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The University of Texas Center for Middle Eastern Studies 

Cover design for translation of Middle Eastern short stories 

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storiEs by 

MiddlE EAstErn 

woMEn 

Edit E d by AnnE s 

M c cAnn-bAk E r 

in Honor of 

ElizA b E t H 

wA rnock 

fErnEA 

MEMo ry 

of A ProM isE


Cover design for translation of Arabic graphic novel 


Walid 

Taher 

A Bit of Air 

Translated by 

Anita Husen


Cover design for Persian literature in translation 


The Neighbors 

translated by 

nastaran kherad 

by a hmad mahmoud


Jacket middle design eastern studies for translation | Poetry of Hebrew poetry 


When she arrived in Palestine in 1935 at the age of twenty-four, 

Leah Goldberg was already known as a significant emerging 

poet in contemporary Hebrew literature. Today, mention of 

her name is apt to evoke a nostalgic sigh among Israelis who 

have grown up hearing her poems read, quoted, recollected, 

and—having been set to some four hundred melodies—sung 

on the radio. In the wake of overwhelming new attention on 

Goldberg’s work in Israel, With This Night makes available for 

the first time in English the final collection of poetry that 

Goldberg published during her lifetime. 

LEaH GoLdbErG (1911–1970) was the author of nine 

collections of poetry, three plays, three novels, a memoir, 

literary criticism, children’s stories, and translations of Ibsen, 

Petrarch, Shakespeare, Tolstoy, and other classical and modern 

poets and novelists. Shortly after her death, Goldberg received 

Israel’s highest honor, the Israel Prize. 

middle eastern studies | Poetry 

When she arrived in Palestine in 1935 at the age of twenty-four, 

Leah Goldberg was already known as a significant emerging 

poet in contemporary Hebrew literature. Today, mention of 

her name is apt to evoke a nostalgic sigh among Israelis who 

have grown up hearing her poems read, quoted, recollected, 

and—having been set to some four hundred melodies—sung 

on the radio. In the wake of overwhelming new attention on 

Goldberg’s work in Israel, With This Night makes available for 

the first time in English the final collection of poetry that 

Goldberg published during her lifetime. 

LEaH GoLdbErG (1911–1970) was the author of nine 

collections of poetry, three plays, three novels, a memoir, 

literary criticism, children’s stories, and translations of Ibsen, 

Petrarch, Shakespeare, Tolstoy, and other classical and modern 

poets and novelists. Shortly after her death, Goldberg received 

Israel’s highest honor, the Israel Prize. 

annIE KanTar is the recipient of an academy of american 

Poets Prize and a Fulbright Scholarship. Her poems and 

translations have appeared in journals such as American Literary 

Review, Barrow Street, Poetry International, and Tikkun. She lives in 

Jerusalem with her husband and three children. 

annIE KanTar is the recipient of an academy of american 

Poets Prize and a Fulbright Scholarship. Her poems and 

translations have appeared in journals such as American Literary 

Review, Barrow Street, Poetry International, and Tikkun. She lives in 

Jerusalem with her husband and three children. 

“Annie Kantar’s versions of Leah Goldberg’s late poems bring into English Goldberg’s 

signature combination of resonant clarity and crystalline musicality, and the result is a 

marvelous translation of what is arguably Goldberg’s most powerful book. With This night 

lets the English reader eavesdrop on modern Hebrew poetry in one of its finest hours.” 

—Peter Cole, 2007 Macarthur Fellow and author of The Dream of the Poem 

transLated 

“Annie Kantar’s versions of Leah Goldberg’s late poems from bring into the English hebreW Goldberg’s 

by annie Kantar 

signature combination of resonant clarity and crystalline musicality, and the result is a 

marvelous translation of what is arguably Goldberg’s most powerful book. With This night 

lets the English reader eavesdrop on modern Hebrew poetry in one of its finest hours.” 

—Peter Cole, 2007 Macarthur Fellow and author of The Dream of the Poem 

binah Yitzrit Foundation Series in Israel Studies 

other publications from the Center for Middle Eastern Studies: 

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/mes/center/publications/ 

or http://www.utexaspress.com 

binah Yitzrit Foundation Series in Israel Studies 

other publications from the Center for Middle Eastern Studies: 



With this nightLeah goLdberg 

CEnTEr For MIddLE EaSTErn STudIES 

unIvErSITY oF TExaS aT auSTIn 

With this night 

Leah 

goLdberg 

Final_Goldberg_Jacket.indd 1 4/7/11 1:40:18 PM 

With this nightLeah goLdberg 

CEnTEr For MIddLE EaSTErn STudIES 

unIvErSITY oF TExaS aT auSTIn 

With this night 

Leah 

goLdberg 

transLated 

from the hebreW 

by annie Kantar 

Final_Goldberg_Jacket.indd 1 4/7/11 1:40:18 PM


Jacket design Middle for eastern Moroccan studies political | MeMoir prisoner’s memoir 

Fatna El Bouih was first arrested in Casablanca as an 18-year-old student leader with 

Design Programs: connections to InDesign the Marxist + movement. Photoshop over the next decade she was rearrested, forcibly 

disappeared, tortured, and transferred between multiple prisons. While imprisoned, she 

helped organize a hunger strike, completed her undergraduate degree in sociology, and began 

work on a Master’s degree. 

Beginning with the harrowing account of her kidnapping during the heightened political 

tension of the 1970s, Talk of Darkness tells the true story of one woman’s struggle to secure 

political prisoners’ rights and defend herself against an unjust imprisonment. 

poetically rendered from arabic into english by Mustapha Kamal and susan slyomovics, 

Fatna El Bouih’s memoir exposes the techniques of state-instigated “disappearance” in Morocco 

and condemns the lack of laws to protect prisoners’ basic human rights. 

fatna el Bouih went on to become a high school teacher after her release from prison 

and continues to devote herself to human rights. She is one of the founders of the first 

shelter for battered women in Casablanca and works for released prisoners’ reintegration 

into society and the abolition of the death penalty in Morocco. 

Mustapha KaMal is assistant professor of arabic language and literature at the university 

of illinois at Chicago. he himself was a political prisoner in Morocco. 

susan slyoMoviCs is professor of anthropology and near eastern languages and Cultures 

at uCla. she has written extensively on the Middle east and north africa. 

Middle eastern studies | MeMoir 

Fatna El Bouih was first arrested in Casablanca as an 18-year-old student leader with 

connections to the Marxist movement. over the next decade she was rearrested, forcibly 

disappeared, tortured, and transferred between multiple prisons. While imprisoned, she 

helped organize a hunger strike, completed her undergraduate degree in sociology, and began 

work on a Master’s degree. 

Beginning with the harrowing account of her kidnapping during the heightened political 

tension of the 1970s, Talk of Darkness tells the true story of one woman’s struggle to secure 

political prisoners’ rights and defend herself against an unjust imprisonment. 

poetically rendered from arabic into english by Mustapha Kamal and susan slyomovics, 

Fatna El Bouih’s memoir exposes the techniques of state-instigated “disappearance” in Morocco 

and condemns the lack of laws to protect prisoners’ basic human rights. 

other titles available in the Modern Middle east literatures in translation series 

I’ve Learned Some Things by Ataol Behramo˘glu (Turkey) 

Fortune Told in Blood by Davud Ghaffarzadegan (Iran) 

Siraaj: An Arab Tale by Radwa Ashour (Egypt) 

Women on a Journey by Haifa Zangana (Iraq) 

Orpheus by Nazli Eray (Turkey) 

The Director and Other Stories from Morocco 

by Leila Abouzeid Talk (Morocco) of Darkness 

I’ve Learned Some Things by Ataol Behramo˘glu (Turkey) 

Fortune Told in Blood by Davud Ghaffarzadegan (Iran) Folktales from Syria collected by Samir Tahhan (Syria) 


****************************** 


Orpheus by Nazli Eray (Turkey) A Mansion in the Sky by Goli Taraghi Code Type: EAN (Iran) Version A 

The Director and Other Stories from Morocco 

Customer: 3479-CTR. FOR MID. EAST. STUDIES 

Order #: P45290-002 

MAG: 1.00 

by Leila Abouzeid (Morocco) Whatever Happened to Antara by P.O. Walid #: Ikhlassi (Syria) 

BWA: 0.0025 

Folktales from Syria collected by Samir Tahhan (Syria) 

Ordered By: 

Symbol Width: 2.1450 

****************************** 

A Mansion in the Sky by Goli Taraghi Code Type: EAN (Iran) Version A 

Polarity: Positive Up 

Symbol Height: 0.7550 

Customer: 3479-CTR. FOR MID. EAST. STUDIESThey 

Die Strangers by Mohammad Date Run: Abdul-Wali 9/16/08 (Yemen) 

Order #: P45290-002 

MAG: 1.00 

Whatever Happened to Antara by Flexo Width: 0.0000 

P.O. Walid #: Ikhlassi (Syria) 

BWA: 0.0025 

Ordered By: 




They Die Strangers by Mohammad � 

Date Run: Abdul-Wali 9/16/08 (Yemen) Flexo Width: 0.0000 

� 

Passage to Dusk by Rashid al-Daif (Lebanon) Passage to Dusk by Rashid al-Daif (Lebanon) 

The Waiting List by Daisy al-Amir (Iraq) 

The Year of the Elephant by Leila Abouzeid (Morocco) 

The Waiting List by Daisy al-Amir (Iraq) 

fatna el Bouih 

The Year of the Elephant by Leila Abouzeid (Morocco) 

fatna el Bouih went on to become a high school teacher after her release from prison 

and continues to devote herself to human rights. She is one of the founders of the first 

shelter for battered women in Casablanca and works for released prisoners’ reintegration 

into society and the abolition of the death penalty in Morocco. 

Mustapha KaMal is assistant professor of arabic language and literature at the university 

of illinois at Chicago. he himself was a political prisoner in Morocco. 

susan slyoMoviCs is professor of anthropology and near eastern languages and Cultures 

at uCla. she has written extensively on the Middle east and north africa. 


see other publications in the series at: 

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/cmes/publications or 

http://www.utexaspress.com 




Center for Middle eastern studies 

university of texas at austin 

talK of darKness fatna el Bouih 

translated from the arabic by 

Mustapha KaMal and susan slyoMoviCs 



talK of darKness fatna el Bouih 

Talk of Darkness 

fatna el Bouih 

translated from the arabic by 

Mustapha KaMal and susan slyoMoviCs

xii IntroductIon 

IntroductIon xiii 

remains in detention while a police inquiry is undertaken, 

but before the detainee is charged with a crime and brought 

to trial. Fatna El Bouih has noted in interviews that the Moroccan 

government grants wide latitude to the police and judges: “Torture 

as part of a thorough search was permitted because we were horsla-loi 

(outlaws). We were condemned before we were even judged; 

we were already considered guilty. It was not for what I did but for 

what I wrote: I threw tracts but I never threw bombs.” 1 El Bouih 

highlights the impossibility of separating contemporary Moroccan 

police and penal procedures from the fact of politically motivated 

enforced disappearance and the widespread use of torture. 

After seven months in Casablanca’s “Derb,” she was brought 

before the investigating magistrate (in French, juge d’instruction and 

in Arabic, qadi al-tahqiq) and the public prosecutor (procureur du roi 

or wakil al-malik), and remanded to preventive detention in Meknes 

Civil Prison. Isolated in the women’s section, she was one of six 

female political prisoners held from 1977 to 1979 without trial. 

Testimony by two of her fellow women prisoners—Widad Bouab 

and Latifa Jbabdi—is appended to her memoir and included in 

this translation. In 1979, El Bouih helped to organize a hunger 

strike to establish the status of political detainees for her group of 

women prisoners. In 1980, three long years after her 1977 arrest, 

72 

Fatna El Bouih 

Left: Fatna El Bouih’s photo 

ID, age 18, 1973. 

Opposite Page: Fatna El Bouih 

in the men’s section of 

Oukacha Prison, present as 

a member of the Moroccan 

Observatory of Prisons, 

© 2001 Youssef Madad. 

and the more prisoners, the larger each total quota for every 

woman. The head prisoner sits in the middle and watches for any 

attempt at cheating or slacking off. The work must be completed 

before eight in the morning, then breakfast is served. 

In some cases, when workers are unable to finish the job, 

other long-serving prisoners are called upon. Most of the latter 

work in the carpet factory and are not required to skin fava beans. 

The administration spends part of the earnings from carpet sales 

on raw materials, gives the prisoners a miniscule portion compared 

to their input, and keeps the rest. The workers toil all day long in 

the factory. The morning session ends at eleven and then work 

resumes at half past two in the afternoon, ending at sunset. Most 

prisoners prefer working in the factory to the difficult daily chores 

of washing and cleaning the long corridor, peeling and cleaning 

vegetables, or answering the head prisoner’s incessant calls to come 

and help inspect food baskets and then summon their owners. 1 

Most prisoners spend their time waiting in fear and terror, 

besieged by thoughts that prey on the minds of all pre-trial 

inmates. They wait impatiently for the verdict to come or in the 

meantime, for the sun to set in order to join the prisoners who 

have already been sentenced and have adjusted themselves to the 

rhythm of prison. 

Meknes, 1978 


Text design for Talk of Darkness, a 110-page Moroccan political prisoner’s memoir 


she was finally brought to trial and sentenced by the Rabat court 

to five years in prison for “conspiring against the security of the 

state” and distributing political tracts and posters. She served the 

remainder of her sentence at Kenitra Civil Prison from 1980 to 

1982, during which time she earned her licence (B.A. degree) in 

sociology. Also while in prison, she began her M.A. in sociology, 

earning her degree in 1990. 

From 1982 to 2005, El Bouih taught Arabic at Najd College, 

a Casablanca high school, while remaining active in the women’s 

movement. She is a founding member of Morocco’s first shelter 

for battered women and helped initiate the creation of special 

centers for victims of domestic violence encountered in hospitals 

and through the court system. She conducts regular visits to the 

women’s sections of Moroccan prisons and helped establish a 

nursery for the children of women detainees in Oukacha Prison, 

Casablanca. In 2001, she published her prison memoirs, Hadith 

al-‘atama, in Morocco to great acclaim. In addition, she is the 

author of numerous books and articles in French and Arabic, 

among them, Le tortionnaire en déroute (Rabat, 2001) and Atlasiyat 

(Casablanca, 2006). 

(19) 

The Autumn of a Life without Spring 

Fatima was a woman close to sixty. I first met her in June 1978 

in Laalou Prison in Rabat, where I had gone to take my secondyear 

oral exams in philosophy and sociology. The faculty of letters 

through which I was pursuing my studies was located in Rabat, 

and every year during exam time I was transferred to Laalou to be 

quizzed by professors, obviously under the watchful eyes of prison 

guards and police. When I met Fatima, she was spending her last 

night in prison. By then, both the woman and the prison were 

part of each other. The following day was the day of her release, 

a word that she had been yearning to hear throughout all the stages 

of her life spent in this world. Tomorrow she had an appointment 

with a world that yesterday had rejected her for seventeen years, 

a world that deprived her of the opportunity to raise her two sons, 

who were taken to an orphanage immediately after her arrest. 

I sat with her to draw wisdom from one who had 

accumulated experience in facing this frightening monster. 

A woman about to begin the seventh decade of her life, a 

woman with traces of the beauty characteristic of Jbala women 

still evident in her face—in spite of the passing years, in spite 

of the cloud in her blue eyes that stood for her years of weeping, 

in spite of the deep, frozen despair in her eyes, and her face about 

to explode with pain. You imagine, as you talk to her about the 

end of her prison term, that she has organized everything and 

prepared for every contingency. She will get on the first bus going 

there—there where everyone is and no one is; there where 

fingers will point and eyes will be averted because of her prior 

(1) 

Derb, the Secret Prison: 

“Or the Narrative of Suffering” 

Sun and sky and water and air, a delightful wide expanse that 

reminds me of this morning’s bath. There is no link between 

these two, the world of the bath and the world of Bou Regreg 

River, yet both call forth dreams. The first fills you with a powerful 

energy that drives your renewal; clouds of thick steam buffet you 

between different worlds from which flowing water delivers 

you. They purify not only the body but also the soul, you feel revived. 

The bath reconciles you to the body, and as a consequence, to the 

soul. The second is limitless. The infinite horizon delights me, the 

vastness of this world, the tempestuous feelings of liberty far from 

noise, humans, and restraints, where you swim in the dream, since 

dreams are essential to those who possess no power. Yet, an odd 

feeling of apprehension comes over me, muddying the clarity of 

my dream. Perhaps the source of this strange feeling comes from 

my fear of seeing the boat change direction under the force of a 

ferryman, who with one stroke of the oar could alter the course 

and kidnap me. 

At that moment I recalled what my father used to tell me 

whenever I woke up as a little girl terrified by a nightmare, about 

the many tales from A Thousand and One Nights that he would recount 

in the evenings when he felt relaxed, stories of kidnappings and 

abducted women and girls. My father would say, “These stories 

happened hundreds of years ago.” It never crossed his mind, God 

rest his soul, that they could happen again in our time. 

92 Fatna El Bouih 

Talk of Darkness 93 

transferred to. We noticed the female guards’ tears and the funereal 

atmosphere in the prison; we heard women detainees sobbing and 

crying. Due to the conditions in which the martyr Saida Menebhi 

had died, we were subjected to irregular measures throughout our 

stay there. Thus our hopes were dashed: our families were not 

allowed to visit us, and the administration did not acknowledge 

our presence in the prison to them, despite their contacting all the 

authorities. Our attorneys were not authorized to contact us, nor 

were we permitted to see the prison doctor. Worse, they isolated 

us—comrade Fatna El Bouih and me—from the others, not 

only in a separate cell but in a different ward as well, in order to 

eliminate any possibility of coordination. We were put in a single 

cell approximately six by three feet, one third of which was taken 

up by the toilet. We slept clinging to each other, with our feet in 

the toilet. They gave us three threadbare blankets: one to sleep on, 

one for a pillow, and one to cover ourselves. 

During the first days, we were fairly indifferent to the situation; 

we didn’t care about the biting cold, the humidity, and the stench 

in the cell because we were so happy to regain our right to see, 

speak, and sit. We spent the first day talking nonstop about the 

Derb and our private lives and activism before we got there. 

We kept talking about everything until we lost our voices for a few 

days; our vocal chords were rusty from months of inactivity—they 

couldn’t cope with our chatter. In the courtyard we were unable to 

open our eyes because they were no longer accustomed to sunshine. 

We demanded paper and pen; they refused us. We demanded 

contact with our relatives; they denied us. We spent the whole day 

in the cell, except for a half hour in the courtyard. We had no 

contact with the regular prisoners, and the women guards were 

not allowed to talk to us. One day, we caught the scent of a potato 

stew passing by our cell, and we rushed to the little peephole in the 

top of the cell door in order to see it and enjoy its delicious smell, 

but a female guard chided us as if we had committed a crime. 

After some time, we were transferred to the cell where the 

late Saida Menebhi and her comrades had been, and we stayed 

there until our transfer to Meknes Prison. All during this time 

our families knew nothing about us. We were transferred under 

irregular circumstances and in an atmosphere of terror. We were 

transported in military trucks, accompanied by countless police 

cars and a helicopter, while an enormous number of guards 

stood holding machine guns to our heads, even though we were 

handcuffed and blindfolded. When we arrived at the prison, an 

untold number of guards and policemen in all sorts of uniforms 

were there to greet us. 

The five of us (later a sixth comrade would join us) were put 

in one cell with beds and clean blankets. We felt like we were in a 

five-star hotel. The moment we met with our families was a rebirth 

for us, despite the double grill separating us. My father, may God 

have mercy on him, made the women guards cry: he never missed 

a visit, and his tears never dried until I left prison two and a half 

years later. Then came the moment when we met our attorneys, 

namely Abderrahim Jamai, of the Moroccan Bar Association, and 

Abderrahman Benameur and Nezha Alaoui, who never stopped 

visiting, supporting, and backing me up throughout this period. 

We were isolated from the regular prisoners, with the door 

firmly locked except for the half hour a day we spent in the groundfloor 

courtyard when the other prisoners had gone back to their 

cells, so that no contact could be established between us. One day, a 

prisoner opened the courtyard door while we were there and began 

to scream and wail. We stood dumbfounded. Later she told us that 

the administration had been spreading stories about us: that we 

were dangerous male criminals for whom there was no room in the 

men’s ward; or that our cell was occupied by she-devils. After about 

a year, we were depleted by the state of siege, too little time in the 

courtyard, and malnutrition. Therefore we started a hunger strike 

that lasted almost three weeks, and thanks to the strike we gained


Middle eastern studies | Poetry 

Jacket design for 212-page bilingual English/Turkish poetry book 

I’ve Learned Some Things allows english language readers the rare opportunity to 

experience the work of Ataol Behramo˘glu, one of Turkey’s most celebrated poets. 


The sixty-six poems in this collection span the author’s extraordinary career and are 

stunning examples of the intense emotional quality of his work. Behramo˘glu celebrates 

the rich fabric of everyday life by exploring both personal and social struggles, sometimes 

employing a whimsical note. 

Walter G. Andrews’s skillful translation conveys the vibrancy of Behramo˘glu’s work to 

an English language audience, and this bilingual edition allows Turkish language readers to 

follow the original text. 

ataol BehraMoglu, ˘ Professor of Russian Language and Literature at Istanbul 

University and a columnist for the newspaper Cumhuriyet, continues to write poetry as 

well as articles, criticism, travel literature, children’s stories, plays, and translations. 

WALTER G. AndREWs is Research Professor in near Eastern Languages and Civilization 

at the University of Washington and is also the director of the Ottoman Texts Archive 

Project (OTAP). He has authored numerous articles selecTed and books on poems Ottoman literature 

and has translated several volumes of Ottoman and Turkish aTaol poetry, behramoGlu ˘ 

including Seasons of the 

Word: Selected Poems of Hilmi Yavuz. 

Middle eastern studies | Poetry 

I’ve Learned Some Things allows english language readers the rare opportunity to 

experience the work of Ataol Behramo˘glu, one of Turkey’s most celebrated poets. 

The sixty-six poems in this collection span the author’s extraordinary career and are 

stunning examples of the intense emotional quality of his work. Behramo˘glu celebrates 

the rich fabric of everyday life by exploring both personal and social struggles, sometimes 

employing a whimsical note. 

Walter G. Andrews’s skillful translation conveys the vibrancy of Behramo˘glu’s work to 

an English language audience, and this bilingual edition allows Turkish language readers to 

follow the original text. 

ataol BehraMoglu, ˘ Professor of Russian Language and Literature at Istanbul 

University and a columnist for the newspaper Cumhuriyet, continues to write poetry as 

well as articles, criticism, travel literature, children’s stories, plays, and translations. 

WALTER G. AndREWs is Research Professor in near Eastern Languages and Civilization 

at the University of Washington and is also the director of the Ottoman Texts Archive 

Project (OTAP). He has authored numerous articles and books on Ottoman literature 

and has translated several volumes of Ottoman and Turkish poetry, including Seasons of the 

Word: Selected Poems of Hilmi Yavuz. 

Other titles available in the Modern Middle east literatures TranslaTed in translation by 

series 

WalTer G. andreWs 

Fortune Told in Blood by davud Ghaffarzadegan (Iran) 



Orpheus by nazli Eray (Turkey) 

****************************** 

Code Type: EAN Version A 


The Director Order #: P45054-001 and Other MAG: 1.00 Stories from Morocco by Leila Abouzeid (morocco) 

P.O. #: 

BWA: 0.0025 

Ordered By: 




Date Run: 7/10/08 

Flexo Width: 0.0000 

� 

Folktales from Syria collected by samir Tahhan (syria) 

A Mansion in the Sky by Goli Taraghi (Iran) 


Whatever Happened to Antara by Walid Ikhlassi Customer: 3479-CTR. (syria) FOR MID. EAST. STUDIES 

Order #: P45054-001 

P.O. #: 

They Die Strangers by mohammad Abdul-Wali Ordered By: (Yemen) 


Date Run: 7/10/08 

Passage to Dusk by Rashid al-daif (Lebanon) 

� 

The Waiting List by daisy al-Amir (Iraq) 

The Year of the Elephant by Leila Abouzeid (morocco) 

Other titles available in the Modern Middle east literatures in translation series 

Fortune Told in Blood by davud Ghaffarzadegan (Iran) 



Orpheus by nazli Eray (Turkey) 

The Director and Other Stories from Morocco by Leila Abouzeid (morocco) 

Folktales from Syria collected by samir Tahhan (syria) 

A Mansion in the Sky by Goli Taraghi (Iran) 

Whatever Happened to Antara by Walid Ikhlassi (syria) 

They Die Strangers by mohammad Abdul-Wali (Yemen) 

Passage to Dusk by Rashid al-daif (Lebanon) 

The Waiting List by daisy al-Amir (Iraq) 

The Year of the Elephant by Leila Abouzeid (morocco) 









I’vE LEARnEd sOmE THInGs ataol BehraMoglu ˘ 

****************************** 

MAG: 1.00 

BWA: 0.0025 






I’vE LEARnEd sOmE THInGs ataol BehraMoglu ˘ 

selecTed poems 

aTaol behramoGlu ˘ 

TranslaTed by 

WalTer G. andreWs

viii contents 

contents ix 

III Turkey, my unhappy Land, my LoveLy Land 

62 Through Those Poor, unliT sTreeTs 

63 Şu YoKsul, iŞiKsiZ soKAKlArDAn 

1981 (Yaşadıklarımdan Öğrendiğim Bir Şey Var, s. 79) 

64 PregnAnT WomAn’s song 

65 geBe KADinin TÜrKÜsÜ 

1981 (Kızıma Mektuplar, s. 161) 

68 The Poor mAn’s morning song 

69 YoKsulun sABAh TÜrKÜsÜ 


70 The song of Time PAssing 

71 AKiP gİDen ZAmAn TÜrKÜsÜ 


72 schoolroom ADvice AnD resPonse 

73 oKulDA ÖĞÜTler ve YAniTlAr 


74 song To soDAs 

75 meŞruBAT TÜrKÜsÜ 


76 (from) leTTers To mY DAughTer 

77 “KiZimA meKTuPlAr”dan 

november 20, 1983 (Kızıma Mektuplar, s. 191–193) 

82 When fAceD BY love 

83 sevgİnİn ÖnÜnDe 



Text design for I’ve Learned Some Things, a 212-page bilingual English/Turkish poetry book 


84 BABies Don’T hAve nATions 

85 BeBeKlerİn ulusu YoK 


86 TurKeY, mY unhAPPY lAnD, mY lovelY lAnD 

87 TÜrKİYe, ÜZgÜn YurDum, gÜZel YurDum 


Iv a Summer paST 

92 AugusT guesT 

93 AĞusTos KonuĞu 


94 evening sorroW in counTrY ToWns 

95 TAŞrA KenTlerİnDe AKŞAm KeDerİ 


96 i’ve forgoTTen hoW mY moTher’s fAce looKeD 

97 unuTTum, nAsilDi Annemİn YÜZÜ 


98 Poem on The ThresholD of forTY 

99 KirK YAŞin eŞİĞİnDe Şİİr 


100 in PrAise of coWs 

101 İneKlere ÖvgÜ 


102 A summer PAsT 

103 geÇmİŞ YAZ 


8 AtAol BehrAmoglu ˘ I’ve le Arned Some thIngS 9 

Istanbul 

I’m drawing an Istanbul on my breast 

With my forefinger, butterfly-styled 

before the mirror as though I were a child 

Face and hair I caress. 

Of Kadıköy I recall some sort of seas 

Of shishli a solitary tram 

Of samatya, of sultanahmet I am 

Remembering the fig trees. 

I’m drawing an Istanbul on my breast 

With my forefinger, butterfly-styled 

look, I’m a little hopeless, a little tired 

I think I like my eyes the best. 

İstanbul 

Göğsüme bir İstanbul çiziyorum 

başparmağımla, kelebek biçiminde 

Çocukmuşum gibi aynanın önünde 

Yüzümü saçlarımı okşuyorum 

Kadıköy’den herhangi bir deniz 

tenha bir tramvay Şişliden 

samatya’dan belki sultanahmet’ten 

İncir ağaçları anımsıyorum 

Göğsüme bir İstanbul çiziyorum 

başparmağımla, kelebek biçiminde 

biraz umutsuzum, biraz yorgun işte 

En çok gözlerimi seviyorum 

I ThIs Love ends here 

A Brief Chronology of Significant Movements and 

Cultural Trends in the History of Modern Turkey 

and Turkish Poetry 

Chronology 

1789–1807 The reign of Sultan Selim III. Selim attempts to 

modernize the organization of the military. His spiritual 

advisor and supporter, the Mevlevi dervish master Sheyh 

Galip, writes his “Beauty and Love” verse narrative, 

summing up the mystical tradition of Jalaluddin Rumi. 

He faces the questions of how Ottoman spirituality, 

thought, and literary culture are going to adapt to the 

onset of a “modernizing” world. A conservative reaction 

by the Janissaries and their allies deposes the sultan, and 

disbands the Nizam-i Cedid (New Order) army. 

1808–1839 The reign of Sultan Mahmud II. The supporters of Selim 

bring an army to Istanbul too late to prevent his execution 

but they manage to put Mahmud II, another reformminded 

sultan, on the throne. Mahmud’s early attempts 

at reform are blocked by reactionary elements allied with 

the Janissaries. 

1826 Mahmud accomplishes the massacre of the Janissaries in 

Istanbul and the disbanding of Janissary units all over 

the empire. The beginning of a reform of Ottoman 

institutions, including the opening of a “translation 

office”—which trained Ottoman officials in foreign 

languages—an educational reform, and a restructuring 

of the bureaucracy.



Jacket design for re-printing of previously published book 

leila abouzeid, author of Year of the Elephant, has translated her childhood memoir into 

english. against the background of Morocco’s struggle for independence from French 


colonial rule, abouzeid charts her deeply personal journey through family conflicts ignited by 

the country’s civil unrest. 

leila abouzeid is the first Moroccan woman writer of lliterature to be translated 

into english. she began her career as a radio and tV journalist, and also worked as press 

assistant in government ministries and in the prime minister’s office. she is the author of two 

memoirs, a collection of short stories, and two novels. 


leila abouzeid, author of Year of the Elephant, has translated her childhood memoir into 

english. against the background of Morocco’s struggle for independence from French 

colonial rule, abouzeid charts her deeply personal journey through family conflicts ignited by 

the country’s civil unrest. 

leila abouzeid is the first Moroccan woman writer of lliterature to be translated 

into english. she began her career as a radio and tV journalist, and also worked as press 

assistant in government ministries and in the prime minister’s office. she is the author of two 

memoirs, a collection of short stories, and two novels. 

˘ 

˘ 

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Fortune Told in Blood by davud Women Ghaffarzadegan (iran) on a Journey by haifa zangana (iraq) 

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Orpheus by nazli eray (turkey) 

The Director and Other Stories from Morocco by leila abouzeid (Morocco) 

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center For Middle eastern studies 

uniVersity oF texas at austin 

return to childhood leila abouzeid 

Return to Childhood 

center For Middle eastern studies 

uniVersity oF texas at austin 

return to childhood leila abouzeid 

Return to Childhood 

The Memoir 

of a Modern 

Moroccan Woman 

Leila Abouzeid


middle easTern sTudies | ficTion 

Cover design for Arabic literature in translation 

The Puppet, a mythic tale of greed and political corruption, traces the 


rise, flourishing, and demise of a Saharan oasis community. aghulli, 

middle easTern sTudies | ficTion 

a noble if obtuse man who has been chosen leader of the oasis, 

hankers after the traditional nomadic pastoralist life of the Tuareg. 

he sees commerce (understood as including trade in gold, marriage, 

agriculture, and even recreation) as the prime culprit in the loss of 

the nomadic ethos. Thus he is devastated to learn that his supporters 

are hording gold. 

