Porjotan January 2017

øÚø‡˘ Œ‚±¯∏
˜≈ø˙«apple√±¬ı±apple√º ¬Û”À¬ı« ¤˝◊√√ ö±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú±˜ øÂ√˘ ˜≈‡¸≈apple√±¬ı±apple√º ¤‡Ú ¤˝◊√√
Ú·¬ı˛œ¬ı˛ Ú±À˜˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ŒÊ√˘±¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ˜≈ø˙«apple√±¬ı±apple√º ˜øÓ¬øÁ¬˘
’¬ıøöÓ¬ ¬ı˝√√¬ı˛˜¬Û≈¬ı˛ › ˘±˘¬ı±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Á¬¬ÛÀÔº ¤˝◊√√ øÁ¬˘ Œapple√‡ÀÓ¬
’Àù´¬ı˛ ‡≈À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤fl¡È¬± õ∂±¸±apple√ øÂ√˘ ˚± ¤‡Ú ˘≈5
õ∂±˚˛º Ú¬ı±¬ı ’±ø˘¬ıapple«√œ ‡±Ú ŒÔÀfl¡ Ú¬ı±¬ı ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√ά◊ÀVÃ˘± ¬Û˚«ôL
¤˝◊√√ õ∂±¸±appleøȬ√ øÂ√˘ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ &èQ¬Û”Ì« Ê√±˚˛·±º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı±¸
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Ú¬ı±¬ı Ú›˚˛±ÀÊ√¸ ˜˝√√•úapple√ ‡±Ú › Œ˜À˝√√¬ı˛+Ài߸± ‚À¸øȬ
Œ¬ı·˜º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂±¸±Àapple√¬ı˛ ’øôQ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√
õ∂±¸±Àapple√¬ı˛ ôÀy¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡È¬± È≈¬fl¡À¬ı˛±º ¤È¬± ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ 1750-51
‡Ëœ©Ü±Àsº ¤˝◊√√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ qÚ˘±˜ ·±˝◊√√Àά¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡º ¤¬ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬
Œapple√À‡ øÚÀ˚˛øÂ√˘±˜ ˜øapple√Ú±¬ı˛ ¬Û±À˙˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı˙±˘ fl¡±˜±Úº Ú±˜
¬ı±2‰¬±›˚˛±˘œ ŒÓ¬±¬Ûº Œ¬ı·À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı±2‰¬± õ∂¸À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤ fl¡±˜±Ú
¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º ’±˜¬ı˛± ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ·˘±˜ ˜≈ø˙«apple√fl≈¡ø˘¬ı˛
ŒÓ¬±¬Û‡±Ú±˚˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬±¬Û‡±Ú±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˜±S øÚapple˙«Ú
Ê√Ú±apple«√Ú fl¡˜«fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚø˜«Ó¬ Ê√±˝√√±ÚÀfl¡±˜± ¬ı± Ê√·7¡¡¡˚˛œ fl¡±˜±Úº Œ¸
¸˜À˚˛ õ∂˚≈øMê√ ¤Ó¬ ά◊ißÓ¬ øÂ√˘ Œ˚ ˙Ó¬ ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ¬Û”À¬ı« øÚø˜«Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√
ø¬ı˙±˘ fl¡±˜±ÀÚ ¤‡Ú› Ê√— ÒÀ¬ı˛øÚº
¬Û˚«È¬Ú ■ 37
¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛øapple√Ú ¸fl¡±À˘ ’±˜¬ı˛± ˘±˘¬ı±· ŒÙ¬ø¬ı˛‚±È¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ŒÚÃfl¡±
fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±·œ¬ı˛Ôœ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø(˜ ¬Û±Àάˇ Œ¬Û“ÃÀÂ√, Œ˝“√√ÀȬ õ∂±˚˛ Œapple√άˇ øfl¡ø˜
apple”√À¬ı˛ Œ‡±˙¬ı±À· Œ¬Û“ÃÂ√˘±˜º Œ‡±˙¬ı±· ¸˜±øÒ Œé¬SøȬ Ú¬ı±¬ı
’±ø˘¬ıapple«√œ ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±Úº ·±˝◊√√ά ’±˜±Àapple√¬ı˛ ø‰¬øÚÀ˚˛ øapple√˘ ø¸¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¸˜±øÒ › ˘≈»Ù¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±øÒº ø¸¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸˜±øÒ ˜±øȬÀÓ¬ õ∂±˚˛
ø˜ø˘À˚˛ ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬± Œ‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’¬ıö±˚˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√ øÂ√À˘Ú
ΔÊ√Ú≈øVÚ › ’±ø˜Ú± Œ¬ı·À˜¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Sº øÓ¬øÚ øÂ√À˘Ú Ú¬ı±¬ı
’±ø˘¬ıapple«√œ ‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ø̺ ¸≈À¬ı ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıœ Ú¬ı±¬ıº
ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√ [1733-1757] ˜±S 23 ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˚˛À¸ ø¸—˝√√±¸ÀÚ
’øÒøá¬Ó¬ ˝√√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡˚˛Ê√Ú Œ¬ı·˜ øÂ√˘ Ó¬± ¸øͬfl¡ ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±Ú±
˚±˚˛ Ú±º ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√ ¬ıgÚ˝√√œÚ ά◊26‘√∫˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı˘ Œ⁄±ÀÓ¬ øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡
