Energy Materials Testing Laboratory EVALUATION FROM

CeramiC Bulletin 

AMERICAN soCIEty 

tHe WOrlD reSOurCe FOr CeramiC manuFaCturinG anD teCHnOlOGY FeBruarY 2001 

New Vacuum Furnace 

technology 

Microwave-Assisted Drying 

Flexible Drying Meets Quality 

Demands 

CRADA Develops Pressing 

Model, Part 2 

www.ceramicbulletin.org

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CIRCUIT MATERIALS DIVISION

he 

merican 

eramic 

ociety 

Volume 80 

Number 2 

February 2001 

Product Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

62 

Corporate 

Members 

SuStaining 

• Aluminum Co. of 

America 

• Ferro Corp. 

• Saint-Gobain Ceramics 

& Plastics Inc. 

NEW 

www.ceramicbulletin.org 

Upcoming Events 

Meetings & Exposition Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

u u u u 

National Engineers Week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

2001 Annual Meeting & Exposition 

Preliminary Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

Registration Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

Hotel Reservation Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 

News & Views 

President’s Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Brick Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

Environmental Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Refractory Hot Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

Technology Briefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

Society/Industry News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

Business Stats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

ACerS Section Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Legislative & Public Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

NICE News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Ceramics Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Society Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Obituaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Members Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Names in the News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

Products & Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Ceramics Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

Business Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 

Career Opportunities & Classifieds . . . . . . . . . . 117 

The Last Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 

Society/Industry News . . . . . . . . . . 

17 

TRI Celebrates 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

65 

www.ceramicbulletin.org • February 2001 3

Products & Processes . . . . . . . . 

76 

As steelmakers seek improved 

life for their ladles and BOF 

linings, refractory manufacturers 

meet the challenge through the 

development of longer-life 

products. Cover photo courtesy 

of RHI Refractories America, 

Pittsburgh. 

Manufacturing/ 

Engineering Features 

Special Section: 

TRI Celebrates 50 Years of Service 

Kathy Woodard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

Revolutionary Vacuum 

Furnace Technology 

R.D. Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

Microwave-Assisted Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

Manufacturing Briefs: Flexible Drying Meets 

Quality Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

CRADA Develops Model for Powder 

Pressing and Die Design: Part Two 

K.G. Ewsuk, J.G. Arguello, D.H. Zeuch, 

B. Farber, L. Carinci, J. Kaniuk, 

J. Keller, C. Cloutier, B. Gold, 

R.B. Cass, J.D. French, B. Dinger 

and W. Blumenthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 

Deflocculation of Al 2 O 3 -SiC Suspensions 

I.R. Oliveira, P. Sepulveda and 

V.C. Pandolfelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

Precollege Education Program 

K. Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

Preparation of KTN Films on 

Single Crystal Quartz Substrates 

D. Zhang, X. Wang, P. Hen, 

M. Huang, Z. Li, M. Zhang, 

D. Xu and Y. Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

Product Focus: Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

Society Business 

Publications/Editorial Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

ACerS Values–Section Membership . . . . . . . . . 6 

Advertising Sales Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

New Book Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

ACerS Membership Recruitment . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Membership Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

Moving/Changing Position? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Ceramics Correspondence Institute . . . . . . . . . 56 

ceramicSOURCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

Ceramic Bulletin Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

Microwave-Assisted Drying . . . . . . 

38 

The American Ceramic Society Bulletin 

covers news and activities of the Society 

and its members, includes items of 

interest to the ceramic community, and 

provides the most current information 

concerning all aspects of ceramic 

technology, including research and 

d e v e l o p m e n t , m a n u f a c t u r i n g , 

engineering and marketing. 

American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN 

0002-7812). 

©2001 Published monthly, 12 times a year. 

Printed in the United States of America. 

Editorial and Subscription Offices: P.O. Box 

6 1 3 6 , We s ter v i l l e, O H 4 3 0 8 6 - 6 1 3 6 . 

Subscription included with American 

Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember 

subscriber rates: North America, 1 year $50, 2 

years $95; international (air mail only), 1 year 

$100, 2 years $195. Back issues: North 

America, $6 per issue plus $3 shipping and 

handling for the first issue, $2 each 

additional; international, $6 per issue plus $6 

shipping and handling for the first issue, $4 

each additional. 

POSTMASTER: Please send address changes 

to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, P.O. 

Box 6136, Westerville, OH 43086-6136. 

Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, 

and additional mailing offices. Allow six 

weeks for address changes. 

ACSBA7, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp 1–120 

4 The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 80, No. 2

A C e r S 

VA L U E S 

ACerS Books Program 

The American Ceramic Society’s books 

program is dedicated to serving the 

informational needs of the ceramics 

community by publishing the highest 

quality books about ceramics. With more 

than 200 titles available, ACerS continues to 

seek new authors, ideas and innovative 

ways to expand its books program and to 

introduce these titles into classrooms and 

libraries widely. For a complete list of ACerS 

titles, visit our web site at www.ceramics. 

org. Members receive a reduced rate on all 

books published by ACerS. 

Ann Baldwin, 

Director Student Services, 

NYS College of Ceramics 

at Alfred University 

“ T h e A m e r i c a n C e r a m i c 

Society’s books program has 

helped us in our efforts for 

recruiting and spreading the 

word about ceramic engineering. We have 

distributed The Magic of Ceramics to high school 

chemistry and physics teachers where we’ve made a 

presentation to the classes as well as to those who 

have invited us to speak at targeted group meetings. 

The book has been well received. Teachers 

particularly like the flow of the text and the 

combination of pictures and text instead of a text 

heavy book. In addition, we have asked teachers to 

attempt to develop labs based on some of the 

material in the book.” 

To find out more about books published by ACerS, 

contact our customer service at 614/794-5890, 

e-mail at customersrvc@acers.org or visit ACerS web 

site at www.ceramics.org. 

The American Ceramic Society 

P.O. Box 6136 

Westerville, OH 43086-6136 

614/890-4700 (phone) 

614/899-6109 (fax) 

www.ceramics.org 

01AV02 


AMERICAN SOCIETY 

THE MAGAZINE FOR TECHNOLOGY • ENGINEERING • MANUFACTURING 

W. Paul Holbrook 

Executive Director and Publisher 

Mark J. Mecklenborg 

Senior Director, Publications 

Patricia A. Janeway 

Editor 

Jon W. Hines 

Senior Editor, Departments 

Karla B. Vierthaler 

Associate Editor 

Cleopatra G. Eddie 

Circulation Supervisor 

EXECUTIVE STAFF 

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION 


(735 Ceramic Place) 

P.O. Box 6136 

Westerville, OH 43086-6136 

Tel. 614-890-4700 

Fax 614-899-6109 

Internet www.ceramics.org 

John Wilson 

Publication Production Manager 

Carl M. Turner 

Graphics Production Coordinator 

Clark Watson 

Prepress Production Specialist 

Greg Geiger, B.S. Cer. Eng. 

Technical Editor 

CERAMIC BULLETIN ADVISORY BOARD 

Denis A. Brosnan 

Rutgers University 

The National Brick Research Center 

Clemson University 

Charles G. Marvin 

Consultant 

Rosario Gerhardt 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Victor C. Pandolfelli 

Universidade Federal de São Carlos 

Richard Haber 

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE 

John E. Blendell, chair, NIST; James C. Marra, Westinghouse Savannah River Co.; 

John J. Petrovic, Los Alamos National Lab; Richard E. Riman, Rutgers University; 

J. Richard Schorr, Orton Ceramic Foundation (ex officio); John R. Hellmann Jr., 

The Pennsylvania State University (ex officio); W. Paul Holbrook, The American 

Ceramic Society (ex officio); and Mark J. Mecklenborg, The American Ceramic 

Society (ex officio). 

NICE PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE 

Thomas D. McGee, chair, Iowa State University; Gary S. Fischman, University of 

Chicago; and Diane C. Folz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University 

© Copyright 2001 by The American Ceramic Society. 

American Ceramic Society Bulletin is covered in Current Contents. 

The American Ceramic Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and 

opinions advanced by the contributors to its publications or by the speakers at 

its programs. Registered names and trademarks, etc., used in this publication, 

even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected 

by the law. 

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or 

transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, 

recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. 

Permission is not, however, required to copy abstracts of papers or articles on 

the condition that a full reference to the source is given. 

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use beyond the limits 

of Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law is granted by The 

American Ceramic Society, ISSN No. 0002-7812, provided that the appropriate 

fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, 

Danvers, MA 01923 USA; tel. 978-750-8400; Internet www.copyright.com. This 

consent does not extend to copying items for general distribution or for 

advertising or promotional purposes or to republishing items in whole or in 

part in any work in any format. Prior to photocopying items for educational 

classroom use, please contact Copyright Clearance Center Inc. 

Please direct republication or special copying permission requests to 

Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 

USA; tel. 978-750-8400; Internet www.copyright.com. 

Orders for copies of articles published in this or other ceramic-related publications 

may be placed through The American Ceramic Society’s Ceramic 

Information Center, tel. 614-794-5810, fax 614-794-5812. 

Custom reprints, in quantities of 100 or more, may be purchased through 

Ceramic Bulletin’s editorial department. Requests for reprint quotes should be 

directed to Cleo Eddie, tel. 614-794-5827 or fax 614-794-5842. 

Instructions for the preparation of articles to be submitted for possible publication in 

this periodical are available from the Editor; tel. 614-794-5826, fax 614-794-5822, 

E-mail pjaneway@acers.org, Internet www.ceramicbulletin.org. 


President’s Letter 

Officers 

PRESIDENT 

roBert t. oxnard, maryland refraCtories Co. 

PRESIDENT-ELECT 

James e. Houseman, Harrop industries inC. 

TREASURER 

J. riCHard sCHorr, orton CeramiC foundation 

DIRECTORS 

stepHen J. Bennison (2003), e.i. du pont de nemours & Co. inC. 

amar s. BHalla (2002), tHe pennsylvania state university 

margaret l. Carney (2001), alfred university 

david e. Clark (2001), virginia polyteCHniC institute & state 

university 

don e. denison (2002), denison engineering Co. 

roger H. frenCH (2002), e.i. du pont de nemours & Co. inC. 

dale a. fronk (2001), orton CeramiC foundation 

riCHard l. leHman (2001), rutgers university 

katHryn v. logan (2003), u.s. army researCH offiCe 

Carlo g. pantano (2001), tHe pennsylvania state university 

david W. riCHerson (2003), riCHerson & assoCiates 

david r. rossington (2001), alfred university 

leslie J. struBle (2002), university of illinois, urBana 

louis J. trostel (2002), prinCeton, mass. 

SECRETARY 

W. paul HolBrook, tHe ameriCan CeramiC soCiety 

ART DIVISION 

CHair—derek r. gordon, ColumBus Clay Co. 

BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION 

CHair—James H. adair, tHe pennsylvania state university 

CEMENTS DIVISION 

CHair—CHiara f. ferraris, nist 

ELECTRONICS DIVISION 

CHair—rosario a. gerHardt, georgia institute of teCHnology 

ENGINEERING CERAMICS DIVISION 

CHair—ersan ustundag, California institute of teCHnology 

GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION 

CHair—denise m. krol, university of California, davis-livermore 

NUCLEAR & ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 

CHair—James C. marra, WestingHouse savannaH river Co. 

REFRACTORY CERAMICS DIVISION 

CHair—nanCy e. Bunt, lafarge aluminates inC. 

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION 

CHair—edWard C. milliken, BoWerston sHale Co. 

WHITEWARES & MATERIALS DIVISION 

CHair—William m. Carty, alfred university 

CERAMIC EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL 

president—Jennifer a. leWis, university of illinois, urBana 

CERAMIC MANUFACTURING COUNCIL 

president—riCHard HaBer, rutgers university 

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CERAMIC ENGINEERS 

president—Harrie J. stevens, Corning inC. 

The American Ceramic Society serves its members 

and the worldwide ceramics community by 

promoting the development and use of ceramics 

through forums for knowledge exchange. The chief 

means by which the Society fulfills this mission are 

the publication of periodical journals and books and 

the sponsorship of meetings. The Society also 

provides a number of other technical and support 

services for members and the worldwide ceramics 

community. 

February 2001 

The Prez Sez ... 

Who’s on First? 

Abbott & Costello’s comedy skit about who 

played which position on a baseball team sometimes 

reminds me of the leaders of your Society. 

It can be hard to keep everybody straight. 

You recently elected division and class officers, 

as well as three new directors with terms expiring 

in 2004. They join an outstanding and talented 

group of volunteers who work with your headquarters 

staff to provide the myriad services and 

benefits you expect from your professional 

Society. My association with your Board of 

Directors is truly the highlight of my professional 

career. 

Fan Them and Feed Them Grapes… 

Please join me in thanking the board members who complete their terms at this 

year’s Annual Meeting. Their genuine concern and desire to provide a bright 

future for your Society deserve more than mere words of thanks. If you could 

envision me fanning them and feeding them grapes, you would know the 

appreciation I feel. 

Knowing them, however, I’m sure it will be hard enough to get them to stand 

still long enough for a handshake and “thanks, job well done.” 

Margaret Carney, Alfred University, is the personification of the Art Division. 

She champions the museum and promotional activities of the Society with a je 

ne sais quoi that commands respect from all who know her. 

David E. Clark, Virginia Tech via the University of Florida, brought his NICE 

experience to the board. His background and dedication belay an “E.F. Huttonlike” 

respect—when David talks, people listen. 

Dale Fronk, Orton Foundation, represents the manufacturing community with 

a fervor and frankness that will be impossible to replace. I didn’t know Mother 

Theresa personally, but I’m going to remind St. Peter that I was a friend of Dale’s. 

Rick Lehman, Rutgers University, representing the Whitewares & Materials 

Division, brings class to any group. He has a wonderful ability to think “big picture,” 

often helping us reach consensus. 

Carlo Pantano, Penn State, will be remembered as the Glass & Optical Materials 

Division’s most ardent supporter. His leadership on the board has been so subtle 

and unassuming that I often thought it was my own ideas we were supporting. 

David Rossington, Alfred University, offers a studious, thoughtful approach to 

problem solving that pays homage to his Ceramic Educational Council perspective. 

I hope to have Dave’s sage diplomacy someday. 

Paul Becher, past president, goes off the board this year as well. The “sheriff” 

from Oak Ridge continues to serve admirably in every capacity after filling 

nearly every office in the Society. He’s a darned good “doer” and a tough act to 

follow. 

See You in Indianapolis? 

Why not join us at the Annual Meeting? Mark April 22–25 on your calendar now. 

This is a great benefit of your membership and one of the best ways to stay 

informed. You’ll visit old friends and colleagues, keep abreast of ceramic trends, 

and join your fellow movers and shakers. Our meetings committee has done an 

exceptional job on the program and symposia. I hope to see you there. 

Bob Oxnard, President 


Tel. 330-532-9845 (Ohio) or 941-482-8017 (Florida) 

Fax 330-532-3224 (Ohio) or 941-482-8274 (Florida) 



AMERICAN SOCIETY 

THE MAGAZINE FOR TECHNOLOGY • ENGINEERING • MANUFACTURING 

Internet 

www.ceramicbulletin.org 

Advertising Sales Manager 

peter sCott 

tel. 614-794-5844 

fax 614-794-5842 

e-mail psCott@aCers.org 

Advertising Production Coordinator 

Wendy WHitesCarver 

tel. 614-794-5841 

fax 614-794-5842 

e-mail WWHitesCarver@aCers.org 

Western & Southern U.S., Canada 

annette delagrange 

3830 lakevieW drive 

galena, oH 43021 

tel. 740-965-1753 

fax 740-965-6712 

e-mail adelagrange@eartHlink.net 

New England, Mid-Atlantic & Midwestern U.S. 

Bonnie d. Hunt 

2953 ColumBia drive 

Bensalem, pa 19020 

tel. 215-750-7692, 800-598-7947 fax 

215-750-9557 

e-mail Bonnie@Hunt4ads.Com 

Europe 

Celine Beilvert/Crispin fordHam 

alain CHarles House, 

27 Wilfred street 

london sW1e 6pr england 

tel. 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 

fax 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 

e-mail media@alain.demon.Co.uk 

Italy 

federiCa ZuCCHini 

ADVERTISING SALES 

puBliZeta 

via CortiCella 216/6 

40128 Bologna, italy 

tel. 39-051-325452 

fax 39-051-320309 

CUSTOMER SERVICES 

Customer Service Representatives 

tel. 614-794-5890 

fax 614-899-6109 

e-mail CustomersrvC@aCers.org 

Diane Ritchey 

Ceramic Information Center 

tel. 614-794-5810 

fax 614-794-5812 

e-mail CiC@aCers.org 

Greg Geiger, CeramiC engineer 



103rd Annual Meeting & Exposition, Indianapolis, April 22–25 (tel. 614- 

794-5880, fax 614-794-5882, E-mail meetings@acers.org, Internet 

www.ceramics.org) 

104th Annual Meeting & Exposition, St. Louis, April 28–May 1, 2002 (614- 

794-5890, fax 614-899-6109, E-mail customersrvc@acers.org, Internet 

www.ceramics.org) 

Divisions 

PAC RIM IV, Int’l Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Glasses in conjunction 

with the Basic Science, Electronics and Glass & Optical 

Materials Divisions fall meetings, and the 53rd Pacific Coast Regional 

Meeting, Outrigger Wailea Resort, Maui, Hawaii, Nov. 4–8 (contact 

Christine Schnitzer, tel. 614-794-5819, E-mail cschnitzer@acers.org) 

Structural Clay Products, Sheraton Four Points, Canton, Ohio, May 19–22 

(contac t Howard Sachs, tel. 513-424-3573, E-mail JHS 

@meco-wires.com) 

Sections 

Southeastern, spring meeting, Manor Inn, Pinehurst, N.C., Feb. 27–March 

1 (contact Mitch Treadaway at Atofina Chemicals Inc., tel. 336-766- 

6685, fax 336-766-7455) 

Southwest, spring meeting, Ramada Plaza Hotel, Fort Worth, Texas, 

June 6–8; fall meeting, Harrah’s Shreveport Hotel, Shreveport, La., 

Nov. 7–9 (contact Richard Tucker, tel. 903-843-2509, E-mail 

richardtucker@excelonline.com) 

St. Louis, 37th Annual Refractories Symposium, St. Louis Airport 

Marriott, St. Louis, March 23 (tel. 573-341-6265, E-mail psmith @umr. 

edu) 

Other Organizations 

4th Industrial Energy Efficiency Symposium and Exposition, Washigton, 

Feb. 19–22 (tel. 877-648-7967, Internet www.oitexpo4 .com) 

South-Tec Greenville 2001, Advanced Productivity Exposition, 

Greenville, S.C., Feb. 20–22 (tel. 800-733-4763, Internet www.sme .org/ 

greenville) 

GlassLat 2001, Int’l Exhibition of the Glass Industry, Monterrey, Mexico, 

Feb. 21–23 (tel. 52-8-348-48-48, fax 52-8-348-60-00, E-mail giplaura@ 

acnet.net) 

GMIC Workshop on Glass Melting Technologies of the Future, 

Washington, Feb. 22 (contact Michael Greenman, tel. 614-818-9423, 

E-mail mgreenman@gmic.org) 

Cevisama 2001, 19th Int’l Trade Show for Ceramics, Valencia, Spain, Feb. 

27–March 3 (tel. 34-96-386-1100, fax 34-96-363-61-11, 

E-mail feriavalencia@feriavalencia.com) 

North American Manufacturing Co. Annual Ceramic Seminar, Nashville, 

Te n n . , Fe b . 2 8 – M a r c h 2 ( t e l . 6 1 5 - 3 7 1 - 8 4 9 6 , E - m a i l 

ceramicseminar@namfg.com) 

S PittCon 2001, New Orleans, March 4–9 (tel. 412-825-3220, fax 412-825- 

3224, E-mail pittconinfo@pittcon.org, Internet www.pittcon.org) 

ICSHM7, 7th Int’l Conference on the Science of Hard Materials, Ixtapa, 

Mexico, March 5–9 (tel. 58-2-908-6843, fax 58-2-908-6916, 

E-mail grigorescuc@pdvsa.com, Internet www.upc.es/cmem/ICSHM7) 

Inter-Society Color Council Educational Council, Cleveland, March 19–20 

( t e l . 7 0 3 - 3 1 8 - 0 2 6 3 , f a x 7 0 3 - 3 1 8 - 0 5 1 4 , E - m a i l i s c c 

@compuserve.com, Internet www.iscc.org) 

S CerMA Spring Educational Conference on Drying, Tour of Metropolitan 

Ceramics by Ironrock Capital Inc., Holiday Inn-North Canton, Ohio, 

M a r c h 2 2 – 2 3 ( t e l . 7 4 0 - 4 5 2 - 4 5 4 1 , f a x 7 4 0 - 4 5 2 - 2 5 5 2 , 

E-mail cerma.info@offinger.com) 

S Denotes new entry in this issue. 

Meetings & expositions Calendar 

S 2001 Ceramic Industry Combustion Seminar, Cleoria, Pa., March 26–27 

(contact Paul Palkovic, tel. 717-272-3051) 

Workshop on Microwave Ceramics, Adams Mark Hotel, Denver, March 

26–27 (E-mail abstracts@imaps.org, Internet www.imaps.org / 

abstracts.htm) 

Hyalos-Vitrum-Glass: History, Technology and Conservation of 

Glass and Vitreous Materials of the Hellenic World, Rhodes, 

Greece, April 1–4 (tel. 301-650-3301, fax 301-654-7690, 

E-mail gkordas@ims.demokritos.gr) 

Annual Ceramics Convention, Cirencester, U.K., April 4–5 (E-mail melanie_boyce@materials.org.uk) 

Glassman Europe 2001, 15th Int’l Glass Manufacturing Exhibition, Palais 

des Congres, Lyon, France, April 4–5 (tel. 44-0-1737-855301, 

E-mail tickets@uk.dmgworldmedia.com) 

S Seramiktek 2001, 3rd Int’l Trade Fair for Ceramic and Glass 

Technologies, Beylikdüzü, Istanbul, April 19–22 (tel. 0212-251-23-28, 

fax 0212-252-98-86, E-mail asdf@rdf.com.tr, Internet www.asdf .com. 

tr) 

S ASTM Advanced Ceramics Committee Meeting, Indianapolis, April 

20–22 (contact Gloria Collins, tel. 610-832-9715, E-mail gcollins@astm. 

org) 

Process Industries Exposition, George R. Brown Convention Center, 

Houston, April 24–26 (tel. 203-221-9232, Internet www 

.processexpo.com) 

PEI Technical Forum, Nashville Airport Marriott, Nashville, Tenn., May 

19–22 (tel. 615-385-5357, fax 615-385-5463, E-mail penamel @aol. 

com) 

Powder and Bulk Solids Conference/Exhibition, Chicago, May 7–10 (tel. 

800-354-4003, Internet powdershow.reedexpo.com) 

Fractography of Advanced Ceramics Int’l Conference, Stará Lesná, The 

High Tatras, Poprad, The Slovak Republic, May 13–16 (tel. 421-95-633- 

8115, fax 421-95-633-7108, E-mail fac2001@imrnov.saske.sk, Internet 

www.imrnov.saske.sk/CONFER /fac2001.htm) 

Ceramics China 2001, 15th China Int’l Ceramics Industry Exhibition, 

China Foreign Trade Center, Guangzhou, May 14–17 (tel. 86-10- 

68041566-7, fax 86-10-6834698-0, E-mail ccpitbms@public3 .bta.net. 

cn) 

S i k k i m I n t ’ l N a n o t r i b o l o g y S y m p o s i u m , S i k k i m , I n d i a , 

May 16–25 (tel. 91-80-360-0586, fax 91-80-360-0648, E-mail nanosikkim@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in, 

Internet www.mecheng.iisc .ernet.in/ 

nanosikkim.html) 

Coverings 2001, The Int’l Tile and Stone Exhibition, New Orleans, May 

21–23 (tel. 561-776-0600, fax 561-776-7466, E-mail info@coverings . 

com, Internet www.coverings.com) 

SOFC-VII, 7th Int ’l Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, 

Ts u k u b a I n t ’ l C o n g r e s s C e n t e r, I b a r a k i , J a p a n , J u n e 

3–8 (tel. 81-298-61-4542, fax 81-298-61-4540, E-mail sofc7 @nimc.go. 

jp, Internet www.nimc.go.jp/sofc7/index-e.html) 

Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials, Barga, 

Italy, June 3–8 (tel. 212-591-7441, fax 212-591-7441, E-mail engfnd@ 

aol.com, Internet www.engfnd.org/engfnd/1au) 

S CIP’ 2001, 13th Int’l Colloquium on Plasma Processes, Antibes-Juanles-Pins, 

French Riviera, June 10–14 (fax 33-01-42-78-63-20, E-mail 

sfv@vide.org, Internet www.vide.org/cip2001.htm) 

Glass Processing Days, 7th Int’l Conference on Architectural and 

Automotive Glass, Tampere, Finland, June 18–21 (tel. 358-3-372-3111, 

fax 358-3-372-3190, Internet www.glassprocessingdays.com) 

2nd European Cells & Materials Meeting, Congress Center, Davos, 

Switzerland, June 25–28 (tel. 41-81-4142-397, fax 41-81-4142-288, 

E-mail geoff.richards@ao-asif.ch, Internet www.ao-asif.ch/ari / 

research/interface/index.shtml) 



S 59th Annual Device Research Conference, Notre Dame, Ind., June 

25–27 (contact Beate Helsel, tel. 724-776-9000 ext. 259, fax 724-776- 

3770, E-mail tmsgeneral@tms.org) 

S 2001 Society of Women Enginners National Conference, Denver, June 

26–30 (tel. 212-509-9577, Internet www.SWE.org) 

EMC, 43rd Electronic Materials Conference, University of Notre Dame, 

Notre Dame, Ind., June 27–29 (tel. 724-776-9000 ext. 243, 

E-mail mtgserv@tms.org, Internet www.tms.org/Meetings/Specialty / 

EMC01/ EMC01.html) 

Advances in Environmental Materials, Int’l Convention and Exhibition 

Centre, Singapore, July 1–6 (tel. 65-794-1509, fax 65-792-1291, E-mail 

tjwhite@eti.org.sg, Internet www.mrs.org.sg/icmat2001) 

ICGXIX, 19th Int’l Conference on Glass, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 2–6 

(contact: Karen Boston, tel. 44-114-263-44555, fax 44-114-263-4411, 

E-mail Karen@sgt.org) 

CSC’4, 4th Int’l Conference on Electric Charges in Nonconductive 

Materials, Tours, France, July 2–6 (tel. 33-1-53-01-90-30, fax 33-1-42- 

78-63-20, E-mail sfv@vide.org, Internet www.vide.org/CSC4.htm) 

Fuel Cell 2001, Int’l Conference and Exhibition, Lucerne, Switzerland, 

July 2–6 (tel. 41-56-496-7292, fax 41-56-496-4412, E-mail info @efcf. 

com, Internet www.efcf.com) 

E-MRS 2001, European Materials Research Society, Strasbourg, France, 

June 5–8 (tel. 33-3-88-10-65-43, fax 33-3-88-10-63-43, E-mail emrs@ 

phase.c-strasbourg.fr, Internet www.emrs.c-strasbourg.fr) 

23rd Mexican Ceramic Convention, Manzanillo Colima, Mexico, July 

8–15 (tel. 528-369-6441, fax 528-369-6443, E-mail soceram@prodigy . 

net.mx) 

Int’l Conference on Calcium Aluminate Cements, Edinburgh, Scotland, 

July 16–19 (E-mail Eleanor_Tipton@materials.org.uk) 

S CerMA Annual Golf Classic, Eaglesticks Golf Club, Zanesville, Ohio, Aug. 

