Equip ® Equipment gegen Influenza und Tetanus Einziger Impfstoff mit Schle<strong>im</strong>haut<strong>im</strong>munität! Besser Equip mit ISCOMs: Belegte Trainingstoleranz Hervorragende Verträglichkeit Virusausscheidung fast Null Kentucky 98 (Amerik. Stamm) Equip ® F Für Tiere: Pferde; Zusammensetzung: Eine Impfdosis zu 2 ml enthält: Influenza A /Equi 1 Newmarket 77, 1.2 log 10 HAI; Influenza A /Equi 2 Borlänge 91, 2.35 log 10 HAI; Influenza A /Equi 2 Kentucky 98, 2.64 log 10 HAI; auf Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Zellen gezüchtet.; Quil A, 275–580 µg; Phosphatidylcholin, 100–200 µg; Cholesterol, 100–200 µg; Ammoniumacetat, < 3,854 mg/ml, Formaldehyd, max. 1,0 mg. Anwendungsgebiet: Zur aktiven Immunisierung von gesunden Pferden und Ponies um die klinischen Symptome <strong>der</strong> Pferdeinfluenza und die Virusausscheidung zu reduzieren. Ein erstes Antikörpermax<strong>im</strong>um wird etwa 2 Wochen nach <strong>der</strong> zweiten Impfung während <strong>der</strong> Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung erreicht. Ein weiterer Antikörperanstieg erfolgt kurz nach <strong>der</strong> dritten Impfung <strong>der</strong> Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung. Nach <strong>der</strong> abgeschlossenen Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung ist eine Immunitätsdauer von 12 Monaten nachgewiesen. Gegenanzeigen: Tragende Stuten sollten ab dem 9.Trächtigkeitsmonat nicht mehr mit Equip ® F ge<strong>im</strong>pft werden. Equip ® FT Für Tiere: Pferde; Zusammensetzung: Eine Impfdosis zu 2 ml enthält: Influenza A/Equi 1 Newmarket 77, 1.2 log 10 HAI; Influenza A /Equi 2 Borlänge 91, 2.35 log 10 HAI; Influenza A /Equi 2 Kentucky 98, 2.64 log 10 HAI; auf Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Zellen gezüchtet.; Immungereinigtes Tetanustoxoid (IPTT) 30 IU*; Quil A, 275 – 580 µg; Phosphatidylcholin, 100 – 200 µg; Cholesterol, 100 – 200 µg; Ammoniumacetat, < 3,854 mg/ml, Aluminiumphosphat, 4,5 – 5,5 mg; Formaldehyd, max. 1,0 mg *entsprechend Europäischem Arzneibuch. Anwendungsgebiet: Zur aktiven Immunisierung von gesunden Pferden und Ponies, um die klinischen Symptome <strong>der</strong> Pferdeinfluenza und die Virusausscheidung zu reduzieren und zur aktiven Immunisierung von gesunden Pferden und Ponies gegen Tetanus. Ein Schutz gegen<strong>über</strong> Tetanus ist 2 Wochen nach erfolgter Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung nachweisbar. Nach abgeschlossener Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung ist bezüglich Tetanus eine Dauer <strong>der</strong> Immunität <strong>über</strong> 40 Monate belegt. Bezüglich Influenza wird ein max<strong>im</strong>aler Antikörpertiter etwa 2 Wochen nach <strong>der</strong> zweiten Impfung während <strong>der</strong> Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung erreicht. Ein weiterer Antikörperanstieg erfolgt kurz nach <strong>der</strong> dritten Impfung <strong>der</strong> Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung. Gegen<strong>über</strong> Influenza ist nach abgeschlossener Grund<strong>im</strong>munisierung eine Immunitätsdauer von 12 Monaten nachgewiesen. Gegenanzeigen: Tragende Stuten sollten ab dem 9. Trächtigkeitsmonat nicht mehr mit Equip ® FT ge<strong>im</strong>pft werden. Equip ® T Für Tiere: Pferde; Zusammensetzung: 1 Impfdosis zu 2 ml enthält 100 Lf-Einheiten <strong>im</strong>mungereinigtes Tetanustoxoid; Aluminiumphosphat als Adjuvans, 4,5–5,5 mg; Formaldehyd max. 1,0 mg. Anwendungsgebiet: Zur aktiven Immunisierung von gesunden Pferden gegen Tetanus. Gegenanzeigen: Tragende Stuten sollten ab dem 10. Trächtigkeitsmonat nicht mehr mit Equip ® T ge<strong>im</strong>pft werden. Equip ® F, FT, T, Nebenwirkungen: Unerwünschte Überempfindlichkeitsreaktionen sind sehr selten, können jedoch gelegentlich vorkommen. Eine allergische o<strong>der</strong> anaphylaktische Reaktion sollte sofort durch i.v.