla f,i lghq;= lsÍfï uÜgug W!Kkh lr we;s njg úúO meñK,s mj;S ( 

’fmd,Sish ;sfhkafka kS;sh yd úkh wdrCId lrkakg ñi wdrCIl jev lrkak fkdfjhs' tajd 

ikakoaO fiajd j,g whs;s jev 466 ;uka hgf;a we;s fmd,sia ks,OdÍf.a Yla;sh" iïmQ¾K fmd,sia 

n, m%foaYh id¾:l f,i wdjrKh lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a fkdjk nj wúiaidfõ,af,a ld¾h Ndr 

ks,Odßjrhdf.a woyi úh' 467 tu k.rh msysáfha fld

idÌs bÈßm;a lsÍu jeks fohg iïnkaO fmd,sia mqyqKqj Tjqkag wu;l fjkjd' W;=r iy 

kef.kysr m,d;aj, fiajh lrk fldg thd,g úfYaI §ukdjla ,efnk ksid fndfydu fj,djg 

thd,d wdmyq tkak melsf,kjd' 475 

wmrdOj,g m%;spdr ±laùug iy iq¿ wú wmrdO we;=¿ wfkl=;a wmrdO .ek mÍÌK lghq;= 

id¾:lj lsÍug fmd,Sisfha we;s YlH;djh iSud ùu flfrys fuu .eg¿ nrm;, f,i odhl ù 

;sfí' 

6'3'10' 6'3'10' iq¿ iq¿ wú wú isÿùï isÿùï iy iy fmd,sia fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ks,OdÍka úiska úiska iq¿ iq¿ iq¿ wú wú whq;= whq;= f,i f,i mßyrKh mßyrKh lsÍu 

iq¿ wú whq;= f,i mßyrKh lsÍfuka t,a, jk ie,lsh hq;= ;¾ck m%udKhlg uqyqK §ug 

fmd,Sishg isÿ fjhs' fuh ;yjqre l< fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= fmkajd ÿkafka" fmd,Sish iy 

wmrdOlrejka w;r .sks n,fha wiudklï mj;sk nj h' wmrdOlrejka idudkHfhka iajhxl%Sh 

wúj,ska ikakoaOj isák w;r fndfyda fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag we;af;a ñ'ó' 9 msiaf;da, h' 476 

W;=re fld

fmkajd fok ,oafoa ish rdcldß bgq lsÍfï È fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska iq¿ wú Ndú;d lsÍug wjYH 

jk wjia:dj,È wkq.ukh l< hq;= l% shd mámdáh jvd;a ±ä úh hq;= h' fun÷ úê úOdk ie,isu" 

ks,OdÍka úiska iq¿ wú Ndú;h mskh lsÍu yd iïnkaO jd¾;d mj;ajd f.k hdu 

iy udkj ysñlï wOHdmk jd¾;d ms

6'4' 6'4' 

.%dudrCIl .%dudrCIl Ngfhda 

Ngfhda 

6'4'1' 6'4'1' .%dudrCIl .%dudrCIl fiajh fiajh fiajh mq¿,a mq¿,a lsÍu lsÍu iy iy wú wú .ekaùu .ekaùu 

.ekaùu 

m%ydr t,a, ùfï ;¾ckh mej;s .ïudkj, wdrÌdj ;r lsÍfï wruqK we;sj" .ï 

wdrÌd lsßu i|yd iafõÉPdfjka lghq;= l< wh iys;j .%dudrÌl fiajh 1985 § 

wdrïN úh' 2002 igka úrdu .súiqu w;aika lsÍu;a iu.u .%dudrÌhkaf.a wjYH;djh 

ySk úh' flfia fj;;a" uE;l § isg wú .egqï W.% ùu weröfuka miq 2006 § iajdëk 

wdh;khla jYfhka isú,a wdrÌl fomd¾aaaa;fïka;=j 

msysgjkq ,eî h' 

th msysgq ùfuka wk;=rej wOHhkhl fhÿKq fomd¾;fïka;=j" ±kg fiajfha ksr; .%dudrÌl 

ixLHdj iy bÈßfha § thg n|jd .; hq;= ixLHdj .ek ;lafiarejla lf

±ä n|jd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shlg ,la fkdjQ iy iSñ; mqyqKqjla muKla ,o mqoa.,hkag iq¿ wú 

ksl=;a lsÍu iu.ska" tu mqoa.,hka .%dudrÌlhka jYfhka .fï /£ isàu u.ska tys isák fiiq 

mqoa.,hka iy m%cdj jvd;a by, wk;=rlg ksrdjrKh úh yels h' flfia fj;;a isú,a wdrÌl 

fomd¾;fïka;=j m%ldY lrkafka iq¿ wú whq;= f,i mßyrKh l

;sfí' 495 iq¿ wú Ndú;h" uyck iïnkaëlrKh iy m%cdj uÜgfï iduQysl l% shdldß;ajh msd;kj,§ iy Èú kid .kakd mqoa.,hkaf.a mYapd;a urK mÍÌK we;=¿j wmrdO 

úkaÈ;hkaf.a fjdaydßl mÍÌK isÿ lrkq ,nkafka wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍka úisks' mYapd;a urK 

mÍÌK mokï lr .ksñka wêlrKh i|yd úia;r jd¾;djla wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßjre ilia 

lr;s' by, mqyqKqjla iys; úfYaI{hska jk Tjqyq idudkHfhka YsÌK frday,a n÷ úYd, wdfrda.H 

Yd,d mokï lr f.k l% shd lr;s' kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú n,mEu .ek f;dr;=re ,nd .kq jia 

ióÌK lKavdhu rg mqrd isák wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍka /ila iïuqL idlÉPdj,g Ndckh 

l< y' 

j¾;udkfha § rg mqrd WmfoaYl wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßjreka 25la isák nj o" úYaj úoHd, 

wdpd¾hjreka iy uydpd¾hjreka f,iska fiajh lrk WmfoaYlhka 12la isák nj tla wêlrK 

ffjoH ks,Odßfhla mejiS h' 499 1992 § WmfoaYl wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßjreka isáfha isjq 

fofkla ^fld

− fndfyda úg jd¾;d mß.Kl .; fkd flfrhs' fldd;kj, § Ndú;d jqKq WKav" WKav fldgia iy fjk;a m%Odk idÌs we;s ia:dk 

fidhd .ekSug ‹-lsrK hka;% fhdod .; hq;= h' iuyr wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßjrekag 