7 (tel. 740-452-4541, fax 740-452-2552, E-mail cerma.info @offinger. 

com) 

World Ceramic Exhibition 2001 Korea, Ichon, Yoju and 

Kwangju, Korea, Aug. 10–Oct. 28 (tel. 82-331-237-8011, fax 

82-331-237-4295, E-mail p1@worldceramic.or.kr, Internet www . 

worldceramic.or.kr) 

EUROCVD13, 13th European Conference on Chemical Vapor 

Deposition, Glyfada, Athens, Greece, Aug. 26–31 (tel. 

33-562885670, fax 33-562885600, E-mail eurocvd13@imel.demokritos 

.gr, Internet www.imel.demokritos.gr/EUROCVD/eurocvd13. 

html) 

10th Int’l Meeting on Ferroelectricity, Madrid, Spain, Sept. 3–7 (tel. 

34-91-871-1800, fax 34-91-870-0550, E-mail imf10@etsit.upm.es, 

Internet www.imf10.etsit.upm.es) 

S CerMA Fall Educational Conference on Firing and Refractories, Batavia, 

N.Y., Sept. 12–13 (tel. 740-452-4541, fax 740-452-2552, E-mail cerma. 

info@offinger.com) 

29th Annual Conference of the North American Thermal Analysis 

Society, Adams Mark Hotel, St. Louis, Sept. 24–26 (phone 916-922- 

7032, fax 916-922-7379, Internet www.NATASINFO.org) 

S 44th Int’l Colloquium on Refractories 2001, Aachen, Germany, Sept. 

26–27 (tel. 49-228-91508-45, fax 49-228-91508-55, E-mail DIFK- 

BONN@t-online.de) 

Turning Ideas Into Reality for 50 Years 

National Engineers Week ® 

celebrates golden anniversary 

For the last 50 years, National Engineers Week has 

inspired students to explore the fields of math and 

science and discover how engineering improves their 

lives. 

And we’re not stopping now! 

Help discover the ceramic engineers of the next 50 

years by ordering a free planning kit from ACerS 

headquarters. Contact Mark Glasper, ACerS director of 

communications, by phone at 614/794-5898 or e-mail 

at mglasper@acers.org. 

National Engineers Week ® is supported by 

The American Ceramic Society and the 

National Institute of Ceramic Engineers. 



SGCD DECO 2001 Show and Technical Seminar, Arlington, Va., Sept. 30– 

Oct. 3 (tel. 202-728-4132, fax 202-728-4133, Internet www.sgcd .org) 

High Temperature Ceramic Composite Conference, Munich, 

Germany, Oct. 1–3 (tel. 49-69-7917-747, fax 49-69-7917-733, 

E-mail info@htcmc.org) 

47th Int’l Brick Plant Operators Forum, Clemson, S.C., Oct. 1–3 (tel. 

864-656-1094 fax 864-656-1095, E-mail brick@clemson.edu, 

Internet www.brickandtile.org) 

S Int’l Workshop on Flow and Fracture of Advanced Glasses, Rennes, 

France, Oct. 21–25 (tel. 33-2-9928-2685, fax 33-2-9928-1600, E-mail 

vincent.keryvin@univ-rennes1.fr, Internet www.larmaur.univ 

-rennes1.fr/ffag) 

6th Int’l Symposium on Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, 

Haifa, Israel, Oct. 14–18 (Internet www.ism.ac.ru/events /shs2001/ 

shs2001.html) 

S Int’l Workshop on Flow and Fracture of Advanced Glasses, Rennes, 

France, Oct. 21–25 (tel. 33-2-9928-2685, fax 33-2-9928-1600, E-mail 

vincent.keryvin@univ-rennes1.fr, Internet www.larmaur.univ 

-rennes1.fr/ffag) 

CICC-2, 2nd China Int’l Conference on High-Performance Ceramics, 

Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, Nov. 3–6 (Internet www.chimeb. 

edu.cn/meeting_e.htm) 

UNITECR 2001 Congress, 7th Biennial Worldwide Conference on 

Refractories, Fiesta Americana Coral Beach Hotel, Cancun, Mexico, 

November 4–8 (contact Gerardo Cortina, tel. 52-5-872-1005, fax 52- 

5-872-2541, E-mail gcortina@possehlmex.com, Internet www . 

unitecr-alafar2001.com) 

59th Electric Furnace Conference, Phoenix, Nov. 11–14 (tel. 724-776- 

1535 ext. 1, fax 724-776-0430, E-mail custserv@iss.org, Internet 

www.iss.org) 

2002 

2nd Int’l Colloquium on Modeling of Glass, Forming and Temping, 

Valenciennes, France, Jan. 23–25, 2002 (Internet www.univ 

-valenciennes.fr) 

IREFCON, 5th India Int’l Refractory Congress, Bhubaneswar, India, Feb. 

7–8, 2002 (tel. 91-33-240-8357, fax 91-33-240-8357, E-mail irmandia @ 

hotmail.com, Internet www.irmaindia.org) 

S Qualicer 2002, 7th World Congress on Ceramic Tile Quality, Castellón, 

Spain, March 3–6, 2002 (tel. 34-964-35-65-00, fax 34-964-35-65-10, 

E-mail qualicer@camaracs.es, Internet www.qualicer.org) 

Fuel Cell 2002, Int’l Conference and Exhibition, Lucerne, Switzerland, 

July 1–5, 2002 (tel. 41-56-496-7292, fax 41-56-496-4412, E-mail info@ 

efcf.com, Internet www.efcf.com) 

ICOM 2002 The Int’l Congress on Membranes and Mem brane 

Processes, Toulouse, France, July 7–12, 2002 (Internet www .ems. 

cict.fr) 

2nd Trade Show and Symposium for the Ceramic Industry, Monterrey, 

N.L., Mexico, July 11–12, 2002 (tel. 528-369-6441, fax 528-369-6443, 

E-mail soceram@prodigy.net.mx) 

S Tecnargilla 2002, Int’l Exhibition of Technology and Supplies for the 

Ceramic and Brick Industries, Rimini Expo Center, Rimini, Italy, Oct 1–5, 

2002 (tel. 039-0541-711-711, fax 039-0541-786-686, Internet www.tecnargilla.it) 


Brick Business 

General Shale Products LLC (aka 

General Shale Brick) maintains one of 

the most widely respected laboratories 

in the North American brick industry at 

Kingsport, Tenn. The impact of the laboratory 

is seen in standards for brick 

products, research affecting reduction 

of production costs and research 

related to new products. 

General Shale takes a unique corporate 

approach to its research and product 

development. A corporate research 

committee, consisting of the president 

and the vice presidents of sales, finance, 

and engineering and research, meets 

regularly with the director of research 

and the ceramic engineer to make key 

decisions. 

According to Bob O’Quinn, director of 

research, the laboratory can cite several 

important contributions to the company. 

One of the foremost is the development 

of user-friendly coal firing, 

which involved the selection of coal 

preparation systems, the development 

of distribution methods and the engineering 

of burners to handle solid fuel. 

The work resulted in a patent on the 

coal feeder and injector system. General 

Shale practices coal firing at 12 plants in 

a total of 15 tunnel kilns. 

Other notable successes have been 

the development of coatings, precise 

control of colorants and accelerated 

quality-control procedures. 

One unusual capability in the 

Kingsport laboratory is a large-capacity 

General Shale’s Kingsport Laboratory 

Denis Brosnan, Contributing Editor 

Overview of General Shale’s Research Laboratory 

Year 1954 

started 

Key Continuing durability testing 

activities Plant support 

Product (color and texture) development 

Analysis of “in-wall” problems 

Training 

Key Joe Edwards, vice president of engineering and research 

technical Bob O’Quinn, director of research 

personnel John Brown, manager of process research 

Farrell Long, manager of material and product testing 

Ron Bacon, manager of electronic technicians 

Kevin Ham, ceramic engineer 

(13 employees total) 

Key All ASTM properties for block and brick 

capabilities Raw material evaluations/test firing (shuttle kiln) 

Freeze-thaw capability for 108 sample sets 

Coal testing 

Electrical laboratory 

Building 5750 ft 2 (534 m 2) 

size 

Plants 16 brick plants, four block plants and one lightweight 

served aggregate plant 

freezer used in durability testing. One 

hundred and eight 5-brick specimen 

sets can be tested simultaneously in the 

freezer. 

According to O’Quinn, the Kingsport 

facility conducts an annual laboratory 

school for newly hired production 

supervisors. College students frequently 

serve as interns during the 

summer months. O’Quinn urges college 

students to pay particular attention 

to raw material and processing 

fundamentals. As he sees increasing 

a u t o m a t i o n c o m i n g 

into the industry, a good fundamental 

Garvey Bright, a 28-year employee, runs a sulfur test in General Shale’s laboratory. 

background and long hours may be 

required to make the automatic systems 

work in a clay plant. 

The expansion of the laboratory since 

its beginnings is due, in part, to Joe 

Edwards, vice president of engineering 

and research, and Farrell Long, manager 

of material and product testing. Both 

joined the company in 1961, and both 

have recently been honored for their 

contributions to the brick industry. Joe 

Edwards received a doctor of laws 

degree from Clemson University in 

December 2000, for his contributions to 

the industry and his work in establishing 

the Bishop Ceramic Lab at Clemson 

University. (See also p 12 in the August 

2000 issue and p 33 in this issue of 

Ceramic Bulletin.) 

Edwards also is a long-time leader of 

ASTM’s task group on durability. His 

article, “Relation Between Physical 

Properties and Durability of Commercially 

Marketed Brick” (see pp 1071–75 

in the December 1977 issue), remains 

the basis for classifying brick durability, 

according to the standards. 

Farrell Long is the initial recipient of 

ASTM’s Gilbert C. Robinson Memorial 

Award. Presented in December 2000, the 

award recognizes his long-time contributions 

in standards development. (See 

p 34 in this issue.) 

It is fair to say that General Shale is a 

leader in the brick industry, in part, 

because of the Kingsport laboratory. n 


Technology Briefs 

New Process for 

High-T c Tape 

Researchers at the Superconductivity 

Technology Center at Los Alamos 

National Lab (N.M.) have developed a 

new process for producing high-performance 

superconducting tape. The 

process involves replacing cubic zirconia 

with magnesium oxide as the 

template material for the high-T c film. 

This change increases the template 

deposition process by 100 times. 

Long lengths of tape were manufactured 

at a rate of kilometers per day. 

To accelerate commercial development 

of these tapes, Los Alamos is 

colaborating with American Super - 

conductor Corp., 3M Co. and Intermagnetics 

G eneral Corp. The 

de vel op ment could mean an estimated 

$50-billion commercial market 

to produce more efficient 

electrical power transmission equipment, 

saving energy and money, laboratory 

officials reported. (Contact: 

D. Peterson, E-mail dpeterson@lanl. 

gov) 

Heat-Resistant 

Piezoceramics 

When conventional piezoceramics are 

heated to temperatures of ≈250°C 

(i.e., during the solder reflow process 

in filter production) and then cooled 

to room temperature, properties, such 

as the resonance frequency, often 

become degraded. Matsushita Electric 

Indus trial Co. (Japan) reports it has 

solved this problem by developing a 

PZT piezoelectric ceramic composition 

with improved thermal stability. 

Possible applications of the new 

ceramic include filters, oscillators, 

transducers and sensors. (Contact: 

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., 1006 

Oaza Kadoma, Kadoma City, Osaka 

571-8501, Japan, tel. 81-6-6908-1121) 

Atom Substitution for 

Better Ceramics 

At t h e U n i ve r s i t y o f M u n i c h 

(Germany), scientists have added various 

atoms into the crystal structure 

of nitridosilicates, sions (silicon oxynitrides), 

and sialons (silicon aluminum 

oxynitrides) to create materials with 

unusual properties. When atoms of 

strontium, barium or europium were 

added to nitridosilicates, the material 

was found to have excellent nonlinear 

optical properties, was stable at 

Greg Geiger, Technical Editor 

high temperatures and was strongly 

resistant to hydrolysis. 

When lanthanum, cerium, erbium, 

praseodymium and neodymium 

atoms were added to sions and 

sialons, investigators reported that 

some combinations resulted in 

exceptionally hard materials. Others 

formed regular arrays of microtubules 

or clathrate-type (cage) structures. 

(Contact: W. Schnick, E-mail wsc@cup. 

uni-muenchen.de) 

Imaging of 

Mesoporous Materials 

A technique for the direct determination 

of 3-D mesoporous structures 

has been developed in a collaborative 

effort by researchers at the 

Tohoku University (Sedai, Japan), the 

University of California (Santa 

Barbara) and others. The method 

uses high-resolution elec tron 

microscopy to obtain images that 

can be mathematically treated to 

give a full 3-D structure. 

The images provide information 

about the size and shape of the pores 

at the nanoscale level as well as their 

connectivity. The technique also can 

be used to characterize the detailed 

structure of a wide range of composite 

materials. (Contact: O. Terasaki, 

E-mail terasaki@msp.phys.tohoku.ac. 

jp) 

Eco-friendly Process for 

Silicon-Based Chemicals 

An inexpensive and relatively nontoxic 

method for producing a variety 

of silicon-based chemicals from sand 

or rice hull ash and ethylene glycol 

(antifreeze) has been developed at 

The University of Michigan (Ann 

Arbor). According to investigators, 

the new technology could enable 

manufacturers to create siliconbased 

compounds without expensive, 

high-temperature processing 

and toxic by-products. Products that 

could be made using this process 

include common silicon-containing 

chemicals, polymers, plastics and 

pure silica. The silica could be used, 

among other things, as filler for polymers, 

in papermaking and in the production 

of optical glass. (Contact: R. 

Laine, E-mail talsdad@umich.edu) 

For further information, contact Greg 

Geiger at the Ceramic Information Center, 

tel. 614-794-5817, 3E-mail ggeiger @acers. 

org. 


Society/ 

Industry 

NEWS 

Ferro Buys EMCA-Remex 

Ferro Corp., Cleveland, has acquired 

EMCA-Remex from National Starch & 

Chemical Co., Bridgewater, N.J. Terms 

of the agreement were not disclosed. 

EMCA-Remex specializes in the production 

of thick-film pastes for 

hybrid microelectronics. These materials 

are used in applications in the 

automotive, telecommunications and 

consumer electronics markets. The 

business has a technology and distribution 

agreement for resistor formulations 

that provides exclusive selling 

rights in the United States and 

Europe. 

“We continue to invest in our electronic 

materials business to build 

greater scale,” said Hector R. Ortino, 

chair and CEO of Ferro. “Through a 

combination of internal strategic 

changes, acquisitions and strong 

demand, in a short period of time, we 

have built an electronic materials 

business that is a much more significant 

driver of Ferro’s overall performance.” 

Ferro’s existing thick-film paste 

product line, produced in a new 

state-of-the-art facility at Vista, Calif., 

serves market segments that complement 

EMCA-Remex’s product line. 

EMCA-Remex’s only U.S. manufacturing 

site is at Montgomeryville, Pa. It 

also operates a technical service laboratory 

and production facility at 

Linton, U.K. 

Keller Acquisition 

Ceric S.A., Paris, officially took over 

the remaining operations of Keller 

GmbH, Laggenbeck, Germany, Dec. 

1, 2000. 

More than 100 years old, Keller had 

fallen into bankruptcy in early Septem 

ber last year. The administrator in 

charge of the bankruptcy chose 

Ceric from among a few other candidates 

to take over Keller, primarily 

because the Ceric plan saves 340 

jobs out of the ≈500 that existed 

prior to the bankruptcy. 

The previous management team 

has been replaced by a group of 

German and French business leaders 

who will make sure the Ceric philosophy 

centered around customer service 

is understood and followed. 

Former Keller customers can be 

assured of continuity of after-sales 

service, especially where spare parts 

are concerned. 

Following the acquisition earlier 

this year of Rieter, also a German 

company, the addition of Keller to 

the Ceric Group creates the largest 

worldwide consortium for the supply 

of manufacturing systems for the 

clay products industry. 

The Keller and Rieter names will be 

kept for the foreseeable future. 

However, all companies will operate 

in a coordinated manner, and for 

ease of business, Ceric Inc. (Golden, 

Colo.) will be the focus and sole representative 

for the Ceric Group of 

companies in North America. 

MCS Officers Meet at ACerS Headquarters 

Three Mexican Ceramic Society (MCS) officers met with staff at ACerS headquarters Dec. 

11–12, 2000, to wrap up discussions regarding the First Trade Show & Conference for the 

Ceramics Industry 2000, held jointly in November by MCS and ACerS. They also discussed 

future joint efforts between the two organizations. Officers attending the meeting 

included (l–r) Angél Hernández R., MCS past president; Paul Holbrook, ACerS executive 

director; Constantino Gianacópulos R., MCS president; and Aniceto Arroyo Gómez, MCS 

vice president. 


S O C I E T Y / I N D U S T R Y 

HOUSING STARTS* 

Privately Owned 

Units Change 

2000 (000) (±6%) 

Nov 1,562 1% 

Oct 1,528 -2% 

Sep † 1,537 1% 

Aug † 1,519 -1% 

*Seasonally adjusted annual rate 

† Revised 

MANUFACTURED HOME 

SHIPMENTS* 

2000 Units (000) Change (±) 

Nov 196 -8% 

Oct 213 -1% 

Sep 231 -7% 

Aug 249 -1% 

*Seasonally adjusted annual rate 

STEEL MILL SHAPES 

Short Tons (000) 

2000 Shipments* Imports † 

Oct 9,006 (NA) 

Sep 8,632 2,321 

Aug 9,302 2,857 

Jul 8,556 2,865 

*Source: American Iron & Steel Institute 

† Source: Bureau of Census Report IM 145 

Business Stats Confrontational Clay 

PLUMBING FIXTURES* 

Value of Shipments (US$M) 

1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 

Cast iron 

(enameled) 

289 274 261 270 239 

Vitreous 

china 

932 884 876 860 892 

Fiberglass 

1,358 1,288 1,267 1,145 996 

Plastics 427 416 372 362 337 

* Data is now published on the new North American Industry 

Classification System (NAICS) basis and, therefore, is not always 

comparable to the old Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 

code 

VALUE OF 

MANUFACTURERS 

SHIPMENTS 

Seasonally Adjusted 

Monthly (US$M) 

2000 Nov* Oct † Sep 

Stone, clay, 

glass products 

8,521 8,677 8,741 

Blast furnaces, 

steel mills 

5,466 5,678 5,715 

Iron, steel 

foundries 

1,415 1,405 1,408 

Electrical transmission/ 

distribution 

equipment, 

industrial 

apparatus 

4,162 4,086 4,159 

Household 

appliances 

2,320 2,320 2,396 

Household A/V 

equipment 

1,117 1,125 1,074 

Communications 

equipment 

10,286 10,570 10,733 

Electronic 

components 

17,968 18,027 18,594 

Motor 

vehicles, parts 

30,041 31,444 32,821 

Aircraft, missiles, 

space vehicles, 

parts 

11,821 10,529 11,992 

Instruments, 

related products 

*Preliminary 

† Revised 

15,371 15,459 15,574 

GLASS CONTAINER 

SHIPMENTS 

(000 gross) 

2000 1999 

Dec 18,085 

Nov 20,508 

Oct 20,409 20,265 

Sep 20,141 21,121 

Aug 22,910 22,656 

Jul 21,087 22,244 

Jun 23,154 24,128 

May 23,037 22,476 

Apr 20,179 21,806 

Mar 21,924 23,617 

Feb 19,614 19,453 

Jan 19,367 19,260 

Total 211,822 255,619 

Source of Statistics: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau 

of the Census 

For additional information, please 

contact the 

Ceramic Information Center 

614-794-5810 

“Mist” by Sergei Isupov, porcelain, 1998. 

Social commentaries by ceramic artists are 

the topic of the current exhibit at the 

American Craft Museum in New York. 

“Confrontational Clay: The Artist as Social 

Critic” runs through March 16, 2001. For 

more information, call 212-956-3535. 

(Photo courtesy of The Ferrin Gallery) 

Tosoh Realigns Silica Glass 

Material Sales 

Nippon Silica Glass USA Inc., Bound 

Brook, N.J., has been renamed Tosoh 

SGM USA Inc. Tosoh SGM continues 

as the sales and distribution channel 

of silica glass materials, zirconia powders 

and advanced ceramic products 

and materials for Tosoh Corp. (Tokyo) 

in the United States. 

This renaming strategically follows 

the recent name change of quartz 

material producer NSG Yamaguchi 

Co. Ltd. to Tosoh SGM Corp., as well as 

the transfer of silica glass sales 

assignments from Nippon Silica Glass 

Co. Ltd. to the Tosoh Quartz Div. All 

Tosoh-affiliated quartz fabrication 

companies throughout the world 

have been unified under the name 

Tosoh Quartz. 

As part of the quartz group unifica- 


tion process, Tosoh aims to enhance 

further its worldwide silica glass 

material line of business by bringing 

about a more efficient utilization of 

resources through the sharing of 

information and technology as well 

as R&D and marketing efforts. 

CoorsTek Expands 

Capability in Korea 

CoorsTek Inc., Golden, Colo., is 

expanding the capacity of its subsidiary, 

CoorsTek Korea, Kyungbook, 

South Korea, to include lasered substrates. 

These ceramic substrates are 

used in the production of electronic 

circuits for the telecommunications 

and automotive markets. 

State-of-the-art laser equipment 

using technology developed and 

refined by CoorsTek in the United 

States and Scotland is being 

installed. This expansion enhances 

CoorsTek’s position as a leading producer 

of thick- and thin-film substrates, 

and extends its offering of 

lasered substrates to all key global 

markets. CoorsTek Korea is expected 

to begin production of the lasered 

substrates during the first quarter of 

2001. 

Expansion Complete at 

Horizon Photonics 

Horizon Photonics Inc., a wholly 

owned subsidiary of LightPath 

Technologies Inc., has completed the 

expansion of its automated manufacturing 

facility at Walnut, Calif. The 

930-m 2 (10,000-ft 2 ) facility is currently 

dedicated to large volume isolator 

production and the development of 

next-generation optical subassemblies. 

Horizon’s component packaging 

capabilities are based on its 

recently issued U.S. patent covering 

its automated fabrication platform 

for micro-optics. 

Bob Cullen, president of Horizon 

Photonics, commented, “We are truly 

pleased with our expansion efforts 

since merging with LightPath. We 

S O C I E T Y / 

now have the capacity and automated 

packaging experience in place to 

execute our ramping orders from 

both existing and new OEM customers.” 

In addition, LightPath has hired 

Joseph E. Sauvageau as Horizon’s 

chief technology officer. Sauvageau 

has a significant background in optoelectronic 

engineering, packaging 

and manufacturing, with a number of 

related patents and publications to 

his credit. He spent a number of years 

at NIST and, most recently, was with 

Motorola. 

Royal Porcelain Seeks New 

Asian Markets 

Royal Porcelain Plc, Thailand’s largest 

exporter of tableware, plans to 

increase sales to $40 million in 2001 

by pursuing new markets in Asia. 

Sales to Russia and the Middle East 

have been growing steadily, but Asia 

remains an attractive market yet to be 

captured. 


ACerS Section Notes 


• Central Ohio. Da Vinci Ristorante in Columbus was 

the venue for President’s Night, Nov. 30, 2000. ACerS 

President Bob Oxnard presented “A Pop Quiz about 

ACerS.” 

The Section also organized a group to attend a 

hockey game at Nationwide Arena, Dec. 2. The 

Columbus Blue Jackets played the Atlanta Thrashers. 

• Rocky Mountain. Together with the Materials Dept. 

at the Colorado School of Mines, the Section sponsors 

the Materials Science Lecture Series at the university. 

Sheldon M. Wiederhorn of NIST, Gaithersburg, Md., 

was the guest lecturer, Oct. 12, 2000. In his talk, “Hightemperature 

Creep Behavior of Particulate Ceramic 

Composites,” he discussed the causes of degradation 

in mechanical behavior at elevated temperatures and 

the mechanisms of deformation in the bonding phase. 

Zemir Gavra, a professor at Ben-Gurion University, 

Israel, delivered the Dec. 7 lecture. He spoke about 

“New Trends in Hydrogen Storage Materials.” 

• Northwest Indiana. Quentin Robinson (manager of 

research, Vesuvius USA) was the dinner speaker when 

the Section met Nov. 30, 2000, at the Patio Restaurant 

in Merrillville. Approximately 30 members attended. 

The topic of his discussion was “Casting Channel 

Design (i.e., Tundish Slide Gates) and Its Effect on Steel 

Flow and Clogging.” Robinson included slides of the 

slide gate water model, showing the flow in a tundish 

system. 

Various designs and configurations were used to 

determine the best flow pattern for a tundish slide 

gate. The water model was computer modeled to 

check for consistency and reproducibility. 

Calculations from the data provided comparable 

Quentin Robinson discusses casting channel design at a 

meeting of the Northwest Indiana Section. 

results between the water and computer models. From 

this information, the computer model can be used to 

determine the effects of variations on the slide gate 

system. 

• Southwest. The fall meeting went as planned at the 

Arlington Hotel, Hot Springs, Ark., Nov. 15–17, 2000. 

More brickmakers attended this meeting than in the 

recent past. Perhaps the tour of Acme Brick Co.’s 

Ouachita plant had something to do with it. 

Some of the highlights are reported below: 

Barry T. Hughes, president of Halbert Mill Co., 

Jacksonville, Texas, was honored with the Harry E. 

Ebright Service Award. He was cited for his outstanding 

service to the Section through contributions to 

the ceramic arts and sciences and for the promotion 

of the Southwest Section and, thus, The American 

Ceramic Society. 

The Carl and Barbara Hogue First Lady Award was 

presented to Beckie Schlager who has taken charge 

of the ladies program several times and served on the 

companions program committee even more frequently. 

Robert H. Bruns, Gilmer Potteries Inc., reports that 

11 golfers braved the cold at the Hot Springs Country 

Club Arlington Course. Bruns, together with Carl 

Hogue and Dave Kirkendall, finished first with a score 

of 71 (one under par). The fact that they were the only 

team with three players may have had something to 

do with it. 