-Gabe eines löslichen Glucocorticoids (z.B. Betamethason-Natriumphosphat) o<strong>der</strong> durch intramuskuläre Verabreichung von Adrenalin behandelt werden. Bei einem Teil <strong>der</strong> Tiere kann es – meist 9-12 Stunden nach <strong>der</strong> Impfung – zu einem leichten vor<strong>über</strong>gehenden Temperaturanstieg (bis zu 1,5°C) und geringgradigen lokalen Schwellungen (bis 3 cm) an <strong>der</strong> Injektionsstelle kommen, die in <strong>der</strong> Regel nach 24 Stunden wie<strong>der</strong> zurückgehen. Nach versehentlicher Verabreichung einer Überdosis kann in Einzelfällen innerhalb von 24 Stunden eine ca. 10 cm große, nicht schmerzhafte Schwellung an <strong>der</strong> Injektionsstelle auftreten. Die Wirksamkeit <strong>der</strong> aktiven Immunisierung junger Fohlen gegen Pferdeinfluenza wird durch die vom Muttertier <strong>über</strong>tragenen Antikörper beeinflußt.Aufgrund einer Anzahl von Faktoren wie z.B. <strong>der</strong> Immunitätslage des Muttertieres, <strong>der</strong> Kolostrum-Aufnahme durch das Fohlen usw., wird die Höhe <strong>der</strong> maternalen Antikörper von Tier zu Tier schwanken. Die opt<strong>im</strong>ale Wirksamkeit <strong>der</strong> Impfung ist erst dann gewährleistet, wenn die mütterlichen Antikörper unter den Schutz verleihenden Spiegel abgesunken sind. Beson<strong>der</strong>e Vorsichtsmaßnahmen bei <strong>der</strong> Anwendung: Es sollen nur gesunde Pferde ge<strong>im</strong>pft werden. Nur für die Behandlung von Tieren best<strong>im</strong>mt. Wartezeit: 0 Tage Handelsform: Packung mit 10 x 2 ml-Fläschchen. Verschreibungspflichtig. Pharmazeutischer Unternehmer: essex tierarznei, Ndl. <strong>der</strong> essex pharma GmbH, Thomas-Dehler-Straße 27, 81737 München, www.essex-tierarznei.de, pferdeinfo@essex-tierarznei.de
Ausgabe 6·2006 Vorschau wissenschaftliches Programm/Scientific Program Forecast kongressspiegel 3 Potential use of micro-array technology (bio-puce) in the diagnosis of inflammatory disor<strong>der</strong>s in the horse Pierre Lekeux, Aurélie Thomas, Eve Ramery, Tatiana Art, Rodrigue Closset, Fabrice Bureau, Liege, Belgium The performance of a competition horse is based on genetic potential, excellent health and opt<strong>im</strong>al training. Nowadays, two ways to evaluate performances exist: performance control itself and veterinary monitoring. The latter classically consists of a clinical check-up and complementary analyses, as for example blood analysis, radiography, or ultrasound. In spite of the regularity of veterinary check-ups, in many situations health problems cannot be prevented or controlled in t<strong>im</strong>e, which has a negative influence on the horses’ performances. So for instance pathological conditions are detected when they have already induced irreversible lesions, e.g. when joint inflammation has already started to damage the joint cartilage. It also occurs when the pathology is not determined with sufficient accuracy: the proposed treatment is then non-specific and often not very efficient. The perfect example here is inflammation caused by mechanical stress, allergy or infection: the symptoms are often s<strong>im</strong>ilar, but the three aetiologies require specific treatment. New technology „DNA chip“ In or<strong>der</strong> to propose solutions for the l<strong>im</strong>iting factors of medical monitoring, a tool, born from mo<strong>der</strong>n technologies, is being developed in the equine species. This is the microarray or bio-chip, also called a „DNA chip“ in English literature. This new technology should permit: • the detection of certain conditions earlier, i.e. before they induce lesions and disrupt performances; • the more specific determination of the origin of the conditions, in or<strong>der</strong> to use a better targeted, and thus, more efficient therapy; • the detection of horse’s predisposition to certain conditions by genetic profiles, in or<strong>der</strong> to set up appropriate preventive care. Micro-arrays technology permits a quick determination of the level of gene expression by analysing a sample of the horse’s cells. Genes can be normally-, but also un<strong>der</strong>- or overexpressed. In the ideal situation, each gene should be expressed in the function of the horse’s needs in each moment. If the gene is un<strong>der</strong>expressed, too little of the corresponding proteins will be synthesised. On the contrary, if the gene is over-expressed, too much of the corresponding proteins will be synthesised. Proteins