The novel’s title notwithstanding, the author has stressed repeatedly 

that he is not a political author. he says that The Puppet portrays a good 

man who has been asked to lead a corrupt society. The subplot about 

star-crossed young lovers introduces a Sufi theme of the possibility 

of transforming carnal into mystical love. The Puppet, though, is first 

and foremost a gripping, expertly crafted tale of bloody betrayal and 

revenge inspired by gold lust and an ancient love affair. 

The Puppet, a mythic tale of greed and political corruption, traces the 

rise, flourishing, and demise of a Saharan oasis community. aghulli, 

a noble if obtuse man who has been chosen leader of the oasis, 

hankers after the traditional nomadic pastoralist life of the Tuareg. 

he sees commerce (understood as including trade in gold, marriage, 

agriculture, and even recreation) as the prime culprit in the loss of 

the nomadic ethos. Thus he is devastated to learn that his supporters 

are hording gold. 

The novel’s title notwithstanding, the author has stressed repeatedly 

that he is not a political author. he says that The Puppet portrays a good 

man who has been asked to lead a corrupt society. The subplot about 

star-crossed young lovers introduces a Sufi theme of the possibility 

of transforming carnal into mystical love. The Puppet, though, is first 

and foremost a gripping, expertly crafted tale of bloody betrayal and 

revenge inspired by gold lust and an ancient love affair. 

IbrahIm al-KonI, who was born in 1948, is an award-winning arabic- 

language novelist, who has already published more than sixty volumes, and 

a russian-educated visionary who sees an inevitable interface between 

myth and contemporary life. a Tuareg, whose mother tongue is Tamasheq, 

he has been a resident of Switzerland since 1993. 

WIllIam m. huTchInS, Professor in the Philosophy and religion 


Department at appalachian State university, has translated numerous 

works of arabic literature into English, including those by the nobel Prize 

first 

laureate naguib mahfouz. 

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Date Run: 8/16/10 


IbrahIm al-KonI, who was born in 1948, is an award-winning arabic- 

language novelist, who has already published more than sixty volumes, and 

a russian-educated visionary who sees an inevitable interface between 

myth and contemporary life. a Tuareg, whose mother tongue is Tamasheq, 

he has been a resident of Switzerland since 1993. 

WIllIam m. huTchInS, Professor in the Philosophy and religion 

Department at appalachian State university, has translated numerous 

works of arabic literature into English, including those by the nobel Prize 

laureate naguib mahfouz. 

cEnTEr for mIDDlE EaSTErn STuDIES 

unIvErSITy of TExaS aT auSTIn 

THe PuPPeT ibraHim al-koni 

THe PuPPeT 

ibraHim 

al-koni 

See other publications in the series at: 

TranslaTed by William m. HuTcHins 



cEnTEr for mIDDlE EaSTErn STuDIES 

unIvErSITy of TExaS aT auSTIn 

THe PuPPeT ibraHim al-koni 

THe PuPPeT 

ibraHim 

al-koni 

TranslaTed by William m. HuTcHins

CharaCters 

Abanaban, chief vassal 

Aghulli, sage and leader 

Ahallum, warrior hero 

Amasis the Younger, a noble 

Asen’fru, tax administrator 

Chief Merchant, the man with two veils 

Emmamma, venerable elder 

Imaswan Wandarran, spokesman for the council of nobles 

She-Jinni, the Mute Soprano 

Tayetti, commander of anti-gold campaign 

Wretch, a young lover 


Text design for The Puppet, a 113-page Arabic literature in translation 

Design Programs: InDesign 

IntroduCtIon 

My starting point is the desert. As is inevitable with 

one’s birthplace, the desert buries enigmatic signs 

in the souls of its natives that slumber deep within 

and one day must awake. The signs that my Great 

Desert planted within me have made a poet of me, 

and a seeker after the truth of this world. 1 

Ibrahim al-Koni, who was born in 1948, is an international 

author with many authentic, salient identities. He is an awardwinning 

Arabic-language novelist who has already published 

more than seventy volumes, a Moscow-educated visionary who 

sees an inevitable interface between myth and contemporary life, 

an environmentalist, a writer who depicts desert life with great 

accuracy and emotional depth while adding layers of mythical and 

literary references the way a painter might apply luminous washes 

to a canvas, a Tuareg, whose mother tongue is Tamasheq, and a 

resident of Switzerland since 1993. Ibrahim al-Koni, winner of the 

2005 Mohamed Zafzaf Award for the Arabic Novel and the 2008 

Sheikh Zayed Award for Literature, has also received a Libyan state 

prize for literature and art, prizes in Switzerland, including the 

literary prize of the canton of Bern, and a prize from the Franco- 

Arab Friendship Committee in 2002 for L’Oasis cachée. 

After spending his childhood in the desert, al-Koni began his 

career writing for the Libyan newspapers Fazzan and al-Thawra. He 

then studied comparative literature at the Maxim Gorky Literature 

1. Ibrahim al-Koni from an interview conducted by his friend and German 

translator Hartmut Fähndrich, as translated from German into English by 

Rafaël Newman. Posted online at: http://www.swissworld.org/en/switzerland/ 

resources/why_switzerland/ibrahim_al_koni/. 

36 IbrahI m al-KonI 

The PuPPeT 37 

Why did they muzzle the mouth of anyone unable to keep still? 

Why did they forbid children to speak in the morning and allow 

them only a limited number of phrases during the remainder 

of the day? 

Some sages find these arrangements excessive, whereas others 

think them a necessary strategy to train children in self-control and 

to force them to bridle their avid tongues from the time they leave 

the cradle. Their first argument in favor of this inherited suspicion 

of speech affirms that the head cannot think while the organ in 

the mouth is moving. The more the tongue’s activity increases, 

the more sluggish the head becomes and the more its languor 

grows. The head’s languor afflicts the heart with a malady called 

death. It is a death, in these people’s opinion, much worse than 

departing from the physical world to the Spirit World’s realm, an 

event some other tribes call death. They decided that this detestable 

disease afflicting the heart is the true death. For this reason, 

they devised a mighty punishment for people dominated by the 

mouth’s organ and unable to refrain from chattering. They gagged 

these people’s mouths with scraps of linen or strips of leather in 

the first instance. If the wretches repeated the offense and people 

complained about their garrulousness, the authorities would stuff 

their mouths with wads of palm fiber. As they attempted to speak, 

their jaws crunched down on the fiber, injuring their tongues and 

mouths, which bled as they moved through the settlement. Despite 

the harshness of this punishment, many people were unable to 

prevent themselves from chattering. They would frequently raise 

their concern with the nobles or even the leader. They would say 

that speech is not a shortcoming that requires punishment, but 

rather a nomad’s right. The diviners—who sketched precepts for 

the tribes and decreed edicts saying that too much talk leads to a 

display of ignorance and that, where prattle abounds, prophecy 

disappears—did not merely restrain their own tongues, but took 

more life from their chests than they put in. The argument in favor 

of the tongue normally did not convince the wise, who reclaimed 

for themselves the charm, which priests had dictated, that speech 

repels prophecy. 

When fear of losing prophecy became a concern that worried 

the ancients, they searched for another antidote to treat such people. 

Then they devised a bit (called an asedras) to silence chatterboxes, 

even before they used it to wean kids from their mothers’ milk. 

They would pierce both jaws with fiery skewers the way they bored 

through a camel’s muzzle. Then they would deliberately insert a 

wood or iron bit that pressed down on the tongue, preventing it 

from pursuing its wicked mission. Some obstinate people felt that 

to restrict speech was to restrict life, but if these wretches insisted 

on moving that organ in their mouths, ignoring the pain this action 

caused, their mouthings would be inaudible or unintelligible, 

a ludicrous or disgusting, muffled raving. 

5 

As he traversed the northern alleys leading to the blacksmiths’ 

market, the din grew ever louder. 

The din. 

There are various levels of din in the oasis. 

There is the din of the markets, the din of boys, the din of 

women on the roofs of their homes, the din of the rabble who 

never stop quarreling, and another eternal din that resembles 

the rumble of distant thunder when clouds charge in from the 

north. The last is a mysterious, murky din reminiscent of the Spirit 

World’s call, heard in the murmurs of jinn tribes in the caves of 

Tadrart or Tassili. 3 

3. Tadrart Acacus and Tassili n’Ajjer, Saharan mountain ranges both 

recognized as UNESCO World Heritage sites because of the prehistoric 

rock art found there. 

R 

After that the Sovereign offered the throne to his northern friend He-Who- 

Does-Not-Know-Choice. He replied, “You, master, are eccentric! You once 

lived a humble life in the fields and now loiter in the sovereign’s palace. You’re 

not satisfied with that but wish to defile me with your filthy deeds. You don’t 

know how ashamed I feel for you.” 

Then he went and threw himself in the Ching Ling’s watery depths. 

R 

A final man to whom the world’s throne was offered responded, “You, my 

sovereign, asked for my advice when you planned the attack against Cleave- 

In-Two, wishing me to appear in the guise of a rebel. After your conquest 

over Cleave-In-Two, you come to me, offering to abdicate control over the 

world in order to satisfy a longing to make me appear greedy. It’s true that 

I was born in times of insurrection, but I cannot allow a man who lacks the 

Tao to defile me with his filthy deeds twice over.” 

Then the Conscript threw himself into the river Chou’s waters 

and drowned. 

The Ruler had recourse to the Sage of Dark Light, meaning to 

abdicate. . . . The latter said, “Seizing power is wrong. Killing one’s subjects 

is a desecration of the law of compassion. Committing a crime for personal 

gain makes one an ignoble person. I’ve heard that it’s inappropriate to enter 

the land of a man who lacks the Tao. So how can I allow others to honor 

me? Oh, I can’t take any more.” 

Then the Sage of Dark Light rose and, strapping a rock to his body, 

threw himself into the river Lu. 

Chuang Tzu, “Abdication,” The Book of Chuang Tzu, fourth century BCE 

The She-Jinni 

1 

Since its founding, the oasis has received many people, and 

clans from the desert’s four corners have settled there. Its walls 

have sheltered unknown wayfarers—most of them men but a 

few women as well. Some were excellent folks and others vile 

ne’er-do-wells. Among them were well-adjusted individuals; 

others conducted themselves in an eccentric way, exhibiting 

aberrant behavior. 

It is said that this difference in qualities and defects of natures 

was typical not only of the men of these nomadic races but 

also of some of the women. Informed sources agree that Waw 

never experienced a creature more seditious or one who aroused 

greater agitation and curiosity than the lone female traveler whom 

narrators called the Mute Soprano. 

Local history buffs say she arrived from the south and entered 

Waw at twilight, through the Oases Gate. Her timing fed the 

conviction that this visitor had no ties of kinship with the desert’s 

people and was instead a she-jinni and the daughter of the Spirit 

World, because the tribe normally considered guests arriving at 

twilight to be jinn cloaked in human garb. The inhabitants of the 

oasis had inherited from their forefathers beliefs affirming that 

every creature that stirs at those frightening moments just before 

sunset is kin to the Spirit World’s inhabitants. 

She appeared alone, and no woman had ever arrived in the 

settlements of the oasis in this way before. By coming alone, she 

lent credence to the assertion, based on the soundest authority, that 

she was related to the noblest jinn. Unlike all the foreign women 

who had journeyed there before her, she was not accompanied by 

a spouse or relatives or attended by slaves or female servants. 

86 IbrahI m al-KonI 

The PuPPeT 87 

behind indifference, then the exile, which is multiplied and threatens 

to endure, struggles against the banished man’s death agony. 

He smiled mischievously beneath his veil and surrendered to 

the expanse the way dry weeds surrender to the wind’s assault or 

the way straw yields to an unruly flood. He abandoned himself 

to allow the naked land to lead him to any country it wished. 

He allowed himself to become the naked land’s pawn, because he 

knew that the noble wasteland would never renege on a covenant 

made with a person who surrendered himself as its hostage. 

He had learned that—from time immemorial—progress through 

the desert has been like swimming through water, like floating in 

the spring-fed ponds of oases. You must relax and give your body 

totally to the water if you want to stay afloat. In the desert, too, 

arrogant people who act obstinately succumb. In the desert those 

who think they have been granted enormous knowledge and who 

therefore debate and resist will perish. The desert takes vengeance 

on this group with its labyrinth. The other group, those who 

surrender control to the wasteland and seek the desert’s protection 

against the desert, survives. 

10 

His assumption was not mistaken. 

At midday, the labyrinth suddenly fell away and he found 

himself overlooking the lip of an expansive, deep valley. The side 

from which he had approached was a very high, mountainous cliff, 

and the far side of the valley was too distant for him to see. In the 

flat land at the bottom he not only observed dense trees, which 

twisted through gentle valleys that curved as they ran south, but 

caught sight of areas covered with plentiful, intensely green grass. 

These spread along the borders of the clefts in magnificent swaths 

and encroached on the sides of the gentle valleys that branched 

off from the main valley, the far side of which was out of sight. 

Exile died, and paradise came into view. 

With the skill of a Barbary sheep, he descended from the craggy 

summit, and the scent of flowers, moisture, and fresh grass greeted 

his nostrils. Overcome by a trancelike vertigo, he thought about 

the miraculous desert clouds that baffle even the most cunning 

shepherds—where they originate, how they collect, what route 

they follow, where they empty their load, or in which sky they 

then dissipate. These experts not only do not understand the 

clouds’ nature but are amazed by their ability to flaunt the law 

of the seasons, because they pay no attention to whether it is winter 

or summer, spring or fall. They hold back in winter when people 

expect them, denying their blessing, while generously bestowing 

their rainfall in a season when sunshine is at its most searing, as 

in summer. Thus aged shepherds clap their hands together to 

announce their incompetence when they exclaim, “Not even the 

wiliest diviner can predict the course of the desert’s rains.” 

The paradise where the immortal wasteland ended, the paradise 

that appeared suddenly in the abyss at his feet, was also a gift 

of the uncanny desert clouds. 

11 

He roamed through his paradise for days and nights. In the 

low-lying lands across the gulches leading down to the ravines, 

he plucked the fruits of this paradise. He found delicious truffles 

that made him forget his banishment and propelled him into 

kingdoms that one rarely reaches, sees, or even contemplates. 

In the valleys he ambushed lizards, hunted hares, and gathered 

eggs from birds. 

On the mountainous cliff faces he located caverns that 

contained pools flooded with running water.

This conference is co-sponsored by: 

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies; 

The College of Liberal Arts; 

The Society of Iranian American Women for Education; 

The Institute for Historical Studies; 

The History Deptartment; and 

The Department of Middle Eastern Studies 

For additional information or assistance, email kim.giles@austin.utexas.edu 

All photographs public domain at: 

http://www.fouman.com/history/Iran_Historical_Photographs_Gallery.htm 

Front cover: Tehran Post office, 1940 

Inside Front cover: Mosaddegh Majles, 1952 

Back cover: Persian International Orchestra, 1948. 

Page 1 Background: All Nation Representatives presenting gifts to the 

Shahanshah, stairs in Persepolis, 70 B.C. Photographs left to right: 

Hakim Omar Khayyam’s Mausoleum in Neishabour at Night; 

Khorramshahr Sacred Defense Museum Martyrs 

Page 2 Background: 1979 Demonstrations. Photographs left to right: Abadan 

Institute of Technology; Tehran Milad Tower Construction; Tehran 

Bazaar, 1970’s. 

Page 3: Background: Bicycle Riders, Yazd. Photographs left to right: Googoosh 

Performing Live; Dowlatabad Garden, Yazd. 

Page 4 Background: Young Mohammed Reza Shah’s first plane ride, with 

visiting American professor Wendell Willkie, 1942; Photograph: 

Isfahan at night. 

Page 5 Background: 1979 Revolution. Photographs left to right: Iranian girl 

and boy during the revolution; Azadi Square Tower. 

The University of Texas Department of and Center for Middle Eastern Studies 

Iranian Nationalism Conference Program Back and Front Cover 


Cover Paper Stock: 130 lb. Cougar Cover Smooth 

Interior Paper Stock: 80 lb. Cougar Text Smooth 

Rethinking 

iRanian 

2 & 3 

April 2010 

nationalism 

middle eastern studies 

the university of texas at austin

The study of Iranian nationalism has undergone significant changes 

during the past decade. As older paradigms of culture and society have 

given way to new critical and theoretical insights, a trend within the 

historiography of modern Iran has begun the task of questioning the 

received assumptions and conceptual habits long defining the history 

of modern Iran. Marked primarily by a shift away from perspectives 

that reified its object of knowledge, shared its selfsame assumptions, 

and which was traditionally written from within the ideological 

parameters of nationalism, the newer approach to the history of Iranian 

nationalism has instead sought to engage theoretical, conceptual, and 

comparative perspectives derived from the wider fields of nationalism 

studies, social history, literary theory, and postcolonial studies. 

The result is an emerging nascent approach within the field of Iranian 

studies which has already shed new light on the making of modern 

Iranian nationhood. 

This conference brings together scholars broadly engaged in this new 

scholarship. The goal is to share ongoing research, to combine efforts, to 

chart new areas of analysis, and collectively to rethink the historiography 

of Iranian nationalism. 

The five panels focus on: 

• Centers, Peripheries, and National Identities 

• Imagining Iran: Ideology & Historiography 

• Islam and Nationalism 

• Ethnicity, Gender, and Subaltern Identities 

• Transnational and Comparative Studies 

• Revolution, Nationalism, and the Islamic Republic 


Iranian Nationalism Conference Program Interior Layout 




presenters 

Kamyar Abdi, Associate Professor, Science and Research University in Tehran 

Kamran Scot Aghaie, Associate Professor, The University of Texas at Austin 

Wali Ahmadi, Associate Professor, University of California, Berkeley 

Camron Amin, Professor, University of Michigan, Dearborn 

Ali Anooshahr, Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis 

Touraj Atabaki, Professor, University of Leiden 

Talinn Grigor, Assistant Professor, Brandeis University 

Hanan Hammad, Assistant Professor, Texas Christian University 

Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet, Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania 

Mana Kia, Doctoral Candidate, Harvard University 

Brian Mann, Doctoral Candidate, The University of Texas at Austin 

Afshin Marashi, Associate Professor, California State University, Sacramento 

Afshin Matin-Asgari, Associate Professor, California State University, Los Angeles 

Farzin Vejdani, Assistant Professor, University of Arizona 

Haggai Ram, Associate Professor, Ben Gurion University of the Negev 

Monica Ringer, Assistant Professor, Amherst College 

Sussan Siavoshi , Professor, Trinity University 

Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi, Professor, University Of Toronto 

Negar Mottahedeh, Assistant Professor, Duke University 

Roxane Varzi, Associate Professor, University of California, Irvine 

Wendy DeSouza, Doctoral Candidate, UCLA 

Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi, Assistant Professor, California State University, Fullerton 

1 

saturday 3 april 

8:30 a.m. Panel 4: Ethnicity, Gender, and Subaltern Identities 

Fawn Shirazi, Chair 

Brian Mann 

The Khuzistani Arab Movement, 1941-1946: A Case of Nationalism? 

Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi 

Iranian Minority Girls’ Schools and the Construction of 

National Identity, 1800s-1940s 

Monica Ringer 

Iranian nationalism and Zoroastrian identity During the Pahlavi period 

10:15 a.m. Panel 5: Transnational and Comparitive Studies 

Kamran Scot Aghaie, Chair 

Haggai Ram 

East is East, West is West, and Never the Twain Shall Meet? Post-1979 Iran 

and the Fragile Fiction of Israel as a Euro-American Space 

Wali Ahmadi 

The Literary and the Political in the Poetry of the Iranian and the 

Afghan Constitutional Eras 

Hanan Hammad 

Relocating a Common Past: Islamic and Secular Nationalism(s) 

in Egypt and Iran 

12:00-2:00 p.m. Break for Lunch 

2:00 p.m. Panel 6: Revolution, Nationalism, and the Islamic Republic 

Hossein Haghshenas, Chair 

Talinn Grigor 

Enduring Nationalism: Royal Architecture after 1979 

Kamyar Abdi 

Iran’s Pre-Islamic Past Under Fire: Anti-Nationalism and Historiographic 

Pseudo-Deconstructionism in Contemporary Iran 

Roxane Varzi 

Figuring the Future: Portraiture and Nationalism in Post-War Iran 

Sussan Siavoshi 

Nationalism and the Construction of the “Other”: The Iranian 2009 

Post-Presidential Case 

Negar Mottahedeh 

Calling the Nation Into Being: A Comparison of the Unrest 

of 1953, 1978-79, and 2009 

4 5 

2 

friday 2 april 

8:30 a.m. Panel 1: Centers, Peripheries, and National Identities 

Moh Ghanoonparvar, Chair 

Touraj Atabaki 

Contesting Marginality: Ethnicity and Construction of 

New Histories in the Islamic Republic of Iran 

Mana Kia 

Persianate Community and the Land of Iran, 1722-1835 

Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet 

Mapping Iran: Nationalism and Ethnic Narratives in the Borderlands 

10:15 a.m. Panel 2: Imagining Iran: Ideology & Historiography 

Jason Brownlee, Chair 

Ali Anooshahr 

Fascism, Nazism, and the Orient: The Case of Franz 

Babinger and Walther Hinz 

Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi 

Visualizing Iran 

Afshin Marashi 

Imagining Hafez: Rabindranath Tagore in Iran, 1932 

Camron Amin 

An Iranian in New York: An Iranian Journalist’s Description of the 

Non-Iranian on the Eve of the Cold War 

12:15–2:00 p.m. Break for Lunch 

2:00 p.m. Panel 3: Islam and Nationalism 

Afshin Marashi, Chair 

Afshin Matin-Asgari 

The Corbin Circle and the Construction of an Islamic Nativist 

Critique of the West 

Farzin Vejdani 

The Place of Islam in Interwar Iranian Nationalist Historiography 

Kamran Scot Aghaie 

Putting the Nation Back at the Center of Nationalism: 

The Case of Religious Nationalism in Iran 

Wendy DeSouza 

Mystical Scholarship and Scholarly Mysticism: Preliminary Thoughts 

on Race, Nation and Exoticism in French Iranology 

3


Iranian Nationalism Conference Poster 


Paper Stock: 130 lb. Cougar Cover Smooth 

Rethinking 

iRanian 

2 & 3 

April 2010 

nationalism 

This conference brings together scholars broadly engaged in questioning 

the received assumptions and conceptual habits long defining the history 

of modern Iran. The goal is to share ongoing research, combine efforts, 

chart new areas of analysis, and collectively rethink the historiography of 

Iranian nationalism. 

The six panels and speakers are: 

q Centers, Peripheries, and National Identities, Fri 8:30 

Touraj Atabaki, University of Leiden 

Mana Kia, Harvard University 

Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet, Univ. of Pennsylvania 

q Imagining Iran: Ideology & Historiography, Fri 10:15 

Ali Anooshahr, University of California, Davis 

Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi, University of Toronto 

Afshin Marashi, California State University, Sacramento 

Camron Amin, University of Michigan, Dearborn 

q Islam and Nationalism, Fri 2:00 

Afshin Matin-Asgari, California State University, LA 

Farzin Vejdani, University of Arizona 

Kamran Scot Aghaie, The University of Texas at Austin 

Wendy DeSouza, UCLA 

q Ethnicity, Gender, and Subaltern Identities, Sat 8:30 

Brian Mann, The University of Texas at Austin 

Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi, California State University, Fullerton 

Monica Ringer, Amherst College 

q Transnational and Comparative Studies, Sat 10:15 

Haggai Ram, Ben Gurion University of the Negev 

Wali Ahmadi, University of California, Berkeley 

Hanan Hammad, Texas Christian University 

q Revolution, Nationalism, and the Islamic Republic, Sat 2:00 

Talinn Grigor, Brandeis University 

Kamyar Abdi, Science and Research University in Tehran 

Roxanne Varzi, University of California, Irvine 

Sussan Siavoshi, Trinity University 

Negar Mottahedeh, Duke University 

This conference is co-sponsored by the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 

the College of Liberal Arts, the Society of Iranian American Women for 

Education, the Institute for Historical Studies, the History Deptartment, and 

the Department of Middle Eastern Studies. 

For more information, email kim.giles@austin.utexas.edu 

Free and open to the public 

AT&T Conference Center 

Classroom 202 

8:30a.m.– 4:00p.m. 



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newsletter | 2011-2012 

the university of texas at austin 


2011-2012 Newsletter promoting department events and faculty accomplishments 




10/19/11 12:34:21 PM 

The Times They Are a-Changin' 

Views of the Arab Spring 

Like many of our colleagues around the world, those of us at MES The Arab Spring protests have given those of us who work to undermine 

spent a lot of time in front of the television earlier this year, watching widely held stereotypes a new tool to create a deeper understanding of 

the latest developments in the so-called Arab Spring unfold. With the questions around Middle Eastern politics, religion, and culture. The fact that 

fall of three of the Arab world’s longest-ruling dictators (Tunisia’s Ben the protests have largely not been religiously motivated; the demographic 

Ali, Egypt’s Mubarak, and Libya’s Qaddafi), political unrest in Syria and trends and economic issues underlying the social tensions in each of these 

Yemen that has those respective regimes tottering, political reforms countries; the differing paths and degree of success of the various revolts; 

underway in Jordan and Morocco, and a new strategic regional role for the sophisticated use of social media and the reflection of protest demands 

Turkey, we wanted to pause for a moment to consider how the events and values in music and other cultural forms—all of these give us new 

of 2011 may impact the fields related to Middle Eastern studies. and striking talking points against common arguments asserting the 

incompatibility of Islam and democracy, for example, or the “backwardness” 

We polled academics, alumni, and friends who focus on the region for of Middle Eastern culture, or assumptions that the Middle East is monolithic, 

their reactions to the following prompt: How will the popular uprisings and that everything about life in the region is motivated by adherence to 

and regime changes affect the broader fields in Middle Eastern studies (not extreme and often violent versions of Islam. 

only MES, but Islamic studies, history, language studies, etc.)? How will this 

change the paradigms and frameworks in which we work? What effects do ~ 

you hope the political changes in the Arab world will have, even if it’s too 

early to tell whether those hopes will become reality? 

The Arab Spring highlighted a Middle East that is global and interconnected. 

Before, I had been asked earnest questions about whether Egyptians rode 

Here's what they said: camels everywhere. Now, it’s common knowledge that Egyptians have 

access to the Internet, and that they communicate with Facebook and 

Twitter. Granted, they may still think that Egyptians ride camels everywhere, 

but they now know they’re texting while driving! 

The Institute for Communication 

on Media and the Middle East 

MES 

2 

In April, the University of Texas at Austin cultural understanding. ICOMME, under the 

hosted a symposium on digital media and able leadership of Karin Wilkins (Professor, 

political transition in the Middle East. The Department of Radio-TV-Film, and Associate 

keynote speaker, Jon Alterman (Director Director, Center for Middle Eastern Studies) 

and Senior Fellow, Middle East Program, will work to remedy this situation. 

Center for Strategic & International Studies), 

presented a talk entitled “The Revolution Will The Institute seeks to facilitate positive 

Not Be Televised: Social Media, Broadcasting, change by supporting scholarship, promoting 

and Political Mobilization in the Arab World” outreach to public and campus communities, 

and discussed the ways in which protestors in and dialoging with media industry 

the Arab world used social media to organize professionals. In the coming months and 

protests during the Arab Spring, and how in years, ICOMME will hold lectures for the 

turn social media interacted with television faculty, staff, and students of the University 

to produce mass political mobilization. of Texas (award-winning journalist and 

filmmaker Anthony Shadid will visit in the 

This event proved quite successful and spring of 2012), as well as for the general 

inspired the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, public, funding will be made available for those 

the Department of Radio-TV-Film, and the graduate students researching media and the 

School of Journalism to collaborate on the Middle East, events will be held that target 

creation of the Institute for Communication K–12 teachers, and an awards ceremony 

on Media and the Middle East (ICOMME). will celebrate news coverage and films that 

present a holistic view of the region. 

All too often, the popular media present the 

peoples of the Middle East through a very As ICOMME and the faculty of the Center for 

narrow lens, devoting little time to their Middle Eastern Studies, the Department of 

cultures and historical contexts. Violent acts Radio-TV-Film, and the School of Journalism 

are sensationalized and privileged, leaving the engage with journalists and the community, 

viewer or reader with a misinformed view no doubt the Institute will achieve its goal of 

of the region. This skewed perspective only creating a more informed public. m 

further entrenches stereotypes about the 

Middle East and fails to promote any sort of 

MES 

8 

~ 

For example, the London riots vs. the Cairo protests—the recent protest 

in front of the Israeli embassy in Cairo seemed to echo what happened in 

The Arab Spring will create better readers of our academic work. Whatever London more than the protests of Tahrir, in my book. What are the interests 

we write, it will be read by a lay public ten times more sophisticated than of the various groups involved, and why are they clashing? Where might 

the most knowledgeable readers of 2009—which, in turn, makes it easier they coincide? 

for us to justify our work as academics. 

~ 

~ 

“Arab nationalism” means common political goals, not unification. We will 

I would say the Arab Spring has made it easier to dispel Orientalist notions finally lay to rest this colonial-era concept of the region as divided into 

(which have been much more universal since 9/11) where students are nation-states which are in some way intrinsically “different.” It is clear to 

concerned. The very first week of classes this semester coincided with the even the most hardened that political dynamics cross borders without a 

week after the tenth anniversary of September 11. I had assigned some proposal for unity. 

readings on Orientalism (Said and Bernard Lewis) to my Intro to Islam 

students. At the end of that week, the whole idea was brought home by ~ 

asking what an Orientalist could/would say of Islamic culture as stagnant and 

static after the Arab Spring and Summer. We could compare and contrast Just as there was a significant increase in interest in Middle Eastern 

these hypothetical responses with those given by current Orientalists. studies after 9/11 as a critical security need, I suspect the Arab Spring will 

also increase interest. Only this time, the interest will come from civically 

engaged persons all over the world trying to improve their societies through 

~ 

participation in democratic movements. m 

I hope we’ll put the Middle East into more of a global context—by looking 

at universal reasons for agitation vs. reasons specific to a particular locality. 

New Paradigm for 

m iddle e asterN s tudies 

studyiN g middle easterN cultures BeyoN d B orders 

MES 

3 

Students and faculty 

with visiting lecturers 

Hoda Barakat, Samuel 

Shimon, Khaled Mattawa, 

and Adonis. 

Middle Eastern Studies is instituting significant and exciting changes linking various aspects of Middle Eastern cultures through a set of 

in both its undergraduate and graduate degree programs. In the past, broad themes, and will showcase MES faculty as guest lecturers 

students could either pursue an interdisciplinary major in MES, an throughout the semester. “Engaging the Middle East” is a capstone 

undergraduate major in Islamic Studies, or a language-specific major in course that will allow MELC majors in the last year of their studies to 

Arabic, Hebrew, or Persian, with Turkish available at the undergraduate synthesize and share with each other their knowledge of the Middle 

level. As of the 2012–2013 academic year, the language-specific majors East. It will provide students with the opportunity to read and think 

will be replaced by a new, more flexible major in Middle Eastern critically about seminal works, and to design and undertake a major 

Languages and Cultures (MELC). This new degree plan will better research project that draws on their work in the course as well as on 

meet the needs of our students by offering them the opportunity to their studies as a whole and their language skills. 

focus their studies in accordance with their particular interests. In 

addition to providing more flexibility in designing a course of study, This new major constitutes a substantive change for MES’s 

and allowing us to incorporate new language offerings in the future, undergraduate major offerings and, more broadly, reflects the 

this new degree plan will also allow those who wish to study more forward-thinking approach our students and faculty take to the study 

than one Middle Eastern language—a trend on the rise among our of the Middle East. The MELC major, in acknowledging the diversity 

students—to do so. Students can also study literature in different of student needs, will allow students to choose between a language/ 

traditions, in the original or in translation. The new model will also linguistics track or a literature/culture track and thereby tailor 

encourage us all to look beyond the boundaries of language and nation their studies to their interests. The MES major remains in place for 

that sometimes obscure our view of the Middle East as a region with students who wish to study the Middle East within an interdisciplinary 

a shared past, present, and future. 

framework that includes the social sciences. In addition to these two 

majors, MES will continue to offer the Islamic Studies (ISL) major. 