The team of Richard C. Tucker (Gilmer Potteries Inc.) 

and Bryan Byrd (American Restoration Tile) came in 

second with a score of 81. Steve Bohannon (Acme 

Brick Co.) had the longest drive on hole No. 9; Bruns 

was closest to the hole on No. 8; and Dusty McGregor 

(Acme Brick Co.) was closest to the hole on No. 17 

New officers for 2001 were installed during the business 

meeting. They are: chair, Richard C. Tucker, 

Gilmer Potteries Inc.; chair-elect, Michael E. Shipley, 

U.S. Brick Co.; vice chair, Randall Wheeler, Jonesboro, 

Ark.; treasurer, Robert H. Bruns, Gilmer Potteries Inc.; 

and secretary, Gary Schlager, Process Engineering 

Services. Fred C. McMann of North American Mfg. Co. 

continues to serve as counselor. 

The spring meeting will be held at the Ramada 

Plaza Hotel, Fort Worth, Texas, June 6–8, 2001. The fall 

2001 meeting is scheduled at Harrah’s Shreveport 

Hotel, Shreveport, La., Nov. 7–9. In spring 2002, the 

meeting will be at the Holiday Inn Sun Spree Resort, 

South Padre Island, Texas, June 26–28. Contact 

Richard Tucker, tel. 903-843-2509, E-mail richardtucker 


Last year, exports earned the company 

$30 million, primarily from the 

United States and Europe. Both company 

brands, Royal Porcelain and 

Bone China, were particularly wellknown 

in Italy and the United 

Kingdom. 

The company’s two factories in 

Saraburi have a combined production 

capacity of 3.5 million pieces per 

month, 80% of which is exported. 

ICDD Scholarships 

The International Centre for Diffraction 

Data (ICDD), Newtown 

Square, Pa., has selected recipients of 

its Ludo Frevel Crystallography 

Scholarships for 2001. 

James Lettieri, The Pennsylvania 

State University, is working on 

research involving “Ferroelectric 

Anisotropy and Integration of 

SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 .” Jennifer Stone, Oregon 

State University, is investigating 

“Structural Studies of High-Power 

Optical Materials.” Each student 

receives a check for $2250 to help 

them continue their studies in their 

selected fields of crystallographic 

research. 

Alumina Ceramic Tile 

Alumina ceramic offers superior 

protection with minimum weight, features 

needed when developing vehicle armor. It 

meets the demand for modern vehicles to 

have high mobility and maneuverability, 

without compromising survivability. 

(Photo courtesy of Morgan Advanced 

Ceramics Inc., Latrobe, Pa.) 


Navitar Coating Labs 

Expands Product Line 

Navitar Coating Labs Inc. (formerly 

GM Vacuum Coating), Rochester, N.Y., 

has expanded its line of solderable 

coatings for glass and ceramic substrates 

to include coatings as thin as 

0.30 µm. These micro-thin coatings 

find applications in missiles, fiber 

optics, aerospace and passive IR 

detectors. They also are suited for the 

hermetic sealing of optical systems. 

The coating is applied using a special 

low-stress sputtering process so 

that it is extremely durable. In fact, its 

strength exceeds that of the glass 

substrate. 

PPG Joint Ventures 

PPG Industries Inc., Pittsburgh, is the 

technical and training advisor for a 

$10-million expansion at the Cristal 

Laminado o Templado S.A. de C.V. 

(CITSA) automotive glass fabricating 

plant at Tepeji del Rio, Mexico, 30 

miles north of Mexico City. The oper- 


Legislative & Public Affairs 


John Kaniuk, president of Zircoa 

Inc., is a member of the LPAC 

Executive Committee 

Update on Naturally Occurring 

Radioactive Materials (NORMs) 

Naturally occurring radioactive 

materials (NORMs) and technology 

enhanced radioactive materials 

(TENORMs) continue to be 

important topics for the ceramics 

industry. Small amounts of uranium 

(U) and thorium (Th) are present 

in most raw materials mined 

from the earth, and various governmental 

agencies are deciding 

how to regulate these materials 

to ensure public safety. 

The Nuclear Regulatory Commis 

sion (NRC) is responsible for 

regulating radioactive materials. 

NRC currently grants an unrestricted 

license to those who handle 

radioactive materials below 

500 ppm of U and Th. The states 

and EPA, however, want these 

materials regulated more closely. 

Therefore, NRC is contemplating 

a rule that would require persons 

who hold NRC specific source 

material licenses to notify NRC 

before any unimportant quantities 

of source material (

ation is a partnership of PPG and the 

Villaseñor family. 

The expansion includes addition of 

tempering equipment that will allow 

CITSA to produce side and back automotive 

windows, as well as windshield 

production equipment using 

advanced PPG technology to supply 

more complicated original-equipment 

parts. This will allow CITSA to 

supply full-car sets of windows to the 

growing Mexican automotive industry. 

PPG also plans to join Nan Ya 

Plastics Corp. of Taiwan in building a 

plant at Kunshan, China, to make 

fiber-glass yarns, primarily for electronics 

customers. The project is subject 

to Taiwan government approval. 

PFG Fiber Glass (Kunshan) Co. Ltd. 

will produce electronic yarns in a 

Kunshan industrial economic development 

zone west of Shanghai. Nan 

Ya is building an adjacent complex 

that will include weaving, laminating 

and circuit board production facilities. 

It will be PFG’s principal customer. 

Startup is scheduled in early 2003. 

Lindberg/BlueM Distributor — 

Furnaces, Ovens & 

Replacement Parts 

• Discount Pricing 

• Quick Delivery 

• Many Models In Stock 

• Custom Furnaces 

Illustrated Ceramics 

These teapots are included in a onewoman 

exhibition showcasing the 

illustrated ceramic works of Sayoko Becker. 

Gallery Alexander, La Jolla, Calif., hosts the 

exhibit March 10–April 15, 2001. For 

details, call 858-459-9433. 

Glass Industry Funded for 

Energy Efficiency 

The age-old trade of glassmaking will 

get a helping hand from 21st century 

technology under an $11.8-million 

government-industry partnership to 

reduce energy use and environmen- 

Call Toll-Free: 1-888-264-7856 


tal impacts in the U.S. glass industry. 

The private sector cost share will be a 

minimum of 50% of each project. 

Facing pressure from foreign competition 

and alternative materials, the 

U.S. glass industry must find ways to 

reduce manufacturing costs while 

maintaining quality and protecting 

the environment. The industry spends 

more than $1.3 billion each year just 

on energy for manufacturing processes. 

It is an important segment of the 

U.S. economy. The glass industry 

employs more than 150,000 people 

and generates more than 21 million 

tons of consumer products annually 

with an estimated value of $22 billion. 

DOE has selected four companies 

to participate with Argonne National 

Lab in a three-year program of cooperative 

technology R&D that will 

enhance the economic competitiveness 

of the nation’s glass industry. 

The projects and lead organizations 

are: 

• Measurement and control of glass 

Furnace Concepts, Inc. Tel. 203-264-7856 

P.O. Box 863 Fax 203-262-8714 

Southbury, CT 06488 E-mail vangoman@aol.com 

Visit Our Website http://www.furnace-concepts.com 


NICE News 


Recognition 

Ethics, integrity, honor—as an organization, 

we strongly stress these 

concepts each year. We introduce 

them in our academic engineering 

programs and discuss them as topics 

at professional meetings. They 

have become major issues in our 

national elections and buzzwords 

in the corporate boardroom. How 

do these words affect you, the engineer? 

When you practice engineering, 

you take on more than a job. You 

accept a professional obligation to 

guide technology. Fundamentally, 

you become a servant of society 

and of human progress. You play 

an active role in shaping the future 

of our society and our world. 

You cannot consider simply the 

answer to a technological problem—you 

must consider the 

impact of the solution on our quality 

of life, on the environment and 

on future generations. You must 

take the responsibility seriously and 

give your full attention to the 

effects your decisions will have on 

those around you. 

Order of the Engineer 

NICE proudly announces its professional 

affiliation with the Order of 

the Engineer, an organization that 

exists “to foster a spirit of pride and 

responsibility in the engineering 

profession, to bridge the gap 

between training and experience, 

and to present to the public a visible 

symbol identifying the engineer.” 

The Order of the Engineer conducted 

its first induction ceremony 

at Cleveland State University in 

1970, and now has inductees in all 

50 states. 

The “Obligation” of the Order of 

the Engineer is a creed similar to 

the oath attributed to Hippocrates 

(generally taken by medical gradu- 

ates) and sets forth an ethical code. 

The Obligation, likewise, contains 

parts of the canons of ethics of 

major engineering societies. 

Initiates, as they accept it voluntarily, 

pledge to uphold the standards 

and dignity of the engineering profession 

and to serve humanity by 

making the best use of Earth’s precious 

wealth. 

The Obligation ceremony is similar 

to the Canadian “Ritual of the 

Calling of an Engineer,” which 

began in 1926. Initiates recite an 

oath acknowledging their obligation 

as engineers and accept a 

stainless steel ring to be worn on 

the fifth finger of the working hand. 

The entire ceremony lasts approximately 

one hour, depending on the 

number of initiates. 

NICE Inductions 

NICE will hold its first inductions 

into the Order of the Engineer during 

the upcoming Annual Meeting 

in Indianapolis. We will attempt to 

schedule a time that does not conflict 

with any technical sessions so 

all who wish to participate can 

attend. 

Sunday evening looks promising, 

however, it is possible that the ceremony 

will be held during the NICE 

business meeting on Monday. Your 

feedback on the scheduling is welcome. 

We will accommodate as 

many as possible of those who 

wish to participate. 

The one-time cost to join the 

Order of the Engineer is $20. This 

includes the ring and certificate; 

there is no annual fee. Contact the 

director of NICE for a copy of the 

form. Be sure to provide your ring 

size (pinky finger of your working 

hand). 

We hope that many of you will 

recognize the impor tance of 

acknowledging our obligation to 

society as engineers. We are excited 

about this new affiliation and 

know that many of you will be, too. 

AAES Representation 

Kathryn V. Logan has been elected 

to a vice chair position on the AAES 

Executive Committee for 2001. This 

gives the ceramic engineering profession 

four members on the AAES 

board. The others are Harrie J. 

Stevens and Diane C. Folz as voting 

governors, and Gary S. Fischman as 

voting member on the Engineering 

Public Policy Committee. 

While Logan is not a voting member, 

she will have input into AAES 

policies and issues prior to board 

votes. We are pleased about our 

increase in activity on the AAES 

committees over the past several 

years. This organization allows us 

to have input into critical issues of 

policy since AAES is the engineering 

organization with a direct line 

into Congress and the White House. 

Contact Address 

Please note that I am now at 

Virginia Tech! Please direct all communications 

to me there. 

Diane C. Folz, NICE Director 

c/o Virginia Polytechnic Institute 

& State University 


feed stocks. Energy Research Co., 

Staten Island, N.Y. Total cost 

$3,031,568. 

• Monitoring and control technologies 

in glass melting furnaces. Gallo 

Glass Co., Modesto, Calif. Total cost 

$2,100,000. 

• Development of process optimization 

strategies, models and chemical 

databases for online coatings of float 

glass. PPG Industries, Pittsburgh. 

Total cost $3,000,000. 

• Development and validation of an 

Advanced Multiphase Glass Furnace 

Model that can completely characterize 

the interaction between glass melt 

and combustion space. The model 

also provides the opportunity to 

mimic furnace conditions with software 

to predict process changes. 

Techneglas Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Total 

cost $2,728,435. 

• In-house recovery and recycling of 

glass from glass manufacturing 

waste. Argonne National Lab, 

Argonne, Ill. Total cost $1,000,000. 

In addition to the lead organization 

for each project, other industrial firms, 

universities and DOE national laboratories 

will participate as partners in 

the R&D effor t. These include 

CertainTeed Corp., Fenton Art Glass 

Co., Libbey Inc., Oak Ridge National 

Lab, Mississippi State University, 

Osram Sylvania Inc, Owens Corning 

Inc., Purdue University, Sandia 

National Labs and Vetrotex America. 

American Colloid Opens 

New Blending Facility 

American Colloid Co. recently 

opened a new blending facility at 

Butler, Ga., to manufacture Additrol® 

preblended molding sand additives 

used in the metalcasting process. The 

1265-m 2 (13,600-ft 2 ) facility features a 

high-volume, state-of-the-art continuous 

blending system with outbound 

rail and bagging capabilities. 

Mike Diermeier has been named 

plant manager in Butler. Previously 


headquartered at Arlington Heights, 

Ill., he served as corporate quality 

coordinator. 

Including this new facility, American 

Colloid operates 13 plants across 

North America. The Butler location, 

110 miles south of Atlanta, will effectively 

serve customers in the southeastern 

United States. 

Raymond Operations 

Under Alstom Power 

The ABB Air Preheater Co., Raymond 

Operations, Lisle, Ill., has become part 

of Alstom Power Inc. Headquartered 

in Belgium, Alstom Power is part of 

the French conglomerate Alstom. 

The Raymond Operations includes 

the Raymond®, Ehrsam® and Bartlett- 

Snow product lines. The engineering 

and sales offices for Raymond and 

Bartlett-Snow will continue in Lisle; 

Ehrsam parts, sales and service are 

located at Concordia, Kans. 

Consistency and longer mold life have made G-P Gypsum the leader in whitewares. Not to mention 

prompt tech support and one-stop shopping for our complete line of industrial plasters. 

So find out why G-P is #1 in whitewares, call 1-888-PLASTER, visit www.gp.com/plaster, or fax 404-588-3833. 

© 2001 Georgia-Pacific Corporation. All rights reserved.Denscal®, Densite®, and K Series® are registered trademarks of Georgia-Pacific Corporation. 

FITZGERALD + CO • 404-504-6900 • JOB #M0GP0057 • trim: 7” X 4.875” • Ceramic Bulletin; Ceramic Industry 


Ceramics Online 


Many companies and organizations 

are establishing a presence on the 

Internet. Some of the websites are 

profiled below. 

Anter Corp. 

www.anter.com 

Dilatometers, conductivity 

meters, diffusivity systems and 

drop calorimeters for determining 

thermophysical properties. 

AO Research Institute 

www.ao-asif.ch/ari/research 

/interface 

Studies of interface reactions 

between living cells and implant 

surfaces. 

Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc. 

www.centorr.com 

Innovative solutions to challenging 

high-temperature materials 

processing problems. 

Eisenmann Corp. 

www.eisenmann.de 

Surface finishing systems, material 

flow automation, environmental 

technology and ceramics firing 

technology. 

Hammill & Gillespie Inc. 

http://www.hamgil.com 

Clays, feldspars, silicas, carbonates 

and specialty mineral products. 

New Castle Refractories Co. 

www.newcastlerefractories.com 

Kiln furniture and special refractory 

shapes fabricated from silicon 

carbide, mullite, alumina and 

high-temperature fireclays. 

Sonic-Mill 

www.ceramics.com/sonic 

Contract machining services for 

technical ceramic and glass materials; 

supplier of ultrasonic machining 

equipment. 

ceramicSOURCE Online 

www.ceramicsource.org 

Suppliers of materials, equipment 

and services used to manufacture 

ceramics. Register free as a 

nonmember subscriber through 

May 31, 2001. 

Powder & Bulk 

Solids Adds a Day 

The Powder & Bulk Solids Conference 

(May 7–11) and Exhibition (May 8–10, 

2001) will be held at the Donald E. 

Stephens Co nve ntion Ce nter, 

Rosemont (Chicago), Ill. New features 

of the expanded five-day conference 

include an in-depth “Focus On” educational 

program, and new confere 

n c e t r a c k s o n E - b u s i n e s s , 

environmental issues (including such 

issues as hazards, loss protection, 

dust control and dust generation) 

and professional development. 

For more information, call 800-354- 

4003 or 203-840-5650, or visit the 

website at powdershow.reedexpo. 

com. 

10th Year for Linn Elektro 

Therm 

Linn Elektro Therm GmbH, Bad 

Frankenhausen, Germany, recently 

celebrated its 10th anniversary. It was 

just 10 years ago when Horst Linn of 

Linn High Therm GmbH (Eschenfelden) 

took over the firm, previously 

known as VEB Electro. 

The company hosted 160 guests in 

its new production hall, providing a 

buffet and wine tasting. Günther 

Köhler (Jena) presented a lecture 

about research in the Thuringia 

r e g i o n ; a n d G e r d W a l t e r 

The Linn Elektro Therm complex in Bad Frankenhausen. 

(Bergakademie Freiberg) discussed 

furnace production. The entertainment 

was rounded out with a folk 

music band and a female dance 

troupe. 

Glass and the 

Speed of Light 

The Corning Museum of Glass has 

opened a major new permanent 

exhibit on optical-fiber technology. 

“Glass and the Speed of Light” demonstrates 

how much information a 

single optical fiber can carry. 

A single optical fiber runs the 

length of the exhibit, encased in a 

transparent handrail. This fiber transmits 

a signal originating from a camera 

pointing at visitors. This same 

fiber occupies different parts of the 

exhibit—in one section winding 

around a spool for nearly 100 miles 

before having its signal amplified and 

refreshed. In another section, the 

optical fiber has a camera signal 

combined with dozens of other information 

streams. 

The fiber snakes its way through the 

amount of copper wire needed to 

carry the same information—hundreds 

of cables, weighing thousands 

of pounds. The slender fiber swoops 

in and around the massive copper 

coils, nimbly by-passing their bulk. 

The centerpiece of the exhibit is an 

inter active video wall illustrating the 


far-reaching and world-changing 

possibilities that fiber-optic technology 

offers. Each time visitors push a 

button, they see how greater bandwidth 

takes media a giant step forward—from 

the telegraph, through 

radio and television, into the age of 

the Internet. Each step forward represents 

a more information-intensive 

transmission. 

The museum celebrates its 50th 

anniversary this year. For additional 

information, tel. 607-937-5371, fax 

607-974-2077, Internet www.cmog . 

org. 

ATC Offers New Line 

American Technical Ceramics Corp. 

(ATC), Huntington Station, N.Y., a 

manufacturer of RF and microwave 

ceramic capacitors, has launched a 

new line of high-power resistive 

products designed for microwave 

and RF applications. The new products, 

which include resistors, terminations 

and attenuators, target the 

same markets as ATC’s traditional line 

of capacitors, complementing the 

technologies already offered. 

News Briefs 

• Premier Mill Corp., Reading, Pa., 

selects Metco Process Solutions, Troy, 

Mich., as a representative of its milling, 

mixing and dispersing line of 

equipment for specialty processing 

applications. 

• Superior Graphite Co., Chicago, was 

named No. 1 among small U.S. companies 

in workforce excellence by the 

National Association of Manufacturers. 

The award was given for workforce 

excellence in developing and 

producing graphite that makes alkaline 

batteries last longer. 

• Premier Mill Corp., Reading Pa., has 

received ISO 9001 registration. 

International Briefs 

• China. The Council for the Promotion 

of International Trade reports that 

China will increasingly use foreign 

investment in its ceramics industry. 

New ceramics industry projects using 

foreign investment must meet international 

environmental protection 

standards. For sanitaryware, the focus 

will be on improving product quality. 

(Source: Xinhua news agency, China) 

• United Arab Emirates. Al Khaleej 

Ceramics, a Dubai-based floor tile 

producer, will double production at 

its Jebel Ali plant to 3 million m 2 of 

tile per month. The factory will be 

expanded to a total of 100,000 m 2 of 

production space and two new 

presses will be installed to meet the 

company's growing global trade with 

Europe, the United States and the Far 

East. 

• Italy. The new porcelain tile plant in 

San Clemente di Rimini, built by 

Ceramica del Conca, has a production 

capacity of 9 million m 2 per year. 

• Tajikistan. Sirandud, an enamelware 

producer, reported a 17.2% drop in 

production for the first nine months 

of 2000, compared with the same 

period in 1999. The drop is due to a 

raw materials shortage at the plant. 

(Source: Asia-Plus Information 

Agency, Tajikistan) 

• Vietnam. Viglacera, a ceramics and 

glass producer, opened a new fire 


brick factory with an annual production 

capacity of 16,500 tons in the 

northern province of Vinh Phuc. The 

company also is planning to build a 

ceramics factory in the Ukraine. 

(Source: Vietnamese News Agency) 

• Tibet. Authorities in Tibet are seeking 

Chinese and foreign investment 

for the construction of ceramic production 

plants. (Source: Xinhua News 

Agency, China) 

• Turkmenistan. Reconstruction of 

kilns at the Balkanabat porcelain 

plant was completed by the Turkish 

company Asist. The new kilns will 

help the plant expand its product 

range. (Source: Turkmen Dowlet 

Habarlar Gullugy News Agency, 

Turkmenistan) 

• Bulgaria. Han Omourtag, a tile producer 

in Shoumen, signed a contract 

to export 15,000 m 2 of floor and wall 

tile to a Dutch customer. (Source: 

Bulgarian Telegrapic Agency) 

• Tajikistan. The State Statistics 

Committee reports a 10.7% drop in 


“It’s not just 

what you 


can help you succeed in both 

areas. 

With more than 10,000 members in 65 

countries around the world The 

American Ceramic Society represents a 

wide variety of interest groups: 

Engineers, Scientists, Researchers, 

Manufacturers, Plant Personnel, 

Educators, Students, Marketing and Sales professionals, and 

others in related materials fields. 

The American Ceramic Society is the gateway through 

which these groups interact, exchange information, 

influence legislation, and develop tomorrow ’s 

technologies. 

We provide our members the tools to do business. 

Plus, we have made it easy to join. 

s Submit your membership application via our website 


s Complete your application via telephone by calling 

Customer Service 614/794-5890; 

s Send an E-mail to customersrvc@acers.org and ask a 

representative to contact you. 

s Fax back (614/899-6109) a completed application form. A 

form is included in this issue of the Bulletin (see p 31). 

Invest in your career. 

Join The American 

Ceramic Society TODAY! 

28 The American Ceramic Society Bulletin 

01CRAD

porcelain production for the first nine 

months of 2000, compared with the 

same period in 1999. (Source: Asia 

Plus Information Agency) 

• China. The General Administration of 

Customs reports that the country 

exported 114,912 tons of household 

ceramics worth $81.9 million in 

August 2000. China also exported 

61,065 tons of decorative ceramics 

worth $63.6 million in August. (Source: 

Xinhua News Agency, China) 

• Vietnam. Amstan Sanitaryware Inc., a 

joint venture between American 

Standard Inc., Piscataway, N.J., and 

My Phu Sanitary Co., Binh Dong, 

Vietnam, recorded a 30% increase in 

sales for the first nine months of 2000, 

compared with the same period in 

1999. The venture is preparing to raise 

production in expectation of a rise in 

demand during the winter season. 

(Source: Vietnamese News Agency) 

• Tajikistan. China delivered ≈$700,000 

of production equipment to a ceramic 

tile plant in Kulyab. The plant was 

constructed with Chinese assistance. 

(Source: Asia-Plus Information 

Agency, Tajikistan) 

• Czech Republic. The Czech Embassy 

told companies that if they want to 

export their products to Bosnia, they 

must be prepared to conduct barter 

trade, because Bosnian companies 

are unable to pay for goods with cash. 

(Source: CTK news agency, Czech 

Republic) 

Obituaries 

Ronald W. Douglas 

Ronald W. Douglas, 90, died Nov. 14, 

2000, at Devon, U.K. 

The emeritus professor headed the 

Dept. of Glass Technology at the 

University of Sheffield from 1955 until 

he retired in 1975. His work was in rheology 

of glasses, relaxation processes, 

liquid-liquid phase separation and 

surface reactivity of glass. Douglas 

also worked at General Electric Co., 

Wembley, in solid state physics. 

He served as president (1963–65) 

and was an honorary fellow of the 

Society of Glass Technology. Douglas 

s e r v e d a s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e 

International Commission on Glass 

during 1972–75. 

An ACerS Fellow, he was affiliated 

with the Glass & Optical Materials 

Division. 


Open Nominations for ACerS Awards 

Award committees are accepting nominations for awards that 

will be presented at the 104th Annual Meeting in St. Louis and 

beyond. Information on these and other ACerS Awards can be 

obtained at the ACerS website (www.ceramics.org) or by contacting 

Susan Davis, administrative assistant, tel. 614-794-5891, 

E-mail sdavis@acers.org 

Robert L. Coble Award for 

Young Scholars (2002) 

www.ceramics.org/membership 

/awards/coble.asp 

Deadline for nominations: 

Oct. 15, 2001. 

Corporate Environmental 

Achievement Award (2002) 


/awards/corporateenviromental. 

asp 


Sept. 15, 2001. 

Corporate Technical Achievement 

Award (2002) 


/awards/corporatetechnical.asp 


Sept. 15, 2001. 

Distinguished Life Member (2002) 


/awards/distlife.asp 


Aug. 31, 2001. 

Fellow Nominations (2002) 


/awards/fellows.asp 


March 9, 2001. 

Richard M. Fulrath 

Award (2002) 


/awards/fulrath.asp 


Oct. 1, 2001. 

Honorary Membership (2002) 


/awards/honorarymembership.asp 


Nov. 1, 2001. 

John Jeppson Medal and Award 

(2002) 


/awards/johnjeppson.asp 


June 1, 2001. 

W. David Kingery Award (2002) 


/awards/davidkingery.asp 


June 15, 2001. 

Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture 

(2002) 


/awards/edwardorton.asp 


Nov. 1, 2001. 

Karl Schwartzwalder- 

PACE (2002) 


/awards/pace.asp 


Sept. 30, 2001. 

Frontiers of Science and Society— 

Rustum Roy Lecture (2002) 


/awards/rustumroy.asp 

www.ceramicbulletin.org • February 2001 29 

Society Business

Members Network 


Corporate Members 

Sustaining 

Aluminum Co. of America 

Ferro Corp. 

Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Inc. 

TYK America Inc. 

Unimin Corp. 

Contributing 

Accuratus Ceramic Corp. 

Alpha Ceramics Inc. 

American Piezo Ceramics Inc. 

AVX Ceramics Corp. 

Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies 

E.J. Bognar Inc. 

CCPI Inc. 

Ceramic Color & Chemical Mfg. Co. 

CeramTec North America 

Chand Associates Inc. 

ACerS Employment Center 

ACerS has sponsored a successful 

Employment Center during the 

Annual Meeting for many years. 

More than 350 jobs were posted 

last year. 

Once again, the Employment 

Center will post job openings, 

collect resumes, offer on-site 

interview space and schedule 

inter views at the potential 

employer’s request. This no-fee 

service is a great way to gain 

immediate face-to-face contact 

w i t h p o tential e m p l oyers/ 

employees. Submitted resumes 

also will be entered into ACerS’ 

Online Ceramic Futures Resume 

Database. 

Employers need not be present 

to post job openings. Send us 

your job openings, and we’ll collect 

resumes for you. We also offer 

an Annual Meeting special on our 

online JobMatch bulletin board. 

