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PAGNANAKAW, PAGSINUNGALING, AT PAG-ANGKIN NG<br />

DI IYO: ANG SALOT NG PLAGIARISM<br />

Dr. Teresita Gimenez-Maceda<br />

Propesor <strong>ng</strong> Panitikan <strong>ng</strong> Pilipinas at Philippine Studies<br />

Departamento <strong>ng</strong> Filipino at Panitikan <strong>ng</strong> Pilipinas, Kolehiyo <strong>ng</strong> Arte at Literatura, UP Diliman<br />

Noo<strong>ng</strong> Disyembre 13, 2010, pinagtibay <strong>ng</strong> University Council <strong>ng</strong> UP Diliman <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

rekomendasyon <strong>ng</strong> Kolehyo <strong>ng</strong> Agham na bawian <strong>ng</strong> Ph.D. <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakagradweyt na sa<br />

lar<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an <strong>ng</strong> Physics. A<strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tagapayo at kasam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> awtor <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> artikulo<strong>ng</strong> nalimbag<br />

sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> internasyunal na publikasyon ay napilit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magresayn sa Unibersidad. A<strong>ng</strong> kaso?<br />

Paggamit <strong>ng</strong> siyentipiko<strong>ng</strong> metodo<strong>ng</strong> dinibelop <strong>ng</strong> ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> propesor at di pagkilala sa<br />

pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gali<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> hiniraman. Diin <strong>ng</strong> komite <strong>ng</strong> nag-imbestiga <strong>ng</strong> kaso na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>yari sa<br />

artikulo at disertasyon ay is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaso <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong>.<br />

Hindi ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaso <strong>ng</strong> pagbawi <strong>ng</strong> digri <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakagradweyt. Noo<strong>ng</strong> Abril 17,<br />

1993, inapruba <strong>ng</strong> University Council <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gradwasyon ni Arokiaswamy William Margaret<br />

Celine sa digri<strong>ng</strong> Ph.D. Anthropology. Pero sumulat sa Board of Regents si Dekano<br />

Consuelo J. Paz <strong>ng</strong> CSSP noo<strong>ng</strong> Abril 21, 1993 na huwag sana mun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ipasok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>alan<br />

ni Arokiaswamy sa listahan <strong>ng</strong> mga gradwado. Yun l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong>a, hindi nakaabot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

sulat sa BOR, at nakagradweyt <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> natur<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante. Kahit pa man, nagbuo <strong>ng</strong> komite si<br />

Dekano Paz at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> resulta <strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral <strong>ng</strong> komite na pinamunuan ni Dr. Elizabeth Ventura ay<br />

may 90 pagkakatao<strong>ng</strong> kumuha si Arokiaswamy <strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi sa il<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sources na wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

atribusyon o pagkilala sa hiniraman. Pinagtibay <strong>ng</strong> University Council <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> rekomendasyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> CSSP College Assembly na bawiin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> digri <strong>ng</strong> nakagradweyt n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante. Nakaraan<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> isa p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> taon at pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> karagdag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> imbestigasyon, nagpasya sa wakas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> BOR<br />

na ipagtibay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> rekomendasyon <strong>ng</strong> UC noo<strong>ng</strong> 17 Nobyembre 1994.<br />

At dito na nagsimula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mahab<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagdala <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaso<strong>ng</strong> akademiko sa<br />

korte h<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> umabot ito sa Korte Suprema.<br />

Sa kaso<strong>ng</strong> ito <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong>, pinasya <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema na:<br />

Where it is shown that the conferment of an honor or distinction was obtained through fraud, a<br />

university has the right to revoke or withdraw the honor or distinction it has thus conferred. This<br />

freedom of a university does not terminate upon the “graduation” of a student, as the Court of Appeals<br />

held. For it is precisely the “graduation” of such a student that is in question. It is noteworthy that the<br />

investigation of private respondent’s case began before her graduation. If she was able to join the<br />

graduation ceremonies on April 24, 1993, it was because of too many investigations conducted before<br />

the Board of Regents finally decided she should not have been allowed to graduate. 1<br />

Sa kakatw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-ikot <strong>ng</strong> mga p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>yayari, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korte Suprema naman <strong>ng</strong>ayon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

nahaharap sa akusasyon <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> sa desisyon nito noo<strong>ng</strong> Abril 28, 2010 <strong>ng</strong> pagt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gi <strong>ng</strong><br />

paghi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong> reparasyon para sa tinatawag na “Comfort Women” sa kaso<strong>ng</strong> inakyat ni<br />

Viduya et. al. sa Korte Suprema. A<strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga myembro <strong>ng</strong> fakulti sa College of Law <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

nagsampa <strong>ng</strong> reklamo sa kataastaas<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukuman at sa halip na surii<strong>ng</strong> mabuti <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> reklamo,<br />

agad nagdesisyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korte na wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> na naganap. Sa halip, nagdemanda pa sa<br />

College of Law na dapat nil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ip<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>atwiran ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit hindi sila karapatdapat sa<br />

“contempt of court.” Mabuti na l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> isa sa mga mahistrado <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema, si<br />

Associate Justice Lourdes Sereno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> naglabas <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “dissenti<strong>ng</strong> opinion” tu<strong>ng</strong>kol<br />

dito. Palagay ko, dapat basahin <strong>ng</strong> mga estudyante <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> opinyon na pwede<strong>ng</strong><br />

madown-load sa internet.<br />

1 Supreme Court Ruli<strong>ng</strong> G.R. No. 134625<br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 1 of 10

Malaki <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magigi<strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>ng</strong> anum<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> aksyo<strong>ng</strong> gagawin <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema sa kaso<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pagreklamo <strong>ng</strong> “<strong>plagiarism</strong>” <strong>ng</strong> mga myembro <strong>ng</strong> College of Law na pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>unahan nina<br />

Propesor Harry Roque at Dekano MarVic Leonen. At babalikan natin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaso<strong>ng</strong> ito.<br />

Marami<strong>ng</strong> nagsasabi sa akin na sa panahon <strong>ng</strong>ayon <strong>ng</strong> mabilis na pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong><br />

information technology (IT), mas madali n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya at mag-plagiarize. A<strong>ng</strong> sagot ko dito<br />

ay ku<strong>ng</strong> madali man, madali na rin para sa mga propesor <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>huli <strong>ng</strong> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya.<br />

Pwede n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> i-google <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> il<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> susi<strong>ng</strong> termino o keywords at matuklasan ku<strong>ng</strong> saan at<br />

kanino n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya.<br />

Halimbawa na lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bigl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagdagsa <strong>ng</strong> protesta <strong>ng</strong> mga tinatawag na<br />

“netizens” (nternet denizens o yu<strong>ng</strong> nabubuhay sa harap <strong>ng</strong> kompyuter) sa bago san<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> logo<br />

na ipapalit <strong>ng</strong> Department of Tourism sa mas may dati<strong>ng</strong> na “WOW Philippines.” Agad<br />

nag-google <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga internet denizens at nakita na halos pareho<strong>ng</strong> pareho <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> logo <strong>ng</strong><br />