ˆ¬±ø¸À˚˛ øapple√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº ˜±Ó¬±˜˝√√ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ¸—˚Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√
øapple√À˘Ú ¸z±ôL ¬ı—˙œ˚˛ ˝◊√√¬ı˛±Ê√‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ú…± ›˜±apple√» ά◊Ài߸±¬ı˛
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ø¸¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ˚ ¬ı˛˜Ìœ¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√øάˇÓ¬,
Œ¸ ˘≈»Ù¬Î¬◊Ài߸±º Ó“¬±Àfl¡› ’ÀÚÀfl¡ Œ˜±˝√√Ú˘±À˘¬ı˛ ˆ¬ø·Úœ ¬ıÀ˘
ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˘≈»Ù¬± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛˜Ìœ¬ı˛ Ú±˜
ø¸¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe ¤Ó¬¬ı±¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¬ıÀ˘ Ê√±Ú±
˚±˚˛ Ú±º ˘≈»Ù¬± øÂ√À˘Ú ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ‚À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛º øÓ¬øÚ Ú¬ı±¬ı
’±ø˘¬ıapple«√œ‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—¸±À¬ı˛ ˘±ø˘Ó¬¬Û±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº Ê√±Ú±
˚±˚˛ Œ˚ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ó¬±› ›˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ apple√±¸œ øÂ√À˘Úº ˘≈»Ù¬±¬ı˛ øÂ√˘
ά◊À~‡À˚±· ¬ı˛+¬Û¬ı˛±ø˙º ø˜©Üˆ¬±¯∏œ, ˙±ôL › ¸À¬ı«±¬Ûø¬ı˛ øÂ√À˘Ú
¬ı≈øX˜Ó¬œº ˚‡Ú ¸¬ı±˝◊√√ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛˘ Ú¬ı±¬ı ’±ø˘¬ıøapple«√¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛
ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√˝◊√√ ˝√√À¬ıÚ ¸≈À¬ı ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Ú¬ı±¬ıº Ó¬‡Ú ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıèÀX
¯∏άˇ˚La qè ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¯∏άˇ˚La ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø¸—˝√√±¸ÀÚ ’±À¬ı˛±˝√√Ú ¤¬ı— ¬Û˘±˙œÀÓ¬ ˚≈ÀX ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛ ›
˜˝√√•úapple√œÀ¬ıÀ·¬ı˛ ’Àa¬ı˛ ’±‚±ÀÓ¬ ø¸¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œapple√˝√√ È≈¬fl¡À¬ı˛± È≈¬fl¡À¬ı˛±
fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… øapple√À˚˛º Œ˚ fl¡Àé¬ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ¬Û±˙ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ˝√√Ó¬…± fl¡¬ı˛±
˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡À鬬ı˛ Ú±˜ fl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ëŒÚ˜fl¡˝√√±¬ı˛±˜œ
Œapple√ά◊øάˇíº
˘≈»Ù¬± øÂ√À˘Ú ø¸¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Â√±˚˛±¸eœº ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√ ˚‡Ú ø¬ı˘±À¸¬ı˛
ά◊V±˜ SêœÎ¬ˇ±ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Ó¬‡Ú› ˘≈»Ù¬± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¸eœº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú
¬ı˛±Ê√…˝√√±¬ı˛± ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±ÀS ¸±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ˜≈ø˙«apple√±¬ı±apple√ Ó¬…±· fl¡À¬ı˛
¬Û˘±˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬‡Ú› ˘≈»Ù¬± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¸eœº ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√ ¬ıU¬ı±¬ı˛
ø¬ıù´±¸‚±Ó¬fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙fl¡±¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº ˚“±Àfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛
ø‡‰≈¬ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıö± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ øapple√À˘Ú Œ¸˝◊√√ Ù¬øfl¡¬ı˛ apple√±Ú±˙±˝√√
˜œ¬ı˛fl¡±À¸˜ › ˜œ¬ı˛apple√±Î¬◊apple√Àfl¡ ¸—¬ı±apple√ øapple√À˘ Ó“¬±Àapple√¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡Ê√Ú
ø¸¬ı˛±Ê√Àfl¡ ¬ıμœ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˜≈ø˙«apple√±¬ı±Àapple√ ¬Û±øͬÀ˚˛ øapple√À˘Úº ˘≈»Ù¬± ›
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ú…±› ¬ıμœ ˝√√Úº ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ’Ò…±˚˛
¤‡±ÀÚ˝◊√√ Œ˙¯∏ ˝√√˚˛º
’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ øapple√Ú ˜≈ø˙«apple√±¬ı±apple√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸fl¡±˘ 6-12Ȭ±˚˛
ˆ¬±·œ¬ı˛Ôœ ¤'Àõ∂¸ ÒÀ¬ı˛ øÙ¬À¬ı˛ ¤˘±˜º