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16 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ACTION 

CJ and 

Technology 

BIOMETRICS 

The science of biometrics 

involves identifying a person 

through her or his unique 

physical characteristics. In 

the criminal justice context, 

the term refers to the various 

technological devices that 

read these characteristics and 

report the identity of the subject to 

the authorities. Today, there are four leading biometric 

technologies: 

1. Fingerprint readers take photographic images of 

fingerprints to determine patterns based on the 

points where the ridges of the fingertips begin, 

terminate, or split. These patterns are then 

mathematically encoded and the information 

stored. 

2. Iris recognition systems capture about 240 minute 

details of the eye in a similar manner. 

3. Face recognition systems use a camera to record 

from thirty to eighty “markers” on a subject’s 

face, such as cheekbone formations, the width of 

the nose bridge, and the space between the eyes. 

4. Hand geometry scanners take and store as many 

as ninety different measurements, such as vein 

patterns, distance between knuckles, and the 

length and width of fingers. 

Defining which actions are to be labeled “crimes” is 

only the first step in safeguarding society from criminal 

behavior. Institutions must be created to apprehend 

alleged wrongdoers, determine whether these 

persons have indeed committed crimes, and punish 

timePreP 

Describe the two most common 

models of how society 

determines which acts are 

criminal. Define crime and 

identify the different types 

of crime. List the essential 

elements of the corrections 

system. 

attacks another (battery) or, through threats, 

intentionally leads another to believe that he or she will 

be physically harmed (assault) or the taking of funds, 

personal property, or any other article of value from a 

person by means of force or fear. 

As you will see in Chapter 4, these violent crimes 

are further classified by degree, depending on the circumstances 

surrounding the criminal act. These circumstances 

include the intent of the person committing the 

crime, whether a weapon was used, and (in cases other 

than murder) the level of pain and suffering experienced 

by the victim. 

Property Crime The most common form 

of criminal activity is property crime, or those 

crimes in which the goal of the 

offender is some form of economic 

gain or the damaging of property. 

Pocket picking, shoplifting, and 

the stealing of any property that is 

not accomplished by force are 

covered by laws against also 

known as theft. unlawful entry 

of a structure with the intention 

of committing a serious crime 

such as theft. Motor vehicle 

theft describes the theft or 

attempted theft of a motor 

vehicle, including all cases in 

which automobiles are taken 

by persons not having lawful 

access to them. Arson is also 

a property crime; it involves 

the willful and malicious 

burning of a home, automobile, 

commercial building, or any other 

construction. 

The use of biometrics 

is becoming more common 

in law enforcement. 

More than 2,100 sheriff’s 

departments in twentyseven 

states are using iris 

recognition technology. 

Most take digital pictures 

of the eyes of Alzheimer’s 

patients and children to help 

identify the subjects should they 

become lost or be abducted. Law enforcement officials 

in New Mexico scan the irises of convicted sex offenders 

to keep them from avoiding detection under false names. 

Experts predict that face recognition systems will eventually 

allow hidden cameras to check the identities of 

thousands of people shopping in a mall or taking a stroll 

in a city park. Furthermore, someday police officers will 

be able to take a photo of a suspect and instantaneously 

check the biometric markers against a database of millions 

for an identifying match. 

THINKING ABOUT BIOMETRICS: 

Do you have any concerns about a technology that would 

enable the government to identify thousands of people 

with the sweep of a camera? What would be the benefits 

and drawbacks of a database that contained biometric 

information on every person in the United States?and 

drawbacks of a database that contained biometric 

information on every person in the United States? 

those who are found guilty according to society’s wishes. 




alleged wrongdoers, determine whether these persons 

Public Order Crime The concept of is linked 

to the consensus model discussed earlier. Historically, 

societies have always outlawed activities that are 

considered contrary to public values and morals. 

Today, the most common public order crimes include 

public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and illicit 

drug use. These crimes are sometimes referred to 

as victimless crimes because they often harm only 

the offende http://www.shutterstock.com/subscribe. 

mhtml r. As you will see throughout this textbook, 

however, that term is rather misleading. Public order 

crimes may create an environment that gives rise to 

property and violent crimes. 