‹-lsrK hka;% lrd t

idÌs l% shdj,sfha m%udoh" kvq ì| jeàug fya;= jk nj mejfihs' cd;sl ióÌKh ;=, § iïuqL 

idlÉPdjlg yjq,a jQ tla fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl=g wkqj iq¿ wúhla iu. w;a wvx.=jg .;fyd;a 

iellre udi 18 l muK ld,hla ßudkaâ Ndrfha ;nkq we;' flfia fj;;a" rcfha ri mÍÌl 

we;=¿ úúO m%udoùï fya;=fjka Tjqkag úreoaOj kvq mejÍug fuu ld,h m%udKj;a ke;' 513 

iellrefjl= fkdue;sj wdhqOhla muKla fidhd .;a wjia:d o ;sfí' mÍÌK úfYaI{;djh 

fkdue;slu" tn÷ isÿùï .ek fidhd ne,Sug jdyk fyda mqoa.,hka fkdue;slu ksid fndfyda úg 

rcfha ri mÍÌl ld¾hd,hg hejq .sks wúhla .ek miq úmrï isÿ fkdfõ' 

;j;a .eg¿jla kï idÌs jYfhka ie,flk wdhqO fldd;k mylg iïnkaO hhs 

ie,flk kuq;a wmg th rcfha ri mÍÌl fj; heùug yelshdjla fkd mj;shs' 516 

j.=j j.=j j.=j 16 16 ( ( 2001 2001-2006 2001 2006 2006 w;r w;r § § isÿùïj,ska isÿùïj,ska isÿùïj,ska ,enqKq ,enqKq ,enqKq iq¿ iq¿ wú wú j¾. j¾. 

517 

rcfha ri mÍÌl 

j¾.SlrKh 

m;frdï 

msiaf;da,$.,algia 

j¾Ih 

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

67 116 103 125 127 

msiaf;da, 55 77 90 58 58 

ßfjda,ajr 41 71 51 43 26 

rhs*,a 84 61 82 99 181 

;ks ldKqfõ WKav 

mqrjk ;=jlal 

;ks ldKqfõ 

fnfy;a fldgk 

;=jlal= 

82 108 63 114 71 

35 86 109 59 72 

tl;=j 364 519 498 498 535 

rcfha ri mÍÌl fj;g idudkHfhka hjkq ,nkafka nrm;, wmrdOj,§ Ndú;d jQ iy iellre 

jro ms

mÍÌK i|yd ndr f.k we;s nj fmfkhs' rcfha ri mÍÌl fj;g heùu i|yd f.dv .eiS 

we;s iq¿ wú úYd, m%udKhla we;s nj fuhska ksrEmKh jkjd úh yels h' 

6'7' 6'7' 

wêlrK wêlrK yelshdj yelshdj 

yelshdj 

iuyr ld¾hÌu;d .eg¿ iy fjdaydßl idÌs iqÿiq f,i Ndú;d lsÍug Widú i;= yelshdj 

iïnkaOfhka tu ióÌKh i|yd isÿ l< m¾fhaIKh w;r ;=r § iudk woyia m%ldY jqj o" 

Widúh .ek we;af;a fmd,Sish .ek ;sfnk yeÕSug jvd iqNjdÈ yeÕSuls' 

fmd,Sishg jvd hym;a wdldrhg kvq mßyrKh lsÍu Widú u.ska isÿ lrk nj;a tajd fmd,Sishg 

jvd ÿIs; Ndjfhka wvq nj;a fndfyda fofkla úYajdi lr;s' 518 Widú u.ska ,nd fok fiajdj .ek 

fndfyda wh i;=gq fj;s' 519 flfia fj;;a" iuyr ksfYaOkSh w;a±lSï iy ¥Is; Ndjh .ek yeÕSï o 

mj;S' wêlrKh ;=, ¥IKh iy w,a,i lsishï m%udKhla mj;sk njg iuyr mqoa.,hka úiska 

fpdaokd ke.Su tla ksoiqkls' 520 ;uka úiska wikq ,nk kvqjla yd iïnkaO mqoa.,hka uqK .eiSu 

yd idoj, § Tjqka iu. l;d nyj, fh§u jeks ne¢hd .egqï f.dv k.k yeisÍïj, 

úksYaphldrjre fh§ isák njg fpdaokd t,a, fjhs' 521 

wêlrK moaO;sfha ld¾hÌu;djh yd iïnkaOj" wêlrK iy wêlrK moaO;sfha we;s 

id¾:l;ajh ;lafiare lrk f,i mejiQ úg .Dyia: ióÌKhg iyNd.s jQ m%;spdr ±lajqjka 

Tjqkag ,nd ÿkafka" fmd,Sishg ,nd ÿka ishhg 70 g idfmaÌj ishhg 64 la muKls' Widú 

moaO;sh ;=, we;s È.= m%udoùï .ek;a iuyr uQ,dY% yryd lreKq bÈßm;a jQ w;r 522 th b;d 

wld¾hÌu nj;a tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka b;d my, kvq wkqmd;hla we;s nj;a mejfihs' 523 Widú 

moaO;sh ;=, wld¾hÌu;d mj;sk nj iuyre m%ldY l< o th fmd,Sisfha wld¾hÌu;djh ksid 

mek k.skakla nj Tjqyq lsh;s' 524 

;uka yuqfõ we;s idÌs M,odhl f,i Ndú;d lsÍug Widú i;= yelshdj .ek m%Odk jYfhka 

f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,fhda m%Yak l

7 iq¿ iq¿ wú md,kh 

• ,xld rcfha iy iq¿ wú md,khg iïnkaO fjk;a mrÿ md¾Yjhkaf.a Wmdhsl ie,iqïj,g 

wod, úh yels wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= w;sf¾l lreKq fuu wjika mßÉfþoh ;=, ±lafjhs' fuu 

ióÌKh i|yd mej;a jq uyck woyia úpdÍfï m¾fhaIKh u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka • ,xldfõ 

fndfyda ckhd iq¿ wú iy ta iu. kef.k wkdrÌs; Ndjh ms

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

;%ia;jdoh ixúê; 

wmrdO 

igyk igyk 35 35 ( ( m%Odk m%Odk ;¾ckj,g ;¾ckj,g tfrysj tfrysj rcfha rcfha l%shd l%shd ud¾. ud¾. .ek .ek woyia 

woyia 

u;a øjH 

cdjdru 

fínÿlu iq¿ wmrdO ¥IK iq¿ wú kS;s úfrdaë 

iq¿ wú 

yqjudrej 

166 

õYd, õYd, ld¾hhla ld¾hhla l=vd l=vd ld¾hhla ld¾hhla lsisjla lsisjla ke; 

ke; 

jeo.;a lreKla kï"iq¿ wú fnod yeÍu yd wf,úh md,kh lsÍu iy kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wúj,g 

tfrysj l% shd lsÍu ms

igyk igyk 36 36 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wú wú md,kh md,kh i|yd i|yd .; .; yels yels mshjr mshjr .ek .ek uyckhdf.a uyckhdf.a wkque;sh 