On the undergraduate level, the new MELC degree emphasizes the 

acquisition of a Middle Eastern language as well as cultural studies, At the graduate level, the new MELC configuration gives MA and PhD 

with particular strengths in literature, material culture, art history, students much-needed flexibility in choosing areas and languages of 

and music. This approach complements the interdisciplinary MES study, and allows MES to highlight its strengths, such as comparative 

major that requires courses in the separate areas of social science, Middle Eastern literatures, linguistics, the Ancient Near East, and 

history, and arts/humanities that take the Middle East as the region of Islamic Studies, and promote disciplinary study across languages. 

focus. The biggest difference between the two undergraduate majors, 

though, is that MELC will require two completely new core courses: Students interested in the Middle East thus have a wide range of 

a lower-division survey course, “Gateway to the Middle East,” and options that will permit them to explore the region. We are proud 

an upper-division capstone course, “Engaging the Middle East.” The of these innovations and our position at the forefront of Middle 

first of these, “Gateway to the Middle East,” is structured thematically, Eastern studies. m 

MES 

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11/8/10 1:07:51 PM 

Mesopotamian myths and the Hebrew Bible, specialty is comparative linguistics, so I work 

Jo Ann Hackett and John Huehnergard Ugarit is another place you find them. That’s with Hebrew, Arabic, Ugaritic, and I teach 

arrived at MES over the summer from Harvard why it’s made such a huge impact on Biblical ancient Babylonian, among others. They’re all 

University, where they taught for over twenty studies. It [Ugarit] was found in 1928, and I part of one language family. One of the things 

years. Christopher Rose sat down with them to think it’s been dug ever since—the kinds of I do is study how they’re similar and how 

ask about their academic interests, what drew religious literature are similar enough to the they’re different. The languages in a language 

them to Texas, and their plans to create a new Hebrew Bible to have made a whole lot of family come from a common ancestor, so 

Semitics program. 

dissertations comparing the two! 

another thing I do is try to work out what 

that ancestor looked like, and that can be 

I also do ancient women’s studies. We don’t used in turn to trace population movements. 

have journals from ancient women, so On the Semitic language side, the language 

what you have to do is educate yourself in that I work with the most is Akkadian, which 

Q: Tell us about your research interests 

and your specializations. 

Jo Ann: I teach the Hebrew of the Bible, 

and I also teach about the Bible in academic 

terms. My specialty is inscriptions—the more 

ancient the better—in Hebrew, Canaanite, 

and Ugaritic. I’ve also worked on late 

Phoenician colonial inscriptions, which are 

called Punic, that are mostly child sacrifice 

inscriptions, which are gruesome. 

John: There are not very many texts in 

Ancient Hebrew, apart from the Hebrew 

Bible, so any little bit that we find 

is important. 

A ConversAtion with Jo Ann hACkett And John huehnergArd 

Jo Ann: . . . and we don’t find very much. I modern women’s history and anthropology is an umbrella term for a number of early 

mean, the things that John does, we find from around the world. We do have a lot of languages: Assyrian, Babylonian—the people 

zillions of them, but we find very few in material from the Middle Ages, so we can go of ancient Mesopotamia who wrote in 

Hebrew. But we can also trace the Hebrew, back that far, and then you take all of this and cuneiform, whose languages turned out to be 

Phoenician, and Aramaic inscriptions back to apply it to Israelite and Canaanite women related to Hebrew and Arabic. 

the beginning of the alphabet, which seems from the Biblical era, to the extent that we 

now to have been about 2,000 BCE. 

have women in the Bible. 

I’m also interested in ancient Mesopotamian 

history, and, as Jo Ann said, we have at least 

A lot of the myths—and I’ve also done a Q: John, what about you? 

a million cuneiform texts, so we know a lot 

lot of work in myths and mythology—from 

about the history. I’m teaching a course on 

Ugarit have their counterparts in the Hebrew John: I think of myself primarily as a linguist, ancient Babylonian history next year. I’m 

Bible. Just as you find parallels between so I study languages for their own sake. My getting back to that, and it’s just fun. 

ArAbic house 

The success of UT’s distinguished Arabic Flagship 

Program (AFP) is due in part to the many 

ways language learning is encouraged 

outside of the classroom: language 

partners, guest lectures, films, 

and BBQs, to name a few. The Arabic 

Flagship Program’s newest endeavor 

takes language learning to a new level: 

a cooperative, Arabic language living 

community. With a freshman, a grad 

student, and everything in between, 

eleven students of Arabic are living 

under one roof with the commitment 

to learn from and with one another. 

MES 

4 

Daily life in arabic 

Arabic House is a truly unique experience; 

the residents of the house are living their 

normal lives, just in Arabic. From the moment 

they wake up until the lights go out—while engaging 

in such varied activities as cooking communal dinners, 

tending an herb garden, downloading music and making YouTube 

videos, studying for Arabic class, and smoking hookah on the patio 

(often done in conjunction with studying!)—the residents speak in 

Arabic. This not only improves their listening and speaking skills, but 

it also creates a relaxed atmosphere where anxiety from speaking a 

foreign language seems to disappear. Resident Kaylea Box explains, 

“The Arabic home environment makes language learning more 

comfortable and less intimidating, which I feel opens the door to 

using the language more and developing as a confident speaker.” 

Simulating StuDy abroaD 

The residents are dedicated to the exploration of intellectual, 

social, and cultural life in the Arab world, creating an Arabic living 

environment without having to leave the country. The residents 

teach and learn from each other with their mix of varying levels and 

dialects of Arabic and experiences with different Arab cultures. The 

house simulates aspects of study abroad while conveniently located 

in Hyde Park. 

MES 

8 

community 

Residents also find camaraderie and 

solidarity in living with fellow students 

of Arabic. George Kimson, a freshman 

in third-year Arabic, explains, “Living 

at Arabic House has provided me 

with a fantastic language support 

system at home; I’m living 

with people who have all, at 

some point, experienced the 

same frustrations and challenges 

that I experience while learning 

Arabic.” 

eventS 

The newly furnished, spacious 

duplex with large front and back 

yards also provides the community 

of Arabic scholars in Austin a space for 

celebrating Arabic culture and language. 

The Arabic Flagship has invited University faculty, 

administrators, and guests such as artists, authors, and 

musicians to Arabic House. Since its opening in August, the house 

has hosted a dinner with University faculty, staff, and funders, as well 

as a large welcome BBQ. 

the arabic flagShip program 

AFP is shaping language learning outside the classroom at UT, and 

Arabic House is just one of the many new projects it has initiated 

and supported. Resident Charley Peterson shares her experience, 

“It’s a really great feeling to be part of the UT Arabic Flagship 

community because it is never stagnant. It is always innovating and 

trying to find new ways to make Arabic education better, and you get 

to be part of this collaborative process. At the UT Arabic House you 

even find incredible opportunities to meet and talk to the people 

who are pioneering this nationwide initiative to create a group of 

youth that are culturally competent and fluent in Arabic.” For more 

information about Arabic House, please visit the Web site at: www. 

utarabicflagship.org/index.html. —Anita Husen m 

It’s also interesting because it [Mesopotamia] John: We weren’t looking for a job; we were sequence. Every student is going to read 

is where Iraq is now and it’s important to never on the market . . . 

through the Hebrew Bible in four semesters. 

look at . . . 

No one is going to leave here feeling that 

Jo Ann: This all happened so quickly—we their Hebrew is worse when they leave than 

Jo Ann: . . . how similar it is to now . . . were asked down here, and the place totally it was when they arrived, which we have seen 

won us over. 

in other places. 

John: . . . it’s true! I was telling someone the 

other day that we have lots of texts from John: . . . and I should add here that UT wasn’t We’re also very interested in Semitics—of 

the time of Hammurabi, and it’s taken a long an unknown. Everybody knows about UT’s course John and Na’ama are big on Semitics, 

time to figure out the power structure. In Middle East department; it’s got a famous but there are no jobs in Semitics, so we’re 

the city, they had a king and the royal court, linguistics department. We also know some hoping to convince people who do Semitics 

but outside the city, things weren’t run by other people—from my work on writing that they need to do some Bible stuff, 

that government. They were basically run by systems—the Mesoamerican Center is here, so that they have a selling point on the 

local shaykhs. 

the big anthropology department, the classics job market. 

department. This was not a downward move; 

I’ve read recently that Saddam Hussein, and it was a lateral move for us. 

John: We will be almost automatically a 

probably the current Iraqi government as 

huge Semitics program. Between us and 

well, dealt with those local shaykhs . . . Jo Ann: I want to stress that we didn’t the huge Arabic program—it’s hard to beat 

come here thinking, “Well, we want to that combination. There’s a lot of student 

Jo Ann: The king of Jordan had to do that leave Harvard.” 

interest—we’re already having a lot of 

as well . . . 

people e-mail us—but there really aren’t 

John: No, not at all. We knew Na’ama that many places that one can go with a 

John: . . . right, the bifurcation in Jordan. Who was very happy here, and we talked to degree in Semitics. So, what we’re trying to 

does the average person give their loyalty to? Esther, and the Dean, and it was clear that put together is a program in Biblical Studies, 

The king or the president? Or the local tribal there was a real interest in expanding the where there is a much larger market for 

leader? It’s interesting. 

humanities, and that people really cared. doctoral students. 

We really felt appreciated. 

Another big interest of mine is the world’s 

We’re excited about this. We came from a 

writing systems. I study cuneiform, Egyptian Q: What is it that you want to accomplish leading program in our field. Maybe fifty to 

hieroglyphs, Hebrew, and I teach a graduate now that you’re here? 

one hundred people applied to the doctoral 

course on the world’s writing systems. 

program at Harvard each year, and we think 

Jo Ann: I have, for many years, been part of we can get that here. 

Q: What drew you to Texas? 

a Bible program that I would change radically 

if I had the power. And now [laughs] I have Jo Ann: We’re both excited about 

Jo Ann: Well, John’s recent student Na’ama the power! We’ve outlined a Hebrew Bible/ undergraduate teaching, too. Before I went 

[Pat-El] was here, and very happy here. She Ancient Near East doctoral program for to Harvard, I taught a lot of undergraduates, 

said that Texas was hiring, and John laughingly Middle East Studies within the Hebrew and we’re looking forward to getting back 

said, “Do you want to hire a couple of old Program that we’re putting forward. 

to that. 

folks?” And she asked Esther [Raizen], and 

Esther asked the Dean, and they had us down. One of the selling points of our program We’re both very happy here already, and we 

This all came together very quickly. 

is that we’re going to have a four-semester can’t wait to get started. m 

MES 

5 

AdvAnced persiAn 

summer lAnguAge institute 

On June 3, the Center for Middle Eastern Studies launched the first Persian movies and documentaries and discussed the content 

ever Advanced Persian Summer Language Institute offered at the with our classmates. Then, we either had a writing lab or group 

University of Texas. Funded by Title VI grants through the University conversation with our instructors and teaching assistants. In these 

of Texas’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies and the Western writing labs, we revised our assignments from the week. Our 

Consortium of University Centers of 

instructors would provide guidance 

the Middle East, the Persian Institute 

regarding our errors by indicating the 

provides those students at the Advanced 

nature of the problem (for example, 

and High-Advanced levels an experience 

spelling, syntax, verb tense, grammar, 

rivaled only by time spent at an Iranian 

etc.), and then—as a class but with our 

university. To achieve this goal, a ten- 

instructors’ assistance—we discussed 

week program was developed, focusing 

what the problem could be and worked 

on improving students’ skills in speaking, 

to correct it. This helped us learn how to 

writing, listening, and reading. 

recognize errors and correct our writing 

assignments more effectively. Group 

I had the opportunity to participate in 

conversion is another key aspect of the 

this inaugural session of the program. As 

program; during these meetings, we 

a PhD student in Middle Eastern history, I’m no novice to intensive discussed new and different topics unrelated to our classes—this 

summer language programs: over the years, I have enrolled in seven gave us the opportunity to learn new words and put to use the 

of them (four in Arabic, three in Persian). UT’s Persian Summer analytical vocabulary that we were being taught in our other classes. 

Institute is among the best I’ve experienced because it combines We participated in a range of activities: from conversing on such 

a very structured program of courses with activities that reinforce controversial social topics as gun control and gay marriage to solving 

language skills. 

word games designed to help us build vocabulary skills. 

The ten weeks of the program were quite intense, with six hours of In addition to the above class activities, we also had individual 

classes each day (and, of course, several hours of required homework conversation sessions with our instructors—two sessions of thirty 

every night). We began our mornings with two classes. Those of us at minutes each week. Further, cultural activities designed to teach us 

the Advanced level took “Urban Youth Culture in Iran” and then either a bit about Persian life and culture while improving our speaking 

“Iranian Film and Cinema” or “Iranian Revolutionaries and Reformists.” and listening skills were scheduled every Friday. Professor Faegheh 

The High-Advanced class studied “Religion and Society in Iran” and Shirazi hosted a luncheon for us at her home and taught us about 

then either “Iranian Film and Cinema” or “Iranian Revolutionaries and Persian rugs, and Professor M. R. Ghanoonparvar, who is a renowned 

Reformists.” The classes were comprehensive—each included weekly author of several Persian cookbooks, gave a cooking demonstration 

short presentations and writing tasks, in addition to various reading where we all learned how to make the famous Persian dish fesanjoon. 

and listening assignments and spirited discussion. 

We also took lessons on calligraphy, Persian music, and went on an 

outing to Hamilton Pool. 

In my experiences with other summer language programs in 

the United States, it can often be difficult to find opportunities to The University of Texas’s Advanced Persian Summer Language 

practice speaking and listening skills; summer programs often focus Institute provides a unique opportunity for those seeking to improve 

predominately on reading. That’s where the program here at UT their Persian language skills and fills a gap in Persian instruction in 

is different—every afternoon we participated in activities that the United States. The effectiveness of the program is obvious in 

specifically focused on the more active skills of writing and speaking. the great strides the participants made—some improving as many as 

Each day we had an hour of media activities where we watched three levels on the ACTFL scale. —Christine Baker m 

MES 

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Remembering 

BJ 

Honoring the life and work 

of Elizabeth Warnock Fernea 

The MES community was deeply saddened by the death of University of Texas. BJ was hired as a Senior Lecturer in 1975 in both 

Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, Professor Emerita of Comparative the Comparative Literature Program of the English department and 

Literature and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. She was later promoted to full 

at Austin, on December 2, 2008, after a long illness. Known as Professorship in 1990. While BJ retired from teaching in the spring 

“BJ” to friends and family, Mrs. Fernea’s interest in and passion of 1999, she continued to be active as Professor Emerita for the rest 

about the Middle East, especially with regard to women’s issues, of her life. During her long career, BJ was the recipient of numerous 

was clear to anyone who had the opportunity to work with her grants, awards, and honors, and also served as president of the 

during her forty-year career as a writer, lecturer, professor, and Middle East Studies Association of North America from 1985 to 1986. 

filmmaker. She served as an energetic, enthusiastic champion of 

the Middle Eastern Studies program at UT for many decades. Over the course of her forty years in Austin, BJ authored a number 

of books, some autobiographical—such as A View of the Nile 

A graduate of Reed College in Oregon, BJ’s initial exposure to the (1970) and A Street in Marrakech (1975)—others more scholarly 

Middle East came through trial by fire when she accompanied her in nature, including the edited volumes Middle Eastern Muslim 

husband on his doctoral field study to the village of al-Nahra in Women Speak (co-edited with Basima Qattan Bezirgan, 1977), 

southern Iraq from 1956 to 1958. In her bestselling ethnographic Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change 

memoir, Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village (1965, (1985), In Search of Islamic Feminism: One Woman’s Global Journey 

reprinted in 1969 and 1989), BJ recorded how she was able to navigate (1998), and Remembering Childhood in the Middle East (2002). 

the spheres of the village women, areas where her husband was She also co-authored two publications with Robert Fernea: The 

unable to go. After Robert Fernea obtained his doctorate from the Arab World: Personal Encounters (1985, reissued as The Arab World: 

University of Chicago, the couple moved to Cairo, where two of their Forty Years of Change in 1997), and Nubian Ethnographies (1991). 

children were born. 

In addition to her prolific career as an author, BJ produced several 

The Ferneas arrived in Austin in 1966, when Robert assumed the films about the Middle East, including Saints and Spirits (1979), 

directorship of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) at the Reformers and Revolutionaries: Middle Eastern Women (1984), 

MES 

2 

Letter from the Chairs Department 

Chair Esther 

Greetings! We open this newsletter with a joint message, which Raizen, left 

encapsulates the transitional nature of this year, as I, Esther, 

and Associate 

balance my time between Middle Eastern Studies (MES) and my 

Chair Kristen 

duties as Associate Dean in charge of Special Projects, and I, 

Brustad, right. 

Kristen, assume the positions of Associate Chair and Graduate 

Studies Advisor, devoting my attention primarily to curricular 

issues, advising graduate students, and mentoring junior faculty. 

As we write, the College of Liberal Arts is struggling with one hosted many international scholars: two Schusterman Scholars 

of the most difficult financial periods in its history, as millions of in Israel Studies, Elisheva Rosman-Stollman and Eran Zaidise; 

dollars must be cut from the budget over the next five years. a Fulbright scholar from Turkey, Songül Ata; five Fulbright 

We in MES are confident that we can meet this challenge while Language Teaching Assistants (in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, 

preserving and even enhancing the quality of our programs, and Yoruba); and four visiting scholars in Arabic, Mohamed 

and can emerge from the lean years successful and strong. Abdelsalam, Dina Hosni, Dina Naim, and Nahla El-Senousy. 

We now have four large grants that support our instructional 

mission. In addition, we continue to seek out new sources of Over the past year we have also increased the number of 

support, and many of our faculty are engaged in massive grant students in our programs: between the Department and 

writing efforts. Some of these proposals are for projects involving the Center, we now have 158 undergraduate majors and 62 

student research funds that will help us sustain the excellence graduate students, which positions us as one of the largest 

of our graduate program. We will also teach an increased area studies units on campus. In other student news, twenty 

number of Signature Courses for the School of Undergraduate MES graduate students presented papers at national and 

Studies—these courses start UT students’ academic experience international conferences, which is a strong indication of the 

with top faculty teaching intellectually rigorous classes—and our quality of our student body. 

participation will give us an opportunity to attract new students 

to our programs, and will provide a steady stream of revenue MES’s Arabic Flagship Program has had a productive year 

for graduate student and faculty support. 

as well. This June it inaugurated the Summer Institute, with 

first-, second-, and third-year classes. We plan to build on the 

Our biggest curricular development this year will be the success of this program next summer with a Modern Hebrew 

adoption of intensive language instruction for all our institute and an Advanced Persian institute. 

modern languages, allowing students to reach Intermediate 

proficiency and fulfill their language requirement in one year. As we look ahead, we are confident that the instructional 

This model has been developed by the Arabic program and has models we develop for our languages will draw national interest 

resulted in a phenomenal number of high proficiency scores as institutions of higher education struggle with budget cuts 

across the board. The curricular shift will allow us to channel and seek new ways of delivering foreign language instruction. 

more resources to advanced and specialized language and We will continue our rigorous graduate training, and look 

culture courses that will target majors, honors students, and forward to a new generation of students assuming high-profile 

other highly motivated students, further enhancing the quality academic positions and joining our faculty in leadership roles 

and reputation of the programs. 

in their fields. 

2008–2009 was an excellent recruitment year for MES. Jo MES will be moving to the new Liberal Arts Building, 

Ann Hackett and John Huehnergard arrived from Harvard, which is slated to open in 2013. The building, which will host 

and, together with our own Na’ama Pat-El, are developing a number of humanities and social science departments in the 

programs in Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East at College, will create synergies that are expected to bring multi- 

both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Hope Fitzgerald disciplinary collaboration to new levels, with MES right in the 

returned to her alma mater as Arabic Lecturer. We also center of the action—where we belong! m 

BJ Fernea 

(2nd from right) 

with film crew 

in Cairo, 1980s. 

MES 

1 

The Struggle for Peace: Israelis and Palestinians (1992), The Road to Peace: A joint plenary session with the 6th annual Graduate Comparative 

Israelis and Palestinians (1994), and Living with the Past (2001). 

Literature Symposium, “Postcolonial Actualities Past and Present,” 

featured Emily Apter (New York University). 

Conference 

In BJ’s honor, a number of university units came together to sponsor A roundtable comprised of Basima Bezirgan, Annes McCann-Baker, 

“Guests of BJ: A conference honoring the life and work of Elizabeth and Robert Fernea closed the conference, and the crowd of over 100 

Warnock Fernea” in October 2009. The conference featured a panel people was invited to offer their own reminiscences of Mrs. Fernea. 

made up of speakers who knew BJ, both of her own generation and 

the younger generation of scholars whom she mentored. Anthology 

After her passing, donations were made to a memorial fund in honor 

The structure and overall tone of the conference were somewhat of BJ, which the Center for Middle Eastern Studies is planning to 

challenging for the organizing committee. As CMES Director Kamran use to publish an anthology of women’s literature in translation from 

Aghaie said in his welcoming remarks, “We struggled with the fact the Middle East. Annes McCann-Baker, former editor of the CMES 

that BJ herself would have thought a conference all about her was a publications series and longtime collaborator with BJ Fernea, is 

silly idea.” Instead of assembling panels to extol the virtues of Fernea’s selecting and editing pieces for the anthology. The volume is intended 

work, the committee asked panelists to speak about the academic for use in world literature survey courses both at the high school and 

areas in which BJ worked—women and gender, film and popular undergraduate levels. 

culture, and literature—and to present original pieces of research. 

In this way, the conference both reflected BJ’s academic interests and We at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies fondly remember 

honored her work, while helping to move the scholarship forward. Elizabeth Fernea as a friend and colleague who created a warm, 

dynamic environment for visiting scholars, fostered an open forum 

The conference opened with a Cairo-themed panel featuring Fernea’s for the discussion of Middle Eastern women’s issues, and helped to 

longtime friend Caroline Williams (College of William & Mary), and forge an international reputation for the University of Texas’s Middle 

a keynote address by Samia Mehrez (American University in Cairo). Eastern Studies program. m 

MES 

3

t org. 

e Paid 

. 391 

exaS 




Newsletter cover and two spreads from 16-page 2008-2009 MES department newsletter 





The Art of 

Translation 

In the United States, translations make up only a small percentage 

of the books published each year, and very few of these are from 

the Middle East. But translators have been working steadily over 

the years to alter this picture. Among their ranks is Department 

of Middle Eastern Studies Professor M. R. Ghanoonparvar, 

translator of the recently published Fortune Told in Blood, by 

Davud Ghaffarzadegan. With over thirty years of experience, 

Ghanoonparvar is well qualified to discuss the hurdles that 

translators must overcome in order to bring works of literature 

from the Middle East to an English-speaking audience. 

First of all, translators must carefully choose what to translate, and 

to do this they must “be very aware of the culture from which they 

translate.” In his experience, Ghanoonparvar has found that stories 

with universal themes are the best choice and he points out that 

“translation is also a promotion of culture so try to bring things 

into the target language that open a window to that culture…that 

enrich the target culture.” A translator doesn’t just translate words 

from one language into another, but also culture. 

The actual process of translating is itself fraught with complicated 

decisions. “Theoretical questions regarding how a text should 

be translated vary. The proponents of one extreme argue that 

a translation should reflect the original language as literally 

MES 

8 

M. R. Ghanoonparvar draws 

from culture when creating 

his works of translation. 

as possible, while those on the other extreme believe that a 

translation should read as though it had originally been written in 

the target language (in this case English) and need not be a literal 

translation.” Ghanoonparvar has found that striking a “happy 

medium” between these two schools of thought has served his 

translation projects well. 

While translating a book from one language to another is no 

easy feat, finding a publisher, especially for a project from the 

Middle East, presents an even greater challenge. Translations 

have never been particularly popular with the U.S. market, and 

English-language audiences have tended to be “culture-centric,” 

preferring to read about the Middle East from the perspective 

of an American or British author. However, Ghanoonparvar 

feels the situation has improved in recent years. The continuing 

political focus on the Middle East has spurred an interest in 

literature from the area. And while big trade houses may still 

be hesitant to consider translations, academic publishers, who 

have been an outlet for works from the Middle East for years, 

have begun to step up production. Ghanoonparvar cites CMES’s 

publications program, which has actively published literature 

in translation from the Middle East for twenty years, as a key 

publisher in this recently expanding market, a trend which he 

hopes will continue. m 

Letter from the Director 

It’s an exciting time for the Middle Eastern Studies program. East Studies Association of North America (MESA) in 

Looking back through archives, it seems as though every Washington, DC. 

letter from the director that opens our newsletter begins 

with that statement, but this year that statement seems to One of our primary goals over the past few years has 

have a particular poignancy. 

been to diversify the sources of our funding. Although 

we continue to receive federal funding under the Title 

The graduate program is undergoing substantive revisions VI program, Congress has not substantially increased 

that should lead to exciting changes in the years to allocations for the program in many years. Fortunately, our 

come. Over the past few years, the program has become efforts are beginning to bear fruit. 

significantly more competitive. We now only admit students 

who have previously studied Middle Eastern languages, In addition to the large number of new grants that have 

and most have studied language for three or four years. been awarded to the broader UT Austin Middle Eastern 

Even with this new requirement, we are able to admit only Studies program, we have made a concerted effort to build 

the best and brightest applicants. We have also added an relationships with the community and other organizations. 

additional year of language study to the degree plan. We have cosponsored a number of conferences and public 

events with The Raindrop Foundation and the Turkish 

New grant programs have allowed us to substantially community. The Society of Iranian-American Women 

increase the amount of funding for graduate students in our for Education in Houston has, for the past two years, 

various graduate programs. For the first time, we are able co-sponsored a series of lectures on Iranian studies and 

to admit students with the promise of multi-year funding. provided scholarships for students focusing on Iran. The 

For the past three years, MES graduate students have been Binah Yitzrit Foundation will donate $10,000 over two years 

encouraged to pursue the study of more than one Middle to establish a new publications series in Israel studies. 

Eastern language as part of our new dual language track. This 

unique direction produces well-rounded professionals and As we look to the future, MES is poised to become one 

has grown to include ten students. We have also initiated of the best externally funded programs within the College 

the process to implement a new dual degree program in of Liberal Arts (a rare feat for a unit focused on the 

Middle Eastern Studies and Global Policy Studies with the humanities and social sciences). We continue to explore 

LBJ School of Public Affairs. We hope to admit the first new partnerships and avenues for funding, all with the end 

applicants to that program in 2010. 

goal that has served us well since our founding nearly fifty 

years ago: producing highly skilled professionals working in 

Finally, the caliber of our program is reflected in the fact fields related to the Middle East, and top scholars who will 

that twenty-three University of Texas graduate students serve as the next generation of experts on the modern 

will present papers at the 2008 conference of the Middle Middle East. —Kamran Scot Aghaie 

Greetings from Egypt! I have been 

privileged to participate in the Arabic 

Flagship Program both domestically 

at the University of Texas and now 

here in Alexandria, Egypt. This overseas 

component of the program sends students 

for a year to live, study, and immerse 

themselves in Egyptian culture. 

Although I had spent a summer abroad in 

Syria, I was excited to have a full year to 

immerse myself in the language, culture, 

and customs of Egypt. I have always 

believed that immersion is incredibly 

important for language acquisition. This is 

especially true for Arabic, because to be 

fluent in the language, you have to have a 

working knowledge of Modern Standard 

Arabic (the language of mass media, most 

books, and university teaching) as well as 

the local dialect. 

Upon our arrival in June, the program 

quickly introduced us to the Egyptian 

dialect through our program of study 

in both Modern Standard Arabic and 

Egyptian dialect. We also had language 

partners with whom we met for oneon-one 

sessions four times a week 

to help us familiarize ourselves with 

the Egyptian dialect outside of a class 

CMES 

3 

If a picture is worth a thousand words, 

what is actually 

being there 

worth? 

setting. The fall program has continued 

the summer courses, but adapted the 

schedule, as we are also attending a 

regular course at the University of 

Alexandria with Egyptian students as 

well as participating in an internship. I am 

working on a project with the Library of 

Alexandria to document the influence of 

different ethnic and religious groups on 

Alexandrian cuisine. My job is to go to 

popular restaurants around Alexandria 

and interview the owners and chefs 

about what makes their food uniquely 

“Alexandrian.” It’s a rather tasty job! 

Although as a native Texan I was slightly 

disappointed to find that Tex-Mex has 

never made it into the Mediterranean 

fusion of Alexandrian cuisine. 

As a self-confessed history nerd, I find 

Egypt fascinating. Much of Alexandria’s 

ancient history has disappeared 

through the ages, but the unique blend 

of Mediterranean, Egyptian, and Islamic 

influences that distinguishes Alexandria 

from the rest of Egypt remains strong. 

The program has also taken care to 

introduce us to the rest of Egypt in 

excursions that are both culturally 

relevant and breathtakingly beautiful. 

In addition to a trip to Cairo (where 

MES 

9 

the Pyramids of Giza earned their title 

as a Wonder of the World), we also 

ventured to the Sinai Peninsula to see 

Mount Sinai and the amazing coral 

reefs. The program plans to round out 

our adventures around the country by 

taking us to the desert oasis of Siwa, 

as well as a trip south to see Luxor, 

Aswan, and the Valley of the Kings. 

These trips, while certainly providing 

beautiful scenery, also allow a glimpse 

into the ancient history of which 

Egyptians are so proud. In fact, they are 

so proud of Egypt’s status as an ancient 

civilization that they have a nickname 

for Egypt, Umm ad-Dunya, or Mother 

of the World. 

As I reflect on my time here and look 

forward to the second half here in Egypt, 

I am excited about the linguistic progress 

I have made, as well as the insights I have 

gained into Egyptian culture. After living 

in the university dorms for the summer, 

I moved in with an Egyptian family and 

am enjoying it immensely. I am incredibly 

grateful that I have had this experience 

and opportunity to live, study, and travel 

in Egypt, and I know that I will continue to 

benefit from this experience and treasure 

it for my entire life. —Adrienne Dunlap m

The UniversiTy of Texas aT aUsTin 

MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES 


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Design Programs: InDesign + Photoshop Paper Stock: 130 lb. Cougar Cover Smooth 




MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES


The UniversiTy of of Texas Texas aT aUsTin 




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The UniversiTy of Texas aT aUsTin MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES

g Center 

2010–2012 

Graduate 

Student 

handbook 

for 



The University of Texas at Austin 

Department of Middle Eastern Studies 

Designer: Kristi Shuey | Writer: Kim Dahl 

Graduate Student Handbook 


Paper Stock: 100 lb. Cougar Cover Smooth 

Dual language Track 

(four for MeS/law) and are particularly suited to students interested in 

Overview 

professional careers. Students enrolled in a joint program must fulfill all 

degree requirements for the Ma in Middle eastern Studies as well as the 

4 

The Dual language Track promotes advanced study of arabic, Hebrew, 

Persian, and/or Turkish. The program requires that students complete two 

upper-division or graduate courses in each of two Middle eastern languages. 

Students with prior advanced study of one of the above languages are best 

suited for the Dual language Track. all other degree requirements as outlined 

above remain the same. 

requirements of the second degree. To do so within the time constraints 

of the degree, dual-degree students often take a 12-hour course load each 

semester and/or summer courses, when available. Dual-degree students 

should work carefully with advisors in both programs to ensure all 

requirements are met. cMeS offers the following dual-degree programs: 

5 

Time to Completion 

Business Administration 

This three-year, 80-hour program combines advanced business studies with 

The Dual language Track is designed for completion within three academic 

years. Summer study may be required for timely graduation; this will depend 

upon the student’s level of proficiency in the languages to be studied upon 

entering the program. 

language study and coursework on the Middle east. The program is intended 

to provide qualified students with the skills and perspectives needed to work 

effectively in business related to or in the Middle east. The dual degree was 

developed in response to the growing need for business specialists with a 

Funding 

thorough understanding of Middle eastern politics and cultures. Students in 

While cMeS does not offer funding specifically designated for Dual 

the MeS/MBa program will complete the MeS degree requirements for an 

language Track students, participating students are not penalized for 

Ma with report. 

enrollment beyond the second year and remain eligible for funding 

Journalism 

during the third year of study. 