“Pilipinas Kay Ganda” sa tourism logo <strong>ng</strong> Poland. Halos pareho<strong>ng</strong> kulay, pareho<strong>ng</strong> font.<br />

Yu<strong>ng</strong> puno nagi<strong>ng</strong> puno l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> niyog. At nilagyan <strong>ng</strong> tarsier <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> letr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> I. Wala ri<strong>ng</strong><br />

bundok sa logo <strong>ng</strong> Pilipinas.<br />

“Gaya-gaya” <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bint<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> isa sa mga nagprotesta. At naglabas pa <strong>ng</strong> sumusunod na<br />

imahen:<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> internet, matutuklasan kaya natin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gagaya? Mabuti na l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> na<br />

may mga nagmamatyag sa internet. Ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi, baka makalusot pa ito at magi<strong>ng</strong> kahiyahiya<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pilipinas. Sabi pa <strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kolumnista, “Ku<strong>ng</strong> di sira, bakit aayusin?” Bakit<br />

<strong>ng</strong>a naman papalitan pa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “WOW Philippines”? Pero bago dispensasyon, bago<strong>ng</strong> logo.<br />

Nagin “It’s more fun in the Philippines” <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Pilipinas kay Ganda”.<br />

Sa lar<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an man <strong>ng</strong> industriya <strong>ng</strong> musika, may <strong>plagiarism</strong> di<strong>ng</strong> nagaganap. Halimbawa<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagi<strong>ng</strong> napakapopular na “Pinoy Ako” <strong>ng</strong> band<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Or<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>e and Lemons na sobr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

hawig sa kant<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Chandeliers” <strong>ng</strong> grupo<strong>ng</strong> “The Care”. Pareho<strong>ng</strong> pasakalye, pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

melodya, pareho<strong>ng</strong> endi<strong>ng</strong>. Yun l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>, gitara <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ginamit <strong>ng</strong> Or<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>e and Lemon<br />

samantal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> may violin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pasakalye <strong>ng</strong> “The Care.” Kahit pa man may mga nagpuna sa<br />

p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gagay<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ito, inadap pa rin <strong>ng</strong> ABS-CBN at ginaw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> theme so<strong>ng</strong> sa kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “reality”<br />

program<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Pinoy Big Brother.” At ginawan pa <strong>ng</strong> sayaw na sinusunod <strong>ng</strong> mga bata sa<br />

elementarya mula Aparri h<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Jolo. Sinama din ito sa album na “Pinoy Ako” sa<br />

produksyon ni Annabelle Regalado at Ernie R. Esguerra. 2<br />

2 http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/ 1316386.<br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 2 of 10

A<strong>ng</strong> Salot <strong>ng</strong> Plagiarismo<br />

Sa mga p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>yayari<strong>ng</strong> ganito, di kataka-taka ku<strong>ng</strong> malito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga estudyante<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga propesor, tulad ko, ay nagbabawal <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> sa mga papel<br />

na pinasusulat sa kanila sa klase.<br />

Matagal ko n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tinuturi<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> na is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> uri <strong>ng</strong> pagnanakaw, pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>kin <strong>ng</strong><br />

hindi iyo, pagsinu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong>, at pagigi<strong>ng</strong> di matapat. Kaya pinupuri ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga myembro <strong>ng</strong><br />

ati<strong>ng</strong> College of Law sa paglantad nila <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong>o sa desisyon <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema sa kaso<br />

<strong>ng</strong> “Comfort Women” kahit pa man binantaan na sila <strong>ng</strong> “contempt of court” at<br />

“disbarment.”<br />

Bawat semestre sa simula <strong>ng</strong> bawat klase, sa di gradwado man o gradwado<strong>ng</strong> antas,<br />

dinidiin ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tuntunin: HUWAG MAG-PLAGIARISE! Saka ako nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong><br />

lektura tu<strong>ng</strong>kol sa “krimen” <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong>.<br />

Sa simple<strong>ng</strong> paliwanag, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> ay ku<strong>ng</strong> humihiram ka <strong>ng</strong> mga salita o ideya <strong>ng</strong><br />

ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao at pinalalabas na sarili mo ito.<br />

May il<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paraan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> o p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya at may ilan di<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pagtuklas <strong>ng</strong><br />

gawai<strong>ng</strong> ito.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> una at pinakalantad na uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkopya sa mismo<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

salit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ginamit <strong>ng</strong> ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> manunulat -- is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> prase, p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong>usap, paragrap, buo<strong>ng</strong><br />

artikulo, is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> seksyon <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> libro, substansyal na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> footnote o endnote -- at hindi<br />

pinapaloob <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga salita sa mga panipi (quotation marks). Kahit pa man kilalanin <strong>ng</strong><br />

n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bibliograpi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> mga salita, itinuturi<strong>ng</strong> pa ri<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>plagiarism</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kakul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an <strong>ng</strong> mga panipi sa loob <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> panulat. “Nakalimutan ko<strong>ng</strong><br />

maglagay <strong>ng</strong> mga panipi” ay hindi maidadahilan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ikalaw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paghiram <strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> manunulat at<br />

pinahayag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga ito sa ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paraan para magmukh<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sarili<strong>ng</strong> likha. Makikita<br />

ito ku<strong>ng</strong> wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilala sa orihinal na awtor sa pamagitan <strong>ng</strong> footnote o endnote.<br />

“Nagmamadali ako kaya nakalimutan ko<strong>ng</strong> maglagay <strong>ng</strong> footnote o endnote” ay hindi<br />

maikatwiran. Nabubuhay tayo sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya <strong>ng</strong> impormasyon. Napakadali<br />

n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> maglagay <strong>ng</strong> footnote o endnote dahil sa mga word processi<strong>ng</strong> software tulad <strong>ng</strong> Microsoft<br />

Word, Mac Pages (i-work), o Ubuntu at Linux Open Office. Dapat awtomatik na para sa<br />

atin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagsi<strong>ng</strong>it <strong>ng</strong> footnote o endnote.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagsalin sa Filipino o sa ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> wika <strong>ng</strong> Pilipinas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> awtor na orihinal na nakasulat sa I<strong>ng</strong>les o iba p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dayuh<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> wika<br />

at nakaligtaan ipaloob sa mga panipi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sinalin na material. “Pero akin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga salit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

Filipino,” maari<strong>ng</strong> sabihin <strong>ng</strong> nagsalin. Hindi nito nabubura <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tano<strong>ng</strong>, pero kanino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

mga idey<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> isinalin?<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ikaapat na uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tinatawag nati<strong>ng</strong> “patch-work” na<br />

p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya o pagtagni-tagni <strong>ng</strong> iba’t ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> aklat o higit pa rito. Kahit pa<br />

man lagyan <strong>ng</strong> estudyante <strong>ng</strong> sarili niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga transisyunal na mga paragrap, at kahit pa<br />

man iba <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong> mga ninakaw na mga paragrap, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> di paggamit <strong>ng</strong> n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga panipi ay <strong>plagiarism</strong>. “Pero sa iba’t ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bahagi ko naman kinuha <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga<br />

paragrap. Paano kaya natuklasan <strong>ng</strong> Propesor ko ito?” Maari<strong>ng</strong> tanu<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>ng</strong> estudyante.<br />