are only fully efficient when synthesised in the exact amounts needed, at the right moment and at the right place. Too high levels of proteins are therefore just as bad as too low levels. Instant <strong>im</strong>age of cell gene expression The middle term development of micro-arrays applied to sport horse’ veterinary medicine is motivated by the many advantages offered by this new technology. Nowadays, the genetic molecular methods can only analyse one gene at a t<strong>im</strong>e. The new micro-arrays, thanks to miniaturization techniques, are able to analyse several thousands of genes on only one glass strip a few cent<strong>im</strong>etres wide. Thus it is now possible to un<strong>der</strong>stand interactions between different genes, many of which had been unknown until today. This makes the complete un<strong>der</strong>standing of the horse’s pathology much easier for the veterinary practitioner. Micro-arrays give an instant <strong>im</strong>age of the exact way each cell gene is expressed. This ensures that un<strong>der</strong>or over-expressions of genes are easily detectable. The gene expression level can thus be measured in different situations like, for instance, before and after effort. The basis of the approach By studying the expression level of each gene, biological micro-arrays allow the diagnosis and the characterization of a pathological condition at its <strong>im</strong>mediate source. The information obtained brings a very precise diagnosis because it is consi<strong>der</strong>ing every gene. This is nevertheless not The use of scintigraphic examination in sport horses with unexplained lameness Sue Dyson, Suffolk, United Kingdom Nuclear scintigraphy can be used in a variety of different clinical situations to facilitate the diagnosis of lameness and poor performance in sports horses: • Pain localised to a region, but no detectable radiographic abnormality, • Partial <strong>im</strong>provement to local analgesic techniques, suspected bone injury, but unable to identify lesion, • For the determination of the likely significance of subtle radiographic abnormalities, • If there are no localising clinical signs and there is no or little response to local analgesia, • Clinical signs suggestive of fracture but no localising clinical signs, • Poor performance but no localising clinical signs, • Episodic lameness that cannot be reproduced. It is however crucial to recognise that increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) is not necessarily synonymous with pain causing lame- ness. Recognition of common sites of asymptomatic incidental regions of IRU is crucial for accurate diagnosis. Examples Pain localised to a region, but no detectable radiographic abnormality. E.g., foot pain: • identification of focal IRU in lateral pool phase <strong>im</strong>ages in the region of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), • identification of IRU at the site of insertion of the DDFT on the distal phalanx; solar <strong>im</strong>ages are usually most sensitive, • identification of focal IRU at the insertion of a collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint on the distal phalanx; solar <strong>im</strong>ages are usually most sensitive, • identification of focal or diffuse IRU in the navicular bone. E.g., fetlock region pain: • identification of focal IRU in the prox<strong>im</strong>al epiphyseal region of the prox<strong>im</strong>al phalanx probably repre- possible in a s<strong>im</strong>ple blood sample, as only the molecules actually present in the blood are usable. As the diagnosis is extremely precise, the treatment is also. The approach consists of pharmacologically st<strong>im</strong>ulating the expression of the un<strong>der</strong>-expressed genes, and, conversely, provoking the inhibition of those that are over-expressed. This way only the proteins <strong>im</strong>plicated in the pathology are concerned by the treatment. The micro-arrays thus permit a fast and specific treatment of the horse in question. Thanks to their quick and adequate intervention, micro-arrays encourage the an<strong>im</strong>al’s healing, min<strong>im</strong>izing the risk of undesired side-effects. Micro-arrays diagnosis is not