Students in the MeS/J program will typically complete 66 hours of coursework 

Application procedures 

over three years of study. The program prepares students to serve as 

Students should apply to the Dual language Track at the end of their first 

professional communicators reporting on and analyzing the people, politics, 

semester of study at cMeS. The application consists of the following: 

and cultures of the Middle east. Students in this program will complete the 

y application form 

MeS degree requirements for an Ma with report. 

y Statement of purpose describing the relevance of the languages 

Radio-Television-Film 

to be studied to the student’s academic and professional plans 

This program combines interdisciplinary studies on the Middle east with 

y Two letters of recommendation 

rTF’s Media Studies program in three years of study and 57-63 hours 

y Three-year course plan outlining the completion of all cMeS and 

of coursework. Students apply their knowledge of the Middle east to 

Dual language Track requirements in six to nine semesters. 

investigations on the globalization of media, cultural media studies, and 

These materials must be submitted to the graduate advisor for approval. 

gender and ethnicity in media, among other topics. Students may complete 

If not approved, a student is must complete the standard MeS master’s 

degree in two years. 

either the Ma with thesis or the Ma with report. 

Information Studies 

Dual Degree PrograMS 

This three-year, 73-hour program combines training in information studies 

with the study of the cultures and societies of the Middle east and north 

In addition to the Ma in Middle eastern Studies, cMeS offers seven dual 

africa. The program’s aim is to train professionals who apply an understanding 

degrees that allow students to combine professional programs with their 

of the region to expertise in information architecture, librarianship, or 

studies at cMeS. These joint programs are structured so that students 

preservation of cultural records. Students in the MeS/InF program will 

can earn two advanced degrees simultaneously in three academic years 

complete the MeS degree requirements for an Ma with report. 

Glossary 

Cross-listing 

a listing of a course in another department’s course schedule. 

Academic review 

Cross-listings are designated under the course details in the 

a review of a student’s progress to the degree conducted by the 

Course schedule with the phrases ‘same as’ or ‘meets with.’ 

graduate coordinator, advisor, director, and/or graduate studies 

Dual-degree program 

committee. a preliminary review of each student is conducted 

an agreement between two programs to allow simultaneous 

each semester. In-depth reviews are conducted when warranted. 

enrollment of graduate students and, in some cases, overlap of 

28 Academic year 

requirements. 

29 

Consecutive fall and spring semesters; does not include summer. 

Full-time status 

Adds/drops 

Enrollment in at least nine hours of course credit. required for 

adjustments to course registration during the designated add/ 

most funding, employment, and financial aid. 

drop period published in the Course schedule. 

Good standing 

Assistant instructor (AI) 

status of students who are not on scholastic probation, 

a student academic employment position requiring a student to 

suspension, or dismissal. 

teach a lower-division undergraduate course with guidance from 

Graduate advisor 

a faculty member. 

Faculty advisor for graduate students. 

Bump-up 

Graduate coordinator 

To take an upper-division course for graduate credit by 

staff assistant for graduate students. 

completing additional graduate-level coursework. 

Graduate Degree Planner 

Concentration course 

an online degree-planning system that allows students and 

a course related to the student’s thesis/report topic. Two or four 

advisors to track degree progress and submit or approve 

concentration courses are required to complete the master’s 

proposed schedules. 

degree in Middle Eastern studies. 

Graduate research assistant (GRA) 

Conference course 

a student academic employment position requiring a student to 

an individual or small-group study course that is published in 

conduct research directly related to the degree program under 

the course schedule (and on the student’s transcript) without a 

the supervision of a faculty member. 

specific topic, instructor, or meeting place and time. 

Graduate Studies Committee 

Course Schedule 

a committee of tenured and tenure-track faculty that establishes 

a list of courses offered for each semester, published online by 

departmental policy and graduate degree requirements. 

the office of the registrar. The Course schedule includes course 

In-residence 

numbers, titles, instructors, and meeting times and locations, as well 

Courses completed at the University of Texas at austin. 

as information on prerequisites, restrictions, and cross-listings. 

Long semester 

Credit hours 

Fall or spring semester. 

Units of credit granted towards the degree and the number of hours 

Lower-division 

per week that a class meets. Credit hours are designated by the first 

Undergraduate courses taught at the freshman- and sophomore- 

digit of a course number (e.g., MEs 381 is a three-hour course). 

level; numbered x00 to x19. 

Office of Graduate Studies (OGS) 

The administrative division of the Graduate school.

d undersTanding 

problems facing our country 

rrorism to minimizing global 

eliminating the scourge of 

oung person to learn more 

s, and languages.” 

olin Powell 

Secretary of State and 

Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff 

n with the Global WOT, 

well as regional and cultural 

f life and death.” 

Murray 

of Intelligence Community’s 

Language Program Office 

e more resources to what has 

elements of national power 

f the military- from diplomacy 

t and assistance, institutioncations, 

and more.” 

ert gates 

y of Defense 

acT 

Thiering 

am Coordinator 

dle Eastern Studies 

ilding 1.110 

-1927 

austin.utexas.edu 

depts/mes/lcp/rotc-lcp.php 

DENTS AND STAFF ON LOCATION 

Rotc 

Language and 

cuLtuRe PRoject 

the univeRsity of texas at austin 

The ROTC Language and Culture Project (LCP) 

at The University of Texas at Austin provides 

instruction in and exposure to the languages 

and cultures of critical world regions. Our focus 

is on Persian- and Arabic- speaking communities 

but we also support other critical languages such 

as Chinese, hindi and Urdu, Korean and yoruba. 

The LCP aims to cultivate a deeper understanding 

of these cultures among UT’s ROTC students in 

an effort to enrich their military, professional and 

personal experiences. Such cultural and linguistic 

awareness will prepare our Cadets and Midshipmen 

to connect with local communities in the course of 

their military and professional careers. 

The University of Texas at Austin ROTC Language and Culture Project 

Designer: Kristi Shuey | Writer: Christine Thierring 

TuToring and culTural evenTs 

LCP students have the option of working with a mentor 

for tutoring to help them develop their listening and 

speaking skills and provide more individualized help 

throughout the academic year. This increases their 

exposure to different dialects and provides an entry 

into the target culture. 

During the year, the LCP hosts a range of events to 

create opportunities for cultural discussion and training 

for all service members at UT. Our Cultural Colloquia 

series over lunch are popular and well attended. 

eligibiliTy for The lcP 

language and culTure ProjecT 

All currently enrolled Cadets and Midshipmen in good 

standing with the University (including crosstown Cadets) 

are eligible to participate in LCP activities and programs. 

Active duty personnel affiliated with UT’s ROTC programs 

are encouraged to participate in all activities, but are not 

eligible to receive funding through the LCP. 

service sPecific roTc 

language scholarshiPs 

In addition to the LCP, each service encourages language 

and culture studies through language scholarships: 

m CLIP B (Critical Language Incentive Pay) is available 

for qualifying, contracted Army Cadets who are 

enrolled in a critically-needed language class 

m Air Force Express scholarships are available for 

cadets majoring in a critically-needed language 

m LREC (Language Skills, Regional Expertise and Cultural 

Awareness) scholarships for Navy Midshipmen who 

major in a critical-need foreign language, or approved 

regional or cultural studies major 

Eligibility requirements vary. Talk with your recruiting officer 

for more information. 

Why Study A criticAl lAnguAge? 

m Your country needs you: be better prepared to serve 

in a critical region 

m Acquire language and cultural proficiency which 

translates directly into mission success 

m Distinguish yourself and gain a competitive edge 

among fellow students 

m Receive mentoring, individual instruction and 

specialized support 

m Receive funding for selected aspects of your 

study and secure higher pay upon commissioning 

m Fulfill your degree plan’s language requirement 

in a critical language 

m Train under our world class faculty 

m See the world: become an ambassador of goodwill 

m Enrich your experience with extracurricular 

experiences such as culture colloquia, movies, and 

other cultural activities 

criticAlly needed lAnguAgeS 

Subject to further instruction from the Undersecretary for 

Readiness and Defense, these are the languages that the 

Language and Culture Project currently funds: 

m Middle Eastern and Central Asian languages such as 

Arabic, Pashto, Persian and Turkish 

m Asian languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Hindi/ 

Urdu, Korean and Vietnamese 

m African languages such as Yoruba, Hausa and Wolof 

m And other less-common languages 

Trifold brochure advertising the ROTC Language and Culture Project at the University of Texas at Austin 


crucial Knowledge and undersTanding 

m “To solve most of the major problems facing our country 

today- from wiping out terrorism to minimizing global 

environmental problems to eliminating the scourge of 

AIDS- will require every young person to learn more 

about other regions, cultures, and languages.” 

gen. colin Powell 

Former Secretary of State and 

Former Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff 

m “Given what’s going on with the Global WOT, 

understanding languages as well as regional and cultural 

norms could be a matter of life and death.” 

laura Murray 

Director of Intelligence Community’s 

Foreign Language Program Office 

m “We as a nation must devote more resources to what has 

been called ‘soft power,’ the elements of national power 

beyond the guns and steel of the military- from diplomacy 

to economic development and assistance, institutionbuilding, 

strategic communications, and more.” 

dr. robert gates 

Secretary of Defense 

conTacT 

Christine Thiering 

ROTC LCP Program Coordinator 

Department of Middle Eastern Studies 

West Mall Building 1.110 

512-232-1927 

christine.thiering@austin.utexas.edu 

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/mes/lcp/rotc-lcp.php 

PhOTOGRAPhy © 2009 By LCP STUDENTS AND STAFF ON LOCATION 

Rotc 

Language and 

cuLtuRe PRoject 

the univeRsity of texas at austin 

The ROTC Language and Culture Project (LCP) 

at The University of Texas at Austin provides 

instruction in and exposure to the languages 

and cultures of critical world regions. Our focus 

is on Persian- and Arabic- speaking communities 

but we also support other critical languages such 

as Chinese, hindi and Urdu, Korean and yoruba. 

The LCP aims to cultivate a deeper understanding 

of these cultures among UT’s ROTC students in 

an effort to enrich their military, professional and 

personal experiences. Such cultural and linguistic 

awareness will prepare our Cadets and Midshipmen 

to connect with local communities in the course of 

their military and professional careers. 

Why Study PerSiAn or ArAbic? 

An Indo-European language distantly related to English and other European languages, Persian is spoken by some 

100 million people in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and immigrant communities throughout the world. 

Knowledge of Persian provides access to several major world civilizations and cultures and to a region that gave 

birth to vibrant political entities, both in ancient and modern times. 

Arabic, a member of the Semitic language family, is one of the world’s major languages, as exemplified by its status 

as an official language of the United Nations. Spoken by almost 300 million people, it is the official language of nearly 

twenty countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Tunisia. 

Persian and Arabic have been defined as critical languages in the United States, reflecting both the chronic shortage 

of and the increasing demand for qualified specialists in these languages. Members of the military are rewarded for 

proficiency in critical languages with monthly salary enhancements ranging from $100 to $300. 

ROTC Language and Culture 

Project students enjoy total 

language immersion by 

traveling to countries in their 

area of study. These photos 

were taken by students and 

staff of the LCP in Egypt, 

Tajikistan, and on campus 

during Commissioning 

ceremonies at the Texas 

Capitol and The University 

of Texas at Austin. 

Study AbroAd 

The LCP is devoted to providing overseas 

experiences to Cadets and Midshipmen 

interested in Persian and Arab cultures. From 

short cultural excursions to summer-long 

intensive language programs, the LCP offers 

many fully funded opportunities for Cadets 

and Midshipmen to gain firsthand knowledge 

of the peoples, languages and cultures of the 

Middle East and other critical regions. 

Past Cadets and Midshipmen have studied in 

Morocco, Egypt and Tajikistan.

PARTIZAN PICTURES PRESENTS 

CATHERINE E. JOHNSON IN “THE QUIETEST SOUND” MICHAEL TEZLA CHRIS CARLSON 

ART DIRECTOR: ULRICH PALMER-DENIG GRAPHIC DESIGN: 2ND STREET DESIGN LAB MAKEUP: JENNIFER SANTORO ROTTY 

PRODUCTION MANAGER: JANA KRAMER CAMERA + SOUND: AARON GELPERIN EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: PHILIP GELLER 

WRITTEN, PRODUCED, DIRECTED + EDITED BY: JAMES VCULEK 

Client: Partizan Media 

DVD case for feature film 

Two unseen detectives turn on a camcorder to record 

their conversation with Elizabeth (Catherine E. Johnson- 

Best Actress, Fargo Film Festival), whose 4-year-old 

daughter, Chloe, has been missing for almost a week. 

For seventy-minutes, the camera rolls without stopping. 

And after some truly shocking twists, we finally learn 

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Or do we? 

From the writer/director of the award-winning Two 

Harbors (5 Best Feature awards at 25 festivals), 

The Quietest Sound is a disturbing look at the 

aftermath of a horrible crime. Pairing a remarkable, 

tour-de-force performance by Catherine E. Johnson 

with an almost impossible technical set-up, The 

Quietest Sound is unlike any film you’ve ever seen. 

© 2005 Partizan Pictures. All Rights Reserved. 


The Quietest Sound 

a film by James Vculek 



One Crime. One Take. Two Twists.


Two unseen detectives turn on a camcorder to record 

their conversation with Elizabeth (Catherine E. Johnson), 

whose 4-year-old daughter, Chloe, has been missing for 

almost a week. For seventy-minutes, the camera rolls 

without stopping. And after some truly shocking 

twists, we fi nally learn what happened to Chloe. 

Or do we? 

From the writer/director of the award-winning 

Two Harbors (Grand Jury Prize, Best Feature, 2005 

Minneapolis - St. Paul International Film Festival), 

The Quietest Sound is a disturbing look at the 

aftermath of a horrible crime. Pairing a remarkable, 

tour-de-force performance by Catherine E. Johnson 

with an almost impossible technical set-up, 

The Quietest Sound is unlike any fi lm you’ve ever seen. 


Poster / Flier for feature film 


a fi lm by James Vculek 

One Crime. One Take. Two Twists.

Vic’s (Alex Cole) days are filled with selling outer space collectibles, harassing his fellow 

antique dealers, and trying to communicate with extraterrestrials. The latter activity is 

singularly unsuccessful until the day he meets a mysterious young woman, Cassie (Catherine 

E. Johnson). Vic becomes convinced that the extraterrestrials are keenly interested in Cassie 

for some reason, and he sets out to prove it with shocking results. Based on a true story, “Two 

Harbors” charts the outer reaches of love, obsession, and other alien concepts. Shot on some 

of the locations where the actual events took place, “Two Harbors” also features noted writer 

and comedian Ari Hoptman and Guthrie Theater veterans Richard Ooms and Claudia Wilkens. 

PARTIZAN PICTURES PRESENTS 

CATHERINE E. JOHNSON AND ALEX COLE IN “TWO HARBORS” RICHARD OOMS, ARI HOPTMAN, CLAUDIA WILKENS, MARSHALL HAMBRO 

MUSIC: PAUL SAMUEL JOHNSON PRODUCTION MANAGER: JANA KRAMER EDITOR: JAMES VCULEK ART DIRECTOR: DAMIAN SHERIDAN 

DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY: AARON GELPERIN EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: PHILIP GELLER WRITTEN, PRODUCED AND DIRECTED BY: JAMES VCULEK 


DVD case for feature film 

Based on a true story. 


Two Harbors 


Two Harbors 


Sometimes love can be an alien concept.

Two Harbors 


Sometimes love can be an alien concept. 

PARTIZAN PICTURES PRESENTS CATHERINE E. JOHNSON AND ALEX COLE IN “TWO HARBORS” RICHARD OOMS, ARI HOPTMAN, CLAUDIA WILKENS, MARSHALL HAMBRO 

MUSIC: PAUL SAMUEL JOHNSON PRODUCTION MANAGER: JANA KRAMER EDITOR: JAMES VCULEK ART DIRECTOR: DAMIAN SHERIDAN 

DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY: AARON GELPERIN EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: PHILIP GELLER WRITTEN, PRODUCED AND DIRECTED BY: JAMES VCULEK 


Poster / Flier for feature film 


Based on a true story. 

Friday October 21, 10:00 pm at The Hideout 

Sunday October 23, 7:00 pm at The Hideout 

617 Congress Avenue

Client: The University of Texas Center for Middle Eastern Studies 

Poster advertising Arabic + Persian intensive summer programs 


m 

3 June–16 August 

Arabic 

Persian 

ms ummer 

2010 

institute 

m 




Poster advertising Biblical Hebrew intensive summer program 


m 

6 June–12 August 

Biblical 

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intensive study equivalent to one full year 

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e mphasis on interaction with the original biblical text 

for more information: 

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/mes/summer/


Poster advertising visiting scholar lecture 


From the Hebrew 

Bedouin to Israeli Arabic: 

The Lives and Afterlives 

of Hebrew and Arabic in 

Israel | Palestine 

Tracing the relationship of Arabic and Hebrew in Israel/Palestine, 

Lital Levy’s talk will follow Jewish-Israeli visions of Arabic from the 

turn of the twentieth century to the present, from an early stage 

when Arabic was romanticized by some Zionists as a model of 

autochthonous “authenticity” to current perceptions of Arabic as 

the symbolic language of the enemy and the instrumental language 

of military intelligence. Levy will discuss the role of Arabic within 

the creation of Modern Hebrew culture, the fate of Arabic in the 

statehood era (particularly vis-à-vis Palestinian-Israelis and Mizrahi 

Jews), and literary translation between Arabic and Hebrew. Levy 

will also illustrate how, despite policies of enforced separation 

between the two languages, colloquial Arabic and Hebrew have 

interpenetrated one another. 

Sponsored by: 

Center for Middle Eastern Studies 

Department of History 

Schusterman Center for Jewish Studies 

For more information: keren@austin.utexas.edu 

Lital Levy 

Professor 

Assistant 

of 

Comparative 

Literature 

Princeton University 

Free and open to the public 

Texas Union 

Texas Governer’s Room 

(3.116) 

4:00p.m. 

Friday 5 November 



Client: The University of Texas Department of Religious Studies 

Poster advertising colloquium 


MATTER OF CONTENTION: 

RELICS & OTHER SACRED OBJECTS AT THE 

CROSSROADS OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS 

AN INTER-DISCIPLINARY COLLOQUIUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN 

APRIL 23–24, 2012 

STUDENT ACTIVITY CENTER 

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ROOM (SAC 2.302) 

FREE AND OPEN TO THE PUBLIC This colloquium explores contention and competition over relics or other mobile repositories 

of religious power among the communities that venerate or value them. Our goal is to push the study of relics and other sacred objects beyond their 

location and function within seemingly discrete religious traditions to consider the material and social factors that conditioned their ongoing relevance 

across multiple—and often rival—religious communities. Religious rivalry over objects takes a variety of forms, ranging from physical conflicts for 

the possession of material remains to discursive arguments about such objects’ meanings and narratives. While participants will examine particular 

examples according to their areas of specialization, the colloquium as a whole will consider broader patterns across space, time, and cultural context. 

Ra‘anan Boustan UCLA, UT Austin “The Temple Vessels among Jews, Christians, and Muslims” 

Donald Cosentino UCLA “Skull Wars in Modern Naples” 

Benjamin Fleming University of Pennsylvania “Reading the Liga as ‘Relic’” 

Cynthia Hahn Hunter College | CUNY “Making the Crown of Thorns” 

James Robson Harvard University “Buddhist Relic Veneration and Contestation in East Asia” 

Jalane Schmidt University of Virginia “Monuments, Memory, and Religious Devotion in Cuba” 

Gregory Schopen UCLA “Arguing against Relics in the Indian Buddhist Tradition” 

Chad Seales UT Austin “American Protestants and the Sacred Play of Cultural Objects” 

Patricia Spyer Leiden University “Dwelling and Contamination in Ambon’s War” 

Rolf Strootman University of Utrecht “The Serpent Column in the Hippodrome of Constantinople” 

Annabel Wharton Duke University “Protestants, Relics, Things” 

Adam Becker New York University Respondent 

DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES 

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN 

Primary Sponsors: Harrington Fellowship Program, Department of Religious Studies 

Co-sponsored by: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Schusterman Center for Jewish 

Studies, South Asia Institute, Department of Asian Studies, Department of History 

For more information: 

email Ra‘anan Boustan at boustan@history.ucla.edu 

www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/rs/events/Matter-of-Contention/About.php

Client: The University of Texas Department of Religious Studies 

Colloquium Program, accordion fold 


MATTER OF CONTENTION: 

RELICS & OTHER SACRED OBJECTS AT THE 

CROSSROADS OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS 

AN INTER-DISCIPLINARY COLLOQUIUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN 

APRIL 23–24, 2012 

STUDENT ACTIVITY CENTER 

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ROOM (SAC 2.302) 

FREE AND OPEN TO THE PUBLIC 

www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/rs/events/matter-of-contention/about.php 

This colloquium explores contention and competition over relics or other mobile repositories of religious power among the communities that 

venerate or value them. Our goal is to push the study of relics and other sacred objects beyond their location and function within seemingly 

discrete religious traditions to consider the material and social factors that conditioned their ongoing relevance across multiple—and often 

rival—religious communities. Religious rivalry over objects takes a variety of forms, ranging from physical conflicts for the possession of 

material remains to discursive arguments about such objects’ meanings and narratives. While participants will examine particular examples 

according to their areas of specialization, the colloquium as a whole will consider broader patterns across space, time, and cultural context. 

PRESENTERS 

Ra‘anan Boustan UCLA, UT Austin 

Donald Cosentino UCLA 

Benjamin Fleming University of Pennsylvania 

Cynthia Hahn Hunter College | CUNY 

James Robson Harvard University 

Jalane Schmidt University of Virginia 

Gregory Schopen UCLA 

Chad Seales UT Austin 

Patricia Spyer Leiden University 

Rolf Strootman University of Utrecht 

Annabel Wharton Duke University 

Adam Becker New York University 

See Reverse for Schedule 

APRIL 23 

8:15-9:00am Continental Breakfast 

9:00-9:30am Welcome 

Steven Friesen (Chair, Department of Religious Studies) 

Richard Flores (Senior Associate Dean, UT College of Liberal Arts) 

Ra‘anan Boustan (Convener) 

9:30-11:45am Session I 

The Lives of Monuments 

Martha Newman (UT Austin), Chair 

Rolf Strootman (University of Utrecht) 

“The Serpent Column in the Hippodrome of Constantinople: 

Shifting Meanings of the Pillar at the Center of the World” 

Jalane Schmidt (University of Virginia) 

“Cimarrón Uprising: Monuments, Memory and Religious 

Devotion in Cuba” 

Annabel Wharton (Duke University) 

“Protestants, Relics, Things” 

11:45am-1:30pm Lunch at SAC 

Images top to bottom: Serpent 

Column in Constantinople. Miniature 

from Nakkash Osman’s “Surnâme-i 

Hümayûn” (1582); Reliquary with 

contents from the ancient Gandhara 

province (Pakistan, 1st century); 

Cimarrón effigy of Juan Gonzalez 

Perez. El Cobre, Cuba (Photo credit: 

Jalane Schmidt); Skull with Flower. 

Fontanelle Ossuary, Naples (Photo credit: 

Donald Cosentino). 

Background Image: Aztec 

Manuscript. Matrícula de los Tributos. 

Mexico, 16th century. (Photo credit: 

Cecilia F. Klein). 

1:30-3:45pm Session II 

Rethinking “Relics” in Geo-Cultural Perspective 

Patrick Olivelle (UT Austin), Chair 

Chad Seales (UT Austin) 

“The Land of Misfit Relics:American Protestants and 

the Sacred Play of Cultural Objects” 

Benjamin Fleming (University of Pennsylvania) 

. 

“Reading the Linga as ‘Relic’: Śaivism, the Buddhist 

Distinction, and Other Auspicious Signs of Death in 

South Asian Religions” 

James Robson (Harvard University) 

“Relic Wary: Facets of Buddhist Relic Veneration and 

Contestation in East Asia” 

3:45-4:00pm Coffee Break 

4:00-5:30pm Session III 

Mobility, Mobilization, and Territoriality 

Oliver Freiberger (UT Austin), Chair 

Ra‘anan Boustan (UCLA & UT Austin) 

“The Vessels of the Jerusalem Temple among Jews, Christians, 

and Muslims: From Locative to Utopian and Back Again” 

Patricia Spyer (Leiden University) 

“Treacherous Amulets: Dwelling and Contamination 

in Ambon’s War” 

DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES 

APRIL 24 

8:15-9:00am Continental Breakfast 

9:00-11:15am Session IV 

Commissioning and Decommissioning Sacred Matter 

Thomas Tweed (UT Austin), Chair 

Cynthia Hahn (Hunter College and the Graduate Center, CUNY) 

“Making the Crown of Thorns: Mockery, Royalty, Piety” 

Donald Cosentino (UCLA) 

“Skull Wars” 

Gregory Schopen (UCLA) 

“Arguing against Relics and Undercutting Cult: Narratives 

from the Other Side of the Indian Buddhist Tradition” 

11:15am-12:15pm Response | Summary Discussion 

Adam Becker (New York University), Respondent 

12:15-1:00pm Lunch | Farewell 

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN 

Primary Sponsors: 

Co-sponsored by: 

Harrington Fellowship Program Center for Middle Eastern Studies 

Department of Religious Studies Schusterman Center for Jewish Studies 

South Asia Institute 

Department of Asian Studies 

Department of History

Client: The University of Maryland 

Persian Flagship Graduate Program Brochure 


Financial Support 

The program benefits from substantial support from The Language 

Flagship, an initiative of the National Security Education Program. 

Students may seek financial support from: 

The Language Flagship, which offers generous fellowships 

for study at UMCP and an additional year of study in 

Dushanbe, Tajikistan. 

David L. Boren Fellowships, which provide up to $30,000 

to students seeking education in languages critical to 

U.S. interests. 

The University of Maryland School of Languages, 

Literatures, and Cultures is also pleased to offer a number 

of merit-based stipends for up to $10,000 per year. 

Students may also be eligible for fellowships under the 

Fulbright-Hays Act, the Title VI Foreign Language and Area 

Studies Program Fellowships. 

SCHOOL OF 

LANGUAGES 

LITERATURES 

& CULTURES 

Persian Flagship Program 

3215 Jimenez Hall (Mail) 

2116 Susquehanna Hall (Office) 

University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742 

Tel: 301.405.8252 

Email: persianflagship@umd.edu 

For more information and to begin your application, please visit: 

http://www.languages.umd.edu/persianflagship 

THE LANGUAGE FLAGSHIP 

Persian flagshiP 

graduate 

P rogram 

UMD_Graduate_Brochure.indd 1 11/28/11 8:32:02 AM 

The Persian Flagship at the 

university of maryland is the only 

institution in the US offering a simulated 

immersion graduate program in Persian. 

Through domestic and international study, this 

program offers students the unique opportunity 

to attain a professional level of proficiency 

(ILR 3 and above) in Persian, one of several 

languages critical to U.S. diplomacy, business 

competitiveness, and security. 

Students can either earn a Graduate Certificate 

of Professional Studies (GCPS) or a Master of 

Professional Studies (MPS) in Persian. Through 

implementing a state-of-the-art language 

education curriculum, a rich cultural component 

and the opportunity to study abroad, we 

prepare our graduates to use Persian in their 

careers of choice at a professional level. 

The Persian FlagshiP Program includes: 

r Engaging, domain-specific advanced language courses 

r Lectures by distinguished guest speakers from diverse fields 

r A Persian student lounge—an on-campus immersive environment featuring Iranian TV, 

computers, and a comfortable place to practice Persian 

r At least five hours per day of structured language learning 

r A rich and varied events calendar providing formal and informal cultural experiences 

sTudenTs beneFiT From our ProximiTy To WashingTon, d.c.: 

r Access to cultural events and celebrations organized by the sizeable Iranian- 

American community 

r Participation in various conferences, workshops, and lecture series. 

r Field trips to Persian-speaking media services, organizations, community businesses, 

art galleries and exhibitions located in Washington, D.C. 

r Networking and internship opportunities with public and private organizations, with 

potential opportunities to use Persian in professional settings. 

our innovative curriculum is designed 

to accommodate students from a wide variety 

of backgrounds and interests. Students immerse 

themselves in Persian while gaining knowledge 

of areas such as history, culture, politics, and 

international relations of Iran and the Persianspeaking 

world. Our graduates have the skills and 

experience required to pursue their careers of 

choice in government, non-profit, development, 

education, intercultural communication, and a wide 

range of other possibilities for global professionals. 

Students effectively live in a Persian-speaking 

environment during their time at Maryland. 

Participants also gain language exposure through 

working with peer tutors and faculty mentors. 

UMD_Graduate_Brochure.indd 2 11/28/11 9:04:17 AM 

UMD_Grad_Tabloid.indd 1 11/28/11 9:08:38 AM

Client: The University of Maryland 

Persian Flagship Undergraduate Program Brochure 


study Persian in dushanbe, tajikistan: SCHOOL OF 

LANGUAGES 

LITERATURES 

& CULTURES 

Upon reaching the level of proficiency required for the overseas 

component, students study at the Dushanbe Language Center in 

Tajikistan for a summer and/or a full academic year. Our overseas program 

is administered by American Councils for International Education. While 

studying in Dushanbe, students receive: 

r Intensive language training tailored to each participant’s professional and 

academic interests 

r Tajiki Persian-speaking host families and numerous weekend excursions 

r Professionally-focused language development through regular university 

courses in their area of specialization and internships with local organizations 

r A once-in-a-lifetime experience in an amazing and beautiful Central Asian nation 

For more information on the overseas program visit: 

http://flagship.americancouncils.org/persian/ 

Persian Flagship Program 

3215 Jimenez Hall (Mail) 

2116 Susquehanna Hall (Office) 

University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742 

Tel: 301.405.8252 

Email: persianflagship@umd.edu 

For more information and to begin your application, please visit: 

http://www.languages.umd.edu/persianflagship 

THE LANGUAGE FLAGSHIP 

Persian flagshiP 

undergraduate 

P rogram 

UMD_Undergraduate_PFP.indd 1 11/23/11 9:59:48 AM 

Are you an aspiring journalist, computer scientist, or historian? 

Are you pursuing a career which would be enhanced by 

knowledge of another language and culture? Do you simply 

love the Persian language? Participation in the Persian Flagship 

program provides you with the tools necessary to deeply 

explore the exciting world of Persian language and culture. 

The Persian Flagship at the University of Maryland is the only 

institution in the U.S. offering an extended, simulated immersion 

program in Persian throughout an undergraduate experience. 

Through domestic and international study, this program offers 

students the unique ability to attain a professional level of 

proficiency (ILR 3 and above) while pursuing their major of 

choice. Upon completion, our students’ superior command of 

Persian, cultural competence, and achievement in their own 

academic fields will enable them to take their place among the 

next generation of global professionals. 

The Persian Flagship Program benefits from substantial support 

from The Language Flagship: 

http://www.thelanguageflagship.org/ 

The Persian FlagshiP Program includes: 

r A state-of-the-art language education curriculum: engaging, interactive Persian 

language courses, content-based language instruction, and courses offered in Persian in 

subjects such as media, culture, literature, and history of the Persian speaking world. 

r One-to-one work with native-speaking language partners 

r A Persian student lounge—an on-campus immersive environment featuring multimedia 

resources, Iranian TV, computers, and a comfortable place to practice Persian 

r An intensive Persian language summer institute at UMD 

r Access to on campus living/learning experience in The Language House 

r A rich and varied events calendar and a friendly, supportive learning community 

r Summer or year-long study abroad opportunities in Dushanbe, Tajikistan 

Who are We looking For? 

r Talented UM students in any major who will use 

Persian for their careers (incoming freshmen 

and heritage speakers can also apply) 

r High academic achievers with strong languagelearning 

aptitudes 

r Students committed to completing the entire 

program, including the study abroad component 

r Open-minded individuals with a passion for the 

Persian language and culture who will actively 

contribute to our learning community 

Funding Opportunities 

All Flagship students are 

considered for competitive 

Flagship scholarships for both 

domestic and overseas study. 