wkque;sh 

foaY iSud md,kh iy fjr< 

md,kh oeä lsrSu , 79% 

idlÉPd u.ska wõ .egqu 

õsi|Su , 82% 

kvq mejrSulska f;drj kS;s 

úfrdaë iq¿ wõ Ndr oSu 

i|yd fmdÿ iudj , 81% 

167 

iq¿ wú i|yd ffk;sl 

wjir m;% iy n,m;% 

ms

.ekSu i|yd jk ffk;sl rduqj .sks wú wd{d mk; u.ska imhd fohs' wod, wjia:dj, § iq¿ 

wú ms

(MODPSLO) cd;sl wdrCIdj" uyck wdrCIdj" kS;sh iy iduh ms

m%dfhda.slj" rcfha úúO fldgia úiska fuu kS;s l% shdjg k.kq ,efí' .sks wú i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a 

lsÍfï uQ,sl wêldßh jkafka cd'u'kS'id'w'(MODPSLO) cd;sl wdrCIdj" uyck wdrCIdj" kS;sh iy 

iduh ms

lrk nj ksoiqkla jYfhka ±laúh yels h' 536 flfia fj;;a" ysxidldÍ wdhqO mk; o ’ysxidldÍ 

wdhqOhla hkq l=ula±hs ks¾jpkh fkdlrhs' 

wfkl=;a kS;sj, o iq¿ wú ms

Wm f,aLkh ’we 

− fld,a, lEu 

− wmyrKh iy meyer .ekSu 

− ia;%S ¥IK 

− .eyeKq ,uqka iu. ffu:qkh 

− fuu Wm f,aLkfha i|ykaj we;s" oKav kS;s ix.%yfha by; j.ka;sj,g tfrys 

lsishï wmrdOhla isÿ lsÍu fyda isÿ lsÍug ;e;a lsÍu 

− kS;s úfrdaë /iaùu iy ler,s .eiSu 

− kS;s úfrdaëj w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug úreoaO ùu 

− wmldrh 

− ksjdi ;=, ieÕù isàu" ksjdij,g nf,ka we;=¿ùu" f.j,a ì£u wdÈh 

− idmrdë ìh .ekaùu 

− fuu Wm f,aLkfha i|ykaj we;s" oKav kS;s ix.%yfha by; j.ka;sj,g tfrys 

lsishï wmrdOhla isÿ lsÍu fyda isÿ lsÍug ;e;a lsÍu 538 

tfiau" fuu Wm f,aLkj, ±lafjk jerÈ fjkqfjka ±ä oËqjï o ixfYdaOkh u.ska y÷kajd § 

;snqKs' 

’44w' fuu wd{d mkf;a fyda fjk;a lsishï kS;shl l=ula i|yka jqj;a" fuu wd{d mkf;a ’we 

Wm f,aLkfha ±lafjk jrola isÿ lsÍfï È ;=jlal=jla Ndú;d lrk lsishï mqoa.,fhl=" tu 

jro ms

lsÍu h' 540 fndfyda j¾.j, wmrdO i|yd jvd;a ±ä oËqjï wjYH njla" m%Odk jYfhka f;dr;=re 

iemhQ mqoa.,fhda iy b,lal.; lKavdhï i|yd iyNd.s jQ mqoa.,fhda ;u u;h f,i ±la jQy' 

ljr ±ä oËqjï y÷kajd Èh hq;=±hs úuiQ úg bka jeä fofkla mejiQfha YdÍßl oËqju fyj;a 

urKSh oKavkh ,nd Èh hq;= nj h' 541 

7'4' 7'4' 

iq¿ iq¿ wú wú /ia /ia lsÍu lsÍu iy iy CIudj 

CIudj 

.sks wú wd{d mkf;a 30 jk j.ka;sh wdhqO Ìudj i|yd wjldY i,ihs ( ’wdhqO Ìud ld,hla 

;=, §" kS;s úfrdaë wdhqO ld,dka;rj m%foaYfha fmd,sia ia:dkhg Ndr Èh yels h' 542 flfia fj;;a" 

• ,xldfõ fuhg fmr mej;s Ìud wjia:d iSñ; id¾:l;ajhla muKla ,nd ;snqKs' uE; jirj,§ 

tn÷ m%h;akhka folla isÿ lrk ,È' 2004 fmnrjdß udifha § udi folla È.= Ìud ld,hla 

m%ldYhg m;a úh' fuu m%:u Ìud ld,fha §" kS;s úfrdaë f,i iq¿ wú ysñ lr f.k isá 

mqoa.,hkag tajd i|yd n,m;% ,nd .ekSug wjir fokq ,eî h' tfy;a" kej; n,m;% ,nd .;af;a 

iq¿ wú 1"3000 lg ióm ixLHdjla i|yd muKla jQ neúka ^fjk;a kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú i|yd 

n,m;% ,nd .ekSula fkdj" tjlg o l%shd;aul n,m;% w¿;a lsÍfï l% shdj,sfhka w;a yeÍ .sh iq¿ 

wú nj fmkS .sh neúka& Bg ,enqfKa iSñ; m%;spdrhls' 543 2004 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha isg 2005 

ckjdß udih olajd jvd;a È.= Ìud ld,hla bka miqj m%ldYhg m;a l< rch kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ 

wú wdmiq Ndr §u Èß .ekaùu i|yd m%ido uqo,a ,nd fok nj o ksfõokh lf

.ekSu i|yd iq¿ wúhla ysñ lr .ekSu kS;Hdkql+, hehs ishhg 26 la mejiQy' îgyk 37 

n,kak& 

igyk igyk 37 37 iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iy iy ieye,a,q ieye,a,q wdhqO wdhqO ysñ ysñ lr lr .ekSu .ekSu i|yd i|yd ms

igyk igyk 38 38 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wjshla wjshla ysus ysus lr lr f.k f.k th th ;u ;u ksjfia ksjfia ;nd ;nd .ekSugwjirh .ekSugwjirh ;snsh 

;snsh 

hq;af;a hq;af;a ld ld ygo ygo @ 

@ 

lsisfjl=j;a .sks wjs ksjfia 

;nd .; hq;= ke; 26% 

;¾ck we;s wh, 2% 

ovhï lrejka$jeoaoka , 2% 

mqoa.,sl wdrÌlhka, 2% 

ljru fyda jeäysá 

mqoa.,fhla, 1% 

m,d;a md,k ks,OdrSka, 

0.6% 

jk cSjS ks,OdrSka$jk 

wdrÌlhka, 6% 

md¾,sfïka;= uka;% Sjreka, 

5% 

wdrÌl ks,OdrSka, 5% 

f¾.= ks,OdrSka, 4% 

f.djshka, 8% 

.%dudrÌlhka, 10% 

jeo.;a jHdmdrslhka, 7% 

rcfha by, ks,OdrSka, 7% 

yuqodj, 16% 

udhï .ïj, cSj;a jk 

m%cdj, 15% 

175 

fmd,Sish 20% 

.%dudrÌlhka" ksjdi ;=, wdhqO ;nd .ekSu kS;Hdkql+, hehs m%;spdr ±lajQjkaf.ka ishhg 10 lf.a 