based on a detection of symptoms, but on a modification of the gene expression. This makes pathology detection possible even before the onset of its clinical manifestation. The physical entity of the horse is protected and its performances are less affected. Two l<strong>im</strong>iting factors still exist It is indeed possible to <strong>im</strong>agine a micro-arrays analysis on a regular base before and after training, in or<strong>der</strong> to verify the high-level sport horse’s health and to determine its potential predispositions to develop pathological conditions. The preventive measures can be adapted according to the characteristics and specific needs of every horse. Up to now, two l<strong>im</strong>iting factors exist in the development of the biological micro-arrays technology. The horse’s genome is not yet completely decoded. This means not all equine genes are currently un<strong>der</strong>stood. Nevertheless, research teams discover new genes every day. The equine genome will thus be completely decoded in the near future. The cost of a biological micro-array is still substantial and its use is still l<strong>im</strong>ited to scientific research. However, the price will drop dramatically in due course and the use of micro-arrays will certainly be affordable for moni- senting an incomplete sagittal fracture • identification of focal IRU in a condyle of the third metacarpal bone reflecting traumatically induced or stress-induced osseous pathology. E.g., metacarpal region: • identification of focal IRU in the prox<strong>im</strong>al palmar cortex of the third metacarpal bone, reflecting a palmar cortical stress fracture, • identification of focal IRU in the prox<strong>im</strong>al plantar aspect of the third metatarsal bone reflecting entheseous injury at the origin of the suspensory ligament. E.g., hock pain: • <strong>im</strong>provement in lameness after fibular & tibial nerve blocks but no response to intra-articular analgesia of the tarsocrural, centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints; identification of IRU in the talus reflecting osteoarthritis, an incomplete parasagittal fracture of the talus or a developing osseous cyst-like lesion (OCLL). toring racing horses after its commercialisation. Examples to be seen The analysis is carried out on horse cells. These can come from blood, joint liquid puncture, tracheobronchial wash or uterine wash. The genetic material is extracted and put on the micro-arrays in the laboratory, in or<strong>der</strong> to be treated. Thanks to a very sophisticated technique, a characteristic picture of the studied genes’ expression is obtained. This picture is then compared to one obtained from a known horse on the same micro-array. Every colour spot represents a specific gene. In the lecture we will show an example of two abnormally expressed genes. Applications Most applications of microarrays with sport horses are based on the analysis of the gene expression level in or<strong>der</strong> to detect un<strong>der</strong>- and over-expression. It then becomes possible to evaluate the adaptation of the horse to its training. For instance, genes corresponding to anti-oxidative enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) can be analysed. The synthesis of this protein should be proportional to the horse’s needs before and after effort. Un<strong>der</strong>-expression of these genes produces oxidative stress and can lead to effortlinked muscular dystrophy. If such an un<strong>der</strong>-expression is detected, it could be compensated pharmacologically by specifically st<strong>im</strong>ulating the deficient gene’s expression. On the other hand, it is also possible to complement the an<strong>im</strong>al with anti-oxidants in its food on a daily basis, for instance. The horse should reach its best performances again, and recover its opt<strong>im</strong>um performance. According to the same principle, micro-arrays can also diagnose inflammation very precisely, by analysing joint liquid, for example. The evidence of the over expression of genes corresponding to proinflammatory mediators can indeed permit the characterisation of the exact type of inflammation (acute or chronic; mechanical, allergic