No separate application is 

necessary. Students may also 

apply for other financial awards 

such as Boren scholarships and 

Critical Language Scholarships 

for their overseas study. 

UMD_Undergraduate_PFP.indd 2 11/23/11 10:07:58 AM 

UMD_PFP_Tabloid.indd 1 11/23/11 10:10:21 AM

Client: Threadgill’s 

Poster advertising SXSW show 

Design Programs: InDesign, Photoshop + Illustrator 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

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Client: J. Walter Thompson / Arthur Andersen 

Two-page spread for Connections Magazine, a publication for high school students 

Design Programs: Quark X-Press, Photoshop + Illustrator

Client: J. Walter Thompson 

Holiday card for Thompson Recruitment Advertising 

Design and Copy: Kristi Shuey 

Design Program: Quark X-Press

Cengage Learning 

Chapter Opening Design for Gaines/Miller Criminal Justice, 6th Edition 

Design Programs: InDesign, Photoshop, Illustrator 

Police 

and the 

c onstitution 

the Rules of law enfoRcement 

lo 1 

lo 2 

lo 3 

lo 4 

lo 5 

lo 6 

lo 7 

lo 8 

lo 9 

7 

c haP teR 

l eaR ning objectives 

The nine learning objectives labeled 

LO1 through LO9 are designed to help 

improve your understanding of the 

chapter. After reading this chapter, 

you should be able to... 

Explain why classical criminology is based on 

choice theory. 

Contrast positivism with classical 

criminology. 

List and describe the three theories of social 

structure that help explain crime. 

List and briefly explain the three branches of 

social process theory. 

Describe how life course criminology differs from 

the other theories addressed in this chapter. 

Discuss the evolution of victimology from its 

beginnings in the 1940s until today. 

Explain why some criminologists believe the 

connection between alcohol and victimization 

is unique. 

List the arguments for and against greater legal 

protection of victims’ rights. 

List the arguments for and against greater legal 

protection of victims’ rights. 

c haP teR outline 

• Exploring the Causes of Crime 

• Victimology and Victims of Crime 

• Criminology from Theory to Practice 

• CJ in Action—The Ever-Elusive Serial Killer

The two men set off for Washington, D.C., from Atlanta on a 

Sunday morning in the spring of 2005, stopping only to shave off 

the beards that they wore as conservative Muslims. With his friend 

Ehsanul Islam Sadequee, Syed Haris Ahmed spent several days in the 

nation’s capital making surveillance videos of various sites, including 

the Pentagon, the World Bank’s headquarters, 

fuel tanks, and the George Washington 

Masonic Memorial in nearby Alexandria, 

Virginia. “It [was] thrilling to be 

undercover and stuff like that,” said 

Ahmed. The pair wanted to stay 

in a local hotel, but this plan 

proved too expensive—“like $79 

a night,” Ahmed told investigators 

during an interview that 

came to light during his 2008 

trial for providing support to 

foreign terrorists. To save 

Web of terror 

At least five men Tsouli is known to have been in 

contact with via the Internet, including Ahmed and 

Sadequee, face criminal terrorism charges in the United 

States and elsewhere. 

T 

8 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion Chapter 2 Causes of Crime 9 


money, Ahmed and Sadequee slept in their pickup truck. 

Two wannabee terrorists without enough ready 

cash to afford a Super 8 Motel might not seem to pose 

much of a threat to national security. Ahmed and 

Sadequee’s videos, however, wound up on the computer 

hard drives of Younis Tsouli, a twenty-two-year-old 

British student who called himself “Irahabi007,” a play 

on the Arabic word for “terrorist” and James Bond’s 

code name. Before his conviction for inciting terrorism 

on the Internet in 2007, Tsouli was one of the 

leaders of worldwide cyber jihad. From his father’s 

house in West London, Tsouli operated extremist Web 

sites, recruited suicide bombers in the Middle East, and 

provided technical support and advice to sleeper cells 

in Bosnia, Sweden, and Denmark. At least five men 

Tsouli is known to have been in contact with via the 

Internet, including Ahmed and Sadequee, face criminal 

terrorism charges in the United States and elsewhere. 

he carnage at the Jeep plant in Toledo was hardly uncommon. In an average year, 

about 18,000 employees suffer injuries from assault, and more than 600 are murdered 

while on the job.1 One out of every six violent crimes committed in the United 

States occurs in the workplace.2 The U.S. Centers for Disease Control has called 

workplace violence a “national epidemic.”3 

In one respect, though, workplace violence is atypical: it seems to follow a pattern. 

According to data collected by James Alan Fox of Northeastern University in 

Boston, 73 percent of those persons convicted for workplace homicide are white, 

more than half are over age thirty-five, and almost all are male.4 These criminals 

tend to be hypersensitive to criticism and often respond violently when disciplined.5 

Researchers also note that usually several “trigger” events lead up to a workplace 

murder, which, in most instances, is carried out with a firearm.6 Do these factors 

provide us with any clues as to the underlying causes of Myles Meyers’s behavior? 

The study of crime, or criminology, is rich with different theories as to why 

people commit crimes. In this chapter, we will discuss the most influential of these 

theories, some of which complement each other and some of which do not. We will 

also look at the various factors most commonly, if not always correctly, associated 

with criminal behavior. Finally, this chapter will address the question of relevance: 

What effect do theories of why wrongdoing occurs have on efforts to control and 

careersin CJ 

FAST FACTS 

JUVENILE CorrECTIoNAL oFFICEr, JoB DESCrIpTIoN: 

• provide safety, security, custodial care, discipline 

and guidance. JCos play a critical role in the 

rehabilitation of youth and as a result can have a 

great impact on a youth's success during and after 

his or her incarceration. 

WHAT kIND oF TrAININg IS rEqUIrED? 

• A bachelors degree in human services, behavioral 

science, or related field. 

• professional and respectful verbal communication 

skills. 

• Commitment and dedication to the needs of 

adolescent offenders and their families. 

• Ability to recognize and respect cultural differences 

and provide culturally appropriate services. Fluency 

in English and one of the following languages: 

Spanish, Somali, Hmong, russian, a plus. 

ANNUAL SALArY rANgE? BENEFITS? 

• $33,000 - $52,000 annually 

• Full benefit package includes health, vision, dental, 

and life insurance, retirement benefits, education 

and professional development resources. 

12 CriminaL JustiCe in aCtiOn 

Carl MCCullough, Sr. 

Senior Youth Worker, Hennepin County, Mn 

Juvenile Detention Center 

I was born and raised in Amarillo, Texas. My dad was murdered when I was a little kid. 

So, it was just me and my mom, and I was always into something. All my uncles were in 

and out of prison; I was pretty much raised by my grandmother. By the time I was 13, I 

already had a juvenile record. I had one uncle, who was stationed in the Army in Minnesota, 

and he knew what Amarillo was all about; it was basically a trap. So, he moved me to 

Minnesota, and that was when my life changed. 

SChool DayS When I came to Minnesota there were a 

number of people who were placed in my life, who made a difference 

and who helped me over that hump. I eventually went to the University 

of Wisconsin on a football scholarship. While at school, I caught the 

attention of one of my academic tutors. He noticed that I had a gift building 

relationships with kids and suggested that I volunteer with the Dane 

County Juvenile Detention Center. I checked it out and felt an instant connection. 

Dealing with these kids, and hearing their stories—it was all just like what I 

went through. I had a shot in the NFL, playing for the Buffalo Bills and the Minnesota 

Vikings, but that lasted only a short time. Even when I was still a student, I 

knew that I wanted to work with kids again one day. So I majored in Afro- 

American studies, and I also took a lot of courses in sociology. 

The hearT of The MaTTer Today I work at the 

Hennepin County (Minnesota) Juvenile Detention Center where I’m responsible 

for a group of twelve young men, ages 13 to 18, who are awaiting 

trial, waiting for placements, or just being held in a secure place due to the 

high-profile nature of their cases. I’m with the kids every day and every other 

weekend from 6:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. I do everything from helping with homework, 

to supervising their leisure time, to running group programs, to just being 

a positive, caring adult with whom to talk. Having the NFL experience is a huge 

icebreaker with the residents. “Why are you here?” they always ask me, and I tell 

them I am here because I care about them, because I want to see a change, and 

I’d like to help them believe that something better is possible. 

In order to do this job well, you have to be good at building relationships. It 

helps to know how to work with different cultures as well. Then you have to 

have patience; without it you won’t last long. You know they are going to test 

you, to see what they can and can’t get away with. You also have to be willing 

to learn a few things from them. You have to be a good listener. 

Making a DifferenCe This is not a field where you’re 

going to get rich, but you have good benefits and a great retirement plan. 

This job is all about making a difference in someone’s life, the same way 

that someone came along and made a difference in mine. 

For additional information on a career as a Juvenile Corrections 

Officer visit: http://www.corrections.com/jobs/show/3429 

Text design for Gaines/Miller Criminal Justice, 6th Edition 


exploring the Causes of Crime 

Criminologists, or researchers who study the causes of crime, warn against using 

models to predict violent behavior. After all, not every middle-aged white man who 

has a grudge against his employers and owns a gun is a potential criminal, and it 

would be wrong to treat them as such. Studies may show a correlation 

between these factors and workplace violence, but very 

few criminologists would go as far as to claim that these factors 

cause such violent behavior. Correlation between two variables 

means that they tend to vary together. Causation, in contrast, 

means that one variable is responsible for the change in the other. 

Research shows, for example, that ice cream sales and crime rates 

both rise in the summer. Thus, there is a correlation between ice 

cream sales and crime. Nobody would seriously suggest, though, 

that increased sales of ice cream cause the boost in crime rates. 

This is the quandary in which criminologists find themselves. 

One can say that there is a correlation between violent 

workplace crime and certain characteristics of the lives of violent workplace criminals. 

But we cannot say what actually caused Myles Meyers to kill Roy Thacker without 

knowing much more about his background and environment, and possibly not 

even then. Consequently, the question. 




more than half are over age thirty-five, and almost all are male.4 These criminals 

tend to be hypersensitive to criticism and often respond violently when disciplined.5 


murder, which, in most instances, is carried out with a firearm.6 Do these factors 


The study of crime, or criminology, is rich with different theories as to why people 

commit crimes. In this chapter, we will discuss the most influential of these theories, 

some of which complement each other and some of which do not. We will also 

look at the various factors most commonly, if not always correctly, associated with 

criminal behavior. Finally, this chapter will address the question of relevance: What 

effect do theories of why wrongdoing occurs have on efforts to control and prevent 

crime? 

Criminologists, or researchers who study the causes of crime, warn against 

using models to predict violent behavior. After all, not every middle-aged white man 

who has a grudge against his employers and owns a gun is a potential criminal, and 

it would be wrong to treat them as such. Studies may show a correlation between 

these factors and workplace violence, but very few criminologists would go as far 

as to claim that these factors cause such violent behavior. Correlation between two 

variables means that they tend to vary together. Causation, in contrast, means that 

one variable is responsible for the change in the other. Research shows, for example, 

that ice cream sales and crime rates both rise in the summer. Thus, there is a correlation 

between ice cream sales and crime. Nobody would seriously suggest, though, 

that increased sales of ice cream cause the boost in crime rates. This is the quandary 

including acts of violence and drug abuse, are committed as if individuals had this 

ratio in mind. the earliest popular expression of classical theory came in 1764 when 

the italian Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) published his essays on Crime. 

the Seduction of crime in expanding on rational choice theory, sociologist 

Jack Katz has stated that the “rewards” of crime may be sensual as well as financial. 

the inherent danger of criminal activity, according to Katz, increases the “rush” a 

criminal experiences on successfully committing a crime. Katz labels 

the rewards of this “rush” the seduction of crime.11 For example, serial 

LO 2 killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was the ultimate 

thrill” after murdering the first of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz believes 

that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by rational choice theory only 

if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. For example, serial killer 

John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was the ultimate thrill” after 

murdering the first of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz 

believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained 

by rational choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the 

crime itself is considered. 

choice theorY and Public PolicY the theory 

that wrongdoers choose to commit crimes is a cornerstone of 

the American criminal justice system. Because crime is seen 

as the end result of a series of rational choices, policymakers 

have reasoned that severe punishment can deter criminal 

activity by adding another variable to the decision- making 

process. Supporters of the death penalty—now used by 

thirty-eight states and the federal government—emphasize 

its deterrent effects, and legislators have used harsh mandatory 

sentences to control illegal drug use and trafficking. 

(to see why one expert questions choice theory as a basis for 

criminal policy, see the feature you Be the Judge.) 

“BorN CrIMINAL”: BIoLogICAL AND 

pSYCHoLogICAL THEorIES oF CrIME 

As we have seen, Cesare lombroso believed in the “criminal 

born” man and woman and was confident that he could 

distinguish criminals by their apelike physical features. 

Such far-fetched notions have long been relegated to scientific 

oblivion. But many criminologists do believe that trait 

theories have validity. these theories suggest 

LO 3 

that certain biological or psychological traits in 

individuals could incline them toward criminal 

behavior given a certain set of circumstances. “All behavior is biological,” points out 

geneticist David C. rowe of the university of Arizona. “All behavior is represented 

in the brain, in its biochemistry, electrical activity, structure, and growth and 

decline.” 13 

manizing conditions in many prisons and jails. Some critics of the movement 

find the convict criminologists too focused on prisons and prison life, to the exclu- 

“Crime is a fact of the 

human species . . . but it 

is above all the secret 

aspect, impenetrable 

and hidden. Crime hides, 

and by far the most 

terrifying things are 

those which elude us." 

—Georges Bataille, 

French novelist (1965) 

Criminology The 

scientific study of 

crime and the causes 

of criminal behavior. 

Victimology A 

school of criminology 

that studies why 

certain people are 

the victims of crimes 

and the optimal 

role for victims in 

the criminal justice 

system. 

5-21: Jeanne Assam receives congratulations from a Colorado 

Springs, Colorado, police officer in December 2007. Assam, a 

private security guard, saved, according to one observer, “over one 

hundred lives” by shooting Matthew J. Murray in the foyer of the 

New Life Church in Colorado Springs. Moments earlier, Murray had 

opened fire on the congregation. Why is such heroism not part of 

the job description in most private security situations? 

AP Photo/Pool, Jerilee Bennett 

Chapter 2 Causes of Crime 13 

At any given moment, a person can choose between committing a crime and not 

committing it. The consequences of committing a crime consist of rewards (what 

psychologists call “reinforcers”) and punishments; the consequences of not committing 

the crime also entail gains and losses. 10 

CJ and TeChnology 

Project 54 

The capabilities of the patrol car, perhaps the most important piece of policing technology of 

the past half-century, continue to expand. Project 54, a voice-recognition system developed 

at the University of new hampshire, allows police officers to “multitask” without having 

to divert their attention from the road or take a hand off the wheel. The officer simply 

presses a button, and all the technological equipment in the car becomes voice activated. 

four andrea digital array microphones positioned in the cab of the automobile cancel all 

noise except the sound of the officer’s voice. so, for example, if the officer witnesses a hitand-run 

accident, he or she simply says the word “pursuit” to activate the automobile’s siren 

and flashing lights. Then the officer can call for an ambulance and run a check on the 

offender’s license plate—all by voice command. other recent innovations include automatic 

license Plate recognition, a three-camera computer operated system that performs “20 

millisecond” background check on every license plate it sees; and the starChase launcher, a 

small, laser-guided cannon that shoots a small, sticky radio transmitter at a fleeing vehicle. 

once the offending car has been “tagged” with this device, police can track the fugitive at a 

safe distance without the need for a dangerous, high-speed pursuit. 

Thinking abouT Police auTomobile Technology: 

  

american automobile manufacturers do not produce ready-made police cars. rather, law 

Project 54: DuraTech USA Inc. 

enforcement agencies must add technologies such as the ones discussed here after the car 

has been purchased. What might be some of the benefits of large-scale production of a car 

that would only be sold for law enforcement purposes? 

According to rational choice theory, we can hypothesize that criminal actions, 


ratio in mind. The earliest popular expression of classical theory came in 1764 when 

the Italian Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) published his essays on Crime. 

The SeduCTion of Crime In expanding on rational choice theory, sociologist 


The inherent danger of criminal activity, according to Katz, increases the “rush” a 

criminal experiences on successfully committing a crime. Katz labels the rewards 

of this “rush” the seduction of crime.11 For example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy 

claims to have “realized that death was the ultimate thrill” after murdering the first 

of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can 

be explained by rational choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself 

is considered. For example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized 

that death was the ultimate thrill” after murdering the first of his more than thirty 

victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained. 

ChoiCe Theory and PubliC PoliCy The theory that wrongdoers choose to 

commit crimes is a cornerstone of the American criminal justice system. Because 

crime is seen as the end result of a series of rational choices, policymakers have 

reasoned that severe punishment can deter criminal activity by adding another variable 

to the decision- making process. Supporters of the death penalty—now used by 

thirty-eight states and the federal government—emphasize its deterrent effects, and 

legislators have used harsh mandatory sentences to control illegal drug use and trafficking. 

(To see why one expert questions choice theory as a basis for criminal policy, 

see the feature You Be The Judge.) 

“Born Criminal”: BiologiCal and 

PsyChologiCal Theories of Crime 

As we have seen, Cesare Lombroso believed in the “criminal born” man and woman 

and was confident that he could distinguish criminals by their apelike physical 

features. Such far-fetched notions have long been relegated to scientific 

oblivion. But many criminologists do believe that trait theories have 

validity. These theories suggest that certain biological or psychological 

traits in individuals could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set 

of circumstances. “All behavior is biological,” points out geneticist David C. Rowe of 

the University of Arizona. “All behavior is represented in the brain, in its biochemistry, 

electrical activity, structure, and growth and decline.” 13 

Humanizing conditions in many prisons and jails. Some critics of the movement 

find the convict criminologists too focused on prisons and prison life, to the 

exclusion of the other facets of the field that have been discussed in this chapter. But, 

in general, the consensus appears to be that the unique insights of ex-inmates can 

only enrich the body of criminological knowledge. 68 

lo 1 

yoU Be The JUDge IndIgent or not? 

The fAcTS Noel, a student at the University of Hawaii, was charged 

with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). Noel claimed that he 

did not have the resources to hire an attorney and asked the state to 

provide him with one. At the time he was arrested, Noel had $32 in his 

bank account and $1.50 in pocket money. He also had a 1971 Volkswagen 

sedan with a value of $1,000. 

The lAw Hawaii law provided that an “indigent” person was entitled to 

free counsel if charged with an offense punishable by imprisonment for 

thirty days or more. (DUI in Hawaii carried a maximum penalty of one year 

in jail.) 

yoUr DecISIon The trial judge ruled that because Noel could have sold 

his car to get money for an attorney, he was not indigent under Hawaii’s law. 

Do you agree? 

To see how the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled in this case, go to Example 9.1 in Appendix B. 





Victimology A 








system. 


compaRativE cRiminal JuSticE Victims' Rights in geRmany 

American supporters of victims’ rights 

might well look with envy at the 

criminal justice system of Germany. 

According to one German official, the 

aim of victim protection laws in his 

country is to “stop a person aggrieved 

because of a criminal act from being a 

mere object of the proceedings.” Rather, in 

Germany the victim is “made a player in the 

proceedings with rights he [or she] can assert [in court].” 

Specifically, Chapter Two of the German Federal Code 

of Criminal Procedure codifies the victim’s right to “join a 

public prosecution as a private accessory prosecutor.” In 

essence, this means that a victim (or, in the case of murder, 

a victim’s parents, children, siblings, and/or spouse) can 

choose to become a “secondary accuser” in a German criminal 

trial and receive treatment equal to the defendant’s. The 

victim is permitted to use a “victim attorney,” or Opferanwalt, 

and this attorney has the same access to evidence and 

the same ability to obtain information regarding the crime as 

the state’s attorney and the defense attorney. If the victim 

is unable to afford an Opferanwalt, the government will 

provide one at no cost. 

Initially, critics of this system, known as Nebenklager, 

worried that its costs would be too burdensome for German 

society. The procedure is, however, limited by two 

factors. First, it is available only to victims of serious, violent 

crimes such as murder, assault, kidnapping, and rape. 

Second, the procedure is optional. So far, only sexualassault 

victims have decided to invoke Nebenklager in large 

numbers. In fact, it is now standard practice for German 

police to inform rape victims of their right to participate in 

the trial. 

FoR cRitical analYSiS 

Why do you think victims of sexual assault have been more 

likely than victims of other violent crimes to take advantage 

of the opportunities provided by the Nebenklager procedure? 

In general, could such a system operate effectively in 

the United States? 

exploring the Causes of Crime 

Criminologists, or researchers who study the causes of crime, warn against using models 

to predict violent behavior. After all, not every middle-aged white man who has a 

grudge against his employers and owns a gun is a potential criminal, and it would be 

wrong to treat them as such. Studies may show a correlation between these factors and 

workplace violence, but very few criminologists would go as far as to claim that these 

factors cause such violent behavior. Correlation between two variables means that they 

tend to vary together. Causation, in contrast, means that one variable is responsible for 

the change in the other. Research shows, for example, that ice cream sales and crime 

rates both rise in the summer. Thus, there is a correlation between ice cream sales 

and crime. Nobody would seriously suggest, though, that increased sales of ice cream 

cause the boost in crime rates. 

This is the quandary in which criminologists find themselves. One can say that 

there is a correlation between violent workplace crime and certain characteristics of 

the lives of violent workplace criminals. But we cannot say what actually caused Myles 

Meyers to kill Roy Thacker without knowing much more about his background and 

environment, and possibly not even then. Consequently, the question. 



Boston, 73 percent of those persons convicted for workplace homicide are white, more 

than half are over age thirty-five, and almost all are male. 4 These criminals tend to be 

hypersensitive to criticism and often respond violently when disciplined. 5 Researchers 

also note that usually several “trigger” events lead up to a workplace murder, which, 

in most instances, is carried out with a firearm. 6 Do these factors provide us with any 

clues as to the underlying causes of Myles Meyers’s behavior? 




the Italian Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) published his Essays on Crime. 

The SeducTion of crime In expanding on rational choice theory, sociologist 










victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by rational 

choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. 

Choice Theory and Public Policy The theory that wrongdoers choose to commit 

crimes is a cornerstone of the American criminal justice system. Because crime 

is seen as the end result of a series of rational choices, policymakers have reasoned 

that severe punishment can deter criminal activity by adding another variable to the 

decision- making process. Supporters of the death penalty—now used by thirty-eight 

states and the federal government—emphasize its deterrent effects, and legislators 

have used harsh mandatory sentences to control illegal drug use and trafficking. (To 

see why one expert questions choice theory as a basis for criminal policy, see the feature 

You Be The Judge.) 





features. Such far-fetched notions have long been relegated to scientific oblivion. 

But many criminologists do believe that trait theories have validity. These theories 

• Figure 03.04 

Excerpts from the Wisconsin Youth Risk Behavior Survey High School Questionnaire 

As part of a national effort to monitor health-risk behaviors of high school students, the Wisconsin Department of Public 

Instruction administers a self-reported survey each year. Some of the questions(without the corresponding multiple-choice 

answers) from that survey are reprinted here. 

• During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? 

• During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? 

• How much do you approve or disapprove of people using violence against another person? 

• During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide? 

• During the past 30 days, how did you usually get your own cigarettes? 

• During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least one drink of alcohol? 

• How old were you when you tried marijuana for the first time? 

• During your life, how many times have you used any form of cocaine, including powder, crack, or freebase? 

“Crime is a 

fact of the 

human species 

. . . but it is 

above all the 

secret aspect, 

impenetrable 

and hidden. 

Crime hides, 

and by far 

the most 

terrifying 

things are 

those which 

elude us." 

—georges Bataille, 

french novelist (1965) 

14 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion Chapter 2 Causes of Crime 15








would be wrong to treat them as such. Studies may show a correlation between these 

factors and workplace violence, but very few criminologists would go as far as to 

claim that these factors cause such violent behavior. Correlation between two vari- 

ables means that they tend to vary together. Causation, in contrast, means that one 

variable is responsible for the change in the other. Research shows, for example, that 

ice cream sales and crime rates both rise in the summer. Thus, there is a correlation 

between ice cream sales and crime. Nobody would seriously suggest, though, that 

increased sales of ice cream cause the boost in crime rates. 


there is a correlation between violent workplace crime and certain characteristics 

of the lives of violent workplace criminals. But we cannot say what actually caused 

Myles Meyers to kill Roy Thacker without knowing much more about his back- 

ground and environment, and possibly not even then. Consequently, the question. 

In one respect, though, workplace violence is atypical: it seems to follow a pat- 

tern. According to data collected by James Alan Fox of Northeastern University in 


more than half are over age thirty-five, and almost all are male. 4 These criminals 

tend to be hypersensitive to criticism and often respond violently when disciplined. 5 


murder, which, in most instances, is carried out with a firearm. 6 Do these factors 

Despite its vaunted position in modern criminology, 

rational choice theory is viewed with suspicion by many 

criminologists. If the decision to commit a crime is based 

on a rational consideration of the costs and benefits of the 

crime, what happens if the person making the decision 

is not capable of rationality? The question is particularly 

relevant given that as many as 75 percent of violent of- 

fenders may be under the influence of alcohol or drugs 

when they commit their crimes. 

the myth M. Lyn Exum, a professor of criminal justice at 

the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, decided to test the 

“robustness” of rational choice theory in light of high intoxicant use 

among criminals. Exum recruited eighty-four male college stu- 

dents for what they believed would be an experiment concerning 

the effects of alcohol on brain functions. In fact, Exum planned to 

measure the impact of alcohol and anger on the decision to engage 

in physical assault. The participants were randomly divided into “al- 

cohol” and “no alcohol” groups, with the members of the “alcohol” 

group given 1.5 ounces of vodka (diluted with orange juice) per 40 

pounds of body weight. Then, without the participants’ knowledge, 

the test group was split into “anger” and “no anger” categories. 

Exum induced the desired emotions from those in the “anger” set 

by falsely accusing them of arriving thirty minutes late to the labora- 

tory and threatening to withhold their $25 payment as a result. 

Because these theories are based on often untestable hy- 

potheses rather than empirical data, psychological explanations for 

criminal behavior are quite controversial. During the middle of the 

twentieth century, the concept of the criminal as psychopath (used 

interchangeably with the term sociopath) gained a great deal of cre- 

dence. The psychopath was seen as a person who had somehow 

lost her or his “humanity” and was unable to experience human 

emotions such as love or regret, to control criminal impulses, or to 

understand the consequences of her or his decisions.26 Over the 

past few decades, the concept of psychopathy has lost standing, 

as criminologists have criticized the notion that emotions can be 

“measured.” 

the reality Once the desired physical and mental states 

had been reached, each participant was presented with the fol- 

lowing hypothetical situation: 

You return from the restroom in a bar to find “Joe” flirting 

with your girlfriend. After a brief argument, “Joe” pushes you. 

How likely are you to physically assault “Joe” in retaliation? 

Exum found that those in the “anger/alcohol” group were 

significantly more likely to choose a violent outcome to the 

scenario than those in the “sober/calm” group. To Exum, this 

outcome suggests “there is no single rational choice model that 

underlies the decision to engage in physical assault.” 

For CritiCal analysis What is your opinion of Profes- 

sor Exum’s methods and conclusion? How do you think the par- 

ticipants’ demographics (all male, all college students, 76 percent 

Caucasian) affect the results, if at all? 

Myth Reality 

vs 

Does Placing Criminals in Prison reduce Crime? including acts of violence and drug abuse, are committed as if individuals had this 



The Seduction of Crime In expanding on rational choice theory, sociologist 






of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes 

can be explained by rational choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the crime 

itself is considered. For example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “real- 

ized that death was the ultimate thrill” after murdering the first of his more than 

thirty victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by 

rational choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. 

Choice Theory and Public Policy The theory that wrongdoers 

choose to commit crimes is a cornerstone of the American criminal 

justice system. Because crime is seen as the end result of a series of 

rational choices, policymakers have reasoned that severe punishment can deter 

criminal activity by adding another variable to the decision- making process. 

Supporters of the death penalty—now used by thirty-eight states and the fed- 

eral government—emphasize its deterrent effects, and legislators have used 

harsh mandatory sentences to control illegal drug use and trafficking. (To 

see why one expert questions choice theory as a basis for criminal policy, see 

the feature You Be The Judge.) 




and was confident that he could distinguish criminals by their apelike 

physical features. Such far-fetched notions have long been relegated 

to scientific oblivion. But many criminologists do believe that trait 

theories have validity. These theories suggest that certain biologi- 

cal or psychological traits in individuals could incline them toward 

criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances. “All behavior 

is biological,” points out geneticist David C. Rowe of the University 

of Arizona. “All behavior is represented in the brain, in its biochem- 

istry, electrical activity, structure, and growth and decline.” 13 

For example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have 

“realized that death was the ultimate thrill” after murdering the 

first of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly 

“senseless” crimes can be explained by rational choice theory only if 

the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. For example, 

serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death 

was the ultimate thrill” after murdering the first of his more than 

thirty victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can 

Victimology A 








system. 

lo 6 


Criminologists, or researchers who study the causes of crime, warn 

against using models to predict violent behavior. After all, not every mid- 

dle-aged white man who has a grudge against his employers and owns 

a gun is a potential criminal, and it would be wrong to treat them as such. Studies 

may show a correlation between these factors and workplace violence, but very 

few criminologists would go as far as to claim that these factors cause such violent 

behavior. Correlation between two variables means that they tend to vary together. 

Causation, in contrast, means that one variable is responsible for the change in the 

other. Research shows, for example, that ice cream sales and crime rates both rise in 

the summer. Thus, there is a correlation between ice cream sales and crime. Nobody 

would seriously suggest, though, that increased sales of ice cream cause the boost 

including acts of violence and drug abuse, are committed as if individuals had 

this ratio in mind. The earliest popular expression of classical theory came 

in 1764 when the Italian Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) published his Essays on 

Crime. 

The SeducTion of crime In expanding on rational choice theory, 

sociologist Jack Katz has stated that the “rewards” of crime may be sensual 

as well as financial. The inherent danger of criminal activity, according to 

Katz, increases the “rush” a criminal experiences on successfully committing 

a crime. Katz labels the rewards of this “rush” the seduction of crime.11 For 

example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was 

the ultimate thrill” after murdering the first of his more than thirty victims.12 

Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by rational 

choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. For 

example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was 

the ultimate thrill” after murdering the first of his more than thirty victims.12 

Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by rational choice 

theory only if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. 


crimes is a cornerstone of the American criminal justice system. Because crime is 

seen as the end result of a series of rational choices, policymakers have reasoned 




have used harsh mandatory sentences to control illegal drug use and trafficking. 

(To see why one expert questions choice theory as a basis for criminal policy, see the 

feature You Be The Judge.) 







suggest that certain biological or psychological traits in individuals could incline 

them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances. “All behavior 

is biological,” points out geneticist David C. Rowe of the University of Arizona. “All 

behavior is represented in the brain, in its biochemistry, electrical activity, structure, 

and growth and decline.” 13 

For example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was 

the ultimate thrill” after murdering the first of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz 

believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by rational choice theory 

only if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. For example, serial killer 

John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was the ultimate thrill” after 

murdering the first of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly 

“senseless” crimes can be explained by rational choice theory only if the intrinsic 

reward of the crime itself is considered. For example, serial killer John Wayne Gacy 

Larceny / Theft 

58.6% 

Burglary 

18.6% 

Motor Vehicle 

Theft 10.7% 

Murder 0.2% 

Forcible 

Rape 0.8% 

Robbery 3.6% 

Aggravated 

Assault 7.5% 

• Figure 03.04 

Composition of Part I Offenses 

The Uniform Crime Report's violent 

crime statistics cover murders, forc- 

ible rapes, robberies, and aggra- 

vated assaults. As you can see, after 

a steady decline, these rates have 

begun to head upward. 