Postings may be internships or 

CoorsTek Inc. 

Custom Technical Ceramics Inc. 

DMC 2 Degussa Metals 


Electro-Science Labs Inc. 

Exolon-ESK Co. 

Federal Mogul 

Hammill & Gillespie Inc. 

Hammond Lead Products Inc. 

Harrop Industries Inc. 

Kane Magnetics International 

Keystone Thermometrics 

Kyocera International Inc. 

Lenox Inc. 

Linn High Therm GmbH 

Manufacturing Technology Inc. 

MicroCoating Technologies 

anything from entry level up to 

executive management. Prior to 

April 16, submit job descriptions 

by E-mail to baldwin@alfred.edu. 

Thereafter, please submit on site. 

Career Fair 

We’re expanding! This year we’re 

offering a Career Fair at the 

Annual Meeting. Companies and 

universities alike are invited to 

promote themselves to job candidates 

and prospective graduate 

students. 

Tabletop displays are available 

for this event. Have your recruiter 

contact the ACerS membership 

manager for further details. You 

need not be a meeting registrant 

to display at the Career Fair. 

Whether you’re looking for a job 

or considering graduate school, 

come check out the possibilities. 

Networking Reception 

Micropyretics Heaters International Inc. 

Minteq International Inc. 

Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. 

Nabaltec GmbH 

Nanophase Technologies Corp. 

Quallion LLC 

Resco Products Inc. 

RHI Refractories America 

Sandia National Labs 

H.C. Spinks Clay Co. Inc. 

Superior Graphite Co. 

Superior Technical Ceramics Corp. 

U.S. Gypsum Co. 

R.T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. 

Wacker Engineered Ceramics Inc. 

Washington Mills Electro Minerals Corp. 

Zircoa Inc. 

Zirconia Sales (America) Inc. 

Internet links to Corporate Members can be found on the Society’s website at www.ceramics.org/membership/corporatemembers.asp. 

Employment Center & Career Fair Hours 

Sunday, April 22 12:30–5:00 p.m. 

Monday, April 23 10:30 a.m.–6:30 p.m.* 

Tuesday, April 24 9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. 

Wednesday, April 25 9:00 a.m.–12:00 noon 

*Networking Reception. 

A Networking Reception will be 

held on Monday from 5:00 to 6:30 

p . m . a t t h e s i t e o f t h e 

Employment Center and Career 

Fair. Attendees are invited to 

come have a bite to eat, do some 

networking and explore career 

opportunities. Experienced professionals 

from throughout the 

ceramics industries will be in 

attendance to field career questions. 

Online JobMatch 

The JobMatch bulletin board is 

offering employers an Annual 

Meeting special through April 30. 

Post two job openings for one 

month for $50 or post unlimited 

job openings for three months for 

$100. Contact Chris Shewring at 

Brass Ring to take advantage of 

this special offer (tel. 614-923- 

0600 ext. 353, E-mail cshewring @ 

brassring.com). Visit JobMatch on 

the Internet at www.ceramics 

.org/membership/jobpostings. 

asp. 

Garry Moon, Membership Manager 

Tel. 614-794-5859 

Fax 614-794-5882 

E-mail gmoon@acers.org 


2001 Membership Rates 

(allow 4–6 weeks for delivery of first publication) 

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Please indicate the PRIMARY ceramic business of 

your operation (one only) 

n 1. ADVANCED CERAMICS 

n A. Electronic/Electrical Ceramics 

n B. Structural/Composite 

Ceramics 

n C. Biomedical Ceramics 

n D. Optical Fibers 

please 

n E. Other 

n 2. GLASS 

n F. Glass Made from Raw Materials 

n 1. Glass Containers 

n 2. Flat Glass 

n 3. Pressed and Blown Glass 

n 4. Electronic Glass 

n 5. Fibrous Glass 

n G. Products Made from 

Purchased Glass 

Continued on back 

0130CB

PRIMARY ceramic business cont’d (check one only) What is your title? (check only one) 

n 3. WHITEWARE 

n H. Floor and Wall Tile 

n J. Dinnerware 

n K. Vitreous Sanitaryware 

n L. Artware 

n M. Other Whiteware 

please describe 

n 4. REFRACTORIES 

n N. Refractory Brick 

n O. Specialties/Shapes 

n P. Ceramic Fiber 

n Q. Mixes and Cements 

n R. Other 


n 5. PORCELAIN ENAMELED PRODUCTS 

n 6. STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 

n S. Brick 

n T. Clay Pipe 

n U. Other Products 


n 7. STONEWARE/POTTERY PRODUCTS 

n 8. ABRASIVE PRODUCTS 

n 9. CEMENTS 

Statistical Data 

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(Area code) 

n 10. NUCLEAR CERAMICS 

n 11. DECORATING AND/OR DESIGNING OF 

WHITEWARE AND/OR GLASS PRODUCTS 

n V. Whiteware 

n W. Glassware 

n 12. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

n X. Academic 

n Y. Government 

n Z. Independent Contract Organization 

n 13. LIBRARIES, SCHOOLS AND 

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n 14. CERAMIC STUDENTS 

n 15. PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF 

MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT, AND 

SUPPLIES USED IN THE 

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n 16. OTHERS ALLIED TO THE FIELD 


C h a n g i n g 

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Organization: 

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Organization: 

M A. CORPORATE MANAGEMENT: Chairman, President, 

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MANAGEMENT: Director of Engineering, Engineering Manager, 

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M E. PURCHASING MANAGEMENT: Purchasing Manager, 

Purchasing Agent, or Other Purchasing Manager 

M F. MARKETING AND SALES MANAGEMENT: Marketing 

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Manager 

M G. OTHER 

I am involved in purchasing the following: 

The Society gathers statistical and demographic data so that we can serve our members M Raw materials/minerals 

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better. Providing this data is optional and is not a condition of membership. Date of Birth 

is required for Associate Membership. 

F / M 

Date of Birth Month Day Year Sex 

M Material handling & 

batching equipment 

M Refractories 

M Kilns/furnaces 

M Coatings & finishing 

M Testing/evaluation/instrumentation 

equipment 

M Forming & finishing equipment 

M Decorating equipment/supplies 

0130CB 

M Polishing/cutting/machining 

M Other ______________________________________________________________ 

Allocation for subscriptions to the Bulletin ($37 for regular members, $12 for all other categories) and ceramicSOURCE, print and online ($10), are included in membership fees. Student Members have free 

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h Check here if the above information on your new 

position is only for Society records, and NOT for 

publication in Ceramic Bulletin. 

If Student Member, please give last degree obtained: 

University/College Degree Major Year Granted 

Copy this form and fax or mail in an envelope to: 

The American Ceramic Society, P.O. Box 6136, 

Westerville, OH 43086-6136. Enclose any additional 

information that might be of interest to your fellow 

members. Phone: 614-794-5890 Fax: 614-899-6109

Names in the News 

Edwards 

…General Shale 

Clark 

Edwards Honored 

Joe Edwards, vice president of engineering 

and research, General Shale 

Products LLC, Kingsport, Tenn., 

received an honorary doctorate of 

laws from Clemson University, S.C. A 

1956 graduate of Clemson, he was 

instrumental in establishing the 

National Brick Research Center and 

the Bishop Ceramic Lab at the university. 

His 1997 article, published in the 

Ceramic Bulletin, has been the basis 

for the durability criteria in the ASTM 

standards for facing brick (see p 13 in 

this issue and p 12 in the August 

2000 issue). 

Edwards is an ACerS Fellow and 

member of Structural Clay Products 

Division. He is a recipient of the 1982 

Hewitt Wilson Award of ACerS’ 

Southeast Section. 

Clark, Folz Join VPI 

David E. Clark is the new department 

head of materials science and engineering 

at Virginia Polytechnic 

Institute and State University (VPI), 

Blacksburg. He came from the materials 

science and engineering department 

at the University of Florida, 

Gainesville, where he was a professor. 

Clark holds seven patents, and has 

authored and coauthored a number 

of books and articles on microwave 

processing of materials, glass corrosion, 

and sol-gel processing. 

He is an Acers Fellow and member 

of the Engineering Ceramics Division, 

for which he served as chair during 

1988–89. He was a founding member 

of the Florida Section of ACerS, the 

1993 James I. Mueller Lecturer and 

the 1992–93 president of NICE. Clark 

currently serves on the ACerS Board 

…VPI 

Folz 

of Directors. He is a member of the 

NICE Executive Committee and a 

reviewer for the Journal of the 

American Ceramic Society. 

Diane Folz had accepted a research 

faculty position at VPI’s material science 

and engineering department. 

Previously, Folz was an engineer for 

the materials science and engineering 

department at the University of 

Florida, Gainesville. 

She holds two patents, and has coauthored 

two books and a variety of 

articles on the microwave processing 

of materials and other subjects in the 

field. 

Folz is an ACerS Fellow and member 

of the Engineering Ceramics 

Division. An NICE Fellow, Folz has 

held a variety of leadership positions 

in the organization and currently 

serves as its director. 

Dal-Tile Extends 

Sardas Term 

Jacques Sardas’ term as chair and CEO 

of Dal-Tile International Inc. was 

extended to 2004. He joined the company 

in 1997 as president and CEO, 

and was elected chair of the board in 

the same year. In 1998, the company 

extended Sardas’ term until 2001. 

Hill Advances at MAC 

Barry Hill is promoted to global marketing 

director at Morgan Advanced 

Ceramics (MAC), New Bedford, Mass. 

He will develop and implement sales 

and marketing strategies worldwide 

for the company, as well as maintain 

responsibility for North American 

sales. Hill previously served as North 

American sales director, where he 

reorganized the company’s sales 

efforts. 

Previously, he was vice president 

of sales and marketing for Wesgo 

Ceramics and Wesgo Metals. 

Quest Promotes Three 

Jim Banach was elected vice president 

of operations for Quest Technologies 

Inc., Oconomowoc, Wis. In his 15 years 

with the company, he has held the 

positions of regional sales manager, 

general manager and director of training. 

Mark Mazzo will serve as vice president 

and general manager of the 

Quest Technologies Technical Center. 

He previously worked as director of 

engineering for Metrosonics Inc., 

Rochester, Wis., which was acquired 

by Quest in 1999. 

Cliff Wolcott was selected as vice 

president of marketing. He also is a 

former Metrosonics employee, where 

he was employed as director of sales 

and marketing. Wolcott has more 

than 20 years experience in instrumentation 

VP Changes at PPG 

PPG Industries Inc, Pittsburgh, 

announces the retirement of L. Blaine 

Boswell as vice president of public 

affairs, effective March 31, 2001. A 

32-year veteran of the company, he 

started in human resources, moving 

up to vice president of flat glass, then 

to vice president and president of 

PPG Industries International, Paris. 

To fill Boswell’s position, PPG promotes 

Benjamin Fisher Jr., director of 

corporate marketing, to vice president 

in charge of corporate marketing 

and communications. 


…VPI 

Sardas 

…Dal-Tile 

Hill 

…Morgan

Names in the News 

Heidenreich 

…Eclipse 

Edmondson 

Jeffrey Gilbert, vice president of government 

affairs, will represent the 

company in dealings with elected officials 

and regulators. He also becomes 

executive director of the PPG 

Industries Foundation. 

David Sharick was elected vice 

president of corporate development. 

With the company since 1985, he has 

served as manager, controller and 

director for various departments. 

Reporting to Sharick, Aziz Giga is 

the new vice president of strategic 

planning. He joined PPG in 1977 as a 

strategic planning analyst, and has 

served as a manager, controller and 

director in several planning positions. 

Long Receives Award 

Farrell Long, manager of material and 

product testing at General Shale 

Products LLC, Kingsport, Tenn., was 

given the Gilbert C. Robinson Memorial 

Award by ASTM for his service to 

the society. He has been active in 

round-robin testing used in standards 

development, where his work is the 

basis of the “Field IRA” test. 

Heidenreich at Eclipse 

Thomas Heidenreich of SMA Systems 

Inc. Fishers, Ind., has partnered with 

Eclipse Inc., Rockford, Ill., to serve as a 

sales representative for Indiana. He 

has more than 20 years of combustion 

application experience at SMA. 

Edmondson Heads Alfred 

Charles Edmondson was installed as 

president of Alfred University, N.Y., by 

the board of trustees. He comes to 

the university from Rollins College, 

…Alfred 

Jiang 

… Netzsch 

Winter Park, Fla., where he has served 

as vice president for academic affairs 

and then provost for the past seven 

years. Edmondson began as a professor 

of history. 

He is a member of ACerS. 

Jiang Joins Netzsch 

Nan Jiang joins Netzsch Inc.’s 

Analyzing and Testing Div. as north 

central regional sales manager. His 

territory includes Illinois, Indiana, 

Michigan and Wisconsin. Jiang will 

be based in Netzsch’s Chicago office. 

He has five years experience as a 

regional technical sales manager in 

industrial chemical applications. 

Boccaccini Becomes 

Governors’ Lecturer 

Aldo Boccaccini has been appointed 

governors’ lecturer at Imperial 

College, London. He was formerly at 

the Technical University of Ilmenau, 

Germany. Boccaccini has authored 

more than 100 scientific publications 

in the field of glass, ceramics and composite 

materials, and holds one patent. 

He is a member of the ACerS Basic 

Science Division. 

Two Join W.S. Tyler 

W.S. Tyler, Mentor, Ohio, appointed 

Maria Giurbino to the new position of 

marketing coordinator. She has 

worked in the field for two years, and 

will handle marketing duties for the 

company at headquarters, Salisbury, 

N.C., and St. Catharines, Canada. 

Wendy Keatley joins the customer 

service and sales team. She has four 

Boccaccini 

… Governers’ Lecturer 

years experience in industrial sales 

and service. 

TCA Selects PR Manager 

Shannon Woodmansee joins Tile 

Council of America (TCA), Anderson, 

S.C., as its new public relations manager. 

She is responsible for promoting 

TCA members, and creating 

awareness and use of ceramic tile. 

Experienced in publicity campaigns, 

marketing, strategic planning 

and member/consumer relations, 

Woodmansee has worked in her field 

for 18 years. 

Changes at Saint-Gobain 

Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Inc., 

Worchester, Mass., announces the 

retirement of Kenneth Green, applications 

engineer, after 17 years of 

service. As a result of the retirement, 

changes are being made in the 

Energy Systems’ organization. 

Joseph Ouellet is promoted to 

refractory applications specialist, 

where his responsibilities will include 

sales and installation support to the 

waste-to-energy market. He was a 

construction manager of refractory 

installations. 

Robert Jones, refractory sales specialist, 

Baltimore, and Kevin Paskale, 

applications engineer, Glastonbury, 

Conn., will both assume partial 

account responsibility for the wasteto-energy 

market. Brenda Jenket, customer 

service specialist will provide 

service for the waste-to-energy market 

as well as the power and petrochemical 

markets. 

34 The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 80, No. 2 

Green 

…Saint-Gobain

Elimination of 

water cooling 

reduces overall 

furnace heat 

losses. 

Richard D. Webb 

R.D. Webb Co. 

Natick, Mass. 

Revolutionary Vacuum 

Furnace Technology 

Vacuum furnaces are commonly 

used in sintering, debindering, 

reaction bonding, brazing, metallizing 

and many other ceramic fabrication 

processes. These furnaces are 

typically capable of operating both under 

vacuum and with inert or reactive gas protective 

atmospheres. 

For high-temperature vacuum furnaces 

operating at temperatures on the order of 

2500 K, an inert gas atmosphere is desirable 

to reduce sublimation of the heating 

elements and insulation materials, thereby 

prolonging the useful life of these critical 

components. Protective atmospheres also 

are desired in many cases to reduce sublimation 

of the materials being thermally 

treated in the furnace. 

Reactive gases, such as hydrogen or 

nitrogen, also are introduced on occasion 

to vacuum furnaces to initiate desirable 

gas-solid interactions, e.g., reduction of 

metal oxides or nitridation of silicon, aluminum 

or other metals. In most of these 

processes, vacuum is used at the beginning 

of the process to remove ambient air, 

ensuring purity of the processing atmospheres. 

Vacuum is often used during the 

initial stages of heating to remove outgassed 

contaminants. 

The term vacuum furnaces, therefore, 

refers to both those furnaces whose principal 

mode of operation is under vacuum 

and those furnaces for which vacuum 

operation is an auxiliary mode. 

The vacuum chamber for these furnaces 

normally has at least one door or port 

large enough for insertion and removal of 

the material requiring thermal treatment. 

This door and other ports on the vacuum 

vessel are commonly sealed with elastomers 

that provide a convenient, reusable 

seal. The seal isolates the interior of the 

chamber from the chamber exterior, 

allowing removal of >99.9% of the air from 

the vacuum vessel during evacuation. 

Readily available, low-cost elastomers 

are limited in use to temperatures

REVOLUTIONARy VACUUM FURNACE TECHNOLOgy 

New Furnace Technology 

A high-temperature vacuum furnace 

has been built that had an internal 

thermal insulation system to reduce 

heat losses and an external vacuum 

vessel designed to safely dissipate all 

heat generated within the furnace to 

the surrounding air. 

The vacuum vessel wall remains at 

a sufficiently low-temperature to 

ensure structural integrity and to 

protect elastomer seals without the 

use of water cooling. (U.S. Pat. No. 

5,987,053) 

A high-temperature vacuum furnace 

that does not require water 

cooling has many advantages. These 

include: 

• Operation with low electrical power 

inputs; 

• Simple construction; 

• Quick and easy installation by 

unskilled users; 

• Reduced operating expenses; 

• Long-life vacuum chamber; 

• Improved temperature uniformity in 

the work zone. 

Door Seal 

Sensor Penetration 

Window Elastomer 

Sight Window 

Assembly 

Hermetic Side 

Weld 

Hermetic Base Weld 

Bottom Plate 

Left Feedthrough Port 

In the case of small laboratory furnaces, 

other advantages were 

obtained. These include: 

• Elimination of cooling water; 

• Simplification of vacuum vessel 

construction; 

• Elimination of water manifolds, 

water hoses, water flow switches and 

water valves. 

The result was a high-temperature 

vacuum furnace weighing

approach is to provide an additional 

sensor penetration that can be used 

for inserting a thermocouple temperature 

sensor, or for observing the 

work zone with an optical or infrared 

pyrometer. 

In that case, a sight window assembly 

is sealed with a hermetic side weld 

to the chamber sidewall. 

The sight window assembly includes 

a viton window elastomer so that the 

window can easily be removed for 

cleaning or replacement. A vacuum 

port provides a means for removing 

air, introducing process gases and 

sampling the internal chamber atmosphere. 

Fibrous graphite high-temperature 

insulation surrounds the heating element 

and defines a useable work 

zone. A dense graphite retort is used 

to support the material being thermally 

treated and to separate the 

work zone from the heating element. 

The graphite retort also distributes 

heat created by the heating element 

and improves work zone temperature 

uniformity. 

High-temperature graphite insulation 

is suitable for use to 3000 K and 

can be used to insulate the furnace 

fully if desired. It can be surrounded 

by lower-temperature insulation to 

reduce fabrication costs. 

The lower-temperature insulation 

can be either a readily available 

ceramic fiber insulator rated to 1500 K 

or low-temperature carbon insulation 

with similar temperature capabilities. 

The combined thickness of the hightemperature 

and the low-temperature 

insulation should be approximately 

the same on the top, bottom and 

sides in order to maintain temperature 

uniformity within the work zone. 

Power (watts) 

1500 

750 

Hold Power 

vacuum 

argon 

0 

0 1000 

Temp (C) 

2000 

Power consumption of highly efficient laboratory size air-cooled 

vacuum furnace. 

Temperature gradients within the 

work zone are created by unequal 

heat flows through the different sides 

of the zone. In the ideal case, there 

would be no heat flows through the 

insulation, and the work zone would be 

isothermal. 

In actual furnaces, however, reducing 

the magnitude of the heat flows 

through the insulation, either by 

increasing the efficiency of the insulation 

or by eliminating water cooling, 

will result in a decrease in the magnitude 

of the temperature gradients 

within the work zone. 

Eliminating chamber water cooling 

results in a profound reduction in 

heat flow through the insulation 

because of the vast difference in heat 

transfer coefficient for heat transfer 

from the chamber to flowing water 

compared to the heat transfer coefficient 

for heat transfer from the chamber 

to ambient air. 

In operation, air is evacuated from 

the vessel through the vacuum port 

and electrical currents are passed 

through power feedthroughs to the 

power buss rods and from there to 

the heating element. The heating element 

is designed to have a higher 

total resistance than the power buss 

rods so that most of the heat is generated 

within the work zone. 

Af ter thermal equilibrium is 

reached, all the heat generated by the 

heating element passes through the 

thermal insulation or through insulation 

penetrations for accessories, e.g., 

the sight window assembly and 

power buss rods. Most of this heat is 

eventually transferred to the vacuum 

vessel components comprised of the 

chamber sidewall, bottom plate and 

top door. 

These components will rise in temperature 

until the heat output of the 

heating element is matched by the 

heat losses of the vacuum vessel components 

to the outside air. At this 

point, the temperature of the vacuum 

chamber will stabilize and rise no 

more. 

The chamber sidewall, bottom plate 

and top door transfer heat to the 

ambient air in the room by a combination 

of radiation and convection 

losses. 

The vacuum furnace will not require 

water cooling if the chamber and, 

hence, the chamber surface area is 

made large enough so that total heat 

losses match element heat generation 

before the vessel temperature reaches 

500–600 K as previously described. 

A chamber can be designed for any 

size work zone that has enough surface 

area to dissipate all heat generated 

before this 500–600 K limit is 

reached. 

Summary 

This high-temperature, air-cooled 

vacuum furnace is a significant 

improvement over prior designs that 

required water cooling of the vacuum 

vessel. 

Water cooling used in the standard 

furnaces was effective in removing 

large amounts of heat from the furnace. 

This, in turn, required greater 

heat generation from the heating element 

to compensate. 

The elimination of water cooling 

reduces overall furnace heat losses 

dramatically, thereby allowing the furnace 

to reach the desired temperature 

with far less power consumption. 

This yields significant simplification of 

virtually all furnace subsystems. n 

Heating & Cooling Rates 

0 1 2 3 

Time (h) 

Heating and cooling rates for laboratory-size, air-cooled vacuum 

furnace equipped with 2-kW power supply. 


Temp (C) 

2000 

1000 

0 

Heating (argon) 

Cooling (helium)

Ceramic 

manufacturers can 

assess the advantages 

of the latest 

microwave-assisted 

drying techniques 

using a new pilotscale 

kiln. 

Microwave-Assisted 

Drying 

EA Technology launched a new 

range of laboratory-scale versions 

of its microwave-assisted furnaces 

at Ceramitec 2000, Munich, 

Germany. 

Ceramics manufacturers can now evaluate 

the benefits of the patented technolo 

g y, w h i c h combines vo l u m e t r i c 

microwave heating with conventional 

radiant sources, before choosing to adopt 

it for full-scale production. 

“We are offering small-scale furnaces 

because they will enable producers to 

assess the ability of the technology to 

meet their specific requirements, without 

high investment of risk,” said Mike Bond, 

EA Technology’s business manager for 

rapid ceramic processing. 

“Using lab-scale furnaces, manufacturers 

can prove to themselves that microwaveassisted 

firing will deliver higher product 

quality through uniform heating, processing 

cycle time up to three times faster and 

lower processing temperatures.” 

The offer is aimed at all industries that 

use kilns for firing or drying, with applications 

including advanced ceramics, electroceramics, 

heavy clay, sanitaryware, 

refractories, pigments, brick, tile, magnets 

and metal powder components. 

The lab-scale, microwave-assisted furnaces 

are based on radiant electric elements, 

but can accurately replicate 

conditions in full-sized furnaces, which 

conventionally use gas. Thermocouples, 

dilatometers and mass balances can be 

added to the equipment to provide highly 

accurate measurement of performance 

during production cycles. 

Test Results 

U.K.-based EA, reports that recently 

completed tests on brick , molds, 

refractories, sanitaryware, etc., have 

proved that the addition of either radio 

frequenc y (RF) or microwaves to 

conventional drying equipment can 

reduce cycle times by as much as a factor 

of three with no energy cost penalties. 

The test results repor tedly show 

improved quality in the dried product and 

commensurate reduction in scrap, 

brought about by the minimization of 

thermal gradients in the body of materials. 

The kiln can be used for conventional 

heating, together with the addition of 

either RF or microwave heating, to provide 

direct comparisons of the techniques 

available. It can operate up to 180ºC and 

uses standard thermocouples to monitor 

external and internal temperatures 

throughout the cycle. 

A mass balance is fitted to measure and 

Load Temparatures 

Gas Only vs MAGF 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 

Time (Hours) 

35 40 45 50 

Mircowave-assisted firing is achieved much 

more quickly and with higher quality results 

than conventional firing. 


Temparature (°C) 

Gas Only MAGF

ecord real time weight loss. Energy 

inputs from each source also are plotted 

in the same dryer so that product 

i o n costs c a n b e compare d 

accurately. 

Trials completed by EA in a consortium 

supported by several UK electricity 

companies suggest that 

maximum benefits are achieved by 

combining conventional heating— 

typically gas—with relatively low 

inputs of RF or microwave energy. 

The addition of volumetric heating 

is highly effective in providing the 

control necessary to maintain and 

improve quality in rapidly dried components 

by reducing thermal gradients, 

which conventionally induce 

stresses and cracking. 

Conventional drying techniques 

use external heat to evaporate moisture 

and rely on thermal conduction 

to heat the center of the ceramic 

body. This is inherently slow because 

the center only reaches the dryer's 

temperature when the product is 

effectively dry. 

By contrast, volumetric-assistance 

EA Technology’s new laboratory-scale 

microwave-assisted kilns, launched at 

Ceramitec 2000, are ideal for testing the 

technique on a small scale and with 

electroceramic components. 

Microwave 

generator 

Microwave input 

Batch gas kiln with microwave unit added 

In large-scale furnaces, microwaves can 

be retrofitted or built into the original 

equipment. 

rapidly heats the entire body to 

slightly higher than the dryer's ambient 

temperature. This drives moisture 

to the surface where it is evaporated 

conventionally. n 

Editors Note: Based at Capenhurst, 

near Chester, EA Technology is 

n o t e d f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l 

development, exploitation and 

application of energy-related 

technologies and ser vices. 

Formerly the research arm of the 

electricity industry, it was the 

subject of a management and 

employee buy-out in October 

1 9 9 7 a n d i s n ow e ntire l y 

independent. More details from 

www.eatechnology.com. 