White-Collar Crime Business-related crimes 

are popularly referred to The term white-collar crime 

is broadly used to describe an illegal act or series of 

acts committed by an individual or business entity 

using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or 

business advantage. lists various types of white-collar 

crime; note that certain property crimes fall into this 

category when committed in a business context. Today, 

the most common public order crimes include 

public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, 

and illicit drug use. Although the extent 

of this criminal activity is difficult 

to determine with any certainty, 

the Association of Certified Fraud 

Examiners estimates that white-collar 

crime costs U.S. businesses as much as 

$994 billion a year. 8 

Organized Crime 

White-collar crime involves 

attacks another (battery) 

through threats, 

intentionally leads 

another to believe 

that he or she 

will be physically 

harmed (assault). 

obbery, or the taking 

of funds, personal 

property, or any other 

article of value from a 

person by means of force 

or fear. 

Cengage Learning | 4 Letter Press 

Text design for Gaines/Miller Criminal Justice 

Design Programs: InDesign, Photoshop, Illustrator 

another (battery) or, through threats, intentionally 

leads another to believe that he or she will be physically 

harmed (assault).Robbery, or the taking of funds, 




are further classified by degree, depending on the circumstances 

surrounding the criminal act. These circumstances 

include the intent of the person committing the 

crime, whether a weapon was used, and (in cases other 

than murder) the level of pain and suffering experienced 

by the victim. 

Property Crime The most common form of 

criminal activity is property crime, or those crimes in 

which the goal of the offender is some form of economic 

gain or the damaging of property. Pocket picking, 

shoplifting, and the stealing of any property that is not 

accomplished by force are covered by laws against refers 

to the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention 

of committing a serious crime such as theft. Motor 

vehicle theft describes the theft or attempted theft of a 

motor vehicle, including all cases in which automobiles 

are taken by persons not having lawful access to them. 

Arson is also a property crime; it involves the willful and 

malicious burning of a home, automobile, commercial 

building, or any other construction. 

Public Order Crime The concept of 

public order crimes is linked to the 

consensus model discussed earlier. 

Historically, societies have always 

outlawed activities that are 

considered contrary to public 

values and morals. Today, 

the most common public 

order crimes include public 

drunkenness, prostitution, 

gambling, and illicit drug use. 

These crimes are sometimes 

referred to as victimless 

crimes because they often harm 

only the offender. Today, the 

most common public order crimes 

include public drunkenness, As you 

will see throughout this textbook, 

As you will see in Chapter 4, 

these violent crimes are further 

classified by degree, depending 

on the circumstances surrounding 

the criminal act. These circumstances 

include the intent 

of the person committing the 

crime, whether a weapon was 

used, and (in cases other than 

murder) the level of pain and suffering 

experienced by the victim. 

Business-related crimes are popularly 

referred to as The term white-collar 

crime is broadly used to describe an illegal act 

or series of acts committed by an individual or business 

entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a 

personal or business advantage. lists various types of 

white-collar crime; note that certain property crimes 

fall into this category when committed in a business 

context. Today, the most common public order crimes 

include public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, 

and illicit drug use. Although the extent of this criminal 

activity is difficult to determine with any certainty, the 

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that 

white-collar crime costs U.S. businesses as much as 

$994 billion a year. 8 Business-related crimes are popularly 

referred to as broadly used to describe an illegal act 

or series of acts committed by an individual or business 

entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal 

or business advantage. ists various types of whitecollar 

crime; note that certain property crimes fall into 

however, that term is 

rather misleading. Public 

order crimes may create 

an environment that gives 

rise to property and violent 

crimes. 

Figure 10.7 

Composition of Part I Offenses 

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in 

the United States, 2007 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. 

Department of Justice, 2008), at www.fbi.gov 

“If you do big 

things they 

print your face, 

and if you do 

little things 

they print only 

your thumbs.” 

public order 

crimes The interlocking 

network of law enforcement 

agencies, courts, and 

corrections institutions 

designed to enforce criminal 

laws and protect society. 

White-Collar 

Crime Business-related crimes are popularly 

referred to as The term white-collar crime is 

broadly used to describe an illegal act or series of acts 

committed by an individual or business entity using 

some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or business 

advantage. j Figure 10.7 lists various types of whitecollar 

crime; note that certain property crimes fall into 

this category when committed in a business context. 

Although the extent of this criminal activity is difficult 

to determine with any certainty, the Association of 

Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that white-collar 

crime costs U.S. businesses as much as $994 billion a 

year. 8 

Organized Crime White-collar crime involves 

the use of legal business facilities and employees to 

commit illegal acts. For example, a bank teller can’t 

embezzle unless she is hired first as a legal employee 

of the bank. In contrast, describes illegal acts by illegal 

organizations, usually geared toward satisfying the 

public’s demand for unlawful goods and 

services. Organized crime broadly 

implies a conspiratorial and illegal 

relationship among any number 

of persons engaged in unlawful 

acts. More specifically, groups 

engaged in organized crime 

employ criminal tactics such 

as violence, corruption, and 

intimidation for economic 

gain. The hierarchical 

structure of orga nized crime 

operations often mirrors that of 

legitimate businesses, and, like any 

corporation, these groups attempt 

to capture a sufficient percentage of 

any given market to make a profit. 