Wala sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> malay na ku<strong>ng</strong> alam <strong>ng</strong> propesor <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tinuturo, tiyak na kabisado<br />

niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga libro tu<strong>ng</strong>kol sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> lar<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an.<br />

Kahit pa man ibahin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagbal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>kas <strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> manunulat o isulat sa<br />

ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estilo at wika at kinalimutan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilala sa pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> mga ideya, itinuturi<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa rin ito<strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong>.<br />

Di kasalanan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> humiram, pero huwag kalimutan ku<strong>ng</strong> kanino humiram<br />

Hindi kasalanan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paghiram <strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> awtor. Hinihimok natin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

mga estudyante<strong>ng</strong> magsaliksik sa yaman <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal sa mga libro o internet para<br />

palawakin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaalaman at makatulo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> panulat sa pagpalakas <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga argumento o sarili<strong>ng</strong> kritikal na posisyon. Kadalasan, nagbibigay inspirasyon<br />

sa atin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estilo, is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> konseptwal na bal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>kas, is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> makap<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>yarhih<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ideya.<br />

Maari pa <strong>ng</strong>a nati<strong>ng</strong> tularin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estilo o gamitin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> teorya o konsepto o paunlarin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 3 of 10

is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> makap<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>yarih<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ideya <strong>ng</strong> ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> manunulat at teorista. Pero kailanman, hindi<br />

dapat natin kalimutan o kaligtaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilala sa ku<strong>ng</strong> sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagbigay sa atin <strong>ng</strong><br />

inspirasyon, kanino<strong>ng</strong> teorya o konseptwal na bal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>kas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakatulo<strong>ng</strong> sa atin sa sarili<br />

nati<strong>ng</strong> saliksik, o kanino<strong>ng</strong> makap<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>yarih<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ideya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagmulat at nag-e<strong>ng</strong>ganyo sa<br />

ati<strong>ng</strong> paunlaran ito. Ganyan lumalawak <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaalaman. Maari<strong>ng</strong> magsimula tayo<strong>ng</strong><br />

humiram (na may karampat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilala sa hiniraman), <strong>ng</strong>unit, dahil lahat tayo ay mga<br />

malikhai<strong>ng</strong> indibidwal, di rin magtatagal na makakapagdebelop tayo <strong>ng</strong> sarili nati<strong>ng</strong> estilo,<br />

sarili nati<strong>ng</strong> expresyon, at paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-iisip.<br />

Maisusuma <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> aki<strong>ng</strong> lektura sa <strong>plagiarism</strong> sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> salit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Filipino: KATAPATAN.<br />

N<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>ahulugan ito <strong>ng</strong> integridad, pagigi<strong>ng</strong> matwid at totoo sa sarili.<br />

Tinutulad ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> in<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> humiram <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ganta <strong>ng</strong> bigas mula sa<br />

kapitbahay at nakalimot na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagligtas sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamilya sa araw na iyon ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

kabaitan <strong>ng</strong> kapitbahay. Tinatanaw ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> plagiarist o <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya na kul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sa<br />

Pilipino<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahalaga <strong>ng</strong> “ut<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> na loob. Sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tumulo<strong>ng</strong> sa ati<strong>ng</strong> makamit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

kaalam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mayroon tayo <strong>ng</strong>ayon? Sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dahilan <strong>ng</strong> paglawak <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> isip, nag-ambag<br />

<strong>ng</strong> iba’t ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pagti<strong>ng</strong>in sa mga bagay-bagay na nagresulta naman sa paghusay<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> pagkatao?<br />

Mga bakas o senyas <strong>ng</strong> “<strong>plagiarism</strong>”<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> plagiarist ay lagi<strong>ng</strong> nag-iiwan <strong>ng</strong> bakas <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “krimen.” At <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> titser<br />

ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> detektib na sumusunod sa mga palatandaan at pag-ipon <strong>ng</strong> ebidensya.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> minsan, nagsisimula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagtuklas sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> natat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>i<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga salita na hindi nakapaloob sa mga panipi. Nagkakaroon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> titser <strong>ng</strong> hinala, lalo na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> wala nam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ipinakit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> talas sa paggamit <strong>ng</strong> salita <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante sa buo<strong>ng</strong><br />

semestre. Maari<strong>ng</strong> bigl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magunita <strong>ng</strong> titser <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> partiklar na estilo <strong>ng</strong> panulat <strong>ng</strong><br />

is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> awtor na kahawig na kahawig sa isinumite <strong>ng</strong> estudyante. Natutuklasan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

<strong>plagiarism</strong> pagkat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estilo <strong>ng</strong> pagsulat <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> awtor ay maitutulad sa fi<strong>ng</strong>erprint.<br />

Gayundin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paraan <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> awtor <strong>ng</strong> pagdebelop <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga ideya. Bil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga<br />

tao, maari tayo<strong>ng</strong> magkatulad mag-isip, <strong>ng</strong>unit bawat isa sa atin ay may kakaib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paraan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pagdebelop at paghayag <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya sa ati<strong>ng</strong> sarili<strong>ng</strong> indibdwal na estilo.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> minsan naman, maari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> sobr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> desperado <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante (lalo na sa<br />

dulo <strong>ng</strong> semester) para maghanap sa internet <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> artikulo sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> website na inaakala<br />

niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mahirap na matuklasan. Sa punto<strong>ng</strong> ito, isasalin niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> artikulo sa Filipino<br />

na, sa pagmamadali, ay di na binabago <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga halimbawa.<br />

Nakatagpo ako <strong>ng</strong> gayu<strong>ng</strong> kaso sa sabjek na Teory<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pampanitikan <strong>ng</strong> Pilipinas. Kapanipaniwala<br />

ba na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante<strong>ng</strong> nag-aaral <strong>ng</strong> panitikan <strong>ng</strong> Pilipinas ay babasa <strong>ng</strong><br />

Paradise Lost o kukunin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Campbell Soup” ni Andy Warhol para sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> asaynment <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> metodo <strong>ng</strong> dekonstruksyon? May ginamit p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tila algebraic na pormula na<br />

nagpapadali daw <strong>ng</strong> dekonstruksyon. Mero di<strong>ng</strong> awtor na kinilala bil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinagkunan <strong>ng</strong><br />

il<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ideya. Pero iniba <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>alan, marahil para hindi madali<strong>ng</strong> matuklasan. Dahil<br />

sa mga duda na umukilkil sa aki<strong>ng</strong> isip, nag-surf ako sa internet at natuklasan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

artikulo<strong>ng</strong> may pamagat na “Seven Easy Steps to Deconstruct.” Sa pamagat pa lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>,<br />

babala na ito dapat sa estudyante na hindi ito seryoso<strong>ng</strong> artikulo. Verbatim <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkopya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> artikulo. May pahintulot man <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> manunulat na maari<strong>ng</strong> kopyahin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sinulat<br />

diniin niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dapat kilalanin na siya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> sanaysay. Tinawag ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

estudyante at sa harap <strong>ng</strong> isa p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> myembro <strong>ng</strong> fakulti na kinuha ko bil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> testigo,<br />

kinausap siya. Una’y n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>awtiwaran siya na napanood niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dokumentaryo<br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kol kay Andy Warhol, <strong>ng</strong>unit di niya mapaliwanag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> laman <strong>ng</strong> Paradise Lost. Noo<strong>ng</strong><br />

nalaman niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> hawak ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ebidensya, umiyak siya, inamin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sala at humi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong><br />

tawad. Wala siy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> malisyoso<strong>ng</strong> intensyon, sabi niya. Ni hindi niya alam na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ginawa<br />

niya ay is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> dahil sinalin naman niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> artikulo.<br />