M A N u F A C T u r i N g 

Flexible Drying Meets 

Quality Standards 

Modern drying methods are expected to 

reduce breakage rates, repeat the drying 

process with perfect precision every 

time, and document each drying process 

to permit the immediate tracing of all 

potential disturbances throughout the 

entire procedure. 

in response to these demands, Julius 

Lippert gmbH & Co Kg, Pressath, 

germany, has developed a new drying 

system to meet what it calls the most 

stringent requirements. 

in addition to the precise control of 

temperature and humidity during the 

drying process, Lippert engineers 

have added aerodynamics as a third drying 

parameter. According to Lippert, 

whether a two-stage, multistage or infinitely 

variable process is required, an 

aerodynamic drying program permits 

significant reductions in drying time, 

minimizes breakage rates and decreases 

energy costs. 

in principle, this method involves the 

adaptation of not only the air temperature 

and relative humidity, but also of the 

air velocity, to the specific drying requirements 

of the various ware. A gentle, 

almost laminar air flow during the leatherhard 

drying phase, combined with a 

high level of humidity, allows the ware to 

be heated through and relaxed gently 

and evenly while avoiding the premature 

drying of edge surfaces and thin walls. 

This positive effect is particularly evident 

in delicate china, insulators and 

high-quality sanitaryware products. 

Once the shrinkage phase of the ware 

to be dried is completed, it is imperative 

to dry out the products swiftly and 

evenly, and to remove any 

expelled moisture. By using turbulent 

air current, the new system 

ensures that the circulating 

air is passed over each single surface 

of the ware to be dried. With 

the circulation of air over all hidden 

areas and crevices, tensile 

stress within the products can be 

avoided. 

upon specific adaptation of the 

drying programs to the different 

types of products to be dried, a 

realistic output rate, which can, 

for instance, be achieved for sanitaryware, 

is three drying cycles 

per day. 

Julius Lippert gmbH & Co. Kg 

Tel. 49-09-6644-67-0 

Fax 49-09-644-81-19 

E-mail lippert@lippert.de 

internet www.lippert.de 


K. G. Ewsuk, J. G. Arguello and 

D. H. Zeuch 

Sandia National Labs, 

Albuquerque, N.M. 

B. Farber, L. Carinci and 

J Kaniuk 

Zircoa Inc., Solon, Ohio 

J. Keller 

Delphi Energy & Engine 

Management Systems, 

Flint, Mich. 

C. Cloutier and B. Gold 

Superior Technical Ceramics, 

St. Albans, Vt. 

R. B. Cass and J. D. French 

Advanced Cerametrics Inc., 

Lambertville, N.J. 

B. Dinger 

CeramTec North America, Laurens, 

S.C. 

W. Blumenthal 

Los Alamos National Lab, 

Los Alamos, N.M. 

CRADA Develops Model for 

Powder Pressing and Die 

Design 

Part Two 

The general objective of the CRADA was 

to create a new paradigm for ceramic 

p owder p ressing t h a t i n t e g r a t e s 

engineering expertise with fundamental 

scientific understanding in a predictive 

model for powder compaction. 

The five member companies of AACCMCI 

supplied powders and powder compacts 

to support materials characterization; 

made ceramic parts using different powders, 

compaction methods and forming 

dies to help test and validate the compaction 

model; beta tested the compaction 

modeling software package to identify 

bugs and potential improvements; and 

completed pressing simulations to apply 

the compaction modeling technology to 

in-house parts/problems. 

Part One of this article focused on the 

national laboratories’ work on identifying 

an appropriate compaction model and 

developing the compaction modeling 

software package to simulate the powder 

pressing process. 

Balloon Eyelet Compaction 

To characterize density and density 

gradients in a more complex geometry 

component, balloon eyelets were formed 

and modeled. Powder compacts were 

formed from the 94-wt% alumina powder 

as well as from two proprietary alumina 

powders and two proprietary zirconia 

powders. 

The 94-wt% alumina powder was uniaxially 

pressed by dual-action pressing in a 

D-2 tool steel die using a Dorst press. 

During pressing, only the pressure of the 

top punch was specifically monitored/controlled. 

Essentially, the bottom flange was 

pressed to a fixed density, while larger displacements 

of the upper punch were used 

to achieve higher forming pressures in the 

head of the part. 

Parts were pressed with top punch pressures 

ranging from 10.3 to 68.9 MPa and 

examined for obvious defects. Many parts 

stress-relieved themselves upon ejection 

from the forming die by popping off the 

outer layer of the larger diameter head to 

produce a cone-shaped head atop the bottom 

flange. 

The intact powder compacts were fired 

to 1566°C and checked with dye penetrant 

for density variations, defects and/or 

cracks. Parts pressed on the Dorst press 

with top punch pressures below 27.6 MPa 

had insufficient strength to survive ejection 

from the forming die. 

Parts pressed at pressures of 27.6 and 

34.5 MPa were porous throughout, and 

there were density gradients in the head of 

the part. 

Density was seen to decrease radially 

from the inner to the outer diameter and 

axially from the top of the head to the 

transition of diameters at the shank. 

Die penetration tests on sintered compacts 

formed at 48.3 and 68.9 MPa 

revealed higher density parts with some 

regions of porosity. Parts pressed at 68.9 

MPa showed evidence of cracks around 

the transition radius between the head 

and bottom flange. 

Additional balloon eyelets were formed 

from all five powders by dual-action pressing 

in a carbide die with top punch pressures 

ranging from 12.4 to 117 MPa using 

a Gasbarre 178 kN uniaxial press. 

Again, only the pressure of the top 

punch was specifically monitored/controlled. 

This resulted in an unbalanced 

pressing condition, particularly at high 

forming pressures. 

A larger pressing pressure was applied to 


MoDEL FoR PowDER PRESSING AND DIE DESIGN, PART 2 

A two-dimensional illustration of a 

defective balloon eyelet produced by 

stress-relief upon ejection from the 

forming die. 

the head of the part relative to the 

bottom flange. To be able to eject the 

part intact from the forming die, it 

was determined that a critical minimum 

pressure was required to compact 

the powder in the bottom 

flange to a density that would provide 

sufficient green strength for 

ejection. The head and bottom 

flange would otherwise separate 

upon ejection from the forming die. 

A qualitative assessment of balloon 

e ye l e t compac t i o n b a s e d o n 

observed defects, die penetration 

tests and sintering shrinkage showed 

similar results for all powders examined. 

To complete a more quantitative 

analysis of the density gradients in a 

balloon eyelet after pressing, a 

94-wt% alumina part formed by dualaction 

pressing at 12.9 MPa was 

bisque-fired and subsequently characterized 

using XRCT. A second 

94-wt% alumina part formed at 56.9 

MPa was fired and characterized 

using microscopy and image analysis. 

The lower forming pressure produced 

a region of high-density in the 

bottom flange and in a cone-shaped 

region of the head of the part. This 

dense region is strikingly similar to 

the shape of the defective balloon 

eyelet formed by stress-relief upon 

ejection from the forming die in the 

Dorst press. The density gradients 

suggest that the forming pressure 

Density gradients measured using XRCT 

in a 94-wt% alumina balloon eyelet 

formed by dual-action uniaxial pressing 

with a top punch pressure of 12.9 MPa. 

Density increases with color from blue to 

green, yellow, orange and red. Note the 

high density in the bottom flange and the 

higher density cone that forms in the top, 

similar to the defect described in the text. 

The blue-green color outlining the part is 

an artifact. 

was higher in the bottom flange than 

in the head of the part. 

Results were different for the 

94-wt% alumina compact formed at 

56.9 MPa. The higher forming pressure 

produced the highest density 

(i.e., lowest measured porosity) in the 

head of the part, particularly near the 

through-hole. Density decreased axially 

from the top of the part, and the 

bottom flange had the lowest density. 

The higher forming pressure produced 

a higher, more uniform 

pressed and sintered density in the 

head of the part, indicating that the 

forming pressure was higher in the 

head than in the bottom flange. 

The higher forming pressure also 

produced a crack at the transition 

radius between the head and bottom 

flange, similar to that observed in the 

parts formed at high pressure on the 

Dorst press. 

Generally speaking, forming with 

increasingly higher applied pressures 

from the top punch moved the highdensity 

region from the bottom 

flange into the head of the part and 

produced a more uniform density 

powder compact. 

In virtually all cases, the density in 

the head of the part decreased axially 

from the top and radially from the 

inner diameter. The lowest density 

region in the head was always found 

in the outer diameter, lower corner. 

A sintered and polished quarter section 

of a 94-wt% alumina balloon eyelet 

formed by dual-action uniaxial pressing 

with a top punch pressure of 56.9 MPa. 

The figure also shows red dye penetration 

in regions of open porosity and notes the 

measured levels of porosity in different 

regions as determined by image analysis. 

Density and stress gradients at the 

transition radius between the head 

and the bottom flange contributed 

to cracking, particularly at high forming 

pressures. 

Cracking was more prevalent in 

dies designed with a sharper transition 

radius between the head and 

the bottom flange and/or when compacting 

more difficult to press powders. 

Model simulations of balloon eyelet 

pressing were completed using the 

properties of diatomaceous earth or 

those of the 94-wt% alumina powder. 

In this exercise, however, specific 

compaction ratios were not used. 

Systematic changes in the displacements 

of the top and bottom 

punches were used to assess pressing 

balance and its effect on density 

gradients in a balloon eyelet. 

Unbalanced pressing from the top 

alone produced severe density gradients 

in the powder compact. Powder 

was compacted in the head of the 

part, but virtually no compaction 

occurred in the bottom flange. 

This result was consistent with the 

general experimental observation: if 


a b c 

FE model simulation of powder compaction in balloon eyelet pressed uniaxially from the top down, showing a two-dimensional crosssection 

of the predicted: a) density gradients; b) material displacement; and c) shear stresses. Density increases with color from blue to 

green, yellow, orange and red. Note the poor densification and material flow into the bottom flange and the high shear stress gradient 

at the transition radius from the head to the bottom flange. 

the powder in the bottom flange is 

not intentionally compacted, increasing 

the pressure applied from the top 

will not result in sufficient compaction 

to produce a useable part. 

The predicted density in the head 

of the part was not uniform and generally 

decreased axially from the top 

of the part and radially from the 

inner diameter. Additionally, the 

model predicted that the lowest density 

region in the head was in the 

outer diameter lower corner. 

Overall, these predictions were 

generally in good agreement with 

experimental observations. 

In addition to predicting density 

gradients, the compaction model 

also was used to predict material displacement 

in a powder compact 

after pressing. Material displacement 

vectors clearly showed limited material 

flow into the outer diameter bottom 

corners of the head and into the 

bottom flange. This explains the 

lower density in those regions. 

Using the compaction model, it was 

determined that the sharpness of the 

radius, both in the outer diameter 

bottom corner and at the head to 

flange transition, is critical to material 

flow and density uniformity. 

The model predicted that significant 

improvements could be realized 

with minor changes to make a 

smoother radius. This also was veri- 

fied experimentally. 

The compaction model also was 

used to predict shear stresses in a 

powder compact during pressing. 

There are indications that shear stress 

gradients contribute to the stressrelief 

defect observed experimentally. 

Furthermore, high shear stress gradients 

may contribute to cracking in a 

pressed powder compact after sinter- 

Density gradients predicted by the FE 

compaction model in a quarter section of 

a 94-wt% alumina balloon eyelet pressed 

uniaxially by dual-action pressing. 

Controlling the compaction ratios in the 

head and bottom flange at 2 and 1.69, 

r e s p e c t i v e l y, o p t i m i z e d d e n s i t y 

ing. 

In FE model simulations of compaction 

in a balloon eyelet, high-shear 

stress gradients were predicted in the 

region of the transition radius where 

hairline cracks were observed experimentally 

in pressed and sintered 

parts. 

As was the case for material displacement, 

a smoother transition 

radius was predicted to produce 

lower shear stress gradients. 

One member of AACCMCI was 

unable to press a similar geometry 

produc tion par t to net-shape 

because of cracking and separation 

at the transition radius. 

Based on model predictions, a 

more appropriate, smoother radius 

was identified that met the design/ 

customer requirements. It also 

afforded net-shape forming by dry 

pressing. 

To contrast the unbalanced pressing 

simulations, the compaction model 

was used to determine how to balance 

the pressing conditions to produce 

a more uniform, high-density 

balloon eyelet. 

Of the parameters examined, the 

best density uniformity was achieved 

by controlling compaction ratios in 

the head and bottom flange at 2 and 

1.69, respectively. 

This result was consistent with 

experimental observations that indi- 



Density gradients through the cross section of a cylindrical powder compact of 94-wt% 

alumina after uniaxial pressing at 69 MPa: a) measured by ultrasound, velocity 

measurements completed on a bisque-fired part, and b) predicted using the FE 

compaction model assuming a die wall friction coefficient of 0.25. 

a 

a b 

cate that the best density uniformity 

is achieved with a slightly higher 

pressing pressure in the head relative 

to the bottom flange. 

Compaction of a Cylinder 

A cylindrical compact geometry was 

selected to complete a quantitative 

assessment of density gradients in 

comparison to compaction model 

predictions. 

A cylindrical sample of 94-wt% alumina 

was formed by single-action 

pressing at 68.9 MPa using a Carver 

uniaxial hand press. The part was 

pressed from the top down, and the 

bottom plunger remained stationary. 

The compact was bisque-fired by 

heating at 10°C/min to 1300°C. A short 

hold time of 10 min was used to 

ensure little or no change in the comp 

a c t d e n s i t y d u r i n g f i r i n g . 

Longitudinal slices were cut from the 

compacts and milled flat and parallel 

to the desired thickness. 

Density standards in the range of 

50–56% also were fabricated by 

pressing low aspect ratio alumina 

compacts at pressures ranging from 

b c 

An illustration of: a) a complex geometry, ceramic nozzle insert in two-dimensions; b) the five sections of the nozzle insert in which the 

green density was characterized; and c) density gradients in a quarter section of a 94-wt% alumina nozzle insert formed by dual-action 

pressing as predicted using the FE compaction model. A die wall friction coefficient of 0.20 was assumed in the calculations. 


34.5 to 137.8 MPa. Ultrasound velocity 

measurements were made on the 

samples using the pulse-echo mode 

at 5 MHz with a 5-mm transducer. 17 

The compaction of the 94-wt% 

alumina cylinder was simulated 

using a compaction ratio of 1.9 to 

approximate the 68.9 MPa forming 

pressure. Single-action pressing 

from the top down was modeled 

using the properties of the 94-wt% 

alumina powder and a die wall friction 

coefficient of 0.25. 

In both experiment and model, the 

outer diameter adjacent to the pressing 

punch showed the highest density. 

The outer diameter adjacent the 

stationary punch showed the lowest 

density. In both cases, density 

decreased axially with distance from 

the pressing punch. 

The compaction model predicted a 

relative density of 0.56–0.57 at the 

outer top of the compact and a relative 

density of 0.50–0.51 at the outer 

bottom. These predictions compare 

quite well with the respective measured 

values of 0.56 and 0.50. 

While the model does a good job of 

predicting spatial density variations 

Summary of Spatial Density Variations* 

Piece No. 1 Piece No. 2 Piece No. 3 Piece No. 4 Piece No. 5 

Measured density (g/cm3 ) 1.77 1.71 1.85 1.97 2.06 

Predicted density (g/cm3 ) 1.86 1.76 1.82 1.95 2.16 

*In a 94-wt% alumina nozzle insert measured using Archimedes’ method in comparison to those predicted 

using the FE compaction model. 

The CRADA History 

The CRADA initiated under the Department of Commerce grant for 

vertically Integrated technology maturation was signed in January 1996. 

This CRADA featured a joint effort between Sandia National Labs, AACCMCI 

and Los Alamos National Lab. 

The five-year CRADA was established to combine the applied engineering, 

manufacturing and market expertise of commercial ceramic component 

manufacturers with the characterization, materials and modeling 

expertise of the U.S. national laboratories to research and develop science 

and technology to manufacture ceramic components more economically. 

The R&D effort focused on experiments and numerical simulations to 

develop a predictive computer model for ceramic powder compaction. This 

collaboration represented the first time that competing ceramic companies 

and national laboratories had joined forces for R&D. 

The member companies of AACCMCI have since signed a letter of intent 

to form a new technical company in Sandia’s Science and Technology Park 

at Albuquerque, N.M., to design dies with the compaction modeling software 

following the completion of the CRADA. 

The CRADA Partners 

Sandia National Labs is a multi-program laboratory that has major R&D 

responsibilities in national defense, energy, environmental technologies 

and economic competitiveness. Los Alamos National Lab is a multidisciplinary 

research organization that applies science and technology to 

vital national security and civilian missions. 

AACCMCI is a subset of the approximately 40-member Association of 

American Ceramics Component Manufacturers (AACCM). AACCM was 

formed in 1992 to expand markets for manufactured ceramic components 

by increasing public and industry awareness of ceramic materials and their 

applications. 

AACCMCI is a consortium formed in 1995 to collaborate with Sandia and 

Los Alamos on the "Computer-Aided Advanced Ceramic Component 

Manufacturing" CRADA. AACCMCI is made up of five member companies 

including: Advanced Cerametrics Inc., Lambertville, N.J.; Superior Technical 

Ceramics Corp., St. Albans, Vt.; CeramTec North America, Laurens, S.C.; 

Delphi Energy & Engine Management Systems, Flint, Mich.; and Zircoa Inc., 

Solon, Ohio. Membership in AACCMCI remains open to all U.S.-based 

ceramic component manufacturers. 

in the compact, it is not perfect. The 

predicted spatial distribution of relative 

density is somewhat different in 

the radial direction near the top and 

bottom of the cylinder. These differences 

may be as a result of some of 

the assumptions in the model. 

In the simulation, for example, 

material was free to move radially 

but not axially relative to the punch 

faces. Realistically, die wall friction at 

the punch faces can be expected to 

affect powder compaction and the 

resultant density gradients after 

compaction. 

A second assumption in the model 

is that powder packing in the die was 

completely uniform at the start of 

compaction. Previous work in this 

CRADA suggests that this is highly 

unlikely in a real part. 

5, 6 

Finally, the coefficient of friction 

between the die-wall and the powder 

may be different from the 

assumed value, or the frictional interaction 

may not be simple Coulomb 

friction. 

Improvements in the ability of the 

FE compaction model to quantitatively 

predict spatial density variations 

may be realized by addressing 

these issues. 

Nozzle Insert Compaction 

As a final test to extend our efforts to 

validate the FE compaction model, 

an actual production part was 

pressed and charac terized. A 

complex-geometry ceramic nozzle 

insert was uniaxially pressed by dualaction 

pressing a 94-wt% alumina 

powder. 

After pressing, the average density 

of the entire powder compact was 

measured using Archimedes’ method 

with mineral oil. To determine the 

density gradients axially from top to 

bottom, the pressed powder compact 

was cut into five pieces. The 

average density of each piece was 

m e a s u r e d u s i n g A r c h i m e d e s’ 

method. 



Summary of Green Density, Fired Density and Firing Shrinkage* 

Pressing Parameters Measured Density (%) Linear shrinkage (%) 

Pressure (MPa) Length (mm) Green Fired Length Diameter 

41.4 25.4 49.9 92.4 19.00 20.83 

103.4 25.4 55.0 93.3 17.18 18.60 

41.4 12.7 50.2 92.3 20.53 20.26 

103.4 12.7 54.1 94.5 17.9 17.96 

*In single-action, uniaxially pressed 94-wt% alumina powder tubes. 

The FE compaction model was used 

to simulate the exact same pressing 

process used to form the nozzle 

insert. The measured properties of 

the 94-wt% alumina powder were 

used along with a die wall friction 

coefficient of 0.2 to complete the 

simulation. 

To complete a quantitative comparison 

of the predicted and measured 

density gradients in the uniaxially 

pressed nozzle insert, spatial densities 

were normalized to the density 

of the entire powder compact. The 

agreement between simulated and 

measured densities is quite reasonable. 

Some minor differences are evident 

in pieces No. 1 and No. 5 at the top 

and bottom of the part. The slight 

over-estimation of the spatial density 

may be related to heterogeneities 

introduced during powder filling. 

It also is possible that the coefficient 

of friction between the die-wall 

and the powder may be different 

from the assumed value. 

overall, results clearly confirm that 

the FE model for simulating ceramic 

powder compaction can be successfully 

used to predict green density 

distribution in a complex geometry 

production part. 

Applications in Ceramics 

A model for ceramic powder compaction 

has been developed, tested 

and experimentally validated. This 

model represents a powerful and 

promising new tool that can be 

applied for a better understanding 

and control of the powder pressing 

process. 

The compaction modeling technology 

developed can be used to troub 

l e s h o o t e x i s t i n g p rocessing 

problems, improve yields, reduce 

waste and develop more efficient 

manufacturing processes for problem 

parts. Some improvements can 

be realized with minor modifications 

in die design and/or the pressing 

process. 

The compaction model also can be 

used to improve tool and die design 

by identifying and addressing design 

problems in the initial stages of a 

project. Instead of building a tool 

that does not work, manufacturers 

can use the compaction software to 

identify potential problems and 

refine die designs before any steel is 

cut. Tooling can then be designed 

with customer input, significantly 

reducing design and prototyping 

costs. 

It is reasonable to anticipate that 

the compaction software can help 

ceramic component manufacturers 

to expand current design limits, 

which could lead to new products for 

new markets. 

A significant economic impact 

could be realized by designing parts 

that fire to net-shape without the 

need for green machining and/or 

hard grinding (i.e., diamond grinding) 

after sintering. 

In addition to simulating powder 

pressing, the compaction model also 

provides a means of relating powder 

properties and characteristics to 

pressing behavior. 

Creating a good pressing powder is 

the first step toward a robust manufacturing 

process and the production 

of reliable components. 

The compaction model can provide a 

systematic means of assessing and 

understanding cause and effect 

between powder characteristics and 

powder compaction to optimize press 

powder manufacturing. Similarly, the 

compaction model also may provide 

valuable information about ceramic 

powders and their limitations in press- 

ing. 

Different powders have different 

compaction responses, and not all 

powders can be pressed to all geometries. 

Pressable powders can be 

formed into more complex geometry 

powder compacts, but there are limitations 

for harder-to-press powders. 

Compaction simulations can be 

used to assess and rank-order powders 

in terms of pressability and to 

establish use limits for certain powders. 

Eventually, in combination with 

readily measurable powder characteristics, 

it may be possible to employ 

FE compaction modeling with basic 

powder data to guide the design and 

development of more pressable 

powders. 

Overall, compaction modeling can 

provide a more comprehensive 

understanding of the compaction 

process, identify critical process 

parameters and define the process 

control necessary for net-shape 

pressing. 

The application of compaction 

modeling to develop more robust 

pressing operations, design better 

press tooling and to develop better 

pressing powders will be a major 

step toward developing more reliable, 

efficient and cost-effective processes 

for manufacturing ceramic 

powder compacts. n 

Acknowledgements 

This work was supported by the U.S. DoE 

under contract No. DE-AC04-94AL8500 to 

Sandia National Labs, contract w-7405- 

ENG-36 to Los Alamos National Lab and 

by AMMPEC Inc. through a Southwest 

R e g i o n D e p a r t m e n t o f Co m m e rce 

Economic Development Agency Grant. 

Sandia National Labs is a multi-program 

laboratory operated by Sandia Corp., a 

Lockheed Martin Co. for the U.S. DoE. Los 

Alamos National Lab is an affirmative 

ac tion/equal oppor tunity employer 

operated by the University of California for 

the U. S. DOE. 

The authors thank Julie Bremser and 

Martin Jones of Los Alamos National Lab, 

and Mark Grazier and Arlo Fossum of Sandia 

National Labs for their technical contributions 

to this work. The authors also thank 

Donald Ellerby of Sandia National Labs for 

providing a critical review of this article. 

The administrative support of Ronald E. 

Barks to AACCMCI in support of the CRADA 

is gratefully acknowledged. 


Conditions for 

simultaneous 

dispersion in the 

Al2O3-SiC system—an 

important system in 

the fabrication of 

ceramic filters for 

metal filtration and 

refractory castables— 

were determined and 

evaluated. 

I. R. Oliveira, P. Sepulveda and 

V. C. Pandolfelli 

Federal University of São Carlos, 

Dept. of Materials Engineering, São 

Carlos, Brazil 

Deflocculation of Al 2 O 3 -SiC 

Suspensions 

Association of two or more raw 

materials has brought significant 

improvements to the properties 

of ceramic composites. However, 

because of the inherent characteristics of 

each compound, processing composite 

ceramics may require special considerations. 

This is particularly true in fluid consolidation, 

where differences in density, particle 

size distribution, particle morphology and 

surface chemistry make simultaneous dispersion 

of distinct raw materials a complex 

task. Some authors have suggested 

that heterodeflocculation of binary systems 

can be obtained simply by associating 

dispersion conditions that are 

adequate to both raw materials. 6 

This work presents studies on the deflocculation 

of unary and binary systems containing 

Al 2 O 3 and/or SiC. Both are 

important raw materials used in the refractories 

industry. Besides the attractive 

properties of each of these materials, the 

disadvantages—low thermal shock resistance 

of alumina and the tendency to oxidation 

of SiC—can have a diminished 

effect when they are combined into the 

same compound. 

The aim of this work is to determine conditions 

for simultaneous dispersion in the 

Al 2 O 3 -SiC system. This system is important 

in the fabrication of ceramic filters for 

metal filtration and refractory castables, 

where such properties as mechanical resistance 

at high temperature, good thermal 

shock resistance and high refractoriness 

are required. 

Aqueous suspensions of alumina and SiC 

were prepared with distilled deionized 

water. The alumina powder had an 

equivalent spherical particle size of 2.8 

mm (A-3000FL, Alcoa-USA), and the 

micronized SiC powder had an average 

particle size of 5.0 mm (grain 1000, Alcoa- 

Brazil). These raw-materials are commonly 

used in ceramic filters and refractory 

castables fabrication. 

A range of commercial dispersants was 

tested, including Dolapix PC21, Dolapix 

PC67, Darvan 7S and Polymin SK. The 

anionic polyelectrolyte Darvan 7S (R.T. 

Vanderbilt, USA) and the cationic Polymin 

SK (BASF, Germany), consisting of sodium 

polyacrylate and polyethyleneimine with 

molecular weights of 2500 g/mol and 2.0 3 

10 6 g/mol, respectively, were selected for 

further studies. 

Initially, unary slips were prepared at 40, 

45 and 50 vol% of solid content. Binary 

suspensions were obtained by mixing the 

previously dispersed 40 vol% unary slips in 

the same volume ratio and at the same 

pH. This was adjusted at different values 

with HNO 3 and KOH aqueous solutions. 

Rheology Measurements 

A viscometer (Brookfield LVDV-III) coupled 

with a small sample adapter, was used to 

evaluate the rheology of slips. 

Deflocculation curves were obtained at 

shear rates of 25.2 s -1 . The yield stress (t o ) 

was calculated from the square of linear 

intercept of fittings applied to plots of 

square root of shear stress (t 1/2 ) vs. square 

root of shear rate ( • g 1/2 ), according to 


DEFLOCCULATION OF Al 2 O 3 -SIC SUSPENSIONS 

Viscosity (mPa.s) 

Reactions of Polyelectrolytes Ionization 

Effect of dispersant concentration and type (Darvan 7S and Polymin SK) on the viscosity 

and pH of Al 2 O 3 suspensions, at various solids content. 