For organized crime, the traditional 

this category when committed in a 

business context. Today, the most 

common public order crimes 

include public drunkenness, 

prostitution, gambling, and 

illicit drug use. Although the 

extent of this criminal activity 

is difficult to determine with 

any certainty, the Association of 

Certified Fraud Examiners estimates 

that white-collar crime costs 

U.S. businesses as much as $994 billion 

a year. 8 

he term white-collar crime is broadly used to 

describe an illegal act or series of acts committed by 

an individual or business entity using some nonviolent 

means to obtain a personal or business advantage. 

Figure 1.1 lists various types of white-collar crime; note 

that certain property crimes fall into this category when 

committed in a business context. Today, the most common 

public order crimes include public drunkenness, 

prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use. Although the 

extent of this criminal activity is difficult to determine 

with any certainty, the Association of Certified Fraud 

Examiners estimates that white-collar crime costs U.S. 

businesses as much as $994 billion a year. 8 Businessrelated 

crimes are popularly referred to The term 

white-collar crime is broadly used to describe an illegal 

act or series of acts committed by an individual or 

business entity using some nonviolent means to obtain 

a personal or business advantage. j Figure 1.1 lists 

arthur "bugs" baer 

amerIcan journalIst 

Figure 6.4 Calls for Service 

Over a period of two years, the Project on Policing Neighborhoods gathered information on calls for service in Indianapolis, Indiana, 

and St. Petersburg, Florida. As you can see, the largest portion of these calls involved disputes where no violence or threat of violence 

existed. Be aware also that nearly two-thirds of the nonviolent dispute calls and nearly half of the assault calls answered by 

police dealt with domestic confrontations. 

Description of Violation Percentage of Total Calls 

NONSERIOUS CRIME CALLS 

Nonviolent disputes 41.7 

Public disorder (examples: drunk, disorderly, begging, prostitution) 11.1 

Assistance (examples: missing persons, traffic accident, damaged property) 9.8 

Minor violations (examples: shoplifting, trespassing, traffic/parking offense, refusal to pay) 4.5 

SERIOUS CRIME CALLS 

Assaults (examples: using violence against a person, kidnapping, child abuse) 26.0 

Serious theft (examples: motor vehicle theft, burglary, purse snatching) 5.1 

General disorder (examples: illicit drugs, fleeing police, leaving the scene of an accident) 1.8 

Source: Stephen D. Mastrofski, Jeffrey B. Snipes, Roger B. Parks, and Christopher D. Maxwell, “The Helping Hand of the Law: 

Police Control of Citizens on Request,” Criminology 38 (May 2000), Table 5, page 328. 

LifePreP 

Describe the two 

most common models 

of how society 

determines which acts 

are criminal. Define 

crime and identify 

the different types of 

crime. List the essential 

elements of the corrections system. 

Explain the difference between the formal 

and informal criminal justice processes. 

attacks another (battery) or, through threats, 

intentionally leads another to believe that he or she 

will be physically harmed (assault).he taking of funds, 




are further classified by degree, depending on the surrounding 

the criminal act. These circumstances include 

the intent of the person committing the crime, whether 

a weapon was used, and (in cases other than murder) the 

level of pain and suffering experienced by the victim. 

Property Crime The most common form of 

criminal activity is property crime, or those crimes 

in which the goal of the offender is some form of 

economic gain or the damaging of property. Pocket 

picking, shoplifting, and the stealing of any property 

that is not accomplished by force are covered by laws 

CAREERpREp 

PoliCe deteCtive 

Job DesCripTion: 

n Collect evidence and obtain facts pertaining to 

criminal cases. 

n Conduct interviews, observe suspects, examine 

records, and help with raids and busts. Some 

detectives are assigned to multi-agency task forces 

that deal with specific types of crime, like drug 

trafficking or gang activity. 

18 Criminal JustiCe in aCtion 

against, also known as theft refers to the unlawful entry 

of a structure with the intention of committing a serious 

crime such as theft. Motor vehicle theft describes the 

theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle, including 

all cases in which automobiles are taken by persons not 

having lawful access to them. Arson is also a property 

crime; it involves the willful and malicious burning of 

a home, automobile, commercial building, or any other 

construction. 