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 

Crime in the United States, 2008, 

(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department 

of Justice, 2007), at www.fbi.gov 

Despite its vaunted position in modern criminology, rational choice 

theory is viewed with suspicion by many criminologists. If the decision 

to commit a crime is based on a rational consideration of the costs and 

benefits of the crime, what happens if the person making the decision 

is not capable of rationality? The question is particularly relevant given 

that as many as 75 percent of violent offenders may be under the influ- 

ence of alcohol or drugs when they commit their crimes. 

Bell v. Wolfish 

United States Supremem Court 

441 US 520 (1979) 

http://laws.findlaw.com/US/441/520.html 

In the WOrds OF the COurt... 

Justice Renquist, majority opinion 

M. Lyn Exum, a professor of criminal justice at the University of 

North Carolina in Charlotte, decided to test the “robustness” of ra- 

tional choice theory in light of high intoxicant use among criminals. 

Exum recruited eighty-four male college students for what they 

believed would be an experiment concerning the effects of alcohol 

on brain functions. In fact, Exum planned to measure the impact of 

alcohol and anger on the decision to engage in physical assault. The 

participants were randomly divided into “alcohol” and “no alcohol” 

groups, with the members of the “alcohol” group given 1.5 ounces 

of vodka (diluted with orange juice) per 40 pounds of body weight. 

Then, without the participants’ knowledge, the test group was split 

into “anger” and “no anger” categories. Exum induced the desired 

emotions from those in the “anger” set by falsely accusing them 

of arriving thirty minutes late to the laboratory and threatening to 

withhold their $25 payment as a result. Exum induced the desired 

emotions from those in the “anger” set by falsely accusing them of 

arriving thirty minutes late to the laboratory and threatening to with- 

hold their $25 payment as a result. 

. . . . 

Because these theories are based on often untestable hypotheses 

rather than empirical data, psychological explanations for criminal 

behavior are quite controversial. During the middle of the twen- 

tieth century, the concept of the criminal as psychopath (used 

interchangeably with the term sociopath) gained a great deal of 

credence. The psychopath was seen as a person who had somehow 

lost her or his “humanity” and was unable to experience human 

emotions such as love or regret, to control criminal impulses, or to 

understand the consequences of her or his decisions.26 Over the 

past few decades, the concept of psychopathy has lost standing, 

as criminologists have criticized the notion that emotions can be 

“measured.” Once the desired physical and mental states had been 

reached, each participant was presented with the following hypo- 

thetical situation. You return from the restroom in a bar to find “Joe” 

flirting with your girlfriend. After a brief argument, “Joe” pushes 

you. How likely are you to physically assault “Joe” in retaliation? 

. . . . 

Because these theories are based on often untestable hypotheses 

rather than empirical data, psychological explanations for criminal 

behavior are quite controversial. During the middle of the twentieth 

century, the concept of the criminal as psychopath (used inter- 

changeably with the term sociopath) gained a great deal of credence. 

The psychopath was seen as a person who had somehow lost her or 

his “humanity” and was unable to experience human emotions such 

as love or regret, to control criminal impulses, or to understand the 

consequences of her or his decisions. 

Once the desired physical and mental states had been reached, each 

participant was presented with the following hypothetical situation: 

After a brief argument, “Joe” pushes you. How likely are you to physi- 

cally assault “Joe” in retaliation? Exum found that those in the “anger/ 

alcohol” group were significantly more likely to choose a violent 

outcome to the scenario than those in the “sober/calm” group. To 

Exum, this outcome suggests “there is no single rational choice model 

that underlies the decision to engage in physical assault.” 

FOr CrItICal analysIs 

What is your opinion of Professor Exum’s methods and conclusion? 

How do you think the participants’ demographics (all male, all col- 

lege students, 76 percent Caucasian) affect the results, if at all? 

For more information on brain scans and other CJ technolo- 

gies, click on Web Links under Chapter Resources at www. 

cjinaction.com. 

landmark Cases Bell v. wolfish 

lo 5 





would be wrong to treat them as such. Studies may show a correlation between these 

factors and workplace violence, but very few criminologists would go as far as to 

claim that these factors cause such violent behavior. Correlation between two vari- 

ables means that they tend to vary together. Causation, in contrast, means that one 

variable is responsible for the change in the other. Research shows, for example, that 

ice cream sales and crime rates both rise in the summer. Thus, there is a correlation 

between ice cream sales and crime. Nobody would seriously suggest, though, that 

increased sales of ice cream cause the boost in crime rates. 


there is a correlation between violent workplace crime and certain characteristics 

of the lives of violent workplace criminals. But we cannot say what actually caused 

Myles Meyers to kill Roy Thacker without knowing much more about his back- 

ground and environment, and possibly not even then. Consequently, the question. 










of this “rush” the seduction of crime.11 For example, serial killer John 

Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was the ultimate thrill” 

after murdering the first of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz believes 

that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by rational choice theory only if 

the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. For example, serial killer John 

Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was the ultimate thrill” after murder- 

ing the first of his more than thirty victims.12 


crimes is a cornerstone of the American criminal justice system. Because crime is 

seen as the end result of a series of rational choices, policymakers have reasoned 




have used harsh mandatory sentences to control illegal drug use and trafficking. 

(To see why one expert questions choice theory as a basis for criminal policy, see the 

feature You Be The Judge.) 






issue 

area of concern 

Wrongful act 

Party who brings suit 

Party who responds 

standard of proof 

remedy 

Civil law 

rights and duties between individuals 

harm to aperson of business entity 

Person who suffered harm (plaintiff) 

Person who supposedly caused harm 

(defendant) 

Preponderance of the evidence 

damages to compensate for the harm 

Criminal law 

Crime is not something a person is 

“born to do.” instead, it is the result of 

the social conditions under which a 

person finds himself or herself. Those 

who are socially disadvantaged— 

because of poverty or other factors 

such as racial discrimination—are more 

likely to commit crimes because other 

avenues to “success” have been closed 

off. high-crime areas will develop 

their own cultures that are in constant 

conflict with the dominant culture and 

create a cycle of crime that claims the 

youth who grow up in the area and go 

on to be career criminals. 

mastering ConCepts Civil law versus Criminal law 

lo 8 

This will be The TiTle of The box 

Despite its vaunted position in modern 

criminology, rational choice theory is viewed 

with suspicion by many criminologists. If the 

decision to commit a crime is based on a ra- 

tional consideration of the costs and benefits 

of the crime, what happens if the person 

making the decision is not capable of ratio- 

nality? The question is particularly relevant 

given that as many as 75 percent of violent offenders may 

be under the influence of alcohol or drugs when they com- 

mit their crimes. 

M. Lyn Exum, a professor of criminal justice at the 

University of North Carolina in Charlotte, decided to test the 

“robustness” of rational choice theory in light of high intoxi- 

cant use among criminals. Exum recruited eighty-four male 

college students for what they believed would be an experi- 

ment concerning the effects of alcohol on brain functions. 

In fact, Exum planned to measure the impact of alcohol and 

anger on the decision to engage in physical assault. The 

participants were randomly divided into “alcohol” and “no 

alcohol” groups, with the members of the “alcohol” group 

given 1.5 ounces of vodka (diluted with orange juice) per 

40 pounds of body weight. Then, without the participants’ 

knowledge, the test group was split into “anger” and “no 

anger” categories. Exum induced the desired emotions from 

those in the “anger” set by falsely accusing them of arriving 

thirty minutes late to the laboratory and threatening to with- 

hold their $25 payment as a result. 

Because these theories are based on often untestable 

hypotheses rather than empirical data, psychological explana- 

tions for criminal behavior are quite controversial. During the 

middle of the twentieth century, the concept of the criminal 

as psychopath (used interchangeably with the term socio- 

path) gained a great deal of credence. The psychopath was 

seen as a person who had somehow lost her or his “humanity” 

and was unable to experience human emotions such as love 

or regret, to control criminal impulses, or to understand the 

consequences of her or his decisions.26 Over the past few 

decades, the concept of psychopathy has lost standing, as 

criminologists have criticized the notion that emotions can be 

“measured.” 

Once the desired physical and mental states had been 

reached, each participant was presented with the following 

hypothetical situation: 

You return from the restroom in a bar to find “Joe” 

flirting with your girlfriend. After a brief argument, “Joe” 

pushes you. How likely are you to physically assault “Joe” in 

retaliation? 

Exum found that those in the “anger/alcohol” group 

were significantly more likely to choose a violent outcome to 

the scenario than those in the “sober/calm” group. To Exum, 

this outcome suggests “there is no single rational choice 

model that underlies the decision to engage in physical as- 

sault.” 

For CritiCal analysis What is your opinion 

of Professor Exum’s methods and conclusion? How do you 

think the participants’ demographics (all male, all college 

students, 76 percent Caucasian) affect the results, if at all? 

anti-terrorism in aCtion 















victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by ratio- 

nal choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. 

choice Theory and Public Policy The theory that wrongdoers choose to 

commit crimes is a cornerstone of the American criminal justice system. Because 

crime is seen as the end result of a series of rational choices, policymakers have 

reasoned that severe punishment can deter criminal activity by adding another vari- 

able to the decision- making process. Supporters of the death penalty—now used by 

thirty-eight states and the federal government—emphasize its deterrent effects, and 

the situation During the annual “Wild West Days” 

celebration, a homeless man named Bert ignored signs labeled “No 

Disrupting of Parade Route” and crossed Main Street. In doing so, 

he unintentionally spooked a horse carrying ten-year-old “cowgirl” 

Katy. The horse bolted, and Katy was thrown to her death. Pa- 

rade rules stipulate that no person under the age of twelve years 

shall be allowed to ride a horse, but Katy’s mother, an important 

businesswoman and community leader, managed to circumvent 

these regulations on her daughter’s behalf. Now, Katy’s mother is 

insisting that District Attorney Patty Lopez, who is facing a tough 

reelection battle, bring murder charges against Bert. 

the ethical dilemma Following the letter of the 

law, District Attorney Lopez could charge Bert with involuntary 

manslaughter, which, as you will learn in Chapter 3, requires 

that the offender’s carelessness cause a death that he or she 

did not intend. However, Lopez realizes that hundreds of 

people cross Main Street during the parade every year, and Bert 

was more unlucky than careless. 

Furthermore, Lopez is well aware 

that the support of Katy’s mother 

is crucial to her reelection cam- 

paign, and, if she fails to bring charges 

against Lopez, she might well lose the election. 

what is the solution? What do you believe District 

Attorney Lopez should do? She knows that, legally, she can 

charge Bert with involuntary manslaughter. But murder tri- 

als take up considerable resources that might be better spent 

prosecuting more serious crimes with more dangerous offenders. 

Lopez also knows that, under most circumstances, she would 

have very little chance of convincing a jury that such an obvious 

accident requires punishment. But, Katy is a very sympathetic 

victim and Bert is a very unsympathetic suspect. How will District 

Attorney Lopez’s personal values, and her political considerations, 

affect her discretion in this matter? 

a Question of ethics Death of a Cowgirl 

The Seduction of Crime Criminologists, or researchers who study the causes of 

crime, warn against using models to predict violent behavior. After all, not every 

middle-aged white man who has a grudge against his employers and owns a gun is a 

potential criminal, and it would be wrong to treat them as such. Studies may show a 

correlation between these factors and workplace violence, but very few 

criminologists would go as far as to claim that these factors cause such 

violent behavior. Correlation between two variables means that they 

tend to vary together. Causation, in contrast, means that one variable is responsible 

for the change in the other. Research shows, for example, that ice cream sales and 

crime rates both rise in the summer. Thus, there is a correlation between ice cream 

sales and crime. Nobody would seriously suggest, though, that increased sales of ice 

cream cause the boost in crime rates. 

This is the quandary in which criminologists find themselves. One can say that there 

is a correlation between violent workplace crime and certain characteristics of the 

lives of violent workplace criminals. But we cannot say what actually caused Myles 

Meyers to kill Roy Thacker without knowing much more about his background and 

environment, and possibly not even then. Consequently, the question. 




more than half are over age thirty-five, and almost all are male. 4 These criminals 

tend to be hypersensitive to criticism and often respond violently when disciplined. 5 


murder, which, in most instances, is carried out with a firearm. 6 Do these factors 



commit crimes. In this chapter, we will discuss the most influential of these theo- 

ries, some of which complement each other and some of which do not. We will also 

look at the various factors most commonly, if not always correctly, associated with 

criminal behavior. Finally, this chapter will address the question of relevance: What 

effect do theories of why wrongdoing occurs have on efforts to control and prevent 

crime? 



has a grudge against his employers and owns a gun is a potential criminal, and it would 

be wrong to treat them as such. Studies may show a correlation between these factors 

and workplace violence, but very few criminologists would go as far as to claim that 

05 06 

Figure 3.3 

Year 

Index Crme Rate 

3000 

4000 

5000 

6000 

03 04 

197879 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 

• figure 3.8 

Violent crime Rates, 1990-2008 

The Uniform Crime Report's violent crime 

statistics cover murders, forcible rapes, 

robberies, and aggravated assaults. As 

you can see, after a steady decline, these 

rates have begun to head upward. 





Social 

Disorganization 

Theory The theory 

that deviant behavior 

is more likely in 

communities where 

social institutions 

such as the family, 

schools, and the 

criminal justice 

system fail to exert 

control over the 

population. 

Self ASSeSSment fill in the blanks and check your answers on page xxx. 

Offenders sentened to probation serve their sentence in the under the supervision 

of a . If a probationer commmits a by failing to follow the of 

his or her probation, it will be revoked and he or she will likely be sent to . 

lo 7 

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2008, 

(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2007), at www.fbi.gov





The SeducTion of crime In expanding on rational 

choice theory, sociologist Jack Katz has stated that 

the “rewards” of crime may be sensual as well as financial. 

The inherent danger of criminal activity, according 

to Katz, increases the “rush” a criminal experiences on 

successfully committing a crime. Katz labels the rewards 

of this “rush” the seduction of crime.11 For example, 

serial killer John Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized 

that death was the ultimate thrill” after murdering the 

first of his more than thirty victims.12 Katz believes 

that seemingly “senseless” crimes can be explained by 

rational choice theory only if the intrinsic reward of the 

crime itself is considered. For example, serial killer John 

Wayne Gacy claims to have “realized that death was the 

ultimate thrill” after murdering the first of his more than 

thirty victims.12 Katz believes that seemingly “senseless” 

crimes can be explained by rational choice theory only if 

the intrinsic reward of the crime itself is considered. 

9-4: On March 18, 2008, a Brooklyn, New York, jury found Cesar choice Theory and Public Policy The theory 

Rodriguez guilty of manslaughter for the death of his seven-year-old that wrongdoers choose to commit crimes is a corner- 

stepdaughter Nixzmary Brown, shown in this framed photo. 

stone of the American criminal justice system. Because 

crime is seen as the end result of a series of rational 

choices, policymakers have reasoned that severe punishment can deter criminal 

activity by adding another variable to the decision- making process. Supporters of 

the death penalty—now used by thirty-eight states and the federal government— 

emphasize its deterrent effects, and legislators have used harsh mandatory sentences 

to control illegal drug use and trafficking. (To see why one expert questions 

choice theory as a basis for criminal policy, see the feature You Be The Judge.) 



CJ inaction 

Protecting the Community from Sex Offenders 

The California corrections system is a mess. Such a mess, in fact, that in late 2006 Governor 

Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency for the state’s prisons and jails. The 

main culprit is overcrowding, which is so rampant that 16,000 inmates sleep on cots in hallways 

and gyms. The one bright spot, at least according to its supporters, is the Substance 

Abuse and Crime Act, or Proposition 36.79 This controversial diversion program, which 

treats drug abuse as a medical problem rather than a criminal act, is the subject of this chapter’s 

Criminal Justice in Action feature. 

DiverSion Deluxe 

in 2000, an overwhelming 61 percent of California voters approved Proposition 36. The initiative led to 

a change in the state penal code that mandates probation and community-based treatment instead of incarceration 

for eligible drug offenders. The treatment program is designed to wean drug abusers off selfdestructive 

habits. To be eligible, at the time of arrest the offender must have been in possession of the 

incriminating drugs for “personal use”—that is, he or she cannot be a drug “dealer.”80 Proposition 36 also 

excludes those with a prior conviction for a violent felony, those who are “us[ing] a firearm” at the time of 

the drug arrest, and those who refuse treatment.81 

Proposition 36 diverges from the traditional sentencing model in three important ways. First, it prohibits 

judges from sending offenders to prison or jail, severely restricting their control over sentencing process. 

Second, it makes probation mandatory for a certain class of criminals. Third, it limits a judges’ ability to 

revoke probation and return offenders to prison or jail as a punishment for failing to follow the terms of a 

community-based sentence. 

The CASe For ProPoSiTion 36 

• in 2006, a study carried out by the university of California at los Angeles (uClA) found that about 

35,000 nonviolent drug offenders successfully completed Proposition 36’s treatment program. 

• The researchers calculated that for every dollar spent on Proposition 36, the state has saved $2.50 

in incarceration costs, for a total of $140.5 million in the program’s first year and $158.8 million in 

the second.82 

• Another study, by the Justice Policy institute, estimated that the number of inmates in California 

prisons for drug offenses hsa dropped by 34 percent since the law took effect.83 

The CASe AGAinST ProPoSiTion 36 

• only one in four offenders ordered into treatment managed to graduate from the program. 

• A quarter of those sentenced under Proposition 36 never showed up for their initial assessment.84 

• nearly a third of the offenders were arrested on drug charges within a year of starting 

treatment, compared to much lower rates for other diversion programs such as drug 

courts (see page xxx).85 






Your oPinion—wriTinG ASSiGnmenT 

The problem with Proposition 36, according to some experts, is that it does not require ac- 


countability. As we saw earlier in this chapter, most convicts who fail to follow the conditions of 

suggest that certain biological or psychological traits in individuals 

could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances. 

“All behavior is biological,” points out geneticist David C. 

Rowe of the University of Arizona. “All behavior is represented in the brain, in its 

biochemistry, electrical activity, structure, and growth and decline.” 

their community-based sentence can be incarcerated as punishment. Some California state legislators 

want to reform Proposition 36 by adding a “flash incarceration” component that would allow 

judges to send violators caught using drugs to jail for up to ten days. 

Do you think that the criminal justice system should offer more pure treatment options similar to 

Proposition 36 for nonviolent offenders? or, does even the most treatment-oriented program 

require the threat of incarceration to protect society’s best interests? Before responding, 

your can review our discussions in this chapter concerning: 

• The justifications for community corrections (pages xx-xx) 

• Probation revocation (pages (xx-xx) 

• Shock incarceration (pages xx-xx) 

24 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion Your answer should take at least three full paragraphs. 

Chapter 2 Causes of Crime 25 

13 

lo 9 

manizing conditions in many prisons and jails. Some critics of the movement find 

the convict criminologists too focused on prisons and prison life, to the exclusion of 

Preamble 

We the People of the United States, in Order to 

form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure 

domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, 

promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings 

of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain 

and establish this Constitution for the United States of 

America. 

The Constitution of the United States Appendix A 

article i 

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein 

granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United 

States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 

Representatives. 

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be 

composed of Members chosen every second Year by the 

People of the several States, and the Electors in each 

State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors 

of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not 

have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been 

seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who 

shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State 

in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be 

apportioned among the several States which may 

be included within this Union, according to their 

respective Numbers, which shall be determined by 

adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including 

those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and 

excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other 

Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within 

three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of 

the United States, and within every subsequent Term of 

ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. 

The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one 

for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at 

Least one Representative; and until such enumeration 

shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be 

entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode 

Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut 

five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania 

eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North 

Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the Representation 

from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall 

issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall chuse their 

Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole 

Power of Impeachment. 

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall 

be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen 

by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each 

Senator shall have one Vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in 

Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided 

as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of 

the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the 

Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the 

Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at 

the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may 

be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen 

by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the 

Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may 

make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting 

of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. 

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have 

attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years 

a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 

elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he 

shall be chosen. 

The Vice President of the United States shall be 

President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless 

they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and 

also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the 

Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of 

President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all 

Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they 

shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President 

of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall 

preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the 

Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. 

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not 

extend further than to removal from Office, and 

4 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion appendix a The Constitution of the United States 5 

lo 1 

lo 2 

lo 3 

lo 4 

lo 5 

Chapter Summary 

Explain why classical criminology is based on 

choice theory. Choice theory holds that those who 

commit crimes choose to do so. Classical criminology 

is based on a model of a person rationally making 

a choice before commiting a crime—weighing 

the benefits agains the costs. 

Contrast positivism with classical criminology. 

Whereas classical theorists believe criminals make 

rational choices, those of the positivist school believe 

that criminal behavior is determined by psychological, 

biological, and social forces that the individual 

cannot control. 


structure that help explain crime. Social disorganization 

theory states that crime is largely a product 

of unfavorable conditions in certain communities, or 

zones of disorganization. The strain theory argues 

that most people seek increased wealth and financial 

security and that the strain of not being able to 

achieve these goals legally leads to criminal behavior. 

Finally, cultural deviance theory asserts that people 

adapt to the values of the subculture—which has its 

own standards of behavior—to which they belong. 


social process theory. (a) Learning theory, which 

contends that people learn to be criminals from their 

family and peers. (b) Control theory, which holds 

that most of us are dissuaded from a life of crime 

because we place importance on the opinions of family 

and peers. (c) Labeling theory, which holds that a 

person labeled a “junkie” or a “thief”. 

Describe how life course criminology differs 

from the other theories addressed in this chapter. 

The five other theories addressed in this chapter 

link criminal behavior to factors—such as unemployment 

or poor schools—that affect an individual 

long after his or her personality has been established. 

Life course theories focus on behavioral patterns 

of childhood such as bullying, lying, and stealing 

as predictors of future criminal behavior. affect an 

individual long after his or her personality has been 

established. Life course theories focus on behavioral 

lo 6 

lo 7 

lo 8 

lo 9 

Discuss the evolution of victimology from its 

beginnings in the 1940s until today. When criminologists 

first began studying the victims of crimes 

after World War II, they theorized that the victim 

played an active role in her or his victimization. 

This line of thinking remained popular for several 

decades. In the 1970s, however, victims’ rights groups 

began to criticize the “blame the victim” tendency in 

criminology, and researchers turned their attention 

to the experience of being a victim and the victim’s 

role in the criminal justice system. 

Contrast positivism with classical criminology. 

Whereas classical theorists believe criminals make 

rational choices, those of the positivist school believe 

that criminal behavior is determined by psychological, 

biological, and social forces that the individual 

cannot control. 


structure that help explain crime. Social disorganization 

theory states that crime is largely a product 

of unfavorable conditions in certain communities, or 

zones of disorganization. The strain theory argues 

that most people seek increased wealth and financial 

security and that the strain of not being able to 

achieve these goals legally leads to criminal behavior. 

Finally, cultural deviance theory asserts that people 

adapt to the values of the subculture—which has its 

own standards of behavior—to which they belong. 


social process theory. (a) Learning theory, which 

contends that people learn to be criminals from their 

family and peers. (b) Control theory, which holds 

that most of us are dissuaded from a life of crime 

because we place importance on the opinions of 

family and peers. (c) Labeling theory, which holds 

that a person labeled a “junkie” or a “thief”. The five 

other theories addressed in this chapter link criminal 

behavior to factors—such as unemployment or 

poor schools—that patterns of childhood such as 

bullying, lying, and stealing as predictors of future 

criminal behavior. 

Self ASSeSSment AnSwer Key 

Page 210: i. unreasonable; ii. probable cause; iii. exclusionary; iv. evidence 

Page 214: i. stop; ii. reasonable; iii. frisk 

Page 217: i. custody; ii. warrant; iii. warrantless; iv. probable cause 

anomie 44 

choice theory 37 

chronic offender 56 

classical criminology 37 

control theory 46 

criminology 36 

cultural deviance theory 44 

labeling theory 47 

learning theory 46 

life course criminology 49 

positivism 38 

social conflict theories 48 

social disorganization theory 43 

social process theories 46 

1. What is one possible reason for higher crime rates in 

low-income communities? 

2. If you believe that fear of punishment can have a 

deterrent effect on criminal activity, to what view of 

human behavior are you subscribing? 

3. If you believe that criminals learn how to be criminals, 

to what theory are you subscribing? 

4. Why have social conflict theories had a limited 

impact on public policy in the United States? 

Page 226: i. privacy; ii. search warrant; iii. seize; iv. arrest; v. consent 

Page 232: i. custody; ii. before; iii. wave; iv. immediately; v. attorney 

Page 234: i. identify; ii. photo array; iii. lineup; iv. booking 

social reality of crime 48 

strain theory 44 

subculture 45 

theory of differential 

association 46 

utilitarianism 38 

Key Terms 

Questions for Critical Analysis 

5. Why is it important for criminologists to study the 

behavior of preadolescents? 

6. Why do some convict criminologists believe they have 

an advantage over their mainstream colleagues? 

7. What factors contributed to the victims’ rights movement 

becoming politically successful? 

8. What is a chronic offender, and why is this sort of 

person of interest to criminologists? 

1. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Census of Fatal Press, 1996), 26–27. 

Occupational Injuries in 2002 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. 6. Ibid., 23–24. 

Department of Labor, 2003), 1. 

7. James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Hernstein, Crime and 

2. Amy D. Whitten and Deanne M. Mosley, “Caught in Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of 

the Crossfire: Employers’ Liability for Workplace Vio- Crime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), 515. 

lence,” Mississippi Law Journal (2000), 506. 

8. Ibid. 

3. Anne Fisher, “How to Prevent Violence at Work,” For- 9. Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of 

tune (February 21, 2005), 42. 

Morals and Legislation, ed. W. Harrison (Oxford: Basil 

4. Stephanie Armour, “Death in the Workplace: The Mind Blackwell, 1948). 

of a Killer,” USA Today (July 15, 2004), 2A. 

10. Wilson and Hernstein, 44. 

5. Thomas Capozzoli and Steve McVey, Managing Vio- 11. Jack Katz, Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Atlence 

in the Workplace (Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie tractions of Doing Evil (New York: Basic Books, 1988). 


Notes

Cengage Learning | 4 Letter Press 

Chapter Opening Design for Gaines/Miller Criminal Justice 


1 

Criminal 

JustiCe 

today 

learning 

outComes 

After studying this chapter, 

you will be able to . . . 

Describe the two most common 

models of how society determines 

which acts are criminal. 

Define crime and identify the 

different types of crime. 

List the essential elements of the 

3lo 

corrections system. 

lo Explain the difference between 

4 the formal and informal criminal 

justice processes. 

lo Describe the layers of the 5 “wedding cake” model. 

4 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion Chapter 1 Criminal Justice Today 5 

6 

Challenges 

to effeCtive 

poliCing 

learning 

outComes 

After studying this chapter, 

you will be able to . . . 


1lo 

models of how society determines 

which acts are criminal. 

Define crime and identify the 

2lo 

different types of crime. 

List the essential elements of 

the corrections system. 

3lo 

Explain the difference between 

lo the formal and informal criminal 4 justice processes. 

lo Describe the layers of the 

“wedding cake” model. 

5 


1lo 

2lo 

Days of anger anD tears 

Residents of Oakland were angry, and on the afternoon of January 7, 2009, that 

anger turned destructive. What started as a peaceful march downtown to protest 

the shooting death of Oscar Grant III by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) police officer 

Johannes Mehserle ended with overturned dumpsters, smashed windows, and burning 

cars. A week earlier, on New Year’s Eve, Mehserle detained Grant after a fight broke 

out in a BART station. A cell phone video viewed thousands of times on the internet 

showed the unfortunate outcome of the encounter: Mehserle, standing over a prone 

and unresisting Grant, pulled out his weapon and shot the other man in the back. 

About three months later, on March 28, 2009, downtown Oakland was once again 

filled with people reacting to a shooting. This time, however, the atmosphere was marked 

by sadness, as thousands mourned the deaths of four Oakland law enforcement agents. 

Several days before this public funeral, two motorcycle police officers, Mark Dunakin and 

John Hege, had pulled over Lovelle Mixon for a routine traffic stop. Mixon unexpectedly 

opened fire, killing both men. He then fled the scene and killed two more officers—Ervin 

Romans and Daniel Sakai—during the shootout that ensued at a nearby apartment 

complex. Mixon, who had a warrant out for his arrest, also died in the gunfight. 

“This was a senseless murder of people just doing their jobs,” 

said one Oakland resident. While this sentiment echoed loudly through 

all segments of the city, the two incidents added to long-simmering 

tensions between Oakland’s African American and law enforcement 

communities. In both situations, the criminal 

suspect was black, and the police officers were not. 

i 

CareerPreP 

For more information on a 

career as a police officer, go to 

http://4ltrpress.cengage.com/cj 

n retrospect, the red flags concerning 

Cho Seung Hui seem too numerous to have 

been overlooked. His writing assignments 

were laced with gory and violent imagery. 

“[His] plays had really twisted, macabre violence 

that used weapons I wouldn’t have even 

thought of,” remembered one classmate, 

adding that he and his friends had “serious 

worry about whether [Cho] could be a school shooter.” 1 Protestors lay on the ground and yell “don’t shoot” during demonstrations 

against the fatal shooting of Oscar Grant III by a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) 

police officer. 

Eventually, Cho’s manner 

became so disruptive that his creative writing professor removed him from her class. 

During the fall of 2005, two female students complained to Virginia Tech police that

Study PreP 

Describe the two most common models of 

how society determines which acts are 

criminal. Define crime and identify 

the different types of crime. List the 

essential elements of the corrections 

system. Explain the difference 

between the formal and informal 

criminal justice processes. 

in retrospect, the red flags concerning Cho Seung Hui 

seem too numerous to have been overlooked. His writing 

assignments were laced with gory and violent imagery. 

“[His] plays had really twisted, macabre violence that 

used weapons I wouldn’t have even thought of,” remembered 

one classmate, adding that he and his friends had 

“serious worry about whether [Cho] could be a school 

shooter.”1 Eventually, Cho’s manner became so disruptive 

that his creative writing professor removed him 

from her class. During the fall of 2005, two female students 

complained to Virginia Tech police that Cho was 

harassing them. That same semester, a doctor at nearby 

Carilion St. Albans Psychiatric Hospital determined 

that Cho was “mentally ill” but not an imminent threat 

to himself or anyone else. 2 

For all his menacing and disturbing behavior, Cho 

had broken no law, and therefore Virginia Tech had no 

grounds to remove him from school. In Chapter 2, we 

will learn how difficult it is for law enforcement agents 

and other crime experts to predict future criminal activity. 

The rampage at Virginia Tech raised a number of 

other concerns as well. Why was Cho, whom a physician 

had determined to be mentally ill, nonetheless able to 

purchase firearms from a local gunshop and pawnbroker? 

We will address the controversial topic of gun control 

later in this chapter and throughout the textbook. 

Why did the police fail to identify Cho as a suspect and 

warn the Virginia Tech community during the two-hour 

window between shooting incidents? We will examine 

police strategy and other law enforcement topics in 

Chapters 5, 6, and 7. Finally, was the tragedy in any way 

linked to the bullying that apparently was directed at 

Cho throughout his childhood because of his Korean 

heritage and a speech impediment? In Chapter 15, we 

will discuss the causes of school violence and the efforts 

being made to protect American students. (Career Tip: 

For those intereste in helping children, becoming a child 

advocate with the responsibility of preventing young people 

such as Kara Neumann from being harmed is a perfect 

career choice.) 

As you proceed through this textbook, you will see 

that few aspects of the criminal justice system are ever 

simple, even though you may have clear opinions about 

them. In this first chapter, we will introduce you to the 

criminal justice system by discussing its structure, the 

values that it is designed to promote, and the most challenging 

issues it faces today. 

What is Crime? 