Binigyan ko siya <strong>ng</strong> 5 at pinayuh<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> huwag na huwag siy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya muli. Sana’y<br />

natuto siya sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mali<strong>ng</strong> gawa.<br />

Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> internet, napakadali para sa mga estudyante na mag-“copy-paste”.<br />

Is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> propesor sa Political Science, halimbawa, ay nakat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gap <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> pagkasulat na<br />

sanaysay mula sa kalahati sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga estudyante. Kahit pare-pareho <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong><br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 4 of 10

mga estudyante, imposible na pare-pareho din <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estilo <strong>ng</strong> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagsulat. Syempre<br />

“copy-paste” <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ginawa mula sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> artikulo sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> website. Kaya ko dinidiin sa aki<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga estudyante na huwag ituri<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga titser na ignorante sa paggamit <strong>ng</strong><br />

internet. Ako’y senior citizen, pero “techie” din ako tulad <strong>ng</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> mga estudyante. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

internet ay is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mayam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkukunan <strong>ng</strong> impormasyon, pero kail<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an matuto <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

estudyante salain <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> baha <strong>ng</strong> impormasyo<strong>ng</strong> matatagpuan sa internet. At kahit pa man<br />

internet <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gali<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> datos, kail<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an kilalanin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> website, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> mayakda<br />

<strong>ng</strong> artikulo<strong>ng</strong> pinagbatayan <strong>ng</strong> saliksik. Dapat, awtomatik na rin sa mga estudyante na<br />

kopyahin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> website na pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> artikulo<strong>ng</strong> sinasaliksik.<br />

May il<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante<strong>ng</strong> di intelihente<strong>ng</strong> m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya. Natatandaan ko pa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaso <strong>ng</strong><br />

is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magtatapos na estudyante sa Ateneo de Manila na nagsumite sa akin <strong>ng</strong> sarili ko<strong>ng</strong><br />

sanaysay! Tinawag ko siya at inamin niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinagawa niya sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> girlfriend <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> term paper. Nakaligtaan <strong>ng</strong>a lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> b<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gitin sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> girlfriend ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> titser niya. Binigyan ko siya <strong>ng</strong> isa p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkakataon. Desperado, kinopya naman<br />

niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> artikulo ni Bienvenido Lumbera sa Fookien Times Yearbook. Sobra na ito.<br />

Binigyan ko siya <strong>ng</strong> “F” at inireport <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya sa Dekano. Di siya nakagradweyt.<br />

Dito sa UP naman, may is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante<strong>ng</strong> ginamit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> introduksyon ni Virgilio<br />

Almario sa nobela ni Rogelio Sikat na Dugo sa Buk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Liwayway. Buhay pa si Sikat noon.<br />

Pero di binago <strong>ng</strong> estudyante <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> petsa “noo<strong>ng</strong> nakausap (niya) minsan si Roger.” Paano<br />

kaya niya nakausap si Roger noo<strong>ng</strong> 1980’s gayo<strong>ng</strong> nasa elementarya pa lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> siya?<br />

Minsan l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> siya n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya <strong>ng</strong>unit binigyan ko siya <strong>ng</strong> “5”.<br />

Nais nati<strong>ng</strong> maniwala na kapag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante ay nasa gradwado<strong>ng</strong> antas na,<br />

responsable na siya’t independente mag-isip. Ngunit hindi lagi<strong>ng</strong> gayun. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 2007,<br />

pinatalsik ko sa program<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ph.D. Philippine Studies <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dalawa sa aki<strong>ng</strong> mga estudyante.<br />

Bakit? A<strong>ng</strong> isa sa kanila’y kinopya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> paragrap sa sarili ko<strong>ng</strong> libro n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

panipi o pagkilala ku<strong>ng</strong> saan niya kinuha. Di ko maintindihan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit niya gagawin ito<br />

sa sarili niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> propesor. Sabi pa niya sa akin, dapat daw ako<strong>ng</strong> matuwa na binasa niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

aki<strong>ng</strong> libro. Huh? Hindi pa sapat iyon sa kanya. Sa isa p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> papel, sa halip na gumawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

kritikal na pagsusuri, kinopya lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba’t ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> libro,<br />

pinagtagni-tagni ito at pinalabas na kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sarili panulat. Gayun din <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ginawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaklase. A<strong>ng</strong> bakas <strong>ng</strong> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya ay nasa estilo <strong>ng</strong> pagsulat. Paano maisip <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga gradwado<strong>ng</strong> estudyante<strong>ng</strong> ito na hindi matutuklasan <strong>ng</strong> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> propesor <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

verbatim na p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya? Para sa mga estudyante sa antas Ph.D., hindi sapat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “5”<br />

lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Kail<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>galin sila sa programa.<br />

Sa UP, nagt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gal na tayo mula sa fakulti <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> propesor na kumopya <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

teksbuk mula sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kilal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> unibersidad sa U.S. at pinalitan lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> mga Pilipino<strong>ng</strong><br />

p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>alan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga Amerikano<strong>ng</strong> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>alan. Sa aki<strong>ng</strong> pagtuturo dito sa UP, dalaw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> beses<br />

na ako<strong>ng</strong> bumoto sa University Council sa pagbawi <strong>ng</strong> Ph.D. <strong>ng</strong> dalaw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakagradweyt na<br />

na estudyante<strong>ng</strong> natuklasan na plagiarized <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga disertasyon.<br />

Hindi krimen <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> humiram. Lagi ko<strong>ng</strong> inuulit-ulit ito sa aki<strong>ng</strong> mga estudyante bago<br />

bigyan sila <strong>ng</strong> asaynment. Ngunit lagi rin ako<strong>ng</strong> nagpapaalaala sa kanila na huwag<br />

kalimut<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gumamit <strong>ng</strong> panipi at footnote o endnote kapag humiram sila <strong>ng</strong> ideya,<br />

argumento, datos para palakasin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sarili<strong>ng</strong> posisyon; kapag nagandahan sila sa<br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> pahayag <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> manunulat at nais nil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gamitin ito para mapahusay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sarili<br />

nil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gawa; o kapag isasalin nila sa Filipino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pahayag mula sa I<strong>ng</strong>les.<br />