or infectious;…). The <strong>im</strong>mediate concern is that the active principle to stop the inflammation process can be quickly identified. This way t<strong>im</strong>e is Partial <strong>im</strong>provement to local analgesic techniques, suspected bone injury, but unable to identify lesion. E.g., identification of IRU in the palmar aspect of the diaphyseal region of the third metacarpal bone after partial <strong>im</strong>provement to subcarpal nerve blocks of the palmar and palmar metacarpal nerves. E.g., identification of focal IRU in the distal row of carpal bones after partial response to subcarpal analgesia with or without a positive response to median and ulnar nerve blocks. For the determination of the likely significance of subtle radiographic abnormalities. E.g., subtle loss of opacity of the flexor cortex of the navicular bone, close to the sagittal ridge: • Significance of an OCLL, • Significance of focal modelling of an ossified cartilage of the foot. If there are no localising clinical signs and there is no or little response to local analgesia. E.g., identification of IRU in the humeral tubercles or the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus – subsequent radiographic and ultrasono- won and the transformation of an acute into a chronic inflammation, which would have d<strong>im</strong>inished short term performances and provoked median term irreversible lesions, can be avoided. Targeting the treatment increases its efficiency and decreases its secondary effects. Other applications for micro-arrays exist. For instance, it can be interesting to follow genetic profiles in a champion’s lineage. These profiles can be associated with posi- Pierre Lekeux tive characteristics or excellent performances. On the other hand, a champion’s profile selection could favour the outbreak of certain pathological conditions if preventive measures are not taken soon enough. Finally, micro-array technology can also be used to accurately identify pathogens like bacteria or viruses, and this has positive effects on the spread of veterinary zoonoses. Biological micro-arrays are molecular tools that should quickly find their place in veterinary medicine to complement current diagnostic techniques. Thanks to progress in research into equine genome decoding and molecular technology, reliable and cheap micro-arrays should be commercialised in the near future. This should contribute to the increase of the well-being, health and performances of our horses. Further readings 1. Liew CC, Ma J, Tang HC, Zheng R, Dempsey AA. (2006) The peripheral blood transcriptome dynamically reflects system wide biology: a potential diagnostic tool. J Lab Clin Med. 147:126-32. 2. Lu W, Bertone AL. (2004) Generation and performance of an equine-specific largescale gene expression microarray.; Am J Vet Res. 65:1664-73. 3. Thomas A., Closset R., Bureau F., Lekeux P. (2005) : Principes des microdamiers à ADN et applications potentielles en sciences vétérinaires. Ann. Méd. Vét. , 149, 93- 116. 4. Venkatasubbarao S. (2004) Microarrays – status and prospects. Trends Biotechnol., 22, 630-637. 5. Weeraratna AT, Nagel JE, de Mello-Coelho V, Taub DD. (2004) Gene expression profiling: from microarrays to medicine. J Clin Immuno; 24:213-24. Lecture/Vortrag Friday March 16 2007, 05:20 p.m./ Freitag, 16.03.2007, 17:20 Uhr graphic evaluation may identify a lesion. E.g., Identification of IRU in the first rib, consistent with a fracture. E.g., Identification of IRU in the third trochanter of the Sue Dyson femur or a tuber ischii, reflecting a fracture or entheseous injury. Clinical signs suggestive of fracture, but no localising clinical signs. E.g., incomplete dorsal sagittal fracture of the prox<strong>im</strong>al aspect of the prox<strong>im</strong>al phalanx. Poor performance but no localising clinical signs. E.g., identification of linear streaks of IRU in the hindl<strong>im</strong>b musculature consistent with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis. Episodic lameness that cannot be reproduced E.g., identification of focal IRU in the third carpal bone of an endurance horse only lame after 40 miles. Lecture/Vortrag Friday March 16 2007, 09:00 a.m./ Freitag, 16.03.2007, 09:00 Uhr
Change language