yeÕSu úh' ;ukag ksl=;a fldg we;s wdhqO ish ksjdi ;=, ;nd .ekSug .%dudrÌlhkag fndfyda úg 

wjir fokq ,efí' fmd,Sish" yuqodj" ks,OdÍka fyda md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka iq¿ wú /f.k f.dia 

ksjdij, ;nd .ekSug wjir §ug tlÕ;ajh m, l< jeäysá msßig jvd ;reK msßi m%;sY;hla 

jYfhka my, h' flfia fj;;a" lsisfjl=g;a tfia ;nd .ekSug wjir fkdÈh hq;= hehs is;+ 

jeäysá msßi ;reKhkag jvd m%;sY;hla jYfhka by, h' jvd;a wvq m%;sY;hl uqia,sïjre ^9]&" 

iq¿ wú ;nd .ekSug lsisfjl=g;a wjir fkdÈh hq;= hehs is;+y' jeo.;a lreKla kï wfkl=;a ck 

jd¾.sl m%cdjkag jvd fndfyda wvq isxy,hska m%;sY;hlf.a woyi jQfha iq¿ wú ksjfia ;nd 

.ekSug fmd,Sishg iy yuqodjg wjir ;sìh hq;= njh' 

kS;Hdkql+,j ,nd .; yels kï ;ukag mqoa.,slj iq¿ wúhla ,nd .ekSug wjYHoehs úuiQ úg 

nyq;rhla jk ishhg 78 la mejiQfha ;ukag tfia wjYH fkdjk nj h' tjeks wúhla ;uka ,nd 

.kq we;ehs mejiQ m%;sY;h ishhg 17 la muKla úh' fuu m%;spdrh ±lajQjka w;r jhia fyda ia;%S 

mqreI jYfhka úYd, fjkialula olakg fkdù h' ck jd¾.sl lKavdhï w;ßka fjk;a 

lKavdhïj,g jvd isxy,hka iy j;=lrfha oñ,hska ;ukagu iq¿ wúhla ysñ lr .ekSug leu;s 

fj;s' wd.ñl lKavdhï w;ßka yska¥kag iy uqia,sïjrekag jvd jeä fn!oaOhka iy l% sia;shdks 

msßila iq¿ wú ysñ lr .ekSug leu;s fj;s'

iq¿ wúhla ,nd fkd.ekSug ñksiqka olajk fya;=" iq¿ wú w;a yeÍu i|yd tajdfha ysñlrejka Èß 

.ekaúh yels Wmdh ud¾.hla ieliSfï § b;d m%fhdackj;a úh yels h' iq¿ wúhla wjYH fkdùfï 

úúO fya;= bÈßm;a lrñka" m%;spdr ±lajQ meyeÈ,s nyq;rhla iq¿ wú ysñ lr .ekSug woyia 

fkdlr;s' îgyk 39 n,kak& m%Odk fya;= w;r · idudkHfhka iq¿ wú flfrys we;s wlue;a;la 

^57]& · tu.ska Tjqkaf.a ,uqkag iy mjq,g we;s úh yels wk;=r ^42]& iy iudchg we;s úh 

yels wk;=r ^36]& yd tajd ;nd .ekSug we;s ìh ^13]& o ùh' ta wkqj mjq,a iy m%cdjkag iq¿ wú 

u.ska t,a, flfrk wk;=r ms

igyk igyk igyk 40 40 40 ( ( iq¿ iq¿ wjs wjs i|yd i|yd leue;a; leue;a; m, m, l< l< wh wh oela oela jQ jQ m%Odk m%Odk fya;=)^]& 

fya;=)^]& 

wjs .egqï i|yd we;s nsh 15 

wd;au úYajdih 33 

wd;audrÌdj 42 

foam, wdrÌdj, 52 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 

177 

mjqf,a wdrÌdj, 73 

fun÷ idOdrKShlrKhka mej;=k o iq¿ wú ksid iudchg jk n,mEu ksfYaOd;aul njg fmdÿfõ 

ms

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú Ndr §fï jev igyk fndfyda úg wid¾:l jQ nj .DydY% s; ióÌKh fmkajd 

fohs' jvd;a jeo.;a lreK kï" fmdÿ wú /ia lsÍï W;aidyhka .ek úuiQ úg" n,m;% rys; wdhqO 

tl;= lr .ekSug rch .;a mshjrhka .ek ±k isáfha m%;spdr ±lajQjkaf.ka mfyka tlla îshhg 

21 la& muKls' Bg idfmaÌj ishhg 58 la ta .ek lsisjlau fkd±k isáhy' úúO lKavdhïj, 

±kqj;a Ndjh w;r úYd, fjkialï olakg fkdjQ kuq;a" wvqu ±kqj;a Ndjh iys;j isá msßia f,i 

fmfkkafka yska¥ka" uqia,sïjre iy ^• ,dxlSh iy j;=lrfha& oñ,hska h' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka" 

±kqj;a Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍfï wkd.; jev igyka" úfYaIfhkau fou, NdId udOHh b,lal lr 

.; hq;= nj h' 

wkd.; Ìud jev igyka .ek i,lk úg" ,eî ;snqKq m%;spdr uola Èß .kajk iq¿ h' 

iuia;hla jYfhka" ;u mosxÑ m%foaYj, we;s kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú tl;= lr .ekSu i|yd rch 

úiska kj l%shd ud¾. .kafka kï tajd b;d id¾:l úh yels hehs ck;djf.ka ishhg 16 la 

i,l;s' tfy;a úYd, m%;sY;hla ^52]& tfia woyia fkdlr;s' tmuKla fkdj ishhg 4 la Bg 

m%;súreoaO u; or;s' tfiau" b,lal.; lKavdhï i|yd iyNd.s jQ iuyr mqoa.,hka wkd.; 