Bakit kumokopya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga estudyante? Nagsisimula ito sa paraan <strong>ng</strong> pagturo sa<br />

elementarya at sekondary<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> antas. Dahil sa kakul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an <strong>ng</strong> mga teksbuk, kadalasan<br />

napipilitan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga titser na pakopyahin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga estudyante sa t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>i<strong>ng</strong> teksbuk na nasa<br />

kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> eskwelahan. Ngunit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakaliligtaan palagi ay sa pagkopya, dapat sanayin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

mga estudyante sa pagsulat ku<strong>ng</strong> ano<strong>ng</strong> libro <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gali<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kinokopya at<br />

sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> may-akda <strong>ng</strong> libro.<br />

Sa kaso <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga estudyante sa di gradwado<strong>ng</strong> antas, madalas na bu<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong><br />

desperasyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> at hindi dahil sa may malisyoso sil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> intensyon. Ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

minsan, tamad din <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante at mas madali para sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kumopya kaysa mag-isip<br />

<strong>ng</strong> sarili. Ngunti kahit wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> malicious intent, tinuturi<strong>ng</strong> ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> na is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>salot</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Sa<br />

mga kaso<strong>ng</strong> nakuhanan ko <strong>ng</strong> ebidensya <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gawa <strong>ng</strong> estudyante, “5” <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

binibigay ko<strong>ng</strong> grado. At lagi ko<strong>ng</strong> sinasamahan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bagsak na grado <strong>ng</strong> mabuti<strong>ng</strong> payo na<br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 5 of 10

huwag na huwag muli<strong>ng</strong> m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya. Malakas ko<strong>ng</strong> dinidiin ito. Tulad <strong>ng</strong> mga sinu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

lagi<strong>ng</strong> natutuklasan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga plagiarist o <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya dahil lagi sil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nag-iiwan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> bakas.<br />

Sa mga gwardiya na hustisya pa ba m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gagali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinakamalal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

“<strong>plagiarism</strong>”?<br />

Samantala, may nagtatano<strong>ng</strong> n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga estudyante ku<strong>ng</strong> ok na ba <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag-plagiarize<br />

kasi ginagawa naman pala daw ito <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mahistrado sa Korte Suprema. Para sa akin, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

sinasabi<strong>ng</strong> sala <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mahistrado at kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mananaliksik sa Korte Suprema ay di natin<br />

mapahihintulutan sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> unibersidad na nagtataguyod <strong>ng</strong> kahusayan at katapatan.<br />

Pero para mapanatag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> loob ko, inakses ko sa mga materyal na nauukol sa sinasabi<strong>ng</strong><br />

“<strong>plagiarism</strong>” <strong>ng</strong> nagsulat <strong>ng</strong> desisyon sa kaso<strong>ng</strong> Vinuya, et. al. Inencode ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga susi<strong>ng</strong><br />

salita na “<strong>plagiarism</strong>” at “Philippine Supreme Court”. Tulad <strong>ng</strong> inaasahan ko, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dami<strong>ng</strong><br />

artikulo<strong>ng</strong> lumabas. At pumili ako <strong>ng</strong> ilan. Tini<strong>ng</strong>nan ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga sulat sa Korte Suprema<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga awtor <strong>ng</strong> mga artikulo<strong>ng</strong> kinopya:<br />

Sa sulat ni Christian J. Tams, Propesor sa International Law <strong>ng</strong> Glasgow University, sa<br />

Korte Suprema, kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> inireklamo na may p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong>usap mula sa introduksyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> libro<strong>ng</strong> Enforci<strong>ng</strong> Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law (Cambridge<br />

University Press 2005) na verbatim na kinopya. Ibig sabihin, “word-for-word.” Nasa text ito<br />

mismo <strong>ng</strong> desisyon. Gayundin, kinopya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mismo niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagsipi sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> footnote <strong>ng</strong><br />

gawain ni Bruno Simma. Kahit pa man bin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>git <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>alan dito, hindi<br />

maliwanag na siya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagsipi sa gawain ni Simma. Nalu<strong>ng</strong>kot din si Propesor Tams na<br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> libro ay sinipi n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilala para ipagtibagay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

posisyo<strong>ng</strong> kontra sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tinaguyod sa libro. Sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> salita:<br />

I am particularly concerned that my work should have been used to support the Judgment’s<br />

cautious approach to the erga omnes concept. In fact, a most cursory readi<strong>ng</strong> shows that<br />

my book’s central thesis is precisely the opposite: namely that the erga omnes concept has<br />

been widely accepted and has a firm place in contemporary international law. Hence the<br />

introductory chapter notes that “[t]he present study attempts to demystify aspects of the<br />

‘very mysterious’ concept and thereby to facilitate its implementation” (p. 5). In the same<br />

vein, the conducti<strong>ng</strong> section notes that the precedi<strong>ng</strong> chapters show that the concept is now<br />

a part of the reality of international law, established in the jurisprudence of courts and the<br />

practice of States” (p. 309).<br />

With due respect to your Honourable Court, I am at a loss to see how my work should have<br />

been cited to support -- as it seemi<strong>ng</strong>ly has – the opposite approach. More generally, I am<br />

concerned at the way in which your Honourable Court’s judgment has drawn on scholarly<br />

work without properly acknowledgi<strong>ng</strong> it. 3<br />

Naglakip din siya <strong>ng</strong> kumparatibo<strong>ng</strong> table para sa di kinilal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

libro<strong>ng</strong> kinopya sa desisyon:<br />

Annex: Comparison of passages of my book and passages of the Judgment 4<br />

Tams, Enforci<strong>ng</strong> Obligations Erga Omnes in<br />

International Law (Cambridge University Press 2005<br />

The Latin phrase ‘erga omnes’ thus has become one of the<br />

rallyi<strong>ng</strong> cries of those shari<strong>ng</strong> a belief in the emergence of<br />

a value-based international public order based on law. p. 3<br />

As often, the reality is neither so clear nor so bright.<br />

p. 3<br />

Supreme Court, Judgment of April 28, 2010<br />

The Latin phrase ‘erga omnes’ thus has become one of the<br />

rallyi<strong>ng</strong> cries of those shari<strong>ng</strong> a belief in the emergence of a<br />

value-based international public order based on law. p.30<br />

[However, as is so often the case], the reality is neither so<br />

clear nor so bright. p. 30<br />

3 http://www.scribd.com/SC%20Plagiarism%20Case/Tams%20%20Letter%20to%20Supreme%20Court.ht<br />

ml)<br />

4 Ibid.<br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 6 of 10

....whatever the relevance of obligations erga omnes as a<br />

legal concept, its full potential remains to be realized in<br />

practice. p. 3<br />

Bruno Simma’s much-quoted observation encapsulates<br />

this feeli<strong>ng</strong> of disappointment: ‘Viewed realistically, the<br />

world of obligations erga omnes isstill the world of the<br />

“ought” rather than of the ‘is”. pp. 3-4<br />

[W]hatever the relevance of obligations erga omnes as a<br />

legal concept, its full potential remains to be realized in<br />

practice. p. 30<br />

Bruno Simma’s much quoted observation encapsulates this<br />

feeli<strong>ng</strong> of disappointment: “Viewed realistically, the world of<br />

obligations erga omnes is still the world of the “ought” rather<br />

than of the ‘is”<br />

p. 30, in the first sentence of footnote 69<br />

Sumulat din si Dr. Mark Ellis sa Korte Suprema (En Banc) para ireklamo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkopya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema <strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> akda na wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilala sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gawain para<br />

sa ko<strong>ng</strong>klusyo<strong>ng</strong> labag sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga argumento. Ayon sa kanya:<br />