Public Order Crime The concept of is linked 

to the consensus model discussed earlier. Historically, 

societies have always outlawed activities that are 

considered contrary to public values and morals. Today, 

the most common public order crimes include public 

drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use. 

These crimes are sometimes referred to as victimless 

crimes because they often harm only the offender. As 

you will see throughout this textbook, however, that term 

is rather misleading. Public order crimes may create 

an environment that gives rise to property and violent 

crimes. 

White-Collar Crime Business-related crimes 

are popularly referred to as The term white-collar crime 

is broadly used to describe an illegal act or series of acts 

committed by an individual or business entity using 

some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or business 

advantage lists various types of white-collar crime; note 

that certain property crimes fall into this category when 

committed in a business context. Although the extent of 

this criminal activity is difficult to determine with any 

certainty, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners 

estimates that white-collar crime costs U.S. businesses 

WhaT kinD of Training is requireD? 

n 2–5 years experience as a police patrol officer is 

required before testing to become a detective. 

n Larger departments require 60 units of college 

credit or an associate’s degree. 

annual salary range? 

n $43,920—$76,350 

for additional information, visit: 

http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos160.htm 

Contents Part One: The Criminal Justice System 

Introduction The “Craigslist Killer” 4 

CareerPrep Diana Tabor, Forensic Photographer 14 

A Question of Ethics Girl Gone Wild 18 

Mastering Concepts Crime Control Model versus Due 

Process Model 22 

CJ And Technology : Biometrics 26 

Anti-terrorism in Action A Close Call 28 

CJ in Action Gun Control versus Gun Rights 30 

WhaT IS CrIme? 5 

The Consensus Model 6 

The Conflict Model 7 

An Integrated Definition of Crime 7 

Types of Crime 8 

The CrImInal JuSTICe SySTem 10 

The Purpose of the Criminal Justice System 11 

The Structure of the Criminal Justice System 11 

Careers in CJ Diana Tabor 

Crime Scene Photographer 14 

The Criminal Justice Process 16 

ValueS Of The CrImInal JuSTICe SySTem 19 

Crime Control and Due Process: 

To Punish or Protect? 20 

Which Model Prevails Today? 21 

CrImInal JuSTICe TOday 21 

Violent Crime: The Bottom Line 23 

Law Enforcement in the United States: 

Challenging Success 25 

Crime and Punishment 28 

Chapter Summary / Key Terms / Self Assessment Answer Key / Questions for 

Critical Analysis / Online Resources / Notes 31–34 

Introduction The Devil in Disguise 38 

You Be the Judge The Tumor Made Me Do It 43 

CJ And Technology Mapping the Brain 45 

Myth vs Reality The Legend of the Twinkie 

Defense 47 

Mastering Concepts Further Study: Expanding 

Criminology 57 

Comparative Criminal Justice A Real War on Drugs 

TheOry In CrImInOlOgy 39 

The Role of Theory 39 

The Fallibility of Theory 39 

Exploring the Causes of Crime 40 

Theories of Crime 41 

“Born Criminal”: Biological and Psychological 


Sociological Theories of Crime 48 

Family, Friends, and the Media: Social 

Processes of Crime 51 

Social Conflict Theories 54 

Looking Back to Childhood: Life Course 


VICTImOlOgy and VICTImS Of CrIme 58 

The Link between Drugs and Crime 60 

The Criminology of Drug Use 61 

Drug Addiction and Dependency 61 

The Drug-Crime RelationshiP 62 

CrImInOlOgy frOm TheOry TO PraCTICe 63 

Criminology and the Chronic Offender 64 

Criminology and the Criminal Justice System 65 



as much as $994 billion a year. 8 

Organized Crime White-collar crime involves the 

use of legal business facilities and employees to commit 

illegal acts. For example, a bank teller can’t embezzle 

unless she is hired first as a legal employee of the bank. 

In contrast, organized crime describes illegal acts by 

illegal organizations, usually geared toward satisfying 

the public’s demand for unlawful goods and services. 

Organized crime broadly implies a conspiratorial and 

illegal relationship among any number of persons engaged 

in unlawful acts. More specifically, groups engaged in 

organized crime employ criminal tactics such as violence, 

corruption, and intimidation for economic gain. 