Under Virginia criminal law, a person is guilty of “stalking” 

when he or she engages in conduct directed at another 

person with the knowledge that the conduct places the 

other person in reasonable fear of “death, criminal sexual 

assault, or bodily injury.” 3 On two separate occasions, 

female Virginia Tech students had complained to campus 

officials that Cho Seung Hui was “stalking” them. One of 

the students reported that Cho had been following her 

and bothering her with unwelcome telephone calls. The 

other accused Cho of barraging her with instant messages. 

Ultimately, because neither woman felt herself 

to be in danger of bodily harm, no charges were ever 

brought. 4 (CAREER TIP: Teen drug abuse is a significant 

problem in the United States, and you can work towards 

alleviating it by becoming a substance abuse counselor.) 

When does this kind of behavior cross the line 

from “annoying” to “dangerous”? In general an act 

becomes a crime when it meets the legal definitions that 

designate it as such—which Cho’s harassment failed to 

do with regard to Virginia’s definition of “stalking.” 

Therefore, a crime can be defkined as a wrong against 

society proclaimed by law and, if committed under 

certain circumstances, punishable by society. In 2009, 

for example, a Thai judge sentenced Harry Nicolades 

of Australia to three years behind bars. His crime? He 

had written several vulgar sentences about a fictional 

prince in a novel that sold fewer than ten copies. He had 


conflict model A 

criminal justice model in which 

the majority of citizens in a 

society share the same values 

and beliefs. Criminal acts are 

acts that conflict with these 

values and beliefs and that are 

deemed harmful to society. 

White-Collar 

Crime Businessrelated 

crimes are 

popularly referred to as 

white- collar crimes. 

The term white-collar 

crime is broadly used to 

describe an illegal act or 

series of acts committed by an individual or business 

entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal 

or business advantage. j Figure 1.1 lists various types of 

white-collar crime; note that certain property crimes 

fall into this category when committed in a business 

context. Although the extent of this criminal activity is 

difficult to determine with any certainty, the Association 

of Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that white-collar 

crime costs U.S. businesses as much as $994 billion a 

year. 8 

organized Crime White-collar crime involves 

the use of legal business facilities and employees to 

commit illegal acts. For example, a bank teller can’t 

embezzle unless she is hired first as a legal employee 

of the bank. In contrast, organized crime describes 

illegal acts by illegal organizations, usually geared 

toward satisfying the public’s demand for unlawful 

goods and services. Organized crime broadly implies a 

conspiratorial and illegal relationship among any number 

of persons engaged in unlawful acts. More specifically, 

groups engaged in organized crime employ criminal 

tactics such as violence, corruption, 

4 major 

categories 

of violent 

crime: 

murder, 

sexual assault; 

assault & battery; 

robbery 

and intimidation for economic gain. The hierarchical 

structure of orga nized crime operations often mirrors 

that of legitimate businesses, and, like any corporation, 

these groups attempt to capture a sufficient percentage of 

any given market to make a profit. For organized 

crime, the traditional preferred markets are 

3lo 

gambling, prostitution, illegal narcotics, and 

loan sharking (lending money at higher-thanlegal 

interest rates), along with more recent ventures into 

counterfeiting and credit-card scams. 

high-tech Crime The newest typology of 

crime is directly related to the increased presence 

of computers in everyday life. The Internet, with 

approximately 1.5 billion users worldwide, is the site of 

numerous cyber crimes. For example, a bank teller can’t 

embezzle unless she is hired first as a legal employee of 

the bank. In contrast, illegal acts by illegal organizations, 

usually geared toward satisfying the public’s demand for 

unlawful goods and services. Organized crime broadly 

implies a conspiratorial and illegal relationship among 

any number of persons engaged in unlawful acts. More 

specifically, groups engaged in organized crime employ 

criminal tactics such as violence, corruption, and 

intimidation for crimes, such as selling pornographic 

materials, soliciting minors, and defrauding consumers 

with bogus financial investments. among any number 

of persons engaged in unlawful acts. More specifically, 

groups engaged in organized crime employ criminal 

tactics such as violence corruption and intimidation 

for economic gain. The hierarchical structure of organized 

crime operations often mirrors that of legitimate 

businesses, and, like any corporation, these groups 

attempt to capture a sufficient percentage of any 

given market to make a profit. Institutions must 

be created to apprehend alleged wrongdoers, 

determine whether these persons have indeed 

committed crimes, and punish those who are 

found guilty according to society’s wishes. For 

organized crime, the traditional preferred 

markets are gambling, prostitution, illegal 

narcotics, and loan sharking (lending money 

at higher.) 

Defining which actions are to be labeled 

“crimes” is only the first step in safeguarding 

society from criminal behavior. Institutions must be 


Text design for Gaines/Miller Criminal Justice 


written several vulgar sentences. Thailand’s criminal 

code prohibits anyone from “defaming” or “insulting” a 

member of that country’s royal family. Such legislation 

would not be allowed in the United States because of our 

country’s long tradition of free speech. (See the feature 

Comparative Criminal Justice—The Finnish Line on Speech 

Crime on the next page to learn about another strain of 

foreign criminal law that will seem unusual to many 

Americans.) 

To more fully understand the concept of crime, 

it will help to examine the two most common 

1lo 

models of how society “decides” which acts 

are criminal: the consensus model and the 

conflict model. 

to consider the sale of 

heroin a criminal act. 

Sometimes, a consensus 

forces lawmakers 

to move more quickly. 

In 2008, for example, 

Nebraska enacted a “safe 

haven” law allowing overwhelmed 

parents to hand 

their children over to state 

health-care workers without 

crime An act that violates 

criminal law and is punishable 

by criminal sanctions. 





and beliefs. Criminal acts are 

acts that conflict with these 

values and beliefs and that are 

deemed harmful to society. 

fear of being charged with a crime called abandonment. 

, parents immediately began handing over older children, 

and even teenagers, with behavioral problems. Reacting to 

public outcry, by the end of the year Nebraska legislators 

amended the language of the law to limit its reach to infants 

under thirty days old. 6 

the Consensus model 

The term consensus refers to general agreement 

among the majority of any particular group. Thus, the 

consensus model rests on the assumption that as people 

gather together to form a society, its members will naturally 

come to a basic agreement with regard to shared norms 

and values. The society passes laws to control and 

prevent deviant behavior, thereby setting the boundaries 

for acceptable behavior within the group. 5 

the ConfliCt model 

Some people reject the consensus model on the ground 

that moral attitudes are not constant or even consistent. 

In large, democratic societies such as the United States, 

different groups of citizens have widely varying opinions 

on issues of morality and criminality, including 

The consensus model, to a certain extent, assumes abortion, the war on drugs, immigration, and assisted 

that a diverse group of people can have similar mor- suicide. These groups and their elected representatives 

als; that is, they share an ideal of what is “right” and are constantly coming into conflict with one another. 

“wrong.” Consequently, as public attitudes toward According to the conflict model, then, the most 

morality change, so do laws. In colonial times, those powerful segments of society—based on class, income, 

found guilty of adultery were subjected to corporal pun- age, and race—have the most influence on criminal laws 

ishment; a century ago, one could walk into a pharmacy and are therefore able to impose their values on the rest 

and purchase heroin. Today, social attitudes have shifted of the community. 

to consider adultery 

Consequently, what is deemed criminal activity is 

a personal issue, 

beyond the purview 

of the state, and 

determined by whichever group happens to be holding 

power at any given time. Because certain groups do not 

have access to political power, their interests are not 

served by the criminal justice system. To give one example, 

with the exception of Oregon and Washington State, 

physician-assisted suicide is illegal in the United States. 

Although opinion polls show that the general public is 

evenly divided on the issue, 7 Each society 

must decide 

what 

crime 

is. 

several highly motivated 

interest groups power, their interests are not served by 

the criminal justice system. have been able to convince 

lawmakers that the practice goes against America’s 

shared moral and religious values. The authority of this 

“organized 

crime in America takes in 

over forty billion dollars a year. 

This is quite a profitable sum, 

especially when one considers that 

the Mafia spends very little for 

office supplies.” 

—Woody Allen, AmericAn Humorist 

created to apprehend alleged wrongdoers, determine 

whether these persons have indeed committed crimes, 

and punish those who are found guilty according to 

society’s wishes. Institutions must be created to apprehend 

alleged wrongdoers, determine whether these 

persons have indeed committed crimes, and punish 

those who are found guilty according to society’s 

wishes. As we begin our examination 

of the American criminal justice 

system in this introductory chapter, 

it is important to have an idea of its 

purpose. 

the purpose of 

the Criminal 

JustiCe system 

In 1967, the President’s Commission 

on Law Enforcement and 

Administration of Justice stated that the 

criminal justice system is obliged 

to enforce accepted standards 

of conduct so as to “protect 

individuals and the community.” 

9 The prevention 

goal is often used to justify 

harsh punishments for 

wrongdoers, which some 

see as deterring others organized crime The 

interlocking network of law 

from committing simi- enforcement agencies, courts, 

lar criminal acts. Given and corrections institutions 

designed to enforce criminal 

this general mandate, we laws and protect society from 

can further separate the criminal behavior. 

purpose of the modern 

criminal justice system into 

three general goals: 

Though many observers differ on the precise methods 

of reaching them, the first two goals are fairly straightforward. 

By arresting, prosecuting, and punishing 

wrongdoers, the criminal justice system attempts to 

control crime. In the process, the system also hopes to 

prevent new crimes from taking place. The prevention 

goal is often used to justify harsh punishments for 

wrongdoers, which some see as deterring others from 

committing similar criminal acts. 

What are some of the justifications for 

punishing so harshly white-collar 

criminals such as Madoff? 

Are there any reasons to be 

lenient with those whose 

crimes do not physically 

harm their victims? Timothy 

A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images 






and beliefs. Criminal acts are acts 

that conflict with these values 

and beliefs and that are deemed 

harmful to society. 

outlook was reinforced 

in 2009 when Georgia 

law enforcement agents 

arrested four members 

of the Final Exit 

Network, an organization 

that provides 

instruction and comfort 

for patients who wish to end their lives, for breaking a 

state law that prohibits such activity. 

an integrated 

definition of Crime 

Considering both the consensus and conflict models, 

we can construct a definition of crime that will be useful 

throughout this textbook. For our purposes, crime is an 

action or activity that is: 

CAREERpREp 

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Job DesCripTion: 

n Photograph physical evidence and crime scenes related to 

criminal investigations. 

n Also must be able to compose reports; testify in court; 

understand basic computer software and terminology; 

operate film and print processors; recognize, evaluate and 

correct problems with Photo Lab systems in order to meet 

quality control standards; produce color correct images; train 

other personnel. 

WhaT kinD of Training is requireD? 

n One year in a law enforcement or commercial photography 

OR a degree or certificate in photography and darkroom 

techniques OR some combination of the above training or 

experience totaling one year. 

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second and/or third shifts, weekends, 

holidays, and evenings. 

annual salary range? 

n $45,780 – $53,290• 

for additional information, visit: 

www.crime-scene-investigator. 

com 

10 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion 

Maintaining Justice The 

third goal—providing and 

maintaining justice—is more 

complicated, largely because 

justice is a difficult concept to 

define. Broadly stated, justice 

means that all citizens are equal 

before the law and that they are 

free from arbitrary arrest or seizure 

as defined by the law. In other words, 

the idea of justice is linked with the idea 

of fairness. Above all, we want our laws and 

the means by which they are carried out to be 

fair. 

Justice and fairness are subjective terms; different 

people may have different concepts of what is just and 

fair. If a woman who has been beaten by her husband 

retaliates by killing him, what is her just punishment? 

Reasonable persons could disagree, with some thinking 

that the homicide was justified and she should 

Problem: False confessions 

Number of cases: 31 of 200 

(16 percent) 

Explanation: Garrett believes 

that most false confessions are 

the result of improper coercion 

by law enforcement officials. 

We discussed some of the 

ploys that police use to evade 

Miranda warnings, for example, 

in Chapter 7. Crucially, 

two-thirds of the convicts in 

this category were juveniles, 

mentally retarded, or both. 

“Society 

prepares the crime, 

the 

criminal 

commits it.” 

—henry thomas buckle— 

british historian 

Problem: Eyewitness 

misidentification 

Number of cases: 158 out of 

200 (79 percent) 

Explanation: In many cases 

involving violent crimes 

where the victim survives, 

victim testimony is the only 

direct evidence against the 

defendant. Given the extreme 

circumstances in which violent 

crimes take place, it is not 

surprising that victims would 

make a mistake in identifying 

their assailant. 

* Many of the cases featured two or more kinds of flawed or false evidence. 

Source: Brandon L. Garrett, “Judging Innocence,” Columbia Law Review (January 2008), 55-142. 

“I hate this 

‘crime doesn't pay’ 

stuff. Crime in the United 

States is perhaps one of the 

biggest businesses in 

the world today.” 

Peter KIrK 

1. Punishable under criminal law, as determined 

by the majority or, in some cases, by a powerful 

minority. 

2. Considered an offense against society as a whole 

and prosecuted by public officials, not by victims 

and their relatives or friends. 

3. Punishable by statutorily determined sanctions 

that bring about the loss of personal freedom or 

life. 

At this point, it is important to understand the difference 

between crime and deviance, or behavior that 

does not conform to the norms of a given community or 

society. Deviance is a subjective concept; some segments 

of society may think that smoking marijuana or killing 

animals for clothing and food is deviant behavior. Deviant 

acts become crimes only when society as a whole, through 

its legislatures, determines that those acts should be punished—as 

is the situation today in the United States with 

using illegal drugs but not with eating meat. Furthermore, 

not all crimes are considered particularly deviant; little 

social disapprobation is attached to those who fail 

to follow the letter of parking laws. In essence, 

criminal law reflects those acts that we, as 

a society, agree are so unacceptable that 

steps must be taken to prevent them from 

occurring. 

types of Crime 

The manner in which crimes are classified 

depends on their seriousness. For gen- 

be treated leniently, and others 

insisting that she should not 

have taken the law into her own 

hands. Police officers, judges, 

prosecutors, prison administrators, 

and other employees 

of the criminal justice system 

must decide what is “fair.” 

Sometimes, their course of action 

is obvious; often, as we shall see, 

Society places the burden of 

controlling crime, preventing crime, 

and determining fairness on those citizens 

who work in the three main institutions of the criminal 

justice system: law enforcement, courts, and corrections. 

In the next section, we take an introductory look 

at these institutions and their role in the criminal justice 

system as a whole. 

Figure 10.6 

Wrongful Convictions and Unreliable Evidence 

Professor Brandon L. Garrett of the University of Virginia 

carefully studied each of the first 200 cases in which a convict 

was eventually freed because of DNA evidence. In each case, 

despite the efforts of trial judges and appellate courts, the 

evidence was flawed or, at times, false. Drawing from Garrett’s 

research, this figure shows the most common causes of 

wrongful convictions in the United States.*. 

Problem: Faulty forensic 

evidence 

Number of cases: 113 out of 

200 (57 percent) 

Explanation: These examples 

probably reflect the limitations 

of forensics in the pre-DNA era. 

In particular, law enforcement 

used to rely heavily on matching 

a defendant’s blood type with 

blood found at the crime scene, 

a risky endeavor considering 

that most people share one of 

three blood types. 

Problem: False informant 

testimony 

Number of cases: 35 of 200 

(18 percent) 

Explanation: In these cases, 

an informant—often from the 

jailhouse—or a cooperating 

co-offender provided false 

testimony. Police and 

prosecutors tend to give 

too much credence to such 

informants, who generally 

benefit from “snitching” 

by receiving a reduction in 

their sentences. Informants 

frequently are liars when it 

comes to the wrongdoing of 

others. 

eral purposes, we can group criminal behavior into six 

categories: violent crime, property crime, public order 

crime Federal, state, and local legislation has provided 

for the and punishment of hundreds of thousands of 

different criminal acts, ranging from jaywalking to 

first degree murder. For general purposes, we can group 

criminal behavior into six categories: violent crime, property 

crime, public order crime, white-collar crime, organized 

crime, and high-tech crime. 

Violent Crime Crimes against persons, or violent 

crimes, have come to dominate our perspectives on crime. 

There are four major categories of violent crime: 

n Murder, or the unlawful killing of a human being. 

n Sexual assault, or rape, which refers to coerced 

actions of a sexual nature against an unwilling 

participant. 

n Assault and battery, two separate acts that cover 

situations in which one person physically attacks 

another (battery) or, through threats, intentionally 

leads another to believe that he or she will be 

physically harmed (assault). 

n Robbery, or the taking of funds, personal property, 

or any other article of value from a person by 

means of force or fear. 

As you will see in Chapter 4, these violent crimes are 

further classified by degree, depending on the circumstances 

surrounding the criminal act. whether a weapon 

Why does society need to punish wrongdoers who had 

no intention to cause harm, as was the case here? 

was used, and (in cases other than murder) the level of pain AP Photo/Houston Chronicle, Melissa Phillip 

and suffering experienced by the victim. 

2lo 

Property Crime The most common 

form of criminal activity is property crime, or 

those crimes in which the goal of the offender is 

some form of economic gain or the damaging 

of property. Pocket picking, shoplifting, 

and the stealing of any property that 

is not accomplished by force are 

covered by laws against larceny, also 

known as theft. Burglary refers 

to the unlawful entry of a structure 

with the intention of committing a 

serious crime such as theft. Motor 

vehicle theft describes the theft or 

attempted theft of a motor vehicle, 

What is 

the Criminal 

JustiCe system? 

Sometimes, a consensus forces lawmakers 

to move more quickly. In 2008, for example, 

4lo 

Nebraska enacted a “safe haven” law allowing 

overwhelmed parents to hand their children over to 

state health-care workers without fear. 

the struCture of the 

Criminal JustiCe system 

Some people reject the consensus model on the ground 

that moral attitudes are not constant or even consistent. 

In large, democratic societies such as the United States, 

different groups of citizens have widely varying opinions 

on issues of morality and criminality, including 

abortion, the war on drugs, immigration, and assisted 

suicide. These groups and their elected representatives 

are constantly coming into conflict with one another. 

According to the most powerful segments of society— 

based on class, income, age, and race—have the most 

influence on criminal laws and are therefore able to 

impose their values on the rest of the community. 

1. To control crime 

2. To prevent crime 

3. To provide and maintain justice 



power at any given time. Because certain groups do 

not have access to political power, their interests are 

not served by the criminal justice system. To give one 

example, with the exception of Oregon and Washington 

State, physician-assisted suicide is illegal in the United 

States. These groups and their elected representatives 

are constantly coming into conflict with one another. 

According to the most powerful segments of society— 

based on class, income, age, and race—have the most 

influence on criminal laws and are therefore able to 

impose their values on the rest of the community. 

Although opinion polls show that the general public 

is evenly divided on the issue, 7 several highly motivated 

interest groups have been able to convince law- 

including all cases in 

which automobiles are 

taken by persons not 

having lawful access 

to them. Arson is also 

a property crime; it 

involves the willful 

burning of a home, 

automobile, commercial 

building, or any other 

construction. 

deviance An act that 

violates criminal law and 

is punishable by criminal 

sanctions. 

murder A criminal justice 

model in which the majority 

of citizens in a society share 

the same values and beliefs. 

Criminal acts are acts that 

conflict with these values and 

beliefs and that are deemed 

harmful to society. 

Public Order Crime The concept of public 

order crimes is linked to the consensus model discussed 

earlier. Historically, societies have always outlawed 

activities that are considered contrary to public values 

and morals. Today, the most common public order crimes 

include public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and 

illicit drug use. These crimes are sometimes referred 

to as victimless crimes because they often harm only 

the offender. As you will see throughout this textbook, 

however, that term is rather misleading. Public order 

crimes may create an environment that gives rise to 

property and violent crimes. 

Chapter 1 Criminal Justice Today 11 

testPreP 


models of how society 

determines which acts are 

criminal. Define crime and 

identify the different types 

of crime. List the essential 

elements of the corrections 

system. Explain the difference 

between the formal 

and informal criminal justice 

processes. 

makers that the practice goes against America’s shared 

moral and religious values. The authority of this outlook 

was reinforced in 2009 when Georgia law enforcement 

agents arrested four members of the Final Exit Network, 

an organization that provides instruction and comfort 

for patients who wish to end their lives, for breaking a 

state law that prohibits such activity. 

An InTegrATed 

defInITIon of CrIme 

Considering both the consensus and conflict models, 

we can construct a definition of crime that will be useful 

throughout this textbook. For our purposes, crime is an 

action or activity that is: 

1. Punishable under criminal law, as 

determined by the majority or, in some 

cases, by a powerful minority. 

2. Considered an offense against society as a 

whole and prosecuted by public officials, 

not by victims 



power at any given time. Because certain groups do 

not have access to political power, their interests are 

not served by the criminal justice system. To give one 

example, with the exception of Oregon and Washington 

State, physician-assisted suicide is illegal in the United 

States. Although opinion polls show that the general 

public is evenly divided on the issue, 7 several highly 

motivated interest groups have been able to convince 

14 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion Chapter 1 Criminal Justice Today 15

16 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ACTION 

CJ and 

Technology 

BIOMETRICS 

The science of biometrics 

involves identifying a person 

through her or his unique 

physical characteristics. In 

the criminal justice context, 

the term refers to the various 

technological devices that 

read these characteristics and 

report the identity of the subject to 

the authorities. Today, there are four leading biometric 

technologies: 

1. Fingerprint readers take photographic images of 

fingerprints to determine patterns based on the 

points where the ridges of the fingertips begin, 

terminate, or split. These patterns are then 

mathematically encoded and the information 

stored. 

2. Iris recognition systems capture about 240 minute 

details of the eye in a similar manner. 

3. Face recognition systems use a camera to record 

from thirty to eighty “markers” on a subject’s 

face, such as cheekbone formations, the width of 

the nose bridge, and the space between the eyes. 

4. Hand geometry scanners take and store as many 

as ninety different measurements, such as vein 

patterns, distance between knuckles, and the 

length and width of fingers. 

Defining which actions are to be labeled “crimes” is 

only the first step in safeguarding society from criminal 

behavior. Institutions must be created to apprehend 

alleged wrongdoers, determine whether these 

persons have indeed committed crimes, and punish 

timePreP 


models of how society 

determines which acts are 

criminal. Define crime and 

identify the different types 

of crime. List the essential 

elements of the corrections 

system. 

attacks another (battery) or, through threats, 

intentionally leads another to believe that he or she will 

be physically harmed (assault) or the taking of funds, 

personal property, or any other article of value from a 

person by means of force or fear. 

As you will see in Chapter 4, these violent crimes 

are further classified by degree, depending on the circumstances 

surrounding the criminal act. These circumstances 

include the intent of the person committing the 

crime, whether a weapon was used, and (in cases other 

than murder) the level of pain and suffering experienced 

by the victim. 

Property Crime The most common form 

of criminal activity is property crime, or those 

crimes in which the goal of the 

offender is some form of economic 

gain or the damaging of property. 

Pocket picking, shoplifting, and 

the stealing of any property that is 

not accomplished by force are 

covered by laws against also 

known as theft. unlawful entry 

of a structure with the intention 

of committing a serious crime 

such as theft. Motor vehicle 

theft describes the theft or 

attempted theft of a motor 

vehicle, including all cases in 

which automobiles are taken 

by persons not having lawful 

access to them. Arson is also 

a property crime; it involves 

the willful and malicious 

burning of a home, automobile, 

commercial building, or any other 

construction. 

The use of biometrics 

is becoming more common 

in law enforcement. 

More than 2,100 sheriff’s 

departments in twentyseven 

states are using iris 

recognition technology. 

Most take digital pictures 

of the eyes of Alzheimer’s 

patients and children to help 

identify the subjects should they 

become lost or be abducted. Law enforcement officials 

in New Mexico scan the irises of convicted sex offenders 

to keep them from avoiding detection under false names. 

Experts predict that face recognition systems will eventually 

allow hidden cameras to check the identities of 

thousands of people shopping in a mall or taking a stroll 

in a city park. Furthermore, someday police officers will 

be able to take a photo of a suspect and instantaneously 

check the biometric markers against a database of millions 

for an identifying match. 

THINKING ABOUT BIOMETRICS: 

Do you have any concerns about a technology that would 

enable the government to identify thousands of people 

with the sweep of a camera? What would be the benefits 

and drawbacks of a database that contained biometric 

information on every person in the United States?and 

drawbacks of a database that contained biometric 

information on every person in the United States? 

those who are found guilty according to society’s wishes. 




alleged wrongdoers, determine whether these persons 

Public Order Crime The concept of is linked 

to the consensus model discussed earlier. Historically, 

societies have always outlawed activities that are 

considered contrary to public values and morals. 

Today, the most common public order crimes include 

public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and illicit 

drug use. These crimes are sometimes referred to 

as victimless crimes because they often harm only 

the offende http://www.shutterstock.com/subscribe. 

mhtml r. As you will see throughout this textbook, 

however, that term is rather misleading. Public order 

crimes may create an environment that gives rise to 

property and violent crimes. 

White-Collar Crime Business-related crimes 

are popularly referred to The term white-collar crime 

is broadly used to describe an illegal act or series of 

acts committed by an individual or business entity 

using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or 

business advantage. lists various types of white-collar 

crime; note that certain property crimes fall into this 

category when committed in a business context. Today, 

the most common public order crimes include 

public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, 

and illicit drug use. Although the extent 

of this criminal activity is difficult 

to determine with any certainty, 

the Association of Certified Fraud 

Examiners estimates that white-collar 

crime costs U.S. businesses as much as 

$994 billion a year. 8 

Organized Crime 

White-collar crime involves 

attacks another (battery) 

through threats, 

intentionally leads 

another to believe 

that he or she 

will be physically 

harmed (assault). 

obbery, or the taking 

of funds, personal 

property, or any other 

article of value from a 

person by means of force 

or fear. 


Text design for Gaines/Miller Criminal Justice 


another (battery) or, through threats, intentionally 

leads another to believe that he or she will be physically 

harmed (assault).Robbery, or the taking of funds, 




are further classified by degree, depending on the circumstances 

surrounding the criminal act. These circumstances 

include the intent of the person committing the 

crime, whether a weapon was used, and (in cases other 

than murder) the level of pain and suffering experienced 

by the victim. 

Property Crime The most common form of 

criminal activity is property crime, or those crimes in 

which the goal of the offender is some form of economic 

gain or the damaging of property. Pocket picking, 

shoplifting, and the stealing of any property that is not 

accomplished by force are covered by laws against refers 

to the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention 

of committing a serious crime such as theft. Motor 

vehicle theft describes the theft or attempted theft of a 

motor vehicle, including all cases in which automobiles 

are taken by persons not having lawful access to them. 

Arson is also a property crime; it involves the willful and 

malicious burning of a home, automobile, commercial 

building, or any other construction. 

Public Order Crime The concept of 

public order crimes is linked to the 

consensus model discussed earlier. 

Historically, societies have always 

outlawed activities that are 

considered contrary to public 

values and morals. Today, 

the most common public 

order crimes include public 

drunkenness, prostitution, 

gambling, and illicit drug use. 

These crimes are sometimes 

referred to as victimless 

crimes because they often harm 

only the offender. Today, the 

most common public order crimes 

include public drunkenness, As you 

will see throughout this textbook, 

As you will see in Chapter 4, 

these violent crimes are further 

classified by degree, depending 

on the circumstances surrounding 

the criminal act. These circumstances 

include the intent 

of the person committing the 

crime, whether a weapon was 

used, and (in cases other than 

murder) the level of pain and suffering 

experienced by the victim. 

Business-related crimes are popularly 

referred to as The term white-collar 

crime is broadly used to describe an illegal act 

or series of acts committed by an individual or business 

entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a 

personal or business advantage. lists various types of 

white-collar crime; note that certain property crimes 

fall into this category when committed in a business 

context. Today, the most common public order crimes 

include public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, 

and illicit drug use. Although the extent of this criminal 

activity is difficult to determine with any certainty, the 

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that 

white-collar crime costs U.S. businesses as much as 

$994 billion a year. 8 Business-related crimes are popularly 

referred to as broadly used to describe an illegal act 

or series of acts committed by an individual or business 

entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal 

or business advantage. ists various types of whitecollar 

crime; note that certain property crimes fall into 

however, that term is 

rather misleading. Public 

order crimes may create 

an environment that gives 

rise to property and violent 

crimes. 

Figure 10.7 

Composition of Part I Offenses 

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in 

the United States, 2007 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. 

Department of Justice, 2008), at www.fbi.gov 

“If you do big 

things they 

print your face, 

and if you do 

little things 

they print only 

your thumbs.” 

public order 

crimes The interlocking 

network of law enforcement 

agencies, courts, and 

corrections institutions 

designed to enforce criminal 

laws and protect society. 

White-Collar 

Crime Business-related crimes are popularly 

referred to as The term white-collar crime is 

broadly used to describe an illegal act or series of acts 

committed by an individual or business entity using 

some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or business 

advantage. j Figure 10.7 lists various types of whitecollar 

crime; note that certain property crimes fall into 

this category when committed in a business context. 

Although the extent of this criminal activity is difficult 

to determine with any certainty, the Association of 

Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that white-collar 

crime costs U.S. businesses as much as $994 billion a 

year. 8 

Organized Crime White-collar crime involves 

the use of legal business facilities and employees to 

commit illegal acts. For example, a bank teller can’t 

embezzle unless she is hired first as a legal employee 

of the bank. In contrast, describes illegal acts by illegal 

organizations, usually geared toward satisfying the 

public’s demand for unlawful goods and 

services. Organized crime broadly 

implies a conspiratorial and illegal 

relationship among any number 

of persons engaged in unlawful 

acts. More specifically, groups 

engaged in organized crime 

employ criminal tactics such 

as violence, corruption, and 

intimidation for economic 

gain. The hierarchical 

structure of orga nized crime 

operations often mirrors that of 

legitimate businesses, and, like any 

corporation, these groups attempt 

to capture a sufficient percentage of 

any given market to make a profit. 

For organized crime, the traditional 

this category when committed in a 

business context. Today, the most 

common public order crimes 

include public drunkenness, 

prostitution, gambling, and 

illicit drug use. Although the 

extent of this criminal activity 

is difficult to determine with 

any certainty, the Association of 

Certified Fraud Examiners estimates 

that white-collar crime costs 

U.S. businesses as much as $994 billion 

a year. 8 

he term white-collar crime is broadly used to 

describe an illegal act or series of acts committed by 

an individual or business entity using some nonviolent 

means to obtain a personal or business advantage. 

Figure 1.1 lists various types of white-collar crime; note 

that certain property crimes fall into this category when 

committed in a business context. Today, the most common 

public order crimes include public drunkenness, 

prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use. Although the 

extent of this criminal activity is difficult to determine 

with any certainty, the Association of Certified Fraud 

Examiners estimates that white-collar crime costs U.S. 

businesses as much as $994 billion a year. 8 Businessrelated 

crimes are popularly referred to The term 

white-collar crime is broadly used to describe an illegal 

act or series of acts committed by an individual or 

business entity using some nonviolent means to obtain 

a personal or business advantage. j Figure 1.1 lists 

arthur "bugs" baer 

amerIcan journalIst 

Figure 6.4 Calls for Service 

Over a period of two years, the Project on Policing Neighborhoods gathered information on calls for service in Indianapolis, Indiana, 

and St. Petersburg, Florida. As you can see, the largest portion of these calls involved disputes where no violence or threat of violence 

existed. Be aware also that nearly two-thirds of the nonviolent dispute calls and nearly half of the assault calls answered by 

police dealt with domestic confrontations. 

Description of Violation Percentage of Total Calls 

NONSERIOUS CRIME CALLS 

Nonviolent disputes 41.7 

Public disorder (examples: drunk, disorderly, begging, prostitution) 11.1 

Assistance (examples: missing persons, traffic accident, damaged property) 9.8 

Minor violations (examples: shoplifting, trespassing, traffic/parking offense, refusal to pay) 4.5 

SERIOUS CRIME CALLS 

Assaults (examples: using violence against a person, kidnapping, child abuse) 26.0 

Serious theft (examples: motor vehicle theft, burglary, purse snatching) 5.1 

General disorder (examples: illicit drugs, fleeing police, leaving the scene of an accident) 1.8 

Source: Stephen D. Mastrofski, Jeffrey B. Snipes, Roger B. Parks, and Christopher D. Maxwell, “The Helping Hand of the Law: 

Police Control of Citizens on Request,” Criminology 38 (May 2000), Table 5, page 328. 