“. . . I am compelled, as a question of the integrity of my work as an academic and as an advocate of<br />

human rights and humanitarian law, to take exception to the possible unauthorized use of my law<br />

review artcle on rape as an international crime in your esteemed Court’s Judgment in the case of<br />

Vinuya et. al. v. Executive Secretary et al. (G.R. No. 162230, Judgment of 28 April 2010)<br />

- - -<br />

“In particular, I am concerned about a large part of the extensive discussion in footnote 65, pp. 27-28<br />

of the said Judgment of your esteemed Court. I am also concerned that your esteemed Court may<br />

have misread the arguments I made in the artcile and employed them for cross purposes. This should<br />

be ironic since the article was written precisely to argue for the appropriate legal remedy for victims<br />

of war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity.” 5<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> awtor naman <strong>ng</strong> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>atlo<strong>ng</strong> akd<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kinopya sa desisyon, si Evan Criddle ay<br />

nagkomento sa desisyon <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema <strong>ng</strong> sumusunod:<br />

7.19.2010 at 2:44 EST<br />

Evan Criddle 6<br />

The newspaper’s plagarism claims are based on a motion for reconsideration filed<br />

yesterday with the Philippine Supreme Court yesterday. The motion is available here:<br />

http://harryroque.com/2010/07/18/supplemental-motion-allegi<strong>ng</strong>-<strong>plagiarism</strong>-in-thesupreme-court/<br />

The motion suggests that the Court’s decision contains thirty-four sentences and citations<br />

that are identical to sentences and citations in my 2009 YJIL article (co-authored with Evan<br />

Fox-Decent). Professor Fox-Decent and I were unaware of the petitioners’ plagarism<br />

allegations until after the motion was filed today. !Speaki<strong>ng</strong> for myself, the most troubli<strong>ng</strong><br />

aspect of the court’s jus cogens discussion is that it implies that the prohibitions against<br />

crimes against humanity, sexual slavery, and torture are not jus cogens norms. Our article<br />

emphatically asserts the opposite. !The Supreme Court’s decision is available here:<br />

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/april2010/162230.htm<br />

Hindi maitat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gi <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakatawag <strong>ng</strong> pansin <strong>ng</strong> mga awtor na sina Professor Tams,<br />

Dr. Ellis at Criddle-Fox Descent ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> blog ni Harry Roque <strong>ng</strong> UP College of Law ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

saan niya pinost <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Supplemental Motion Allegi<strong>ng</strong> Plagiarism in the Supreme<br />

Court. 7<br />

Sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> blog ko rin natagpuan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>:<br />

5<br />

http://www.scribd.com/doc/39856111/Letter-to-Republic-of-the-Philippines-Supreme-Court-Ellis<br />

6<br />

http://opiniojuris.org/2010/07/19/international-law-<strong>plagiarism</strong>-charge-bedevils-philippinessupreme-court-justice/<br />

7<br />

Ti<strong>ng</strong>nan: http://harryroque.com/2010/07/18/supplemental-motion-allegi<strong>ng</strong>-<strong>plagiarism</strong>-in-the-supreme-court/<br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 7 of 10

Dissenti<strong>ng</strong> Opinion of Justice Sereno on the issue of <strong>plagiarism</strong> in the Philippine Supreme Court.<br />

A.M. No. 10-7-17-SC – IN THE MATTER OF THE CHARGES OF PLAGIARISM, ETC.,<br />

AGAINST ASSOCIATE JUSTICE MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO<br />

Promulgated: October 15, 2010 8<br />

Sa kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kontra-opinyon (dissenti<strong>ng</strong> opinion) pinaliwanag ni Associate Justice<br />

Lourdes Sereno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> oposisyon sa desisyon <strong>ng</strong> mayorya <strong>ng</strong> mga mahistrado <strong>ng</strong><br />

Korte Suprema na nagpawal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sala kay Associate Justice Mariano C. Del Castillo sa sala <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>plagiarism</strong>:<br />

What is black can be called “white” but it cannot turn white by the mere calli<strong>ng</strong>. The unfortunate<br />

ruli<strong>ng</strong> of the majority Decision that no <strong>plagiarism</strong> was committed stems from its failure to disti<strong>ng</strong>uish<br />

between the determination of the objective, factual existence of <strong>plagiarism</strong> in the Vinuya decision[1]<br />

Isabelita C. Vinuya, et al. v. The Honorable Executive Secretary, et al., G.R. No. 1622309, April 28,<br />

2010. [2] and the determination of the liability that results from a findi<strong>ng</strong> of <strong>plagiarism</strong>. Specifically,<br />

it made “malicious intent”, which heretofore had not been relevant to a findi<strong>ng</strong> of <strong>plagiarism</strong>, an<br />

essential element. The majority Decision will thus stand against the overwhelmi<strong>ng</strong> conventions on<br />

what constitutes <strong>plagiarism</strong>. In doi<strong>ng</strong> so, the Decision has created unimaginable problems for<br />

Philippine academia, which will from now on have to find a disciplinary response to <strong>plagiarism</strong><br />

committed by students and researchers on the justification of the majority Decision. It has also<br />

undermined the protection of copyrighted work by maki<strong>ng</strong> available to plagiarists “lack of malicious<br />

intent” as a defense to a charge of violation of copy or economic rights of the copyright owner<br />

committed through lack of attribution.<br />

Sa paglipat <strong>ng</strong> bint<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> software para sa kakul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>an <strong>ng</strong> mga panipi, sinabi niya:<br />

... no software exists that will automatically type in quotation marks at the beginni<strong>ng</strong> and end of a<br />

passage that was lifted verbatim; these attribution marks must be made with deliberate effort by the<br />

human researcher. Nor can a software program generate the necessary citations without input from<br />

the human researcher. Neither is there a built-in software alarm that sounds every time attribution<br />

marks or citations are deleted. The best guarantee for works of high intellectual integrity is consistent,<br />

ethical practice in the writi<strong>ng</strong> habits of court researchers and judges.<br />

Pagkatapos, sistematiko niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tini<strong>ng</strong>nan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga diumano’y mga kinopya bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

desisyon at ikinumpara sa mga orihinal na akda. A<strong>ng</strong> lumitaw ay hindi lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> salita-porsalita<br />

na p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya, kundi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinakamalal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> – <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> patse-patse o<br />

tagni-tagni<strong>ng</strong> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>o<strong>ng</strong>opya – na maari lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magawa <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> malay at bukas-mat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

resertser na may seryoso<strong>ng</strong> intensyon na manlinl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Lalo<strong>ng</strong> magigi<strong>ng</strong> maliwanag ito ku<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

gamit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gabay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Dissenti<strong>ng</strong> Opinion ni Associate Justice Sereno, gagawan <strong>ng</strong> color-code<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga linya na in<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>kin <strong>ng</strong> resertser mula sa mga orihinal na akda para makita ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

paano tinahi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga ito. Totoo<strong>ng</strong> wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> software na makakagawa <strong>ng</strong> pagpatse-patse nito.<br />