Casson’s equation. 9 

Shear thinning and shear thickening 

behaviors at the minimum viscosity 

also were evaluated. Linear 

fittings applied to data of log (t-t o ) vs. 

log ( • g) provided an angular coefficient, 

n, that describes whether the 

slips are Newtonian (n = 1), dilatant 

(n >1) or pseudoplastic (n

polymeric chains with ionic groups 

that can be dissociated in polar 

solutions. When adsorbed onto the 

surface of ceramic particles, the 

polyelectrolytes provide a physical 

barrier to particle agglomeration as 

Viscosity (mPa.s) 

2000 

1600 

1200 

800 

400 

0 

1500 

1200 

900 

600 

300 

0 

well as a repulsive potential 

originated from the charged group. 7 

The dispersing effect of Darvan 7S 

and Polymin SK in alumina and SiC 

slips can be obser ved by the 

decrease in the slip viscosity as the 

40vol% 45vol% 50vol% pH 

SiC - Darvan 7S 

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 

SiC - Polymin SK 

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 

Dispersant concentration (wt%) 

Effect of dispersant concentration and type (Darvan 7S and Polymin SK) on the viscosity 

and pH of SiC suspensions at various solids content. 

Zeta potential (mV) 

pH Al2O3 Darvan 7S 

SiC 

Darvan 7S 

Rz h 

(mPa.s) 

h RSH 1/RSH 

(cm) 

PT 

(%) 

Drel (%) 

2.2 63 0.35 180 170 13.3 0.87 1.15 44.8 55.2 

4.2 47 -30 -1.57 1102 15.0 0.98 1.02 - - 

6.0 0.35 -38 -108 549 14.6 0.95 1.05 45.7 54.3 

8.0 -29 -51 1.76 29 10.3 0.67 1.49 41.1 58.9 

9.9 -54 -60 1.11 17 - - - 38.5 61.5 

Al2O3 SiC 

Polymin SK Polymin SK 

4.2 57 54 1.05 42 11.3 0.74 1.35 38.1 61.9 

6.3 56 48 1.17 91 13.3 0.87 1.15 41.2 58.8 

8.1 47 37 1.27 264 14.2 0.93 1.07 - - 

9.5 42 31 1.35 454 14.6 0.95 1.05 - - 

10.6 11 4.6 2.39 834 - - - - - 

Al2O3 SiC 

Darvan 7S Polymin SK 

4.1 50 55 1.10 136 14.2 0.93 1.07 45.2 54.8 

6.0 0.35 50 143 968 14.8 0.97 1.03 - - 

8.9 -32 33 1.03 1006 15.2 0.99 1.01 - - 

10.8 -63 -1.7 37 284 - - - 45.6 54.4 

Zeta potential, potential ratio (R z ), viscosity at 25.2 s -1 (h) of binary Al 2 O 3 and SiC 

suspensions containing 40 vol% solids, dispersed with Darvan 7S and/or Polymin SK, 

and the corresponding data obtained from sedimentation tests and slips casting: 

sediment height (h), relative sediment height (RSH), total porosity (PT) and relative 

green density (D rel ) of compacts. 

additive concentration is increased. A 

minimum viscosity plateau is 

achieved at ≈0.04 and 0.15 wt% of 

Darvan 7S to disperse the alumina 

and SiC 40 vol% slips prepared in this 

work, respectively, while Polymin SK 

requires significant higher quantities 

of 0.43 and 0.33 wt%. 

The viscosity increases significantly 

with the solids content, as would be 

expected, since smaller interparticle 

distances and higher interaction 

energy are involved. At higher solids 

concentration, high-dispersant efficiency 

is necessary to guarantee a 

strong repulsive barrier against 

agglomeration. 

Suspensions containing 50 vol% 

SiC, for example, can be prepared 

with Polymin SK; whereas, slips dispersed 

with Darvan 7S show viscosities 

that are too high to be measured 

with the equipment used. In contrast, 

Darvan 7S is more efficient in producing 

lower viscosity slips than Polymin 

SK when alumina is the dispersed 

powder. 

The higher efficiency of Darvan 7S 

to disperse alumina results from the 

fact that these suspensions intrinsically 

display pH in the range of 9.5, 

inferring adsorption of polyelectrolyte 

in a highly dissociated state. 

Molecules in stretched conformations 

provide a high repulsive barrier 

that favors low viscosity. 

This occurs regardless of the predominantly 

negative surface of alumina 

particles at high pH, since the 

surface can still provide some positive 

sites for adsorption. The mechanism 

of stabilization of alumina 

suspensions by polyacrylates has 

been well documented by Cesarano, 

et al., and others. 2,3,7 

Polymin SK, on the other hand, is a 

cationic dispersant based on polyethyleneimine 

chains that are preferentially 

charged at low pH. For alumina 

slips that exhibit high pH, this type of 

dispersant is not significantly ionized. 

Therefore, the repulsive barrier is low, 

and the chains are mostly coiled, providing 

less effective dispersion than 

Darvan 7S. 

Additionally, the high molecular 

weight of Polymin SK explains why it 

is necessary to add a higher amount 

of this dispersant to achieve minimum 

viscosity. The number of chains 


7.0 

6.5 

6.0 

5.5 

5.0 

4.5 

4.0 

3.5 

6.5 

6.0 

5.5 

5.0 

4.5 

4.0 

3.5 

pH (40 vol% Suspension)


introduced in the system by weight is 

significantly smaller than for the 

other dispersant. 

In a same manner, it can be verified 

that SiC slips of low viscosity were 

obtained preferentially with Polymin 

SK. The low pH of ≈3.9 that characterizes 

these slips favors high dissociation 

of the cationic dispersant and 

subsequent adsorption onto the SiC 

particles. 

These particles have a predominantly 

negative charge density. Since 

the ionization of polyethyleneimine 

is based on the reaction with H + , an 

increase in pH is observed throughout 

dispersant addition into SiC slips. 

Despite the high molecular weight 

of polyethyleneimine chains, dispersion 

can be efficient with this type of 

polyelectrolyte. This may be attributed 

to a high ramification degree of 

this type of polymer that involves 

more compact molecular configurations. 

1 

If the molecules were linear, they 

would most likely cause interparticle 

bridging and increase the viscosity 

for higher dispersant concentration. 

The initial addition of Polymin SK to 

alumina and SiC slips causes a viscosity 

increase that has been explained 

by the neutralization between polymer 

positive charges and negative 

charges on the particles surface, 

reducing the repulsive potential 

between particles. 

Further dispersant addition compensates 

such an effect to a point 

beyond which repulsion by charged 

polymer adsorbed onto surface predominates. 

Adversely, when Darvan 7S is 

added into acid medium, the pH 

increases because of a decrease in 

the concentration of H + ions in solution, 

since they react and neutralize 

some of the dissociated sites in the 

polymer. 

Influence of pH 

The dependence of viscosity on pH 

can be closely related to the behavior 

of the measurements of zeta 

potential for powders either in the 

presence or not of dispersant. 

The zeta potential plots show that, 

in the absence of dispersing agent, 

alumina exhibits positive charge density 

in a large pH range. The isoelec- 

Viscosity (mPa.s) Zeta potential (m V) 

120 

90 

60 

30 

0 

-30 

-60 

4000 

3200 

2400 

1600 

800 

0 

no dispersant 0.06wt% Darvan 7S 0.43wt% Polymin SK 

2 4 6 8 10 12 

pH 

tric point was verified at pH 8.8. 

and the slip viscosity is low. 

Effect of pH on the zeta potential and viscosity of 40 vol% Al2O3 suspensions prepared 

with and without dispersant. 

Viscosity (mPa.s) Zeta potential (m V) 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

-20 

-40 

-60 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Effect of pH on the zeta potential and viscosity of 40 vol% SiC suspensions prepared 

with and without dispersant. 

The literature has provided an isoelectric 

point of alumina varying 

from 7.7 to 9.2, depending on the 

type and amount of impurities that 

alter the surface characteristic. 8 

The high positive potential that 

characterizes the alumina surfaces at 

low pH, therefore, provides a high 

repulsive barrier between particles, 

6.0 8.8 10.9 

no dispersant 0.15wt% Darvan 7S 0.33wt% Polymin SK 

2.2 3.7 10.7 

2 4 6 8 10 12 

pH 

At the isoelectric point, the almost 

neutral surface cannot oppose the 

van der Waals attractive forces, and 

the viscosity reaches a maximum due 

to coagulation. As the pH is increased 

above this level, a small repulsive 

potential is again established, 

explaining the decrease in viscosity. 

The same observations can be 


A B C 

A) Sedimentation tests of binary Al 2 O 3 

and SiC suspensions containing 40 vol% 

solids. Both powders were previously 

dispersed with Darvan 7S, at various pH. 

Phase separation occurs for lowest 

viscosity (h) systems at high pH. 

drawn for SiC suspensions. The zeta 

potential exhibits originally positive 

values at pH levels lower than the 

isoelectric point, 3.7, and negative 

ones at higher pH. The isoelectric 

point value and other surface properties 

of SiC have commonly been 

attributed to the formation silica 

(SiO 2 ) on the surface of SiC particles 

due to oxidation. 

The viscosity maximum at the 

isoeletric point is not as marked as 

noted for alumina, intrinsically, 

because of powder characteristics 

including particle size distribution, 

particle morphology and density, 

among other factors that determine 

the minimum viscosity. 

The zeta potential measured on the 

surface of powders depends on the 

type and concentration of dispersing 

agents. The overall surface potential 

in the presence of dispersants differs 

from the original values because the 

charges of polyelectrolytes can neutralize 

charges of contrary sign on 

the particle surface and add up to 

charges of similar sign. 2 

The isoelectric point of alumina, for 

instance, changes from 8.8 to 6.0 

when Darvan 7S is present in a concentration 

of 0.06 wt%. At pH 6.0, the 

potential of alumina without disper- 

B) Sedimentation tests of binary Al 2 O 3 

and SiC suspensions containing 40 

vol% solids. Both powders were 

previously dispersed with Polymin SK, 

at various pH. Phase separation occurs 

for lowest viscosity (h) systems at low 

pH. At higher pH, reactions produce 

gas that disrupts the packing structure. 

sant is positive. When combined with 

the neutralizing effect of polyacrylate 

molecules negative charges in the 

used dispersant concentration, the 

overall surface charge becomes neutral. 

Similarly, a decrease in the isoelectric 

point of SiC occurs from 3.7 to 2.2 

when Darvan 7S is added in the concentration 

of 0.15 wt%. Darvan 7S 

leads toward more highly negative 

potentials. This is verified with pH 

increase, as an increasingly higher 

dissociated fraction of acid groups in 

the polyelectrolyte up to a point 

where no further adsorption on the 

negatively charged particle surface is 

possible. 3 

Polymin SK, in concentrations of 

0.43% and 0.33 wt%, leads to isoelectric 

points of 10.9 and 10.7 for alumina 

and SiC, respectively. The 

number of positive charges introduced 

by a polymer of high molecular 

weight, such as is the case of 

polyethyleneimine, promotes high 

positive zeta potential for both powders 

within almost all the pH range. 

Only at high pH levels, as previously 

indicated, is the negative potential of 

powders able to neutralize the polymer 

charges. Similarly to Darvan 7S, 

the potential of powders with 

C) Sedimentation tests of binary Al 2 O 3 

and SiC suspensions containing 40 

vol% solids. Previous dispersion of 

Al 2 O 3 with Darvan 7S and of SiC with 

Polymin SK at various pH was carried 

out. 

Polymin SK reveals higher values at 

lower pH, at which polyethyleneimine 

molecules are more highly ionized. 

7 

Rheological Parameters 

The yield stress is an important 

parameter that defines whether a 

system is well-dispersed or not. This 

parameter is defined as the minimum 

tension necessary to cause flow, 

which in a ceramic suspension 

indicates the tension to break 3-D 

structures of weakly attracted 

particles. 5,9 

Yield stress close to zero, as 

observed for alumina slips dispersed 

with Darvan 7S, demonstrates that 

dispersion has been optimized for 

this material. Low yield stress also is 

noted for SiC deflocculated with 

Polymin SK at 40 vol%. 

Although the viscosities are equally 

low for these conditions, they cannot 

be quantitatively compared because 

the minimum viscosity depends basically 

on the powder’s intrinsic properties, 

as previously noted. Slips, 

containing lower percentage of solids 

also displayed lower yield stress, 

revealing better dispersed systems. 



The analysis of log (t-to ) vs. log ( 


• g) 

curves provided values of n

SEM revealed great homogeneity in 

the phase distribution for all the 

specimens. Differences between 

various dispersion states were 

negligible. 

Although in sedimentation tests, 

heterogeneity is common at some 

pH levels, in faster processes, e.g., slip 

casting, differential behaviors 

between powders were not verified. 

Conclusions 

Simultaneous dispersion of binary 

s y s t e m s m u s t t a k e s e v e r a l 

parameters into account in order to 

a c h i e v e w e l l - d i s p e r s e d a n d 

homogeneous systems. 

When mixed to form a binary system, 

unary systems of alumina and 

SiC dispersed preferably with the 

same dispersant, provide a high 

surface charge of the same sign 

at pH 8.0–9.9 with sodium polyacrylate, 

or at pH 4.2–6.3 with poly-ethyleneimine. 

Both dispersants are 

used in concentrations that were 

previously obtained from deflocculation 

curves. For these systems, the 

potential ratio between two powders 

is positive and close to one. 

This work verified that differential 

sedimentation is more prone to take 

place in highly dispersed systems. 

Extreme pH leads to low viscosity 

but less stable slips. This may induce 

differential behaviors of long-term 

sedimentation that are not noted in 

microstructures generated through 

processes such as slip casting. n 

Acknowledgements 

The authors wish to thank CAPES, FAPESP and 

CNPq for financial support of this research. 

(1992). 

5 Y. K. Leong, et al., “Interparticle Forces Arising 

from Absorbed Polyelectrolytes in Colloidal 

Suspensions—Colloids and Surfaces,” Colloids 

and Surfaces A. Physico-chemical Eng. and 

Aspects, 95 43–52 (1995). 

6 Z. Zhang, L. Hu and M. Fang, “Slip Casting 

Nanometer-Sized Powders,” Am. Ceram. Soc. 

Bull., 75 [12] 71–74 (1996). 

7 S. Baklouti, et al., “Processing of Aqueous 

a-Al 2 O 3 , a-SiO 2 and a-SiC Suspensions with 

Polyelectrolytes,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 17 1–6 

(1997). 

8 R. Wasche and G. Steinborn, “Characterization 

of the Secondary Properties of Alumina,” CFI/ 

Ber. DKG, 74 [5] 235–39 (1997). 

9 Lu-Cun Guo, et al., “Adsorption Effects on the 

Rheological Properties of Aqueous Alumina 

Suspensions with Polyelectrolyte,” J. Am. 

Ceram. Soc., 81 [3] 549–56 (1998). 

References 

1J. W. Van Den Berg, C. J. Bloys Van Treslong 

and A. Polderman, “Polyethyleneimine I 

Fractionation—Mark-Houwink Relation,” 

Recueil Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 92 3–10 (1973). 

2J. Cesarano III and I. A. Aksay, “Processing of 

Highly Concentrated Aqueous a-alumina 

Suspensions Stabilized with Polyelectrolytes,” J. 

Am. Ceram. Soc., 71 [12] 1062–67 (1988). 

3J. Cesarano III, I. A. Aksay and A Bleier, 

“Stability of Aqueous a-Al2O3 Suspensions with 

Poly(methacrylic acid) Polyelectrolyte,” J. Am. 

Ceram. Soc., 71 [4] 250–55 (1988). 

4A. Bleier, “Secondary Minimum Interactions 

and Heterocoagulation Encountered in the 

Aqueous Processing of Alumina-Zirconia 

Ceramic Composites,” Colloids and Surfaces A. 

Physicochemical Eng. and Aspects, 66 157–79 


PRECollEgE EDUCATIoN 

Kathy Martin 

ACerS Promotions Coordinator 

Innovative Booklet Teaches 

Teachers and Students 

the World of Ceramics 

In 1989, The National Institute of Ceramic 

Engineers (NICE) formed the ACerS/NICE 

Student Congress to enhance ceramic education 

and to further the professional development 

of student ceramic engineers. With 

the help and guidance of ACerS and NICE, this 

student-run organization has advanced its 

professional development by participating in 

various activities promoting ceramic engineering. 

Among these activities include the 

development of an innovative booklet 

authored by Robyn Johnson. 

Student Congress Delegate 

Johnson has been a member of the ACerS/ 

NICE Student Congress since her sophomore 

year at Clemson University. She said she first 

heard about Student Congress when Tiffany 

James, chair at the time, and other Clemson 

delegates spoke about the organization at 

one of their ACerS student branch meetings. 

From what she heard at the meeting, Johnson 

said she knew she wanted to get involved and 

applied for a delegate position. 

After her first year as a delegate, Johnson 

wanted to take on more leadership positions 

within the organization. She was elected as 

the travel and logistics coordinator from 

1998-1999 and then elected as the Student 

Congress board representative from 1999- 

2000. “My experience as the Student Congress 

board representative was very positive,” she 

said. “It gave me the opportunity to help plan 

the Congress for the year, learn about the 

operations of The American Ceramic Society 

and NICE at the board of directors level, and 

voice the opinions and goals of the Student 

Congress.” 

Ceramics in the Classroom 

It was during her reign as travel and logistics 

coordinator when Johnson decided to 

author a booklet about ceramics that could be 

used during National Engineers Week in 

February. The result was Ceramics in the 

Classroom. “My idea behind the booklet was 

to teach teachers,” she said. “Instead of sending 

college students or engineers into the 

community to teach about our profession, 

Ceramics in the Classroom was designed to 

incorporate the ideas of ceramic engineering 

into the curriculum.” 

Designed to educate fourth grade students, 

the booklet was divided into three sections, 

“I take more pride in the booklet than anything 

else because of the time and thought I 

put into creating it. It is something tangible, 

worthwhile and productive for both the 

ceramic and science community.” 

each dealing with a portion of ceramics— 

basic ceramics, glass and whitewares and 

structural clay. Background information for 

each of the sections had been provided so 

educators can teach their students the information. 

Each section also contained a 

method of evaluation for educators to use to 

monitor their students’ progress. “I hope 

teachers find the booklet useful, informative 

and feel the need to incorporate it into their 

regular curriculum,” she said. “I also hope students 

find the content fun and interesting 

and begin to enjoy science more because of 

it.” 

Johnson said it took her approximately 50 

hours to complete Ceramics in the Classroom. 

The majority of the information she said 

stemmed from what she learned in her introductory 

ceramic engineering classes and 

from discussions with local teachers. “I just 

tried to take my understanding of ceramics 

and relate it to real life,” she said. 


Robyn Johnson (second from right) is the author of Ceramics in the Classroom and served 

as the 1999-2000 Student Congress Board Representative. Here, she takes a moment to 

join the other 1999-2000 officers of the ACerS/NICE Student Congress. (l-r) Ashley Predith, 

A.J. Mercer and Robert Flint. 

With Ceramics in the Classroom 

completed, Johnson said she felt 

relieved and excited. “It excites me to 

know that I have somehow improved 

the overall community knowledge of 

ceramics, even if it is only in a very 

small way.” 

During a past Student Congress 

meeting, Johnson distributed copies 

of Ceramics in the Classroom to 

those delegates present. She told 

them to take the booklet back to 

their ACerS student branches and to 

use it as they saw fit during the 

annual National Engineers Week program 

in February. “ The overall 

response from the delegates was 

quite encouraging,” she said. “They 

seemed excited about using the 

booklet and thought it would be very 

useful.” 

Johnson said she hopes Ceramics in 

the Classroom will be used across the 

country. She knows of one school 

that was grateful to receive the booklet. 

“I took a copy of Ceramics in the 

Classroom to a local elementary 

school principal who said she would 

distribute it to her fourth and fifth 

grade teachers. She later told me that 

one of the teachers stopped her in 

the hall one day and said the booklet 

was perfect and just what she 

needed.” 

The Future 

Since her authorship, Johnson has 

graduated with a B.S. in ceramic engineering. 

A couple months later she got 

married, changed her name to Robyn 

overby and moved to Alabama where 

she attends the University of Alabama- 

Birmingham studying biomedical 

engineering with a focus on biomaterials. 

looking back, Johnson said her 

greatest accomplishment as a member 

of the Student Congress was 

authoring Ceramics in the Classroom. 

“I take more pride in the booklet than 

anything else because of the time 

and thought I put into creating it,” 

she said. “It is something tangible, 

worthwhile and productive for both 

the ceramic and science community.” 

If you are interested in obtaining a 

copy of Ceramics in the Classroom to 

help you start an outreach program, 

go to the ACerS’s Precollege Education 

web page at www.ceramics.org/ 

o u t r e a c h / p r e c o l l e g e . 

asp?ID=outreach. You also can obtain 

a copy by visiting the ACerS/NICE 

Student Congress web site at www. 

ceramics.org/membership/sc/index. 

htm or contacting the Student Congress 

chair at studentcongress@ 

acers.org. 

First Booklet Is Developed to 

Promote Science and Engineering 

Promoting science and engineering 

has always been part of the Student 

Congress due to the fact that many 

of its delegates have been involved 

with outreach programs on their 

own campuses. Delegates share 

their activities during the Congress’ 

meetings as a way to generate ideas 

and to encourage others to get 

involved. With the amount of students 

participating in various outreach 

programs, Student Congress 

saw the need to create a committee 

to address this issue. 

In 1993, the Student Congress’ 

Education Committee took on the 

task of developing the first booklet 

that ACerS student branches could 

use to promote science and engineering. 

The result was Science on 

Wheels. This 61-page booklet contained 

a collection of science exper- 

iments that could be performed for 

K-12 students. Each experiment 

gave the grade level, concept, 

materials, time and instructions to 

proceed with the demonstration. 

In 1998, the Student Congress 

revisited Science on Wheels and 

decided it needed to be updated to 

make it more uniform, concise, relevant 

to ceramic engineering and 

less repetitive. 

Science on Wheels is available to 

help you start an outreach program. 

To obtain a copy, go to the ACerS’s 

Precollege Education web page at 

www.ceramics.org/outreach/precollege.asp?ID=outreach 

or the 

ACerS/NICE Student Congress web 

site at www.ceramics.org/membership/sc/index.htm. 

You also can 

request a copy by contacting the 

Student Congress chair at student- 


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The key to preparing 

high-orientation KTN 

films on transparent 

quartz is proper 

control of the density 

of laser energy and 

the annealing 

temperature. 

D. M. Zhang, Z. H. Li, M. J. 

Zhang, X. D. Wang, M. T. 

Huang and B. M. Yu 

Physics Dept., Huazhong University 

of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 

China 

D. S. Xu and Y. M. Wang 

National Key Lab of Laser 

Technology, Huazhong University 

of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 

China 

Preparation of KTN Films 

on Single 

Crystal Quartz Substrates 

At present, the study of KTN is still 

in experimental stages. It is difficult 

to prepare simple KTN bulk 

crystals or good transparent KTN 

ceramics, which restricts use for its optical 

characteristics. Its desirable optical properties, 

however, have prompted rapid 

development in the study of preparing 

KTN films. 

KTN, or K(Ta 1-x Nb x )O 3 , has many good 

properties, including electro-optic characteristics, 

nonlinear optic characteristics 

and pyroelectricity. It also has a high K. 

When x = 0.35, it can be applied in a wide 

variety of fields with the highest electrooptic 

coefficient. 

Methods of preparing KTN films by solgel, 

LPE, MOD, RF-PMS, etc., with transparent 

quartz as the substrate caused 

interaction between interfaces and the 

generation of interphase pyrochlore at 

high temperature. KTN films with pure 

perovskite phase structure, therefore, 

could not be achieved by previous methods. 

The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique 

is a recently developed film preparation 

method. It has many advantages, e.g., 

high density of pulse laser energy, a lower 

substrate temperature for preparing films 

on substrates of a variety of materials. It 

has become one of the main methods of 

preparing oxidized films. 

S. Yilmaz was the first to use this technique 

to prepare KTN films. In order to 

solve the offset of the volatile potassium, 

he used the KTN crystal, KNO 3 , as the target. 

Unfortunately, the quality of the film 

was affected because of the nonpropor- 

tional ingredients of the crystal target and 

the intervention of elemental nitrogen. 

The sol-gel method has many good characteristics, 

e.g., high uniformity, simplicity 

for molecular mingling and for controlling 

the ingredients. When KTN ceramics with 

high uniformity are used for the target, 

along with the added advantages of PLD, 

high-quality KTN films can be expected, 

The authors prepared KTN ceramics with 

different potassium-rich ingredients by 

the sol-gel and atmosphere sintering 

method. First, we prepared films with a 

pure perovskite phase on the simple 

quartz crystal (100) substrate through the 

PLD technique. We also analyzed and measured 

prepared films by XRD and SEM. 

Results suggest that the films grow 

along the orientation (100). The main 

phase is the perovskite with a small proportion 

of pyrochlore phase (as little as 

3%). In addition, the surface without crazing 

is intense. 

Heating Light 

Substrate 

Window 

Laser Beam 

Focus Lens 

Oxygen Nozzle 

Thermalcouple 


Target 

To Vacuum Pump 

Schematic of the equipment for the pulse 

quasi-molecular laser deposition.

Preparing the Target 

With K(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 (95%), Nb(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 

(99.8%) and Ta(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 (99.8%) as the 

starting materials, we prepared 

KTa 0.65 NB 0.35 O 3 powder that included 

the excessive K(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 , ≈1%, by the 

sol-gel method. 

We then pressed the powder into a 

30-mm diameter disk. When the temperature 

reached 1100°C, we sintered 

it for 45 h in the Kali atmosphere. 

Details are given in the literature. 8 

Preparing the Films 

We used Lamda EMG201MSC quasimolecular 

laser equipment in the 

experiment. The output wavelength 

was 308 nm. The repeat frequency 

rate was 20 Hz. The single pulsed 

laser energy density was 1.6 J/cm 2 , 

2.0 J/cm 2 and 2.4 J/cm 2 , respectively. 

The system's automatic scanning of 

the beam focuses the laser beam into 

a 3 mm 2 flare, after it passes through 

a lens. The scanning speed is 20 rpm, 

which generates the best proportional 

films. 

KTN, or K(Ta 1-x Nb x )O 3 , has many 

good properties, including electrooptic 

characteristics, nonlinear optic 

characteristics and pyroelectricity. It 

also has a high K. When x = 0.35, it 

can be applied in a wide variety of 

fields with the highest electro-optic 

coefficient. 