Ìud ld,hla .ek woyig iyfhda.h m, l< kuq;a" 546 fndfyda fofkla ta ms

m%cd ;Hd.6.1% 

jk i;=ka iSud lsrSu 3.2% 

.%du fiajd ks,OdrS u.ska 

ixfõos lsrSu 0.4% 

wmrdO wvq jqjfyd;a, 8.0% 

fï lsisjla fkdfõ, 6.6% 

igyk igyk 42 42 iq¿ iq¿ wjS 

wjS s s s s Ndr Ndr oSu oSu .ek .ek osrs osrs .ekajSu 

.ekajSu 

wOHdmk jev igyka , 

14.4% 

wêslrK moaO;sh l% shd;aul 

lsrSu, 14.3% 

wú .egqu úi÷jfyd;a, 

10.0% 

wd¾Ól ;;ajfha ie,lsh 

hq;= j¾Okhla , 9.3% 

uqo,a ;Hd., 19.4% 

oekqj;a lsrSfï jev igyka 

, 19.2% 

f.!rjkSh 

foaYmd,k$wd.usl 

kdhlhkaf.a b,a,su, 16.7% 

179 

fmdÿ iudj , 42.0% 

ysñ lr .ekSu fjkqfjka 

oeä ffk;sl oËqjï, 

37.6% 

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 

fmd,Sish jvd id¾:l kï, 

46.1% 

uqo,a ;Hd." ±kqj;a lsÍfï jev igyk iy f.!rjkSh kdhlfhl= úiska b,a,d isàu îshhg 17-19 

l& ie,lsh hq;= iq¿;rhla úiska u;= lr fmkajQj o" jvd;a id¾:l fmd,sia l% shd ud¾. îshhg 46& 

iy ±ä ffk;sl oËqjï îshhg 38& jeks m%frdaOl m%fõYhka i|yd ,eî we;s by, uÜgfï 

iyfhda.h u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka lreKq olajd myod .ekSug jvd fmd,sia lghq;= iy ;¾ckh 

lsÍï n÷" kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú ysñ lr .eksu wffO¾hhg m;a lrk l% shd ud¾. .kafka kï 

wkd.; Ìud jev igyka jvd;a id¾:l úh yels nj h' fuhg m%;súreoaO wdldrhla .;a 

b,lal.; lKavdhï idlÉPd u.ska fhdackd lrk ,oafoa Yla;su;aj kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍu yd legqj" 

m%cd kdhlhka" wd.ñl msßia iy fjk;a isú,a iudc l% shdldßlhka talrdYs jQ yjq,a f.dvke.Sï iy 

iq¿ wú .eg¿ .ek uyck ±kqj;a Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍu h' 548 

7'4'4' 7'4'4' iq¿ iq¿ wú wú CIudj CIudj iy iy /ia /ia lsßu lsßu id¾:l id¾:l f, f,I f, I l% 

l% shd;aul shd;aul shd;aul lsÍu lsÍu isÿ isÿ isÿ l< l< l< yels yels iSudj 

iSudj 

fjk;a rgj,aj, § fndfyda Ìud jev igyka wid¾:l jQfha tajd ms

l< msßi ishhg 4 la muKla jQ w;r ld¾hh wv jYfhka id¾:l jQ nj ishhg 18 lf.a yeÕSu 

úh' 

.DydY% s; ióÌKfha È fuka fkdj" b,lal.; lKavdhï m¾fhaIKfha § ^wú tl;= lsßu i|yd 

±rE w;S; m%h;akhka .ek fmdÿfõ úuikq fjkqjg miq.sh Ìud ld,h .ek ksYaÑ;j wik ,o 

m%Yakj, §& meyeÈ,s jQfõ Ìudj ms 

lsÍu yd iq¿ wú ^ re'5"000 -re'50"000 & iy WKav ^ tlla i|yd re'50 & Ndr §u Èß .kajkq 

jia uqo,a ;Hd. mej;sh o" tu CIud jev igyk o jeo.;a m%;sM, w;a lr §ug wiu;a ù h' 552 

b,lal .; lKvdhï úiska wjOdrKh lrk ,o wdldrhg" uE;§ meje;s CIud jev igyka ,o 

iSñ; id¾:l;ajhg n, mE fya;= jQfha" ;ukag tfrysj kvq fkd mejfrkq we;ehs úYajdihla fkd 

mej;Su o" jvd úYajikSh wdh;khla fkdjQ ;;a;ajhla ;=, fmd,Sishg wú Ndr §ug ;snQ wlue;a; 

o fjhs' CIud jev igyk .ek ;uka ±k isÜ kuq;a lreKq ;=kla fya;=fjka lsisfjl= fyda wú Ndr 

§ug fkdfm

m,a,s u.ska 557 fyda iajdëk wdh;khla u.ska 558 fyda .ï uÜgfuka ^’.ï uÜgfuka wdhqO tl;= 

lsÍug lsishï l%uhla ks¾udKh lrkafka kï jvd fyd| h' .eñhka jk wmg Bg Woõ úh yels 

h'& 559 nj ;j;a iuyre lSy' 

ta wkqj wkd.; Ìud jev igyka id¾:l lr .ekSug kï ( 

− wdhqO Ndr §u i|yd Èß .ekaùfï l%u j¾Okh l< hq;= h' 

− ks;s úfrdaë wdhqO ;nd .ekSu wffO¾hhg m;a lrk l%u j¾Okh l< hq;= h' 

− Ìud jev igyk flfrys we;s úYajdih" ^úfYaIfhkau wú Ndr §ug myiqlï 

iemfhk úYajikSh .%dóh uÜgfï wdh;khla ieliSsu 

u.ska"& j¾Okh l< hq;= h' 

fuu j¾Okhka ,Õd lr .ekSfï § rch úiska wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= l% shd ud¾. w;r my; 

i|yka tajd o fjhs' 

− iq¿ wú .ek ñksiqka ;=, reÑhla we;s fkdlsÍu j¾Okh fldg Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd 

iq¿ wú .eg¿ iy n,mEï ms

j.=j j.=j 17( 17( 2005 2005 fld

7'6' 7'6' 

foaY foaY iSud iSud md,kh md,kh iy iy fydr fydr ryfia ryfia f.k f.k f.k tau tau je,elaùu 

je,elaùu 

rg rg ;=,g ;=,g ryis.;j NdKav f.k tau je

lrk ,È' 2005 oS uyskao rdcmlaI ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a ùfuka miqj" 2006 fmnrjdß udifha § 

ksl=;a l< ckdêm;s ksfhda.hla u.ska kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;shg 

tfrys cd;sl fldñiu h,s m;a lsÍu u.ska iy tys n,;, l% shd;aul lsÍug wjYH iydh ,nd §u 

u.ska" j¾;udk wdKavqj tu fldñifï l% shdldß;ajh wkqu; fldg ;sfí' tfy;a kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú 

jHdma;shg tfrys cd;sl fldñiu ;ju;a md¾,sfïka;= mk;la u.ska m;a fldg fkdue;s ;;ajh ;=, 

iEu md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhlgu miqj tu fldñiu úiqrejd yeÍfï wjodku mj;shs' 

kS'iq'jHd'cd'fld'(NCAPISA) kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;shg tfrys cd;sl fldñiu l% shd;aul jkafka" 

cd'u'kS'id'w' (MODPSLO) cd;sl wdrCIdj" uyck wdrCIdj" kS;sh iy iduh ms

fï olajd bgq fldg we;s m%Odk jev igyka w;r" 2005 cQ,s udifha § ixúOdkh l

− oßø;djh iy wiudk;ajh wvq lsÍu iy fiiq iudc foaYmd,k idOlj,g ms,shï 

fh§u u.sk"a iq¿ wú i|yd b,ä u we;s ùfï idOl md,kh lsÍu' 