Na matatagpuan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> na ito sa mga tala-baba (footnote) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagdidiin <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlilinl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />

Halimbawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sumusunod:<br />

Evan J. Criddle & Evan Fox-Decent, “A<br />

Fiduciary Theory of Jus Cogens,” Yale<br />

Journal of International Law (2009)<br />

Peremptory norms began to attract greater<br />

scholarly attention with the publication of Alfred<br />

von Verdross’s influential 1937 article, Forbidden<br />

Treaties in International Law.[FN10]<br />

[FN10] For example, in the 1934 Oscar Chinn<br />

Case, Judge Schücki<strong>ng</strong>’s influential dissent stated<br />

that neither an international court nor an arbitral<br />

tribunal should apply a treaty provision in<br />

Supreme Court’s 28 April 2010 Decision in<br />

Vinuya, et al. v. Executive Secretary, G.R.<br />

No. 162230<br />

xxx but peremptory norms began to attract<br />

greater scholarly attention with the publication<br />

of Alfred von Verdross’s influential 1937 article,<br />

Forbidden Treaties in International Law. [FN72]<br />

[FN 71] (p. 31, Body of the 28 April 2010<br />

Decision)<br />

[71] Classical publicists such as Hugo Grotius,<br />

8 Ti<strong>ng</strong>nan: http://harryroque.com/2010/10/19/dissenti<strong>ng</strong>-opinion-of-justice-sereno-on-the-issue-of-<br />

<strong>plagiarism</strong>-in-the-philippine-supreme-court/<br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 8 of 10

contradiction to bonos mores. Oscar Chinn Case,<br />

1934 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 63, at 149-50 (Dec. 12)<br />

(Schücki<strong>ng</strong>, J., dissenti<strong>ng</strong>).<br />

(p. 334 of the Yale Law Journal of Int’l Law)<br />

Classical publicists such as Hugo Grotius, Emer<br />

de Vattel, and Christian Wolff drew upon the<br />

Roman law distinction between jus dispositivum<br />

(voluntary law) and jus scriptum (obligatory law)<br />

to differentiate consensual agreements between<br />

states from the “necessary” principles of<br />

international law that bind all states as a point of<br />

conscience regardless of consent.[FN6]<br />

[FN6] See Hugonis Grotii, De Jure Belli et Pacis<br />

[On the Law of War and Peace] (William<br />

Whewell ed. & trans., John W. Parker, London<br />

2009) (1625); Emer de Vattel, Le Droit des Gens<br />

ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle [The Law of<br />

Nations or Principles of Natural Law] §§ 9, 27<br />

(1758) (disti<strong>ng</strong>uishi<strong>ng</strong> “le Droit des Gens<br />

Naturel, ou Nécessaire” from “le Droit<br />

Volontaire”); Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium<br />

Methodo Scientifica Pertractorum [A Scientific<br />

Method for Understandi<strong>ng</strong> the Law of Nations] <br />

5 (James Brown Scott ed., Joseph H. Drake trans.,<br />

Clarendon Press 1934) (1764).<br />

(p. 334 of the Yale Law Journal of Int’l Law)<br />

Early twentieth-century publicists such as Lassa<br />

Oppenheim and William Hall asserted<br />

confidently that states could not abrogate certain<br />

“universally recognized principles” by mutual<br />

agreement.[FN9] Outside the academy, judges on<br />

the Permanent Court of International Justice<br />

affirmed the existence of peremptory norms in<br />

international law by referenci<strong>ng</strong> treaties contra<br />

bonos mores (contrary to public policy) in a<br />

series of individual concurri<strong>ng</strong> and dissenti<strong>ng</strong><br />

opinions.[FN10] xxx<br />

[FN9] William Hall, A Treatise on International<br />

Law 382-83 (8th ed. 1924) (asserti<strong>ng</strong> that<br />

“fundamental principles of international law”<br />

may “invalidate [], or at least render voidable,”<br />

conflicti<strong>ng</strong> international agreements); 1 Lassa<br />

Oppen-heim, International Law 528 (1905).<br />

(pp. 334-5 of the Yale Law Journal of Int’l<br />

Law)<br />

Emer de Vattel, and Christian Wolff drew upon<br />

the Roman law distinction between jus<br />

dispositivum (voluntary law) and jus scriptum<br />

(obligatory law) to differentiate consensual<br />

agreements between states from the “necessary”<br />

principles of international law that bind all<br />

states as a point of conscience regardless of<br />

consent. (See Hugonis Grotii, De Jure Belli et<br />

Pacis [On the Law of War and Peace] (William<br />

Whewell ed. & trans., John W. Parker, London<br />

2009) (1625); Emer de Vattel, Le Droit des Gens<br />

ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle [The Law of<br />

Nations or Principles of Natural Law] §§ 9, 27<br />

(1758) (disti<strong>ng</strong>uishi<strong>ng</strong> “le Droit des Gens<br />

Naturel, ou Nécessaire” from “le Droit<br />

Volontaire”); Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium<br />

Methodo Scientifica Pertractorum [A Scientific<br />

Method for Understandi<strong>ng</strong> the Law of Nations]<br />

5 (James Brown Scott ed., Joseph H. Drake<br />

trans., Clarendon Press 1934) (1764)). Early<br />

twentieth-century publicists such as Lassa<br />

Oppenheim and William Hall asserted that<br />

states could not abrogate certain “universally<br />

recognized principles” by mutual agreement.<br />

(William Hall, A Treatise on International Law<br />

382-83 (8th ed. 1924) (asserti<strong>ng</strong> that<br />

“fundamental principles of international law”<br />

may “invalidate [], or at least render voidable,”<br />

conflicti<strong>ng</strong> international agreements); 1 Lassa<br />

Oppenheim, International Law 528 (1905).)<br />

(Outside the academy), (J)udges on the Permanent<br />

Court of International Justice affirmed the<br />

existence of peremptory norms in international<br />

law by referenci<strong>ng</strong> treaties contra bonos mores<br />

(contrary to public policy) in a series of<br />

individual concurri<strong>ng</strong> and dissenti<strong>ng</strong> opinions.<br />

( For example, in the 1934 Oscar Chinn Case,<br />

Judge Schücki<strong>ng</strong>'s influential dissent stated that<br />

neither an international court nor an arbitral<br />

tribunal should apply a treaty provision in<br />

contradiction to bonos mores. Oscar Chinn<br />

Case, 1934 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 63, at 149-50<br />

(Dec. 12) (Schücki<strong>ng</strong>, J., dissenti<strong>ng</strong>).<br />

Selektibo<strong>ng</strong> pagkopya na wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga panipi, pagt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gal <strong>ng</strong> il<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> salita, pagtagpastagpas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga materyal at paglipat-lipat sa mga bahagi sa loob <strong>ng</strong> text <strong>ng</strong> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tala-baba<br />