LifePreP 

Describe the two 

most common models 

of how society 

determines which acts 

are criminal. Define 

crime and identify 

the different types of 

crime. List the essential 

elements of the corrections system. 

Explain the difference between the formal 

and informal criminal justice processes. 

attacks another (battery) or, through threats, 

intentionally leads another to believe that he or she 

will be physically harmed (assault).he taking of funds, 




are further classified by degree, depending on the surrounding 

the criminal act. These circumstances include 

the intent of the person committing the crime, whether 

a weapon was used, and (in cases other than murder) the 

level of pain and suffering experienced by the victim. 

Property Crime The most common form of 

criminal activity is property crime, or those crimes 

in which the goal of the offender is some form of 

economic gain or the damaging of property. Pocket 

picking, shoplifting, and the stealing of any property 

that is not accomplished by force are covered by laws 

CAREERpREp 

PoliCe deteCtive 

Job DesCripTion: 

n Collect evidence and obtain facts pertaining to 

criminal cases. 

n Conduct interviews, observe suspects, examine 

records, and help with raids and busts. Some 

detectives are assigned to multi-agency task forces 

that deal with specific types of crime, like drug 

trafficking or gang activity. 

18 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion 

against, also known as theft refers to the unlawful entry 

of a structure with the intention of committing a serious 

crime such as theft. Motor vehicle theft describes the 

theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle, including 

all cases in which automobiles are taken by persons not 

having lawful access to them. Arson is also a property 

crime; it involves the willful and malicious burning of 

a home, automobile, commercial building, or any other 

construction. 

Public Order Crime The concept of is linked 

to the consensus model discussed earlier. Historically, 

societies have always outlawed activities that are 

considered contrary to public values and morals. Today, 

the most common public order crimes include public 

drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use. 

These crimes are sometimes referred to as victimless 

crimes because they often harm only the offender. As 

you will see throughout this textbook, however, that term 

is rather misleading. Public order crimes may create 

an environment that gives rise to property and violent 

crimes. 

White-Collar Crime Business-related crimes 

are popularly referred to as The term white-collar crime 

is broadly used to describe an illegal act or series of acts 

committed by an individual or business entity using 

some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or business 

advantage lists various types of white-collar crime; note 

that certain property crimes fall into this category when 

committed in a business context. Although the extent of 

this criminal activity is difficult to determine with any 

certainty, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners 

estimates that white-collar crime costs U.S. businesses 

WhaT kinD of Training is requireD? 

n 2–5 years experience as a police patrol officer is 

required before testing to become a detective. 

n Larger departments require 60 units of college 

credit or an associate’s degree. 

annual salary range? 

n $43,920—$76,350 

for additional information, visit: 

http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos160.htm 

Contents Part One: The Criminal Justice System 

Introduction The “Craigslist Killer” 4 

CareerPrep Diana Tabor, Forensic Photographer 14 

A Question of Ethics Girl Gone Wild 18 

Mastering Concepts Crime Control Model versus Due 

Process Model 22 

CJ And Technology : Biometrics 26 

Anti-terrorism in Action A Close Call 28 

CJ in Action Gun Control versus Gun Rights 30 

WhaT IS CrIme? 5 

The Consensus Model 6 

The Conflict Model 7 

An Integrated Definition of Crime 7 

Types of Crime 8 

The CrImInal JuSTICe SySTem 10 

The Purpose of the Criminal Justice System 11 

The Structure of the Criminal Justice System 11 

Careers in CJ Diana Tabor 

Crime Scene Photographer 14 

The Criminal Justice Process 16 

ValueS Of The CrImInal JuSTICe SySTem 19 

Crime Control and Due Process: 

To Punish or Protect? 20 

Which Model Prevails Today? 21 

CrImInal JuSTICe TOday 21 

Violent Crime: The Bottom Line 23 

Law Enforcement in the United States: 

Challenging Success 25 

Crime and Punishment 28 

Chapter Summary / Key Terms / Self Assessment Answer Key / Questions for 

Critical Analysis / Online Resources / Notes 31–34 

Introduction The Devil in Disguise 38 

You Be the Judge The Tumor Made Me Do It 43 

CJ And Technology Mapping the Brain 45 

Myth vs Reality The Legend of the Twinkie 

Defense 47 

Mastering Concepts Further Study: Expanding 

Criminology 57 

Comparative Criminal Justice A Real War on Drugs 

TheOry In CrImInOlOgy 39 

The Role of Theory 39 

The Fallibility of Theory 39 

Exploring the Causes of Crime 40 

Theories of Crime 41 

“Born Criminal”: Biological and Psychological 


Sociological Theories of Crime 48 

Family, Friends, and the Media: Social 

Processes of Crime 51 

Social Conflict Theories 54 

Looking Back to Childhood: Life Course 


VICTImOlOgy and VICTImS Of CrIme 58 

The Link between Drugs and Crime 60 

The Criminology of Drug Use 61 

Drug Addiction and Dependency 61 

The Drug-Crime RelationshiP 62 

CrImInOlOgy frOm TheOry TO PraCTICe 63 

Criminology and the Chronic Offender 64 

Criminology and the Criminal Justice System 65 



as much as $994 billion a year. 8 

Organized Crime White-collar crime involves the 

use of legal business facilities and employees to commit 

illegal acts. For example, a bank teller can’t embezzle 

unless she is hired first as a legal employee of the bank. 

In contrast, organized crime describes illegal acts by 

illegal organizations, usually geared toward satisfying 

the public’s demand for unlawful goods and services. 

Organized crime broadly implies a conspiratorial and 

illegal relationship among any number of persons engaged 

in unlawful acts. More specifically, groups engaged in 

organized crime employ criminal tactics such as violence, 

corruption, and intimidation for economic gain. 

High-Tech Crime The newest typology of 

crime is directly related to the increased presence 

of computers in everyday life. The Internet, with 

approximately 1.5 billion users worldwide, is the site of 

numerous cyber crimes, such as selling pornographic 

materials, soliciting minors, and defrauding 

consumers with bogus financial investments. Justice 

and fairness are subjective terms; different people 

may have different concepts of what is just and fair. If a 

woman who has been beaten by her husband retaliates 

by killing him, what is her just punishment? Reasonable 

persons could disagree, 

What are the 

values of 

the Criminal 

JustiCe system? 




alleged wrongdoers, determine whether these persons 

have indeed committed crimes, and punish those who 

are found guilty according to society’s wishes. These 

institutions combine to form the criminal justice 

system. As we begin our examination of the American 

criminal justice system in this introductory chapter, it is 

important to have an idea of its purpose. The hierarchi- 

Introduction Too Little, Too Late 

Mastering Concepts Civil Law versus Criminal Law 77 

Comparative Criminal Justice The World's Oldest 

Profession 80 

CJ And Technology Transdermal Alcohol Testing 89 

Myth vs Reality Race Stereotyping and Drug 

Crime 96 

ClaSSIfICaTIOn Of CrImeS 75 

Civil Law and Criminal Law 75 

Felonies and Misdemeanors 76 

Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 78 

The unIfOrm CrIme rePOrT 81 

Part I Offenses 82 

Part II Offenses 83 

The UCR: A Flawed Method? 83 

The National Incident-Based Reporting System 85 

alTernaTIVe meaSurIng meThOdS 86 

Victim Surveys 86 

Self-Reported Surveys 88 

Crime Trends in the United States 90 

On the Rise: Crime in the 1960s and 1970s 90 

Drug Wars: Crime in the 1980s 92 

Looking Good: Crime in the 1990s and 2000s 93 

Crime, Race, and Poverty 94 

Women and Crime 98 



cal structure of orga nized crime 

operations often mirrors that of 

legitimate businesses, and, like 

any corporation, these groups 

attempt to capture a sufficient 

percentage of any given market 

to make a profit. For organized 

crime, the traditional preferred 

markets are gambling, prostitution, 

illegal narcotics, and 

loan sharking (lending money 

at higher-than-legal interest 

rates), along with more recent 

ventures into counterfeiting 

and credit-card scams. 

the PurPose of the 

Criminal JustiCe system 

Maintaining Justice 

The third goal—providing and maintaining justice—is 

more complicated, largely because justice is a difficult 

concept to define. Broadly stated, justice means that all 

What are some of the justifications 

for punishing so harshly white-collar 

criminals such as 

Madoff? Are there 

any reasons to 

be lenient with 

those whose 

crimes do not 

physically harm 

their victims? 

Timothy A. Clary/AFP/ 

Getty Images 

13 1 2 14 DEFINING AND 

CRIMINAL 

JuSTICE 

TODAY 

CAuSES 

OF 

CRIME 

MEASuRING 

CRIME 

Criminal Justice 

system The 

interlocking network of 

law enforcement agencies, 

courts, and corrections 

institutions designed to 

enforce criminal laws and 

protect society. 

organized 

crime The interlocking 

network of law 

enforcement agencies, 

courts, and corrections 

institutions designed to 

enforce criminal laws 

and protect society 

from criminal behavior. 

ChaPter 1 Criminal Justice Today 19 

INSIDE 

CRIMINAL 

LAW 

Introduction Dying on a Prayer 108 

Comparative Criminal Justice A Custom of Killing 113 

Landmark Cases Lawrence V. Texas 117 

Mastering Concepts The Elements of a Crime 118 

You Be the Judge A Voluntary Act? 119 

CJ And Technology Transdermal Alcohol Testing 89 

Myth vs Reality Are Too Many Criminals Found Not 

The deVelOPmenT Of 

amerICan CrImInal laW 109 

The Conception of Law 109 

English Common Law 109 

Stare Decisis 110 

WrITTen SOurCeS Of 

amerICan CrImInal laW 111 

Constitutional Law 111 

Statutory Law 112 

Administrative Law 114 

Case Law 114 

The PurPOSeS Of CrImInal laW 115 

Protect and Punish: The Legal Function of the Law 115 

Maintain and Teach: The Social Function of the Law 116 

The elemenTS Of a CrIme 118 

Criminal Act: Actus Reus 118 

Mental State: Mens Rea 120 

Concurrence 123 

Causation 123 

Attendant Circumstances 123 

Harm 125 

defenSeS under CrImInal laW 125 

Criminal Responsibility and the Law 125 

Justification Criminal Defenses and the Law 130 

PrOCedural SafeguardS 134 

The Bill of Rights 134 

Due Process 135 

Chapter Summary / Key Terms / Self Assessment Answer Key / 

Questions for Critical Analysis / Online Resources / Notes 141–145

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Making a Family Home is a book of real beauty, one both personal and universal. In describing her home 

and family life, Shannon Honeybloom shows how she made—and how we can make—a house into a real 

home as she shares her own efforts, hopes, and lessons in making a safe and healthy home that provides 

warmth and intimacy for the whole family. 

Illustrated in color with lively, evocative photographs, Shannon invites the reader into her home and offers 

warm encouragement and practical suggestions for virtually every aspect of bringing love, comfort, 

and beauty to a family home. The chapters in Making a Family Home range from “At Home with Children” 

to “The Front Porch” and “The Playroom” to “The Backyard and the Garden.” 

Shannon Honeybloom is a friend and confidant who offers gentle suggestions and wise insights for parents 

who wish to surround their family with the best possible home environment. 

Client: Shannon Honigblum 

Shannon Honeybloom was born in Florida, growing up there and in Colo- 

rado, Michigan, and New York. She has lived in France, Germany, and South 

Africa. After receiving a B.A. in Classics from the University of Florida, she 

was a Peace Corps volunteer in Niger. She has an M.A. in Literary Cultures 

from New York University and an M.S. in Early Childhood Education from 

Sunbridge College. After working for the Rainforest Alliance, she taught 

High School English in Brooklyn and Garden City, New York. She has three 

children and lives with her family in Austin, Texas. She can be contacted 

through her website at www.shannonhoneybloom.com 

Skip Hunt is a professional photographer in Austin, Texas. He picked up a 

35mm camera in the mid-1970s and has never stopped sharing his insatiable 

thirst for rich color and even richer cultural exploration. See his unique 

and colorful photography at www.skiphuntphotography.com 

Jacket for book copublished by the Waldorf School 


Making a Family Home Honeybloom 

Making a Family Home 

Shannon Honeybloom 

Photography by Skip Hunt

Call 866.308.6235 to order additional copies. 

Lyle Shuey was born in 1927 in 

t St. Paul, Minnesota. He is the 

son of Roy Webster Shuey, the seventh 

child of Monroe and Madora Shuey. 

After active duty in the Marine Corps, 

Lyle began a 38-year career managing 

and ultimately owning two music 

stores that served the north shore 

of Chicago schools with band and 

orchestra instruments, repair services 

and private music lessons. 

Lyle and spouse Lois sold the business 

in 2000 and Lyle retired to work on 

the family’s genealogical history. This 

work is the culmination of seven years 

of research. 

Client: Lyle Shuey 

16 th & 17 th century France was a steaming cauldron of religious conflict. French Protestant Huguenots 

were persecuted at will by the Crown and by Roman Catholic zealots who drove a steady stream of Frances’s most 

productive citizens out of the country: tradesmen, weavers, craftsmen and farmers. On 26 October 1685, King Louis 

the 14th signed the Edict of Fontainbleau which forced the remaining 200,000 Huguenot families to flee the country under 

threat of murder and slavery. This is the story of one of those families and their progeny. 

Monroe Madison Shuey was born in 1863 into the lineage of Elie LeJuis, a vineron who farmed in the Province of 

Lorraine in the early 1600’s. In an heroic effort to save his family, Elie’s son, David, fled to the Deutschland in about 

1690. From there David’s grandson, Daniel, immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1732 where the family farmed for 200 years. 

Monroe was born into a family of collective accomplishment that followed him westward to Minnesota, where he would 

pursue a family craft that has spanned 16 generations and another 100 years. 

Dust Jacket for 320-page genealogical study dating back to the 16th century 


Lyle LeRoy Shuey monroe madison shuey 

monroe madison shuey 

His Ancestral Heritage 

and His Descendants 

Lyle LeRoy Shuey 

Cover Photography, top front and back: 

Aerial view of Shuey farm, 1950’s. 

Front cover middle row L to R: Olive, 

Roy, Clair, Minnie, Rose, Paul, Madora 

with Jessie, Mary, Bertie, Monroe 

Sr., and Earl, 1907; Monroe Madison 

Shuey, undated; Monroe with children, 

Undated. Bottom front: Rob and David 

Shuey’s crop, July 1995. Back cover 

middle row L to R: Alice, Roy and 

Bernice, 1924; Momroe and Son, Earl, 

about 1907; Minnie, Bertie, Jesse, Monroe 

Jr. and Mary at Bertie’s Home. Bottom 

L to R: Minnie, Clair, Jessie, Paul, 

Mary, Olive, and Monroe Jr., circa 1960. 

Spine: Monroe with 9’ ruler measuring 

his corn. front flap: Robert Shuey and 

shuey family, annual picnic farm tour, 

1998. back flap: Bob Krueger with Lyle 

LeRoy Shuey (front), 1935; Lyle LeRoy 

Shuey in his workshop, 1993.

48| 

the ancestral heritage 

scarce in his home area. Secondly, the devastating flood of 1883 took place 

when he was 20 years old, at the time when he left home. He may have 

deemed the possibility of floods too risky. 

There is little doubt that he had seen the enticing fliers from the Pine County, 

Minnesota land speculators that were flooding the country to the east (and 

even to Europe) touting the plentiful, inexpensive land that was available 

there—along with the now-bustling Pine City and the job opportunities. 

In 1883, at the age of twenty, Monroe left the family farm in Ohio and 

headed west to make his mark. 


Text design for 320-page genealogical study dating back to the 16th century 


Table of Contents 

Acknowledgements i 

Introduction iii 

Prologue The Protestant Reformation v 

Part I The Ancestral Heritage 

Chapter 1 The Rise of the Huguenots 1 

Chapter 2 Religious Persecution 5 

Chapter 3 The Deutschland and the Crossing 13 

Chapter 4 The New World and Pennsylvania 23 

Chapter 5 The French and Indian Wars 29 

Chapter 6 The American Revolution 35 

Chapter 7 Family Expansion 39 

Chapter 8 Ohio and the Civil War 45 

Part II Monroe & Madora 

Chapter 9 Pine County, Minnesota 51 

Chapter 10 Starting a Family 55 

Chapter 11 Webster County, Missouri 59 

Chapter 12 Return to Pine County 61 

Chapter 13 Triumph and Tragedy 67 

Part III The Descendants 

1. Earl Shuey 79 

2. Rose May Shuey 81 

3. Olive Myrtle Shuey 89 

4. Clair Henry Shuey 97 

5. Baby Raymond Shuey 173 

6. Bertie Roy Shuey 175 

7. Roy Webster Shuey 203 

8. Minnie Birdie Shuey 229 

9. Paul Wilsey Shuey 251 

10. Mary Ann Shuey 255 

11. Jessie Bernice Shuey 257 

12. Monroe Madison Shuey, Jr. 259 

13. Alice Irene Shuey 269 

14. Evelyn Dorothy Shuey 271 

Epilogue 283 

Appendix Descendants of Monroe Madison Shuey 289 

Huguenot: Origin of the Name 307 

Notable Huguenots 309 

Endnotes 311 

Bibliography 315 

Part II 

Monroe & Madora 

introduction 

Prologue 

The Protestant Reformation 

The family were farmers who raised grapes for the wine industry. This was 

an occupation that they brought from France, where the family had been 

vintners as far back as has been traced—perhaps even to Hillare LeJuis, 

(b. abt. 1510), the first well-documented Shuey. The vineyards they farmed 

were in the Lorraine area of northeast France adjacent to the Deutschland 

border, which partially explains why David chose the Palatinate for the 

family’s first refuge. 

Europe of the 16th century was simmering with an unrest that 

t had been building for several centuries, with much of the continent 

under the influence of the powerful but terribly misguided leaders of the 

This history will begin in 1500, and even a little before. Although we have 

Roman Catholic church of that era. Taxes and indulgences were collected 

only the dates for reference of the first few generations, an understanding 

at will with little or no representation allowed. The protests that arose were 

of the times in which our earliest ancestors lived will be helpful in knowing 

them better. 

put down quickly. 

The Albigenssians, 

Beginning with Hillare LeJuis, thirteen generations up to and including 

Monroe will be traced along with the civil histories of their times when 

they are pertinent. Then, with as much detail as is available, the lives of 

Monroe and Madora’s children and their descendants will be documented 

through the 17th and 18th generations to 2007. 

The 100 year history of the Shuey farm in Pine County, MN is contained 

within the text of this book. It can be followed from its inception to the 

present time by beginning at chapter 12, page 61 and then following the 

prompts on pages 73, 103 and 116. The prompts are shown in boxes at the 

end of a section about the Shuey farm, with page numbers to identify the 

next discussion of the property. 

iv| |v 

1 an aggressive branch of the Cathari in the Languedoc 

Region of France in the 12th and the 13th centuries had so enraged Pope 

Innocent lll that he annihilated 30,000 of its followers. John Huss2 of 

Germany, a professor at the University of Prague and an espouser of John 

Wycliff ’s anti-Catholic theories, was burned at the stake in 1415 for his 

trouble. The Moravians3 (1415-1648), who accepted the Bible as their only 

standard for religion, completely rejected the Roman Catholic church and 

thus were a thorn in the side of the church for over 150 years. 

During this time a renaissance of thought and ideas was developing 

throughout Europe that further nourished the unrest in the populace. 

The Ottomans had returned from captured Constantinople with fresh 

thought and ideas as had the French from the rich Greco-Roman era when 

it invaded Italy. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536), the Dutch scholar and 

theologian, was busily disseminating his ideas on humanism developed 

from the Greek and Roman cultures, and, to the dismay of the Catholic 

church, the errors that he claimed for the Vulgate (Latin) Bible. 

Meanwhile, in Mainz, Germany there was a young goldsmith and sometime 

inventor who was tinkering with the idea of casting typeface in base metal 

Chapter 9 

Pine County, Minnesota 

Monroe Madison Shuey was born on 2 July 1863 to Jacob Shuey 

t and Mary Ann Lentz in Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. 

Monroe was to be the first of ten children born to Jacob and Mary Ann. 

In 1868 when Monroe was five years old his parents moved the family 

to Eden Township, Seneca County, Ohio. They settled down four miles 

southeast of the town of Tiffin to farm and to raise their family, and that 

is where Monroe grew up along with his nine siblings. 

Monroe, as the eldest son, was a great help in the family endeavors 

which would prove a blessing to him sooner than he realized. He 

learned both carpentry and farming from his father, who is well 

documented as having excelled at both professions (Jacob very likely 

built his own house and the other needed structures on his property). 

It was surely a hard life, but the skills that Monroe acquired working 

with his father would soon stand him in good stead. 

In 1883, at the age of twenty, Monroe left the family farm and headed 

West to Minnesota. He would find unbelievable hardship, and he would 

find tragedy, but he would also ultimately find success. 

In the late 1800’s Pine County, Minnesota was a prosperous, invigorating, 

and multi-faceted social and economic area. It had been, for a long time, a 

prominent fur trading area. One of the trading centers was located at the 

Indian Village of Chengwatana, 26 located at the Cross Lake outlet of the 

Snake River. This became a natural meeting place for trappers and traders 

because of the junction of the waterways. 

|51

the descendants 

In the late 50’s Earl again became ill. He called his brother, Monroe Jr., who 

drove to Texas and brought Earl and his belongings back to Washington state. 

Earl lived with Monroe’s family for about two years. When his health 

deteriorated, Monroe placed him in a home where he died. He is buried in 

Washington Memorial Park south of Seattle. 

As the eldest child, Earl was the “go-to” family member for anyone who 

wanted information about the family history. He devotedly answered 

requests with letters that offered facts and opinions based on his experiences 

and the recollections of what he had been told or overheard when growing 

up. You will find information taken from some of Earl’s letters in this 

family history. 

More About EARL SHUEY: 

Burial: 10 September 1960, Wash Mem’l Park, Seattle, King, WA 

Child of EARL SHUEY and WILMA ABBOTT is: 

i. DAUGHTER15 SHUEY, b. Unknown. 

80| 

During her husband’s hospitalizations, and especially after her mother 

passed away in 1914, Rose, with Clifford, often stayed and helped her 

father with the family farm. This help continued after her father passed 

away in 1918, but her first allegiance was to her husband, William, who 

spent much of his adult life hospitalized. In several instances he left the 

hospital before being released, necessitating close supervision by Rose. 

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Text design for 320-page genealogical study dating back to the 16th century 


Rose May Shuey 

& Descendants 

Generation No. 1 

1. ROSE MAY14 SHUEY (MONROE MADISON, 13 JACOB III, 12 JACOB 

JR., 11 JACOB, 10 JOHANNES, 9 DANIEL8 SCHUY, DANIEL7 JOUY, DAVID, 6 

ELIE5 JUY, DAVID4 LE JUIS, JEAN, 3 DIDIER, 2 HILARE1 ) was born 12 

August 1892 in Pine City, MN, and died 23 June 1934 in Rock Creek, MN. 

She married WILLIAM L. STEVENS Abt. 1910. He was born in 1888 

in Rock Creek, MN. 

Notes for ROSE MAY SHUEY: 

Rose was the second child born to Monroe and Madora. She graduated 

from Pine City High School in 1909 and became a teacher at rural school 

District #13 east of Rock Creek. She met and married William Stevens 

about 1910. The couple moved to Dodge Center, Minnesota and then 

returned to Rock Creek and finally Pine City. The couple had three 

children, Clifford in 1913, Edna Mae in 1917 (who died a few days after 

birth), and Robert in 1926. It was an ill-fated marriage from the beginning 

due to William’s volatile personality, which was later to hospitalize him on 

several occasions. 

Roy Webster Shuey 

After graduation from high school in 1945 Lyle joined the Marine Corps and 

records. He is a 32nd Degree Mason and a Shriner, and holds an extra 

served until August of 1946. He stayed in the active reserves and returned to 

active duty during the Korean conflict. During this time he managed Marine 

class amateur radio license (call letters WC9S). 

Corps Exchanges in San Diego and San Francisco, California. 

Notes for LOIS RUTH INDIHAR: 

Lois, better known to her family as “Lola,” was born and raised in the 

After discharge in 1955 Lyle managed the Schmitt Music Company store 

small town of Gilbert in the Iron Range Country of Northern Minnesota. 

in St. Paul, Minnesota while continuing his studies at the University of 

She earned a B.S. Degree in Music Education from the University of 

Minnesota at night. It was during this time that Lyle met and married Lois 

Minnesota, and while there was voted outstanding band member. She also 

Indihar, a music teacher in the St. Paul suburb of Roseville. In 1967 he 

won the “Ski-U-Mah” award for outstanding service to the University. 

became general manager of the Schmitt Music Co. 

She taught in schools in Minnesota, Michigan and Illinois for twenty years 

while being active in education associations. She was awarded the Sword of 

Lyle was a director on the board, executive committee member, and 

chairman of the youth orchestra committee for the St. Paul Chamber 

Honor by the Sigma Alpha Iota professional music fraternity. 

Orchestra, and a committee chairman of the St. Paul Rotary Club. 

Lola was a Choir Director, Organist, and Music Educator at St. Norbert’s 

During his retail music career Lyle was actively involved with industry 

Catholic Church and School in Northbrook, IL for seventeen years. She also 

trade associations. He was a director and a retail management clinician 

taught private piano lessons for twenty years. From 1970 to 2000 she was 

with the National Association of Music Merchants, a clinician with the 

Director of Education at the 500-student music schools of Shuey’s Music 

National Association of School Music Dealers and chairman of the 

Education Centers in Northwest Suburban Chicago. During these years she 

finance committee and clinician with the National Association of Band 

Instrument Repair Technicians. 

also directed both student and adult musicals on an annual basis. 

Lola is a Eucharistic Minister, Minister of Care and Minister of Bereavement 

In 1967 he accepted a position as Vice President of the Karnes Music 

at St. Norbert’s Catholic Church in Northbrook. Her favorite room in the 

Co. in Chicago, and the family moved there. Three years later he started 

house is her kitchen where she cooks gourmet meals daily. The family calls 

Shuey’s Music Education Centers which ultimately had two locations with 

the kitchen her “sandbox.” Some of Lola’s favorite memories are of the 

20 accredited teachers, 500 students and 2,400 rental instruments available 

for the students in surrounding school districts. 

sailing trips that she and Lyle took every year for many years. 

212| Children of LYLE SHUEY and LOIS INDIHAR are: 

|213 

Lyle and Lois’ chief interest outside of business was sailing and much time 

was spent with the family’s small boats on Lake Michigan, and later large 

i. KEVIN LYLE 

boats on Lake Michigan, Green Bay, and the Gulf Of Mexico. Lyle and 

Lois sold their business in 2000 after the passing of their son, Kent, and 

Lyle retired to garden, play golf and work on the family’s genealogical 

16 SHUEY, b. 7 June 1961, Minneapolis, MN. 

Notes for KEVIN LYLE SHUEY: 

Kevin was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and moved to 

Northbrook, Illinois with his family when he was six years 

214| 


old. He graduated from Glenbrook North High School 

in 1979. He became employed by Washburn Guitars and 

played guitar professionally, and went on to attend DePaul 

University from 1989 to 1993. Kevin was a store manager in 

the family music business before the company was sold in the 

year 2000. At that time he established “Guitars By Kevin,” 

a business wherein he teaches guitar music of all types and 

rebuilds and repairs guitars. 

Kevin’s hobbies include collecting sports memorabilia and 

golfing with family and friends. Travel is also high on his list, with 

a trip to Paris being one of his most memorable. He currently 

resides in Mt. Prospect, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. 

6. ii. KAREN LYNE SHUEY, b. 7 June 1961, Minneapolis, MN. 

iii. KRISTI JO SHUEY, b. 6 October 1963, Minneapolis, MN. 

Notes for KRISTI JO SHUEY: 

Kristi was born in Minneapolis and moved to the Chicago 

area with the family when she was three years old. There she 

grew up and attended Glenbrook North High School where 

she played clarinet in the school band, sang in the honor 

choir and competed on the diving team. During the summer 

in high school and college Kristi was a supervising lifeguard 

and swimming instructor at the village pool. 

Upon graduation from high school in 1981 Kristi attended 

The College of St. Catherine in St. Paul, Minnesota where 

she completed a major in English literature and a minor in 

art. After graduating in 1985, Kristi joined West Publishing 

Company in St. Paul where she was promoted to senior 

marketing manager. 


& Descendants 

Generation No. 1 

1. ROY WEBSTER 14 SHUEY (MONROE MADISON, 13 JACOB III, 12 

JACOB JR., 11 JACOB, 10 JOHANNES, 9 DANIEL 8 SCHUY, DANIEL 7 JOUY, 

DAVID, 6 ELIE 5 JUY, DAVID 4 LE JUIS, JEAN, 3 DIDIER, 2 HILARE 1 ) was born 

27 December 1898 in Marshfield, Webster County, MO, and died 7 May 

1989 in St. Paul, Mn.. He married (1) BLANCHE EDNA STEPHENS 

11 May 1917 in Pine City, MN, daughter of HENRY STEPHENS and 

ELLA BURTON. She was born 22 March 1895 in Trimbell, WI, and 

died July 02, 1985 in Yorba Linda, CA. He married (2) FLORENCE 

DORIS TWEETEN 1925 in St. Paul, Mn., daughter of Clarence Tweeten 

and Karen McWhirter. She was born 21 August 1902 in Saskatoon, 

Sask. Canada, and died 30 May 1975 in Portland, Or. He married (3) 

ANNA MAY WASIENSKI 1951, daughter of JOHN WASIENSKI and 

CATHERINE GOVERNSKI. She was born 2 April 1909 in Glenwood 

City, WI., and died 10 February 2001 in St. Johns Hospital, St. Paul, MN. 

Notes for ROY WEBSTER SHUEY: 

Roy was the family’s seventh child to be born, and the third in Marshfield, 

Missouri during the time that his father was trying to establish the hog 

farming business. The family left Missouri only two years later and he grew 

up on the farm in Pine City, Minnesota. As he grew, he took an active part 

in the farming operations. 

On 11 May 1917 Roy married Blanche Stephens, the daughter of one of 

his mother’s best friends, Ella Burton Stephens. Roy and Blanche moved 


Kristi earned a Master of Fine Arts degree in advertising design 

from Syracuse University in 1991 and moved to Auckland, New 

Zealand to work with a design firm. She spent the following 

year traveling in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, 

Viet Nam and Cambodia. The trip finished with a 32-day trek 

to 18,000 ft. in the Annapurna mountain range in Nepal. 

After traveling, Kristi moved to Atlanta, Georgia to work 

with the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency where she 

ultimately made the decision to return to publishing. She 

resides in Austin, Texas. After many years with Prentice 

Hall Publishing and Houghton Mifflin Company she is 

currently a graphic designer and copywriter with her firm, 

2nd Street Design Lab, and a designer for The University 

of Texas at Austin. 

In 2004 Kristi lost her partner, Scott Freeman, to 

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease). Scott 

was a world-renowned economist at The University of 

Texas at Austin, and was mentioned as such in his friend 

and colleague Finn Kydland’s Nobel Prize lecture the year 

of Scott’s passing. More information about him can be 

found at www.scottfreeman.us. 

Two years ago Kristi underwent successful open heart 

surgery at Columbia University to repair a mitral valve 

prolapse. This condition can be genetic but also is commonly 

the result of rheumatic fever. It is believed the latter caused 

her condition. 

iv. KENT MICHAEL SHUEY, b. 15 September 1971, Evanston, 

Il.; d. 21 January 2000, Evanston, Il.. 

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