7'7'2' 7'7'2' kS;s kS;s úfrdaë úfrdaë isoaê isoaê ksÍCIKh ksÍCIKh lsÍfï lsÍfï yd yd l% l% 

l% shdoduhg shdoduhg Ndckh Ndckh Ndckh lsÍfï lsÍfï yelshdj 

yelshdj 

iq¿ wú kS;s úfrdaëj ysñ lr f.k ;sîu id¾:lj ksÍÌKh lsÍfï yd wêlrK l% shdj,sh 

id¾:l lsÍfï rcfha yelshdj iSud lrk idOl .Kkdjla mj;S' tajd w;r · 

− iq¿ wú y÷kd .ekSfï wvq mdvqlï iy fmd,Sish úiska jd¾;d mj;ajd .ekSfï ÿn,;d 

− .sks wú wd{d mkf;a kshuhka jgyd .ekSfï we;s ÿ¾j,;d fya;=fjka iq¿ wú kS;s 

úfrdaë f,i ysñ lr .ekSu iy kS;s úfrdaë ksIamdokh ms

iemhSu yd ld¾hÌu;djh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fuhg jeä hula l< hq;=j ;sfí' fï fÌ;% ;=, 

ikaksfõokfha j¾Okhla we;s jqjfyd;a ^w& wdrÌdj ms

ydks wju lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍfuys ,d uyck ±kqj;a Ndjh iy iyfhda.h ufydamldÍ 

fjhs' tneúka" n¢k ;=jlal=j,ska we;s lrk n,mEu wjOdrKh lrñka" n¢k ;=jlal= Ndú;h 

wjudkhg ,la lsÍu b,lal lr .;a uyck ±kqj;a Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍfï jev igyka iy 

úl,am y÷kajd §fï jev igyka yryd n¢k ;=jlal= jerÈ f,i Ndú;d lsÍfï j;auka ;;ajh 

fjkia lsÍfï bv lv ;sfí' kS;sfha we;s úê úOdk Yla;su;aj n,d;aul ùu iy j.d wdrÌl 

.eg¿j,g ks¾udKd;aul úi÷ï y÷kd .ekSu iu. tlaj tajd bÈßm;a fjf;d;a tys M,odhS;dj 

b;d by, uÜgulg kef.kq we;' 

tfiau" kS;s úfrdaë wdhqO tl;= lr .ekSug rcfha yelshdj iïnkaOj jvd;a ±kqj;a lsÍfï woyia 

o" úfYaIfhkau úYajikSh m%cd uÜgfï wdh;kj, odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSfï fhdackdj o" fuys my; 

úia;rd;aulj idlÉPd flfrhs' 

7'9' 7'9' 

isú,a isú,a isú,a iudcfha iudcfha yelshdj yelshdj iy iy ld¾h ld¾h Ndrh 

Ndrh 

• ,xldj ;=, mj;sk iq¿ wú .eg¿j úi£fï §" isú,a iudc ixúOdk úiska m%Odk N+usldjla bgq 

lrk ,os' isú,a iudc ixúOdk úiska bgq lrk ,o tla m%Odk ld¾hhla kï iq¿ wú iy udkj 

wdrÌdj ms

ue;sjrKj, ish¨ wÈhr iy l% shdj,ska ;=, § iq¿ wú whq;= f,i Ndú;d lsÍu we;=¿ m%pKav 

l% shd uÜgu .ek f;dr;=re iemhSu u.ska isú,a iudc ixúOdk wk.s ksÍÌK uQ,dY% jYfhka o 

l% shd lrhs' fuu ixúOdk úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o jd¾;d" ue;sjrK ¥IK m%jk;d ksÍÌKh lsÍug;a" 

m%cd;dka;% sl rdcH md,kfha j;auka iajNdjh ;lafiare lsÍug;a bjy,a ù ;sfí' 

úúO iq¿ wú iy wdrÌl .eg¿" l% shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu" woyia yqjudrej iy jev igyka 

ieliSu hk úIh lreKq wdjrKh flfrk úfYaIs; mqyqKq jev igyka y÷kajd §u;a iu. isú,a 

iudcfha YlH;dj buy;a f,i j¾Okh ù we;' 581 flfia fj;;a rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy rcfha 

wdh;k w;r iyfhda.s;dj j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;djhla mek ke.S we;' fuu ld¾hh bgq lsÍfï 

yelshdj isú,a iudc l% shdldÍ lñgqj i;=j we;' kS;sh l% shd;aul lrk wdh;k iy isú,a iudch 

w;r Yla;su;a nkaOkhla mj;sk úg" fmd,Sish flfrys m%cdjkaf.a úYajdih jvd;a by, kexfjk 

nj m%ldY l< b,lal.; lKavdhï i|yd odhl jQ mqoa.,fhda" kS;sh l% shd;aul lsÍfï wdh;k iy 

m%cdj mokï lr .;a ixúOdk w;r Yla;su;a yjq,aldr m%fõYhla ;sîfï we;s jeo.;alu" 

wjOdrKh lrk ,os' 582 fuu wruqK lrd ,Õd ùfï § iy wmrdOj,g tfrysj l% shd lsÍfï § 

isú,a wdrÌl lñgq iy isú,a n, .ekaùï lñgq Wmfhda.s lr.; yels nj m%Odk jYfhka 

f;dr;=re iemhQ mqoa.,fhla fmkajd ÿkafka h' 583 wod, md¾Yjhka w;r wka;¾ l% shdldß;ajfha 

j¾;udk uÜgu b;d my, h' 

m%cdjka ;=, iy m%cdjka w;r ixys¢hdj f.dv ke.Sfï § iy mj;ajd f.k hdfï È wd.ñl 

kdhlhka úiska o jeo.;a kdhl;ajhla imhd we;' 584 fuh bgq lsÍug kï wd.ñl úYajdihka 

w;r in|;djh Yla;su;a lsÍu;a tajd ydkslr f,i wjq,a ùfuka j,ld .ekSu;a wjYH fjhs' .egqï 

iukh lsÍfï úl,am ud¾. jYfhka o" mrÿ md¾Yjhka w;r in|;d i|yd myiqlï imhk 

ud¾.hla jYfhka o" wd.ñl l% shd ud¾.j, we;s jeo.;alu" b,lal.; lKavdhï i|yd iyNd.s 

jQ mqoa.,hka úiska fmkajd fok ,§' kS;sh l% shd;aul lsÍfï wdh;kj,g jvd úYajdiodhl hehs 

iuyr mqoa.,hka úiska i,lkq ,nk fyhska iq¿ wú /ia lsÍfï rcfha ld¾hhka i|yd myiqlï 

iemhsu u.ska úYd, fiajhla iemhSug úydria:dk" uqia,sï m,a,s iy lf;da,sl m,a,sj,g yels nj 

tn÷ mqoa.,hkaf.a woyi úh' 585 

7'10' 7'10' ck ck udOHfha udOHfha ld¾h ld¾h Ndrh 

Ndrh 

±kgu;a m%ldY lr we;s mßÈ" .DydY% s; ióÌKhg m%;spdr ±la jq mqoa.,hka úYd, nyq;rhla 

i|yka lf

.ek h' iq¿ wú$.sks wú cdjdru jeks jeo.;a mo Ndú;d jQ jd¾;d ixLHdj 6 la muKla jQ w;r 