(para sakali<strong>ng</strong> makaiwas <strong>ng</strong> deteksyon?) – is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> uri ito <strong>ng</strong> pagmanipula <strong>ng</strong> kinopy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

materyal na nagreresulta sa pagbaluktot <strong>ng</strong> orihinal na intensyon at layunin <strong>ng</strong> mga skolar<br />

na nagsaliksik para sa hustisya. Mapagp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gap na duno<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinahihiwatig <strong>ng</strong><br />

extensibo<strong>ng</strong> pagkopya di lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong>a mga texto<strong>ng</strong> sinulat <strong>ng</strong> mga skolar kundi <strong>ng</strong> kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

pinagkunan <strong>ng</strong> datos at di mapatawar<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> panlilinl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ipinakita <strong>ng</strong> nagkopya sa<br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal sa tala-baba na karaniw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> inilalagay para sa karagdag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

explanasyon at batis <strong>ng</strong> datos. Sa loob <strong>ng</strong> texto mismo <strong>ng</strong> desisyon <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema at sa<br />

tala-baba, minabuti <strong>ng</strong> resertser na kaligtaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga panipi para sa mga texto<strong>ng</strong> kinopya<br />

at minanipula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-ayos <strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi at source na tinagpas mula sa kinopy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> texto.<br />

Wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> software <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> makakagawa <strong>ng</strong> kumplikado<strong>ng</strong> pagtagni-tagni <strong>ng</strong> mga kinopy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

bahagi. Sa dulo, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> akto <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> <strong>ng</strong> resertser ay di lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> lumalabag sa intelektwal<br />

na karapatan <strong>ng</strong> pag-aari <strong>ng</strong> mga awtor sa kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> akda kundi pagtaksil sa mismo<strong>ng</strong><br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 9 of 10

simulain na tinataguyod <strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda: <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> proteksyon <strong>ng</strong> sagrado<strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga sibilyan laban sa mga akto<strong>ng</strong> di makatao sa mga panahon <strong>ng</strong> digma.<br />

Maari<strong>ng</strong> totoo na mabibint<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sala <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong> sa legal na resertser na ginamit ni<br />

Associate Justice Del Castilo sa pagsulat niya <strong>ng</strong> Desisyon <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema. Pero di rin<br />

maitat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gi na nilagdaan ni Associate Justice Del Castillo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Desisyon. Ku<strong>ng</strong> gayon,<br />

sin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>-ayunan niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> akto at kapartido siya sa sala.<br />

Na napakagaan <strong>ng</strong> pagtrato <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema kina Associate Justice Del Castillo at <strong>ng</strong><br />

kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> resertser ay masam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> hudyat para sa mga ordinaryo<strong>ng</strong> mamamayan tulad natin.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kataastaas<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hukom <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> Bayan ay di matitinag sa kanil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> posisyon na<br />

wal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> na nagawa <strong>ng</strong> sarili nito<strong>ng</strong> myembro at kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> resertser n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dahil<br />

lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sa mga luh<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> dumaloy mula sa resertser at “kawalan <strong>ng</strong> malisyoso<strong>ng</strong> intensyon”,<br />

sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magtat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>gol <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga intelektwal na karapatan ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga ito ay<br />

malalabag? Sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magigi<strong>ng</strong> pan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>ga natin mula sa manipulasyon, panlilinl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> at<br />

pagbaluktot? Sino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magigi<strong>ng</strong> tagapagtaguyod <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan, kataru<strong>ng</strong>an, at katwiran?<br />

Ma’am, okey na ba <strong>ng</strong>ayo<strong>ng</strong> mag-plagiarize?<br />

Pinawal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>-sala man <strong>ng</strong> mayorya <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong> na ginawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

mananaliksik ni Associate Justice Del Castillo, sa UP at inaasahan ko<strong>ng</strong> sa ib<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

unibersidad, hindi<strong>ng</strong>-hindi natin pwede<strong>ng</strong> patulan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> krimen <strong>ng</strong> pagnanakaw,<br />

pagsu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong>, pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki<strong>ng</strong> iyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> hindi naman iyo na siy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ibig sabihin <strong>ng</strong> sal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

“<strong>plagiarism</strong>.” Ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi tapat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korte Suprema, hindi ibig sabihin na tayo rin ay pwede<br />

n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magi<strong>ng</strong> di tapat. Ku<strong>ng</strong> sa patak <strong>ng</strong> luha ay inabswelto na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mananaliksik dahil<br />

“wala naman siy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> malicious intent” hindi dapat lumambot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ati<strong>ng</strong> puso, tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

mayorya <strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema at palampasin na lam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> sal<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong>.<br />

Kinamumuhian ko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>plagiarism</strong>. Bakit? Ito ay dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki<strong>ng</strong> iyo <strong>ng</strong> mga salita<br />

sinulat <strong>ng</strong> iba ay is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> panloloko at pandaraya. Tiyak na pinaghirapan <strong>ng</strong> orihinal na awtor<br />

at naglaan siya <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> panahon sa pagdebelop <strong>ng</strong> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga ideya, paghanap <strong>ng</strong><br />

tam<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> expresyon, at ihinayag sa is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> estilo<strong>ng</strong> natat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>i sa kanya. Ku<strong>ng</strong> matuklasan <strong>ng</strong><br />

orihinal na manunulat na kinopya <strong>ng</strong> iba <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kany<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mga ideya at mga salita, maari<br />

niy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> kasuhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>yopya sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> “intellectual property rights”. Nakakahiy<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mayorya <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema ay di nagpahalaga sa mga reklamo <strong>ng</strong> mga awtor na<br />

kinopya <strong>ng</strong> mananaliksik at ni Associate Justice del Castillo. Kamuhian natin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mayorya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Korte Suprema. Tularin natin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> tap<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> nina Propesor Harry Roque, Dekano Marvic<br />

Leonen at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> fakulti <strong>ng</strong> College of Law sa paglahad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong>o.<br />

Sa propesyunal na buhay, kapag matuklasan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> plagiarist, tiyak na mawawalan<br />

siya <strong>ng</strong> trabaho. Sakali m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> makalusot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> mahilig m<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>opya, magigi<strong>ng</strong> gawi niya ito at<br />

napakadali na sa kanya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> magsinu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong> at mandaya. Hindi rin malayo<strong>ng</strong> magigi<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaakit-akit sa kanya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gumawa <strong>ng</strong> korupsyon. Ku<strong>ng</strong> magkagayon, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> gawi <strong>ng</strong> <strong>plagiarism</strong><br />

ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> daan sa pagigi<strong>ng</strong> manhid <strong>ng</strong> konsensya at pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> kaluluwa.<br />

KATAPATAN <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>>i<strong>ng</strong> hinihi<strong>ng</strong>i sa atin para mapanatili nati<strong>ng</strong> malinis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ati<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkatao at di mabahiran <stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> ati<strong>ng</strong> integridad at dignidad.<br />

TGMaceda/Plagiarism/ Page 10 of 10

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