During deposition and the addition 

of oxygen atmosphere, the pressure 

was kept between 10 and 15 pa. The 

substrate was the simple quartz crystal 

(100). The target was the potassium-rich 

ceramics. The distance from 

the substrate to the target was about 

5 cm. 

From the experiment, we found 

that when the temperature of the 

substrate exceeds 350°C, the simple 

quartz crystal breaks. The reason was 

that the thermal-dilatation coefficient 

of quartz differs greatly from 

that of the substrate. 

The substrate’s temperature must 

be controlled at ≈300°C, and the 

depositing time at 30 min. At the end 

of the experiments, the temperature 

of the films must be cooled slowly to 

room temperature under a certain 

pressure of oxygen. 

After analyzing the prepared films 

by XRD, we found that the films were 

I/I ° 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

(3.993) 

20 40 60 80 100 

The X-ray diffraction diagram of the polycrystal KTa 1-x Nb x O 3 powder. 

in an amorphous state. According to 

the theory of the growth of films, 

amorphous films belong to the structure 

of the metastable state, which 

has high internal energy. Under the 

action of neighbor energy, e.g., illumination, 

heating, etc., the amorphous 

state can conquer the 

potential energy hill and transform 

into a homeostatic state, namely 

crystal. 

The literature has reported that the 

best substrate temperature (TS) for 

preparing the LiTaO 3 electrical waveguide 

by PLD is 650°C. 10 Amorphous 

films prepared at

mentioned results of the experiments, 

these conclusions can be reached. 

• Annealing can entirely crystallize the 

emorphous. At present, studies in 

emorphous structure aspects are not 

perfect, and the transformation 

process from the emorphous state to 

the crystal state has no unitary theory. 

It is only thought that the particles 

can conquer the potential hill and 

redistribute by action of neighboring 

energy. When this energy is sufficient, 

the particles can arrive at more stable 

lattices. Thus, the films take the shape 

of the crystal. 

• With the increase of the annealing 

temperature, amorphous KTN films 

turn into the pyrochlore phase and 

then, at much higher temperature, 

into the perovskite phase. 

• The effect of the pulse laser energy 

density, on the transformation of films 

becomes greater with the increase of 

energy density. The decrease of the 

annealing temperature is necessary 

for the process of crystallization of 

KTN films. The transformation from 

t h e pyrochlore p h a s e t o t h e 

perovsk ite phase reflec ts that 

enhancing the laser density is 

e q u i v a l e n t t o i n c r e a s i n g t h e 

substrate’s temperature. 

Although all films prepared by all 

levels of laser energy density are 

amorphous with TS fixed at 300°C, we 

think that KTN films prepared by laser 

with higher energy density are closer 

to crystal state. We can realize the 

transformation from the amorphous 

to the crystal state under the lesser 

effect of neighbor energy. 

We can use the concept of the equilibrium 

of the metastable state to 

describe this phenomenon. the 

amorphous state of KTN films prepared 

under laser with high energy 

density and those prepared under 

lower energy density will be 

unchanged with little disturbance to 

the KTN films. Amorphous KTN films 

will, however, transform into crystal 

state with lower energy when the disturbance 

is excessive. 

KTN films prepared under the high 

energy density need the disturbing 

energy. These films will transform to 

the crystal state from amorphous 

state at the lowest annealing temperature. 

• When the annealing temperature 

(100) (100) (100) 

20 30 40 50 60 70 

2u(°) 

The X-ray diffraction diagram of the KTN films when the Er =1.6 J / cm2 >600˚C, the propor tion of the 

pyrochlore phase in the films will 

increase because the chemical 

molecular formula of quartz is SiO 2 . 

Although annealing at high temperature 

is advantageous to the transformation 

from pyrochlore phase to 

perovskite phase, SiO 2 will seriously 

react with K and K 2 O in films under 

high temperature. This will cause the 

generation of the pyrochlore phase 

and affect the quality of the films. 

• The crystal grains generated in 

perovskite phase nucleate spon- 

taneously and randomly under lower 

annealing temperature. These grains 

are without selective orientation. With 

the enhancing of the annealing 

temperature, however, they can gain 

higher energy. This makes them select 

an orientation under the effect of the 

substrate’s surface. 

The orientation of the grains is 

suited to the substrate’s surface, 

allowing them to stay in a lower 

energy state and generate the stable 

crystal phase. This is why the films 

grow along selective orientation. 

• A laser with excessive energy will 

generate those pyrochlore phases in 

KTN films annealed at high temperature 

that cannot transform to perovskite 

phase. The increase of energy density 

from the laser adds to the intensity of 

plasma along the normal direction of 

the target. The target can absorb higher 

laser energy and, consequently, 

develop great momentum. 

We believe that plasma with excessive 

momentum has the potential to 

harm the KTN films deposited on the 

substrate. As a result, the pyrochlore 

phase that cannot transform into the 

perovskite phase will be generated. 

SEM Analysis 

The surface of the prepared KTN/SiO 2 

(100) films was studied by SEM. The 

condition for deposition was that E r 

be equal to 2.0 J/cm 2 and 2.4 J/cm 2 , 

respectively, with the annealing 

temperature, Tt, being 600˚C/3 h. 

The surface is proportional without 

crazing compactly. It also has a higher 

degree of finish and compactness, 

except for some pinholes. These may 

result from the incitation of the high 

energy from the laser and by diffuse 

transportation enhanced on the surface 

of the grains by the higher 

annealing temperature. All these will 

make the films more smooth and 

compact. The plasma, however, will 

do more harm to the films deposited 

with the enhancement of energy density. 

E r and Substrate Temperature 

With regard to the relationship 

between energy density and the 

substrates, the following hypothesis 

and approximations with will be used. 

• One part of the laser energy, E, 

ejected on the target will be reflected 

into space. One part of E will make the 

target’s particles turn to gaseous state 

directly from solid state; i.e. it will 

make the target’s particles sublimate 

(sublimate heat). 


(110) 

(200) (200) (200) 

(210) 

800°C 

600°C 

500°C 

300°C

(100) (100) (100) 

(110) 

20 30 40 50 60 70 

One part will make the target’s 

grains ionized (escaping work), and 

the other parts will turn into the 

internal energy and the macroscopic 

kinetic energy of the target’s grains. 

We, therefore, introduce the parameter 

l and assume that the energy l E 

of the laser energy has turned into 

internal energy and macroscopic 

kinetic energy of the target’s particles. 

• The speed of the plasma along the 

normal direction of the surface of the 

target (X orientation) is much larger 

than that along the Y and the Z 

orientations. Macroscopic kinetic 

energy of the plasma along the Y and 

Z orientations can, therefore, be 

neglected. 

For the purpose of discussion, it is 

assumed that the first velocity of all 

plasma, whose order of magnitude is 

100 m/sec, is equal to 500 m/sec. 

• The transportation of plasma in the 

space results for its pressure gradient, 

so that the density of the plasma is 

the function of the space coordinate. 

The difference may be disregarded if 

the average numeral density in unit 

volume is chosen to be n. 

• It is assumed that the plasma is 

ideal single-atom gas, having only 

three-translation freedom so that 

internal energy in unit volume is 1.5 

nKT. 

• It is assumed that the internal 

energy and the macroscopic kinetic 

energy of the plasma are used to 

heat the substrate completely. 

2u(°) 

The X-ray diffraction diagram of the KTN films when the E r = 2.0 J /cm 2 

(111) 

(200) (200) (200) 

(211) 

According to these assumptions, 

numeral density of the plasma grains 

in the space can be estimated. The 

reason why the substrate’s temperature 

may be lowered by PLD also can 

be explained. 

The energy density of the laser 

used was 2 J/cm 2 in every pulse during 

the deposition of KTN/SiO 2 films. 

The repeated frequency rate of the 

pulse laser was 20Hz. The deposition 

time was 30 min. The laser energy 

ejected onto the target was 40 J/cm 2 . 

For the first assumption, there were 

l 3 40 J/cm 2 of the laser energy 

turned into internal energy and macroscopic 

kinetic energy of the 

plasma. The first velocity of the 

plasma was 500 m/sec, and the 

numeral density of the particles was 

n. In unit time (sec), the number of 

particles ejected from the target’s 

unit dimension of the surface was nv. 

This supports the equation: 

(3KT + mv 2 )nv/2 = lE = 400000l 

where K is the Boltzmann constant, 

whose order of magnitude is 10 -23 ; T 

is the plasma’s temperature, whose 

order of magnitude is 10 4 ; m is the 

average atom mass, whose order of 

magnitude is 10 -27 . 

The plasma’s macroscopic kinetic 

energy of the plasma (whose order of 

magnitude is 10 -22 ) was a minimum. 

Compared with the internal energy 

(whose order of magnitude is 10 -19 ), 

it can be disregarded. 

In this case: 

3nvKT/2 = 400000l 

i.e., n = 400000l/(1.5V KT) 

After the numbers were introduced, 

n resulted in 3.865 3 10 21 l particles/ 

m 3 where l was between zero and 

one. The order of magnitude of the 

numeral density of the plasma 

particles, then, can be known as 

10 20 ~10 21 . 

According to the fifth assumption, 

the whole microscopic kinetic energy 

and the internal energy of the 

plasma were used to heat the substrate. 

This means: 

lE = 400000l = MCpDT 

where M is the simple crystal quartz’s 

matter in unit dimension, Cp is the 

quartz’s thermal mass capacity, DT is 

the increase of the temperature on 

the substrate resulting from kinetic 

and internal energy. 

Then: 

DT = 400000l/(r dCp) 

where l is the density and d is the 

thickness of the simple quartz crystal. 

It can be gained from the calculation 

that DT is equal to 327°C when l is 0.5. 

While depositing the KTN films, the 

temperature of the simple quartz 

crystal substrate was 300°C. The 

high-pulsed laser energy density 

made the substrate’s temperature 

equal to ≈600°C. 

Compared with other film-preparation 

techniques, the PLD technique 

has high pulse laser energy density. 

The plasma ejecting from the target, 

therefore, has such a high forward 

speed and such a high temperature 

(10,000 K) that, after its arrival at the 

substrate, it can nucleate and grow 

into stable and successive films at 

lower substrate temperature. 

For example, when compared with 

the KTN films on the quartz substrate 

(amorphous state), when the substrate’s 

temperature increases to 

750°C, only a little pyrochlore phase 

can transform into the perovskite 

phase. Continuous enhancing of the 

substrate’s temperature will cause 

surface interaction, and, thus, KTN 

films cannot be prepared with the 

single perovskite phase on the 

quartz substrate. 

The low temperature of the substrate 

in the PLD method can, therefore, 

guarantees the success of the 

preparation of KTN films with the 

pure perovskite phase on the simple 

quartz crystal (100). 


800°C 

600°C 

500°C 

300°C

Conclusions 

High quality and potassium-rich KTN 

ceramics were prepared by sol-gel 

a n d a t m o s p h e r e s i n t e r i n g 

techniques. High-orientation KTN 

films were deposited on a transparent 

quartz substrate by PLD and the late 

annealing technique. 

Results illustrate that the main crystal 

phase is the perovskite phase. The 

proportion of pyrochlore phase is 

small (≈2%). XRD diagrams of the 

films only include the (100) and (200) 

diffraction peaks, which correspond 

to the square parameter of this crystal 

family in the diffraction diagram of 

powder. It can, therefore, be determined 

that the films grow along (100) 

orientation. 

These results differ from those of 

KTN films prepared on a simple 

quartz crystal using other methods. 

They cannot be separated from the 

special film-preparation mechanism 

of the PLD technique. 

We believe the reasons for achieving 

KTN films with more pure 

perovskite phase are as follows: 

• During the growth of the KTN films, 

ceramics with different potassiumrich 

proportional ingredients as the 

target material were used to prevent 

the loss of the volatile elemental 

potassium. The KTN ceramic target 

was prepared by sol-gel, and 

excessive potassium was added to 

the ingredients. 

During the sintering process, oxygen 

and Kali were introduced as the 

atmosphere so that the ceramic was 

rich in potassium. The high uniformity 

and molecular mingling by sol-gel 

method helped to guarantee good 

proportions of Ta and Nb. 

• The PLD technique tends to 

introduce all kinds of active gas. 

Because KTN belongs to the multiingredient 

oxides, during the 

deposition of this type of film, it is 

easy for oxygen to escape from the 

surface, which will cause films to be 

short of oxygen. 

The key factor that describes the 

quantity of oxygen in the film is, 

therefore, whether the oxygen atmosphere 

is introduced during the 

deposition. If the oxygen atmosphere 

is introduced to deposit the KTN film, 

not only can the segregation of oxygen 

be prevented, but the oxygen 

(100) 

(100) (100) 

(110) (110) (110) 

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 

also will interact with the potassium 

in the plasma and generate the K 2 O. 

This prevents K 2 O from evaporating. 

All of these help maintain the proper 

level of potassium. 

• By the action of high-intensity laser 

beams, the plasma ejected from the 

surface had high forward velocity and 

high temperature, so the particles 

had high kinetic energy after their 

arrival at the substrate. 

In addition, the pulse in the low 

repeated frequency rate gives the 

particles enough time to move to the 

equilibrium position during the twotime 

pulse ejection. This is advantageous 

for growth along selective 

orientation or the extensional growth 

of the films. 

• During the deposition process, 

enhancing the temperature of the 

substrate helped the transformation 

from the pyrochlore to the perovskite 

phase. The temperature, TS, of the 

simple quartz crystal cannot exceed 

300°C. 

The experiments indicate that the 

films are in the amorphous state, but 

the late annealing can crystallize. 

When the practical temperature is 

lower than that for the surface interaction, 

the pryochlore phase in the 

films gradually turns into the 

perovskite phase with the increase of 

the annealing temperature. 

These conclusions, then, can be 

reached. The effect of the upper 

annealing is equivalent to that of 

enhancing the substrate’s temperature 

during deposition. If KTN films 

are prepared on amorphous quartz 

substrate by sol-gel method, only a 

little pyrochlore phase, however, 

turns into the perovskite phase when 

the annealing temperature increases. 

In addition, the continuous enhancing 

of the annealing temperature will 

cause surface interaction, so preparation 

of the KTN films with the single 

perovskite phase on the amorphous 

quartz substrate cannot be achieved. 

The low temperature of the substrate, 

therefore, guarantees success in 

attaining K TN films with the 

perovskite phase on the simple crystal 

quartz (100) substrate. 

The lattice constant and the thermal 

expansion coefficient of the KTN do 

not match the simple quartz crystal. 

KTN films can, however, still grow 

along selective orientation on the 

simple quartz crystal. 

This is difficult to explain by the 

conventional film-growing theories. 

The cause may be relevant to the special 

mechanism of PLD. Further studies 

are needed in this area. n 

The list of references to this article is available on 

the Internet, www.ceramicbulletin.org, or by 

contacting the Associate Editor by mail 

addressed to Society headquarters or by fax at 

614-794-5822. Request Data Depository File No. 

345. 


(111) (111) 

(200) (200) (200) 

2u(°) 

The X-ray diffraction diagram of the KTN films when the E r =2.4 J / cm 2 

(211) (211) 

(220) (220) 

800°C 

600°C 

500°C 

300°C

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3 

o 

l 1. ADVANCED CERAMICS 

l A. Electronic/Electrical Ceramics 

l B. Structural/Composite 

l C. Biomedical Ceramics 

l D. Optical Fibers 

l E. Other _______________________________ 


l 2. GLASS 

l F. Glass Made from Raw Materials 

l 1. Glass Containers 

l 2. Flat Glass 

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l 4. Electronic Glass 

l 5. Fibrous Glass 

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l L. Artware 

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l 4. REFRACTORIES 

l N. Refractory Brick 

l O. Specialties/Shapes 

l P. Ceramic Fiber 

l Q. Mixes and Cements 

l R. Other _______________________________ 


l 5. PORCELAIN ENAMELED PRODUCTS 

l 6. STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 

l S. Brick 

l T. Clay Pipe 

l U. Other Products _______________________ 


l 7. STONEWARE/POTTERY PRODUCTS 

l 8. ABRASIVE PRODUCTS 

l 9. CEMENTS 

l 10. NUCLEAR CERAMICS 

l 11. DECORATING AND/OR DESIGNING OF 


l V. Whiteware 

l W. Glassware 

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M Raw materials/minerals 

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a Publication of The American Ceramic Society • www.ceramics.org 

P.O. Box 6136 • Westerville • Ohio • 614.794.5890 • Fax 614.899.6109 

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3 

o 

l 1. ADVANCED CERAMICS 

l A. Electronic/Electrical Ceramics 

l B. Structural/Composite 

l C. Biomedical Ceramics 

l D. Optical Fibers 

l E. Other _______________________________ 


l 2. GLASS 

l F. Glass Made from Raw Materials 

l 1. Glass Containers 

l 2. Flat Glass 

l 3. Pressed and Blown Glass 

l 4. Electronic Glass 

l 5. Fibrous Glass 

l G. Products Made from Purchased Glass 

l 3. WHITEWARE 

l H. Floor and Wall Tile 

l J. Dinnerware 

l K. Vitreous Sanitaryware 

l L. Artware 

l M. Other Whiteware ______________________ 


l 4. REFRACTORIES 

l N. Refractory Brick 

l O. Specialties/Shapes 

l P. Ceramic Fiber 

l Q. Mixes and Cements 

l R. Other _______________________________ 


l 5. PORCELAIN ENAMELED PRODUCTS 

l 6. STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 

l S. Brick 

l T. Clay Pipe 

l U. Other Products _______________________ 


l 7. STONEWARE/POTTERY PRODUCTS 

l 8. ABRASIVE PRODUCTS 

l 9. CEMENTS 

l 10. NUCLEAR CERAMICS 

l 11. DECORATING AND/OR DESIGNING OF 


l V. Whiteware 

l W. Glassware 

YES! SEND ME 12 ISSUES OF THE BULLETIN FOR $50 

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS MUST BE COMPLETED. THANK YOU. 

Please indicate the PRIMARY ceramic business of your operation (one only) 

l 12. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

l X. Academic 

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What is your title? (check only one) 

l A. CORPORATE MANAGEMENT: Chairman, President, General 

Manager, Vice President, Director, Owner, Controller, or 


l B. OPERATING MANAGEMENT: Divisional Manager, 



Manager 

l C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: Director, Manager, or 


Development Manger 

l D. ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT: Director of 

Engineering, Engineering Manager, Chief Engineer, 

Manufacturing Manager, Production Manager, Program 

Manager, Materials Manager, Materials Engineer, Design 

Engineer, Ceramic Engineer, or Other Engineering or 


l E. PURCHASING MANAGEMENT: Purchasing Manager, 


l F. MARKETING AND SALES MANAGEMENT: Marketing Director, 

Marketing Manager, Vice President of Sales, 

or Sales Manager 

l G. OTHER: __________________________________ 

I am involved in recommending, 

approving, authorizing or specifying 

materials and/or equipment. (Check all 

that apply.) 

M Raw materials/minerals 

M Material handling & batching 

equipment 



FIRST M.I. LAST NAME 

TITLE 

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COMPANY ADDRESS (include suite no., mail stop, etc.) 

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WORK TELEPHONE (area/country + city code) FAX 

! ! 

E-MAIL 

PURCHASING DECISIONS 



M Coatings & finishings 


equipment 


M Decorating equipment 

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l 1 year North America $50 l 1 year International $100 

l Check/Money Order for $ __________ enclosed 

( ) ( ) 

TO SUBSCRIBE: 


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Columbus, OH 43265-0866 

Phone: 614/794-5890 

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ceramicSOURCE 

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. . 

THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE . . . 

. . . AND THE BEAT GOES ON 

TRI Celebrates 50 Years of Service

66 

TRI Celebrates 50 Years of Service 

THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE . . . 

. . . AND THE BEAT GOES ON . . . 

by Kathy L. Woodard 

Contributing 

r 

Editor 

efractories is a mature, international industry facing the 

challenges of new technologies, new products and new 

processes, as well as ever increasing regulatory and government 

mandates. 

Supporting the industry's efforts is its trade association, 

The Refractories Institute (TRI), which was established in 

1951. TRI's mission: to support and promote the U.S. refractories 

industry. 

In the 50 years since its founding, TRI has seen more 

changes in the U.S. industry than the industry itself has 

experienced in the past 200 years. 

Robert W. Crolius, president of the Pittsburgh-based 

trade association, says TRI was formed to support the refractories 

industry through joint research and education. In 

addition, he says, TRI's mission was “to represent the interests 

of the industry before the government. In recent years, 

that role has grown while support for joint R&D has 

decreased.” For the most part, according to Crolius, today’s 

refractory producers prefer to do their own research. 

Refractories education has changed, as well. Where once 

there were more than 20 universities offering ceramic engineering 

degrees, Crolius says there are fewer than 10 

today—and they no longer have required course work in 

refractories. 

Over the past 10–15 years, the trend has been for member 

companies to support education on their own, not jointly 

through an association such as TRI. 

Early Leadership 

www.ceramicbulletin.org February 2001 

Brad Tucker, who served as secretary (a president was not 

appointed at that time) of the Institute from 1971 to 1980, 

said TRI has historically maintained a low-key profile. 

Tucker recalled that the hot topic around the country at 

that time was the energy shortage. It was important that

The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 80, No.2 

Dave Kurtz (l), president of the Iron & Steel Div. of 

Vesuvius USA, accepts a 1999 Chairman’s Award from 

TRI Chair George H. Taylor. 

manufacturing and industrial companies 

comply with federal requests to conserve 

energy, so his primary project for 

many years involved examining the 

amount of energy consumed to produce 

refractory products. 

“The companies began to conserve, 

and reduced their energy consumption 

considerably. We were able to report 

that back to the U.S. Department of 

Energy.” While his own role was more 

administrative than anything else, Tucker 

said he considers it an important piece 

of refractories history and success. 

Mark Gleeson was president of TRI 

USX Chair and CEO Tom User addresses TRI's 50th 

Anniversary Membership Meeting at Ponte Vedra 

Beach, Fla., May 4, 2000. 

TRI Chair George H. Taylor (Chicago Fire Brick Div., National Refractories & 

Minerals) celebrates the 50th anniversary with three former TRI chairs: (l – r): 

Taylor; Paul F. Hummer, formerly of A.P. Green Refractories; Jon K. Tabor, Allied 

Mineral Products Inc.; and Robert C. Ayotte, recently retired from Corhart 

Refractories (Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics). 

from 1981 to 1993. Gleeson recalls that the country was 

still suffering the effects of an economic depression that 

had started in the late 1970s. “We saw accelerated inflation, 

and the major markets that refractories served, 

steel and glass, were suffering not only from a downturn 

in production from domestic demand, but also a continuing 

increase in steel imports.” 

Charles (Con) Smith, chair and CEO of National 

Refractories and Minerals Corp., was TRI chair from 1990 

to 1992 and served on the Institute’s board for nearly 10 

years. During that time, safe use of silica, a suspected 

carcinogen for humans, was a major issue, and it is still of 

concern today. 

“Crystalline silica has implications not just for the 

refractories industry, but for a number of other industries 

that process clay materials like we do, including the sand 

and gravel industries. It impacts the entire construction 

industry of this country.” 

It is not TRI’s place—or philosophy—Smith said, to 

lobby against the EPA and OSHA regulations governing 

respirable silica. They are valid. TRI’s role, he explained, is 

to work with the government to educate its membership 

in terms of government regulations that are passed or 

that need enforcement. From a technical standpoint, TRI 

can tap into and use the specific expertise of its members 

to gain further understanding of what a given regulation 

will mean to the industry. 

With this philosophy in mind, Smith said that when 

silica became a concern, TRI engaged experts in silica 

materials and in government regulations to inform the 

membership about both sides of the issue. 

67

Daniel H. Lease’s 44 years of participation in TRI set the 

record. Here he reminisces about his first TRI membership 

meeting in 1956. 

“This was well received by our membership. 

They were educated about what 

they should be doing in terms of informing 

employees and customers, and what 

changes were necessary in their production 

facilities. This was not viewed as 

another government intervention.” 

Gleeson indicated that membership 

numbers had already begun to decline 

as a result of company consolidations 

before he left TRI. 

Consolidation of the steel industry 

was one of the primary issues during 

Robert Ayotte's term as TRI chair. The 

recently retired president and CEO of 

Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Inc., 

was chair from 1992 to 1994. He said 

that the consolidation in the steel industry 

had a definite impact on the consolidation 

of the refractories industry. 

Industry Consolidation 

Based on manufacturing company 

members, membership numbers are 

similar to what they were in the early 

days. In April 1951, TRI had approximately 

37 manufacturing members. In the 

late 1950s and 1960s, manufacturing 

membership grew to between 80 and 

100 member companies. Today, there 

are 40. 

68 

Billy J. Hibler (center), plant manager, Laclede-Christy Clay Products, accepts a 

1999 Chairman's Award on behalf of Emhart Industries Inc. from TRI Chair 

George H. Taylor (r). Assisting in the presentation is Robert W. Crolius, TRI 

president. 

In 1993, the year Crolius was named president of the 

Institute, there were nine major refractory companies in 

the United States. Today, those nine have become three 

through a series of mergers and acquisitions. 

The industry is not shutting down nor losing momentum, 

Crolius said, but because of the mergers and acquisitions, 

particularly from international companies, consolidation 

is occurring. “Every member we have lost for economic 

or other reasons, we have probably replaced. Most 

of the reduction is from consolidation. The consolidation 

started with a vengeance in the early 1990s, and it has 

continued to the present.” 

As an example, he noted that since his tenure at the 

Institute began, A.P. Green Industries bought General 

Refractories; Harbison-Walker then acquired A.P. Green, 

and in 1999, RHI Refractories, which owned North 

American Refractories, bought Harbison-Walker. Today, 

he said, RHI Refractories America is the largest refractories 

producer in the United States. 

Internationalization 


RHI also is a prime example of the internationalization of 

the U.S. refractories industry. Ten or 15 years ago, approximately 

10% of the industry was foreign-owned. Today, 

international ownership is projected to hit 80% in the not 

too distant future. 

The three top refractories companies in the United 

States, based on sales—RHI Refractories America, 

Vesuvius USA and Thermal Ceramics— are owned by 

Austrian and British companies, respectively, and a merg-

er of Baker Refractories with Lhoist, a Belgian company, 

is pending. 

Refractories, once considered a local product, are 

now more dependent upon raw materials and even finished 

products from overseas. Manufacturing is essentially 

a global phenomenon, says Crolius. For example, 

aluminum and steel industries in the United States are 

impacted when Eastern Bloc and Asian nations experience 

a glut in these areas. 

“As long as our customers have problems with 

imports and over-capacity around the world, we are 

going to have problems. When they suffer, we suffer,” 

Crolius commented. 

Volunteer Leaders 


And a good time was had by all. A co-ed scramble began a new tradition for 

TRI golfers. The winning foursome included Fred Silver, Don McLeod, Sharon 

Fitzpatrick and John Miller. 