.Dyia: m%pKav;ajh .ek jd¾;d 5 l m, úh' iq¿ wú$.sks wú .eUqßka idlÉPd fldg ;snqfka 

jd¾;d 4 l muKla ùu o úfYaIhls' 587 

wod, m%jD;a;s jd¾;dj, ixLHd;aul j¾Okh mej;sh o weÕs,s .eiSïj,ska f;drj lghq;= lsÍug 

udOHj, we;s yelshdj .ek ±ä ie,ls,a, fhduq fjñka ;sfí' ’udOHlrejkag YdÍßl m%ydr t,a, 

lsÍfï iy ìh .ekaùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ’2006 § udOH ksoyi oreKq Ldokhlg ,laj we;s 

njg jd¾;d m, ùu fufia oeä wjOdkh fhduq ùug we;s fya;=j fjhs' 588 

m¾fhaIKh isÿ l< ld,fha mgka u udOHfõ§kag tfrysj isÿjk m%pKav isÿùï" nrm;, jYfhka 

ie,ls,a, fhduq úh hq;= lreKla f,iska mej;S we;' ’tfiau rch" t,a'à'à'B' iy lreKd lKavdhu 

úiska Rcqj iy jl%j" isÿ l< n,y;aldÍ iy nrm;, f,i ysxidldÍ jdrK yd wfkl=;a ndOd 

meñKùï ksid ksjerÈ" wmÌmd;S iy j.lSula iys; ckudOHfõoh oreKq mSvkhlg yiqj we;s 

nj o jd¾;dj, i|yka úh' 589 

udOH ksoyi ms

weuqKqu weuqKqu ’w ’w - l%ufõoh 

ióÌK ióÌK mrdih 

mrdih 

my; i|yka YS¾I yh hgf;a j¾.SlrKh l< yels wdldrhg f;dr;=re iemhSu i|yd ióÌKh 

i|yd jk m¾fhaIKh ie,iqï lrk ,È' 

- rcfha md,kh hgf;a we;s .sks wú iy f;d. l

jkq msKsi" • ,xldfõ iq¿ wú md,k jgdmsgdj iïmQ¾Kfhkau úu¾YKh lsÍu wjYH úh' fuh bgq 

lr .ekSu i|yd" ,nd .; yels jQ f;dr;=re mokï lr .ksñka rch i;=j ;snQ ish¨ wú f;d. o" 

n,m;%,dNS isú,a iq¿ wú o ióÌK lKavdhu úiska iudf,dapkhg ,la fldg" j;auka ish¨ wú md,k 

úê .ek mQ¾K úYaf,aIKhla bÈßm;a lf

m%;spdr ±lajQjkaf.a jhia lKavdhu" mqñ;sß Ndjh" ck j¾.h" wd.u" wOHdmk uÜgu iy ksjfia 

wdodhï uÜgu wkqj ksheÈ ixúOdkh lrk ,È' fuh iEu j¾.hlgu o, jYfhka ldka;djka ;=fkka 

tlla iy msßñka ;=fkka folla yd fh!jkhka ishhg 40 la iy jeäysáhka ishhg 60 la we;=,;a úh' 

ióÌKhg ,la jQ ck jd¾.sl lKavdhïj,g" nyq;r isxy,hka fukau iq¿;r oñ,hska" j;=lrfha 

oñ,hska iy uqia,sïjreka we;=,;a úh' nyq;r fn!oaOhska iy iq¿;r yska¥ka" uqia,sïjreka iy l% sia;= 

Nla;slhka wd.ñl lKavdhïj,g we;=,;a úh' wod, lKavdhfï m%;spdrj, mej;s fjkialï" tajd wod, 

jQ wjia:dj, §" ksÍÌKh fldg fuu jd¾;dfõ ióÌK o;a; ;=, igyka lr ;sfí' 

meyeos,s iy úYajdiodhl m%;spdr Wlyd .; yels wdldrhg iy m%;sM, ms

ms

ks, ks, o;a; o;a; uQ,dY% 

uQ,dY% 

rcfha fomd¾;fïka;= lsysmhla úiska ldreKslj imhk ,o ks, ixLHd f,aLk fuu ióÌK ;=, wvx.= 

h' fuu ióÌKh id¾:l lsÍu i|yd tu iyfhda.h b;d jeo.;a úh' flfia fj;;a W.%j we;s 

wdrÌl lreKq iy ióÌKfha iïmQ¾K l%ufõoh W;=r iy kef.kysr m,d;aj,g fh§ug fkdyels 

ùu ie,ls,a,g .;a úg" imhk ,o f;dr;=re mQ¾K iajdëk õksYaphlg ,la l< fkdyels nj igyka 

l< hq;= h' 

ióÌK ióÌK lKavdhu 

lKavdhu 

ióÌKh isÿ lrk ,oafoa tys iïnkaëldrl n% sf.aäh¾ rkacka o is,ajd hgf;a kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú 

jHdma;shg tfrys cd;sl fldñiu fjkqfjks' m¾fhaIKh isÿ fldg ,shk ,oafoa fia*¾j¾,aâ ys ol=Kq 

wdishd lKAvdhu iy n%eâf*daâ úYaj úoHd,fha fiajfha kshq;= wdpd¾h uhsla fnda¾ka úisks' yIs; 

wfíj¾Ok" ,eÍ weÜÍ" ksla fnkagka" frdais flaõ" mSg¾ fl%dia" pñ,d fyïud;.u" iy fykaß iañ;a hk 

whf.ka fia*¾j¾,aâ lKavdhu iukaú; úh' .Dyia: ióÌKh ud¾. wdh;kh úiska" urag,a fmf¾rd 

uy;añhf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a isÿ lrk ,È' b,lal.; lKavdhï idlÉPd i|yd myiqldrl;ajh 

imhk ,oafoa le

weuqKqu weuqKqu ’w ’wd ’w - kS;s kS;s úfrdaë úfrdaë iq¿ iq¿ wú wú iy iy ieye,ä ieye,ä wdhqO wdhqO yïnkaf;dg yïnkaf;dg kshuq 

kshuq 

ióCIKh ióCIKh îdrdxYh& îdrdxYh& 

îdrdxYh& 

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO (SALW) jHdma;sh iy tajd wksis f,i mßyrKh je

lreKls' ld,h yd iïm;a ms

2005 jif¾§ yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha .sks wú fhdod isÿ l< ukqIH >d;k wkqmd;h 