High-Tech Crime The newest typology of 

crime is directly related to the increased presence 

of computers in everyday life. The Internet, with 

approximately 1.5 billion users worldwide, is the site of 

numerous cyber crimes, such as selling pornographic 

materials, soliciting minors, and defrauding 

consumers with bogus financial investments. Justice 

and fairness are subjective terms; different people 

may have different concepts of what is just and fair. If a 

woman who has been beaten by her husband retaliates 

by killing him, what is her just punishment? Reasonable 

persons could disagree, 

What are the 

values of 

the Criminal 

JustiCe system? 




alleged wrongdoers, determine whether these persons 

have indeed committed crimes, and punish those who 

are found guilty according to society’s wishes. These 

institutions combine to form the criminal justice 

system. As we begin our examination of the American 

criminal justice system in this introductory chapter, it is 

important to have an idea of its purpose. The hierarchi- 

Introduction Too Little, Too Late 

Mastering Concepts Civil Law versus Criminal Law 77 

Comparative Criminal Justice The World's Oldest 

Profession 80 

CJ And Technology Transdermal Alcohol Testing 89 

Myth vs Reality Race Stereotyping and Drug 

Crime 96 

ClaSSIfICaTIOn Of CrImeS 75 

Civil Law and Criminal Law 75 

Felonies and Misdemeanors 76 

Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 78 

The unIfOrm CrIme rePOrT 81 

Part I Offenses 82 

Part II Offenses 83 

The UCR: A Flawed Method? 83 

The National Incident-Based Reporting System 85 

alTernaTIVe meaSurIng meThOdS 86 

Victim Surveys 86 

Self-Reported Surveys 88 

Crime Trends in the United States 90 

On the Rise: Crime in the 1960s and 1970s 90 

Drug Wars: Crime in the 1980s 92 

Looking Good: Crime in the 1990s and 2000s 93 

Crime, Race, and Poverty 94 

Women and Crime 98 



cal structure of orga nized crime 

operations often mirrors that of 

legitimate businesses, and, like 

any corporation, these groups 

attempt to capture a sufficient 

percentage of any given market 

to make a profit. For organized 

crime, the traditional preferred 

markets are gambling, prostitution, 

illegal narcotics, and 

loan sharking (lending money 

at higher-than-legal interest 

rates), along with more recent 

ventures into counterfeiting 

and credit-card scams. 

the PurPose of the 

Criminal JustiCe system 

Maintaining Justice 

The third goal—providing and maintaining justice—is 

more complicated, largely because justice is a difficult 

concept to define. Broadly stated, justice means that all 

What are some of the justifications 

for punishing so harshly white-collar 

criminals such as 

Madoff? Are there 

any reasons to 

be lenient with 

those whose 

crimes do not 

physically harm 

their victims? 

Timothy A. Clary/AFP/ 

Getty Images 

13 1 2 14 DEFINING AND 

CRIMINAL 

JuSTICE 

TODAY 

CAuSES 

OF 

CRIME 

MEASuRING 

CRIME 

Criminal Justice 

system The 

interlocking network of 

law enforcement agencies, 

courts, and corrections 

institutions designed to 

enforce criminal laws and 

protect society. 

organized 

crime The interlocking 

network of law 

enforcement agencies, 

courts, and corrections 

institutions designed to 

enforce criminal laws 

and protect society 

from criminal behavior. 

ChaPter 1 Criminal Justice Today 19 

INSIDE 

CRIMINAL 

LAW 

Introduction Dying on a Prayer 108 

Comparative Criminal Justice A Custom of Killing 113 

Landmark Cases Lawrence V. Texas 117 

Mastering Concepts The Elements of a Crime 118 

You Be the Judge A Voluntary Act? 119 

CJ And Technology Transdermal Alcohol Testing 89 

Myth vs Reality Are Too Many Criminals Found Not 

The deVelOPmenT Of 

amerICan CrImInal laW 109 

The Conception of Law 109 

English Common Law 109 

Stare Decisis 110 

WrITTen SOurCeS Of 

amerICan CrImInal laW 111 

Constitutional Law 111 

Statutory Law 112 

Administrative Law 114 

Case Law 114 

The PurPOSeS Of CrImInal laW 115 

Protect and Punish: The Legal Function of the Law 115 

Maintain and Teach: The Social Function of the Law 116 

The elemenTS Of a CrIme 118 

Criminal Act: Actus Reus 118 

Mental State: Mens Rea 120 

Concurrence 123 

Causation 123 

Attendant Circumstances 123 

Harm 125 

defenSeS under CrImInal laW 125 

Criminal Responsibility and the Law 125 

Justification Criminal Defenses and the Law 130 

PrOCedural SafeguardS 134 

The Bill of Rights 134 

Due Process 135 

Chapter Summary / Key Terms / Self Assessment Answer Key / 

Questions for Critical Analysis / Online Resources / Notes 141–145

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