ck.ykfha 100"000 lg 4'95 la f,i oelafõ' fuh rfÜ fiiq m%foaYj, wkqmd;fha ^2'06& 

fo.=Kho blaujd hkq muKla fkdj" fun÷ .Kkh lsÍï isÿ lrk ,o fjk;a fndfyda 

rgj, wkqmd;hka o blaujd hkakls' Èú kid .ekSu i|yd .sks wú fhdod.;a njla oelafjk 

m%udKj;a idCIs Èia;%slalh ;=

jeo.;aa iylrejka jkq yels nj meyeÈ,sh' ;reKhska w;r .sks wú whq;= f,i mßyrKh 

lsÍfï rgdj fjkilg ,la lsÍug kï" wdh;k jHqyh ;=< m%pKav;ajfhka f;dr wdl¾IKSh 

úl,am Tjqka fj; bÈßm;a lsÍug m%h;akhla oeßh hq;= w;ru" Tjqkag .sks wú ,nd .ekSug 

we;s wjldYh o wjqrd,sh hq;=h' 

iïuqL idlÉPdjkag iyNd.S jQjka yd b,lal.; lKavdhï idudðlhka fndfyda fofkla" 

yïnkaf;dg ksjik ckhd uqyqKfok m%Odk iudc .eg¿j iy ikakoaO wmrdOj, uQ,sl 

fya;= f,i i,lkq ,nkafka" Ôúld jD;a;shla lsÍu i|yd wjYH wOHdmkh" mqyqKqj iy 

wjia:djka fkd,eîu hk idOlhkah' ta wkqj i,ld n,k l< Èia;%slalfha mj;sk ikakoaO 

wmrdOj,g uq,ajk iudc fya;+ka mrdch lsÍfï§ §¾> ld,Skj m%uqL;ajhla ,nd Èh hq;= 

lafIa;% .Kkdjls' tkï; wOHdmkh" úfYaIfhka úYaj úoHd, m%fõYhg wjldY" mqyqKqj" 

/lshd ckkh lsÍu" jHjidhl;aj iydh iy m%cd ixj¾Okh fõ' flfia fj;;a 

wmrdOlrejkag foaYmd,k wkq.%dylhka fj;ska whq;= wdrCIdjla ie,fikafka hehs 

Wml,amkhla mj;sk;dla" yqÿ kS;Hdkql+, jevlghq;= i|yd wjia:d Wodlr§fuka muKla 

Tjqkaf.a Ôjk l%uh f;dard .ekSu úYd, fjkilg Ndckh fkdjkq we;' tfyhska 

wmrdOlrejka njg m;aúh yels mqoa.,hskag wk;=re yeÕfjk" yd Tjqka o~qjug ,la 

flfrk wdldrfha jvd;a M,odhl rgdjla f.dvke.sh hq;= w;ru" idmrdë Ôjk p¾hdjkag 

úl,am f,i .; yels id¾:l ixj¾Ok l%shdoduhla werôh hq;=h' 

wê-n, .sks wú Y%S ,xldfõ W;=re yd kef.kysßka ixirKhg we;=¿jk nj fmfka' ta 

w;ßka ljr wkqmd;hla t,a'à'à'B h fyda Y%S ,xld rcfha ixÑ; ;=

fmd,Sisfha lghq;= ÈhqKq lr.ekSug uyckhd lrkq ,nk fhdackd w;r" wmrdO fya;=fjka 

oeä f,i mSvdjg m;a m%foaYj, wdrCIdj msd;k j,g wk;=rej tllg miq 

tlla ne.ska >d;k /ila fõ.fhka isÿ jk nj;a" tajd tlu isÿùï oduhlg iïnkaO nj;a 

olakg we;' 594 ku.sh mqoa.,fhl= >d;khg ,laùfuka wk;=rej" tn÷ iuhla Wodùu wfmaCId 

l< yels w;r" m%pKav l%shd mek ke.Sug m%:u th ksjd oeóu i|yd l%shd ud¾. .; hq;=h' 

tu l%shd ud¾. w;r" m%;súreoaO lKavdhï w;r m

mÍCIK mÍCIK yd yd yd hqla;sh hqla;sh mis|,Su 

mis|,Su 

nrm;, wmrdO i|yd o~qjï meñKùug j¾;udkfha fhdod .kq ,nk l%ufõofha we;s 

ld¾hCIu;dj .ek uyckhd iEySulg m;aj ke;' n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels f,iskau" Tjqyq 

.sks wú fhdod wmrdO isÿ lrk mqoa.,hkag" oeä o~qjï muqKqjkq oelSug leue;a; m,lr;s' 

.sks wú fhdodf.k lrkq ,nk wmrdO o we;=¿ oreKq .Kfha wmrdO uev,Su i|yd 

ld¾hCIuj yd id¾:l f,i idOdrKh bgq lsÍug mqoa.,hskaf.a yelshdj iy .eg¿ iuQyhla 

ióCIKh ;=

cd;sl uÜgfï mj;sk ;;a;ajhg jvd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï§ .sks wú n,m;a ksl=;a lsÍfï rgdj 

jvd;a oeä iajNdjhla f.k we;s nj oelsh yels jQ w;r" fmr isÿ jQ m%udKhg jvd n,m;% 

wvq m%udKhla j¾;udk md,kh hgf;a ksl=;a fjñka mj;sk njo fmkajd fok ,§' fuh 

hym;a ,CIKhla nj ienEh' tfy;a ie,ls,a,g fhduq úh hq;= lreK jkafka; n,m;% ksl=;a 

lsÍfï oeä nj jHqyh u.ska iy;sl lrk ls%hd mámdá fjkqjg j.lsjhq;= ;k;=re fydnjk 

mqoa.,hkaf.a mqoa.,sl lemùu iy j.lsjhq;= mqoa.,hkaf.a wNsu;h u; hefmk l%uhla 

mej;Su hs' kuq;a ms

ixúOdko yjq,a lr .; hq;=h' m%cdjf.a wdrCIdj ÈhqKq lsÍfï§" m%cd ixúOdk i;= N+ñldj 

.ek o Tjqyq wjOdrKh l

we;' wkd.;fha§ .sks wú wia:dk .; ùu je

l%uhla f.dvke.Su msKsi odhl;ajh iemhsh yels wdOdr lKavdhula fidhd .ekSu" Y%S ,xld 

rcfha wfmaCIdj jkq we;' 

tfiau" w;awvx.=jg .;a .sks wú" fmd,Sishg wjYH iellrejka yd w;=reoyka mqoa.,hka 

oelafjk úia;r /.;a o;a; jevigyka" kS;s úfrdaë .sks wú" wmrdO mÍCIK lghq;= fyda 

úm;g m;ajQjka y÷kd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .ekSfï yelshdjo mj;S' 

205

,xldfõ kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú jHdma;sh ms

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