TRI is governed by a board of directors and an executive 

committee, which is headed by a chair—all are volunteer 

positions. George Taylor of National Refractories and 

Minerals is the current chair. 

Taylor maintains that TRI and the refractories industry 

itself are in no different shape than other industries and 

associations: consolidation and the changing face of 

doing business has made an impact. 

“Like most other industries, we are faced with worldwide 

competition and mergers, and the downside of it is 

you have fewer people in the industry.” Nonetheless, 

refractories is a thriving industry—viable, definitely necessary 

and, he stressed, “one that is going to be around 

for a long time.” 

As chair, Taylor believes one of his most important 

responsibilities is to encourage and achieve cohesiveness 

among the members, in spite of the fact that they


President's Award of Merit 

Not all TRI member companies compile overall safety records, which is an eligibility requirement for a Chairman's Award. However, many of 

those companies have manufacturing facilities that did not have a lost-time accident, injury or illness in the prior calendar year. The TRI Board 

of Directors established the President's Award of Merit as a means for recognizing plants with no lost-time accidents. The first awards were presented 

in 1990 for the 1989 calendar year. The 1999 awards were presented at TRI’s 2000 Annual Spring Meeting. 

Christy Refractories Co. 

St. Louis 

Emhart Glass Mfg. Inc. 

Owensville, Mo. 

Inland Refractories 

Avon, Ohio 

Louisville Fire Brick Works 

Grahn, Ky. 

Louisville, Ky. 

Martin Marietta Magnesia 

Specialties 

Baton Rouge, La. 

Minteq International Inc. 

Dover, Ohio, 

Highland, N.J. 

Old Bridge, N.J. 

Slippery Rock, Pa. 

® 

NORTON 

The Nock & Son Co. 

Oak Hill, Ohio 

Resco Products Inc. 

Cedar Heights Clay Div. 


Crescent Brick Div. 

Clearfield, Pa. 

Norristown, Pa. 

North State Pyrophyllite 

Greensboro, N.C. 

Piedmont Minerals Div. 

Hillsborough, N.C. 

RHI Refractories America 

Acton Plant, Ontario 

Fulton, Mo. 

Gary, Ind. 

Hile, Md. 

1999 President's Award 

Middletown, Pa. 

Minerva, Ohio 


Smithville Plant, Ontario 

Sproul, Pa. 

Thomasville, Ga. 

Riverside Refractories Inc. 

Nanticoke, Ontario 

Thermal Ceramics Inc. 

Min-K Div., Elkhart, Ind. 

Thermal Ceramics Caribbean 

Ponce, P.R. 

Thermic Refractories 

Girard, Ill. 

Unifrax Corp. 

New Carlisle, Ind. 

Sanborn, N.Y. 

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and deliver the high performance kiln furniture you require. Our application 

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Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics • 1 New Bond Street • P.O. Box 15136 

Worcester, MA 01615-0136 • Tel: 508.795.5577 • Fax: 508.795.5011 • www.sgicref. 

com 

United Refractories Inc. 

Uni-Ref Inc. 

Sharonville, Ohio 

United Refractories Inc. 

Moulton, Ala. 

Vesuvius USA 

Altoona, Pa. 

Champaign, Ill. 

Chicago Heights, Ill. 

Crown Point, Ind. 

Dillon, S.C. 

Hillsboro, Texas 

Smithville, Ontario 

Tilsonburg, Ontario 

Welland, Ontario 

Wahl Refractories Inc. 

Fremont, Ohio 

PROVIDES EXPERT SER- 

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71

are each other’s competition. 

“Realizing that we are somewhat of an unknown 

industry, I believe we need to work together to promote 

our image to our employees, especially that we are viable 

and valuable industry, and to our consumers as much as 

we can, particularly where regulatory matters are concerned.” 

And, according to Taylor, there is power even in small 

numbers—because TRI has an active membership and 

many positives occurring in the industry. “I believe TRI is 

right now trying to pick up on that end and help move 

us in a positive direction.” 

Positioning for the Future 

The U.S. refractories industry is far different than when 

TRI was established. Customers—steel, cement and aluminum 

industries—have modernized, adopted new 

technologies to save energy, streamlined production and 

become more cost-effective. 

72 

Safety Awards Program 

Refractory producers responded to 

these new realities by developing better, 

longer-lasting products. The downside 

to that, according to Crolius, is that 

Established in 1984, the TRI Safety Awards Program recognizes the continuing and significant achievement of its members in 

reducing accidents, injuries and illnesses in their plants. The first awards were presented at the 1986 annual spring meeting 

and recognized safety efforts for the 1985 calendar year. 

Chairman’s Award 

The Chairman’s Award recognizes member companies that have demonstrated the lowest lost time incidence rate for the 

entire company. Until 1997, awards were granted in three categories of manhours: 1 million or more, 100,000–1,000,000 and 

less than 100,000. In 1998, a fourth category was added to cover companies reporting more than 2 million manhours. 

Chairman's Awards 1985–99 


Pablo Valenzuela Yunge, general director of Yunge 

Refractarios, Santiago, Chile, and president of the 29th 

ALAFAR Congress, addresses TRI's 50th Anniversary 

Membership Meeting. 

Manhours 

Year 2 million 

1985 KEK Refractories Nalco Chemical A.P. Green Industries Inc 

1986 Emhart/Laclede-Christy Riverside Refractories Inc. A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1987 Emhart/Laclede-Christy Corhart Refractories Corp. A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1988 The Nock & Son Co. BNZ Materials Inc. A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1989 Emhart/Laclede-Christy Foseco Inc. A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1990 Emhart/Laclede-Christy J.E. Baker Co. A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1991 Emhart/Laclede-Christy Riverside Refractories Inc. Foseco Inc. 

1992 Emhart/Laclede-Christy Pyror-Giggey Co. Thermal Ceramics 

1993 Refractory Technology Inc. Emhart/Laclede-Christy A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1994 Refractory Technology Inc. Emhart/Laclede- Christy Carborundum Co. 

1995 Refractory Technology Inc. Emhart/Laclede-Christy Baker Refractories 

1996 The Nock & Son Co. Emhart/Laclede-Christy Baker Refractories 

1997 The Nock & Son Co. Emhart/Laclede-Christy Baker Refractories 

1998 The Nock & Son Co. Emhart Industries Inc. Baker Refractories Premier Refractories Inc. 

1999 The Nock & Son Co. Emhart Industries Inc. Baker Refractories Vesuvius USA

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e-mail: marketing@magneco-metrel.com 

www.magneco-metrel.com

1951 Fall Meeting of The Refractories Institute, Grand Hotel, Point Clear, Ala. 

refractory markets are not growing like other high-tech 

segments of the economy. 

“That puts tremendous pressure on producers, 

requiring tough choices, tighter budges and innovative 

thinking,” says Crolius. “The industry is going through tremendous 

change, and TRI must evolve with it if we are to 

continue to provide the service and benefits a TRImembership 

has provided in the past.” 

TRI cannot get involved in refractory markets or in 

the commercial operations of its members, but there are 

important areas where it can help, according to Crolius. 

Government relations continues to be an important area. 

74 

Chief Executives of The Refractories Institute 


“By working closely with regulatory agencies 

like EPA and OSHA,” Crolius says, “we can help 

achieve the goal of a safe and healthful environment 

for our workers and our communities in a 

way that is reasonable and most cost-effective 

for our members.” 

The Institute is currently conducting a survey 

of the refractories community to determine 

future challenges and opportunities. 

To date, the analysis has highlighted two 

areas where TRI hopes to be more involved. First, 

the Institute wants to work more closely with 

other refractory-related groups. Many, like TRI, 

face the new realities of tighter budgets and a 

decrease in levels of participation. 

“Our common goal,” says Crolius, “must be 

the success of the refractories industry. TRI seeks 

to take a leadership role with other important 

groups to work together to ensure that happens.” 

Attracting and retaining good people to 

work in the industry is another important area of 

focus. “With downsizing and consolidation, 

important experience and technical expertise is 

being lost. We have to find a way to pass it 

along, to tap these resources before they are lost 

1951–53 James L. Crawford Walsh Refractories 

1953–55 Fred H. Atwood Harbison-Walker Refractories Co. 

1955–57 William S. Lowe A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1957–59 James E. Brinckeroff Babcock & Wilcox (Thermal Ceramics) 

1959–61 John B. Arthur Mexico Refractories Div. (Kaiser) 

1961–63 Robert W. Knauft The Charles Taylor Co. 

1963–65 William H. Porter Globe Refractories 

1965–67 Robert A. Barr Babcock & Wilcox (Thermal Ceramics) 

1967–69 Max Muller Basic Inc. 

1969–71 William R. Ramsay North American Refractories Co. 

1971–73 William T. Tredennick Resco Products Inc. 

1973–75 Raymond Hegeman C-E Refractories (Premier Refractories) 

1975–77 Ralph V. Lawrence General Refractories Co. 

1977–79 Anthony M. Caito Basic Inc. 

1979–81 Robert W. Schaefer Plibrico Co 

1981–83 Donald R. DeVeaux Harbison-Walker Refractories Co. 

1983–85 Robert E. McIntosh A.P. Green Industries Inc. 

1985–88 Richard C. South Lava Refractories Co. 

1988–90 Edmund S. Wright North American Refractories Co. 

1990–92 Charles C. Smith National Refractories & Minerals Corp. 

1992–94 Robert C. Ayotte Corhart Refractories Corp. 

1994–96 Jon K. Tabor Allied Mineral Products Inc. 

1996–98 Paul F. Hummer A.P. Green Refractories Inc. 

1998–99 Chester L. Connors Magneco/Metrel Inc. 

1999–2002 George H. Taylor Chicago Fire Brick Co. 

. *Prior to 1977-79, the chief executive was the president. In 1977, the chief executive was changed to chair of the board.


ACerS President Bob Oxnard, Maryland Refractories Co., Ironton, Ohio, was 

the 2000 TRI golf tournament champion. George Mitchell, Fibercon 

International, and chair of the event, presented the award. 

and ensure that the refractories industry retains its 

knowledge base and its vitality,” Crolius says. 

The goal is simple, but the road to achieving it is 

more difficult, says the TRI president. “Refractories are 

essential to growth and productivity. We must ensure 

that we continue to have good people and good technical 

information exchange, and that the refractories 

industry provides opportunities for growth and personal 

satisfaction,” Crolius says. “It is where many of us spend 

most of our days. It should be rewarding, fun, and we 

should take pride in the contribution we are making.” 

n 

Current TRI Executive Committee 

George Taylor, Chair National Refractories and 

Minerals 

Thomas Fitzpatrick, Vice Chair Thermal Ceramics 

John Ekedahl, Treasurer Christy Refractories 

Jess Hutchinson RHI Refractories America 

William Kelly Unifrax Corp. 

John Morris Jr Riverside Refractories 

Norman Taylor Vesuvius USA 

Lincoln Building 

60 East 42nd St., Suite 1456 

New York, NY 10165 

Telephone: 212-286-0076, 0077 

Fax: 212-286-0072 

e-mail: Predmatdb@aol.com 

Internet: www.predmaterials.com 

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valve, NEMA IV electri- 

76 The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 80, No.2

cal, a solid-state sequential 

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gauge mounted in common 

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The American 

Ceramic Society 

PRELIMINARY 

PROGRAM 

Annual Meeting 

& Exposition 

April 22 - 25, 2001 Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome Indianapolis, Indiana

Table of Contents 

Letter of Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83 

Frontiers of Materials Research & Product Innovation: A Panel Discussion............................................................................................................................................................ 83 

Schedule of Events ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 

Plenary Lectures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84 

Symposia 

A. Ceramic Materials Enabling Device and Information Technology 

A1. Advances in Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices .......................................................................................................................................................... 85 

A2. Optoelectronic Materials and Technology in the Information Age ............................................................................................................................................................ 85 

A3. Ceramics for Wireless Technologies ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 86 

A4. Structure and Properties of Advanced Nitrides and Electronic Nitrides .................................................................................................................................................. 86 

B. The Impact of Ceramics in Energy Manipulation and the Environment 

B1. Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage ................................................................................................................................................................... 88 

B2. Science and Technology in Addressing Environmental Issues in the Ceramic Industry ..................................................................................................................... 88 

Special Presentation from Corporate Environmental Achievement Award Winners ........................................................................................................................... 89 

B4. Ceramic Science and Technology for the Nuclear Industry ........................................................................................................................................................................... 89 

C. Ceramics in Biomedical, Chemical and Mechanical Applications 

C1. Ceramic Coatings for Thermal, Environmental and Mechanical Applications ....................................................................................................................................... 90 

C2. Ceramic Matrix Composites....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 

C3. Chemical Sensors for Hostile Environments ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 

C4. Materials for Medicine and Biotechnology .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 

D. Cross Cutting Issues 

D1. Merging Length Scales in Theory, Modeling and Simulations of Materials ............................................................................................................................................ 92 

D2. Synthesis and Processing of Nanostructured Materials ................................................................................................................................................................................. 92 

Panel Discussion: The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Opportunities for Education, Collaboration and Research .............................................................. 93 

D3. Defects, Transport and Related Phenomena ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 

E. Ceramic Processing 

E1. Interfacial Chemistry and Segregation Phenomena in Ceramics ................................................................................................................................................................ 94 

E2. Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites .......................................................................................................................................... 94 

Division & Class Programming 

Art ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 

Basic Science .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 95 

Special Session Honoring Prof. Arthur H. Heuer ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 

Cements ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 

Electronics ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 

Special Session Honoring Prof. Robert E. Newnham ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 

Engineering Ceramics ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 98 

Special Presentation by Corporate Technical Achievement Award Winner .................................................................................................................................................... 98 

Glass & Optical Materials ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 

Refractory Ceramics ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 

Whitewares & Materials ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100 

National Institute of Ceramic Engineers and Ceramic Education Council ............................................................................................................................................................100 

Employment Center & Career Fair .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 87 

Student Activities ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89 

Hotel Information ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 

Registration Information ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 93 

Travel Information ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 94 

Exposition ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101 

Companion Program .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102 

Registration Form .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103 

Map of Indianapolis ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104 

Hotel Reservation Form ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105 


Dear Ceramics Professional, 

Joining forces with ceramic industry professionals can take you to 

the top of your game. You may have heard the statement “It’s not 

just what you know, but who you know.” Attending The American 

Ceramic Society’s 103rd Annual Meeting & Exposition can help 

you with both. Expand your knowledge and establish important 

professional relationships in Indianapolis, April 22-25, 2001. 

Meeting and exposition attendees comprise a wide variety of individuals 

and interest groups including engineers, scientists, 

researchers, manufacturers, plant personnel, educators, students, 

marketing and sales professionals, and others in related materials 

disciplines. 

The Annual Meeting program is the premiere forum through 

which these diverse groups interact, exchange information, and 

develop tomorrow’s technologies. 

What can attending do for you? 

• Develop your professional and leadership skills 

• Receive recognition for both you and your organization 

• Advance your career 

• Network with industry colleagues 

This year’s symposia and division programming will cover the 

basic science and processing of ceramics and glasses, whitewares 

and materials, engineering and electronic ceramics, refractories 

and cements, glass and optical materials, and art ceramics. In 

addition, 12 of the 16 symposia will focus on the impact of ceramics 

on: 

• Device manufacturing and information technology 

• Energy manipulation and environmental issues 

• Chemical, mechanical and biomedical applications 

How to attend: 

To attend the Annual Meeting, fill out the registration form on 

page 103. You can register by phone, fax, mail, or via the ACerS 

web site (www.ceramics.org). Refer to the top of the form for specific 

details. And don’t forget to reserve your hotel room. See page 

91 for details. 

I encourage you to attend the 103rd Annual Meeting & Exposition. 

If you’re serious about your work in ceramics, then join forces with 

your colleagues who feel the same way. Stay on the cutting edge 

of ceramic technology and abreast of recent market developments. 

Take this opportunity to arm yourself for success! 

Dawn Bonnell 

103rd Annual Meeting Program Coordinator 

University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Frontiers of Materials Research & Product Innovation: A Panel Discussion 

Monday, April 23 • 4-6 p.m. 

Industry-University-Government Joint Research for Future Global Industrial Growth 

This yearly panel at the Annual Meeting is headed by representatives of industries, universities, government and national laboratories who 

have knowledge and experience relevant to the topic selected for that year. 

This year’s discussion provides opportunity for interactive idea exchange between manufacturers, users and scientific experts on issues related 

to materials research and product development for this millennium. It gives an opportunity to learn and understand the role of industry, 

government and university in selecting potential research areas, funding and role of decision making. Specifically, the importance of joint 

efforts in identifying and collaborating (a) the areas of research topics, (b) product development, (c) consumer survey to determine the 

needs, and (d) global marketing techniques will be discussed. A cash bar will be 

available. 

Panelists 

Marc Black, CTS Corporation 

Robert J. Eagan, Sandia National Laboratories 

Edwin H. Kraft, Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corporation 

Robert Pohanka, U.S. Department of Navy 

Bruce E. Smart, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. 

P. Somasundaran, Columbia University 

Richard E. Tressler, Pennsylvania State University 

K.M. Nair, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc (Organizer) 


Schedule of Events 

Morning 

Noon 

Afternoon 

Evening 

Saturday 

April 21 

Division and Class 

Meeting with ACerS 

Board of Directors 

Noon–5 p.m. 

Indianapolis Marriott 

Downtown 

Frontiers of Science & Society–Rustum Roy Lecture 

Sunday, April 22 • 5–6 p.m. 

Henry J. Heimlich, President 

The Heimlich Institute 

The Orton Memorial Lecture 

Monday, April 23 • 8–9 a.m. 

Subhash Singhal 

Pacific Northwest National Lab 

Sunday 

April 22 

Employment Center 

Opens 

12:30–5 p.m. 

CEC Student 

Speaking Contest 

Semifinals 1–3 p.m. 

Finals 4–5 p.m. 

Registration Opens 

1–7 p.m. 

Student Page 

Meeting 

3–4 p.m. 

Frontiers of Science 

& Society Lecture 

5–6 p.m. 

Exposition Opens 

6–8 p.m. 

Opening Reception 

6–8 p.m. 

Plenary Lectures 

500 Ballroom, Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome 

Monday 

April 23 

Orton Lecture 

8–9 a.m. 

Technical Sessions 

9 a.m.–Noon 

Exposition 

10 a.m.–5 p.m. 

Career Fair 


10:30 a.m.–6:30 p.m. 

NICE/Keramos 

Luncheon 

Noon–2 p.m. 

Location TBA 

Poster Session 

1–5 p.m. 


5–6:30 p.m. 

Alumni Night 

Various locations around 

Indianapolis 

Tuesday 

April 24 

Friedberg Lecture 

8–9 a.m. 


9 a.m.–Noon 

Career Fair 


9 a.m.–5 p.m. 

Exposition 

10 a.m.–3 p.m. 

ACerS Annual 

Business Meeting 

Noon–1 p.m. 


2–6 p.m. 

Annual Meeting 

Awards Banquet 

7–10 p.m. 

Indianapolis Marriott 

Downtown 

(All events take place at the Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome unless noted otherwise.) 

The Friedberg Memorial Lecture 

Tuesday, April 24 • 8–9 a.m. 

Richard Tressler 

Pennsylvania State University 

The Sosman Award and Lecture 

Wednesday, April 25 • 8–9 a.m. 

George Onoda 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Wednesday 

April 25 

Sosman Lecture 

8–9 a.m. 


9 a.m.–Noon 

Career Fair 


9 a.m.–Noon 


1–6 p.m. 


Symposia A 

Invited speakers and the titles of their presentations are included. Only the presenting speaker names are given. For a complete list of 

sessions, abstracts and authors, see the ACerS web site and the Online Conference Management System at www.ceramics.org. Watch 

future issues of the Bulletin for the Advance Program (March) and the Final Program (April). 

Ceramic Materials Enabling Device and Information 

Technology 

A1. Advances in Dielectric 

Materials and Multilayer 

Electronic Devices 

Special lectures on historical developments and fundamental concepts 

of ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, ferrites, optoelectronics and 

other electronic-related materials will be highlighted. 

Invited Speakers 

Arthur Ballato, U.S. Army CECOM 

Poisson’s Ratios in High Coupling Ferroelectric Ceramics 

I-Wei Chen, University of Pennsylvania 

PbZrO3 Thin Films--AFE and FE Behavior 

Peter Davies, University of Pennsylvania 

Design of New Ordered Perovskites for Microwave Applications 

Alvin Feingold, Electro Science Labs 

Lead Free Multilayer Dielectric System for Telecommunications 

J. Guha, Jozef Stefan Institute (Slovenia) 

Effect of PbO Volatilization Loss on the Compositional Changes 

During Processing of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3 )O3 Ruyan Guo, Pennsylvania State University 

Morphotropic Phase Boundary Regions in Ferroelectric Materials of 

Oxygen-Octahedron Building Blocks 

Detlev Hennings, Philips Research Laboratory 

Solid State Preparation of BaTiO3 Based Dielectrics, Using Ultra-Fine 

Raw Materials 

Shinichi Hirano, Nagoya University (Japan) 

Aqueous Slurry Processing for Tape Casting of BaTiO3 Tip Capacitor 

Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University 

Jellyfish Mechanism of Conduction at Microwave Frequencies in 

Alkali Oxide Glasses 

Jau-Ho Jean, National Tsing-Hua University (China) 

Additives Interactions in Aqueous BaTiO3 Suspension 

Mohammed Megherhi, Ferro Electronic Materials 

Y5V Dielectric Composition Applicable for Thin Layer MLCC 

Masaru Miyayama, University of Tokyo (Japan) 

Defect Control for Large Remanent Polarization in Bismuth Titanate 

Ferroelectrics: Doping Effect of Higher Valent Cations 

Atsuyuki Nakamo, TDK Corp. (Japan) 

Recent Topics of Ferrite Materials for Multilayer Chip Components 

Robert Newnham, Pennsylvania State University 

Mode Control in Spherical Electroceramics 

Takeshi Nomura, TDK Corp. (Japan) 

Current Topics in the Field of Materials Technology of BME-MLCCs 

Ahmed Safari, Rutgers University 

The State of the Art of Nickel Compatible BaTio3-Based Multilayer 

Capacitor Materials; A Review 

Elliott Slamovich, Purdue University 

Hydrothermal Processing of Ceramic Powders and Thin Films for 

Dielectric Applications 

Danilo Suvorov, Jozef Stephan Institute (Slovenia) 

Oxygen Stoichiometry of Sillenite Compounds 

Bruce Tuttle, Sandia National Laboratory 

Computer Controlled Deposition Techniques for Multilayer 

Integrated Ceramics 

Kenji Uchino, Pennsylvania State University 

Compact Ultrasonic Rotary Motors 

David Wilcox, Motorola Laboratories 

Multilayer Ceramic Technology as a Core Platform for Wireless, 

Energy and Life Science Microsystems 

Ming-Tzung Wu, Chang Gung University (China) 

Effects of Precursor Preparation Conditions on the Characteristics of 

Sol-Gel Derived PZT Thin Films 

Sponsored by 

Electronic Division 

Basic Science Division 

Ceramic Society of Japan 

Symposium Organizers 

K.M. Nair, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. 

A.S. Bhalla, Pennsylvania State University 

S-I. Hirano, Nagoya University, Japan 

A2. Optoelectronic Materials and 

Technology in the Information 

Age 

The explosive growth of the information industries has been 

enabled by the availability and performance of key optoelectronic 

components including optical fibers, lasers, amplifiers, filters, modulators, 

detectors, display and storage devices. These are based on 

transparent, electro-optic, nonlinear-optical, luminescent and emissive 

glass and ceramic materials. The continuing growth and evolution 

in this area presents exciting opportunities for the investigation 

and development of new optoelectronic materials and devices. 

Publication of the symposium proceedings by The American 

Ceramic Society in the Ceramic Transactions series is planned. See 

the registration form to take advantage of the pre-publication special 

rate. 


Martin Fejer, Stanford University 


Paul Holloway, University of Florida 

Inorganic Luminescent Thin Films and Powders for Display and 

Lighting 

Won Ho Kang, Dankook University (Korea) 

Effect of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Energy on Crystallization in Li2O- Al2O3-SiO2 Glass 

Kenji Kitamura, National Institute for Research in Inorganic 

Materials (Japan) 

Promising Properties of Stoichiometric LiTaO3 for Ferroelectric 

Domain Engineering 

Hsin-Chun Lu, Chang Gung University (China) 

Low Resistivity ITO Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Modified 

RF-Sputtering 

Sergei Pyshkyn, Academy of Sciences (Republic of Moldova) 

Luminescence of Long-Time Ordered GaP:N 

Norman Sanford, National Institute of Standards & Technology 

Nonlinear Optical Analysis and X-Ray Diffraction Imaging as 

Complementary Metrologies for the Evaluation of Bulk GaN 

Shinji Tadaki, Fujitsu Laboratories (Japan) 

Surface Deterioration of BaMgAl10O17 :Eu2 Phosphor for Plasma 

Display Panels 

Jean Toulouse, Lehigh University 

Local Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Doped Tellurite Glasses 


Photostrictive Actuators—New Perspective 

Bruce Wessels, Northwestern University 

Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films for Optical Applications 

Sponsored by 

Electronics Division 


Glass & Optical Materials Division 


Ruyan Guo, Pennsylvania State University 

Allan J. Bruce, Lucent Technologies 

Venkat Gopalan, Pennsylvania State University 

Basavaraj Hiremath, Tyco Submarine Systems Ltd. 

Burtrand Lee, Clemson University 

Man F. Yan, Lucent Technologies 

A3. Ceramics for Wireless 

Technologies 

The rapid growth in radio frequency (RF) wireless products is creating 

a revolution in information and communication technologies. 

Advances in wireless applications are highly dependent upon 

improvements in microwave materials and new developments in 

processing methods for microwave devices. In particular, sophisticated 

electronic ceramics are the basis for high-frequency capacitors 

and magnetic components. Multilayer ceramic devices and 

packages, primarily those based on low-temperature co-fired 

ceramic technologies, also are playing an important role in integration 

of functions, miniaturization of products and in improving system 

performance. In addition, integration of microwave dielectrics 

in thin-film form is being investigated for applications ranging from 

decoupling capacitors to frequency-tunable elements for superconducting 

filters. 


Neil Alford, South Bank University (United Kingdom) 

Microwave Dielectric Loss 

Orlando Auciello, Argonne National Laboratory 

Science and Technology of (BaxSr1-x)Ti1+yO3+z Thin Films for Voltage 

Tunable Devices 

Peter Barnwell, Heraeus (United Kingdom) 

Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic Systems — A View of the Critical 

Materials Properties and Applications 

David Cruickshank, Alpha-Trans Tech 

Current Trends in Microwave Ceramics Technology 

Masayuki Fujimoto, Taiyo Yuden Corp. (Japan) 

Structural Control of Electronic Ceramic Thin Films 

Ed Graddy, Kyocera America Inc. 

Multilayer Ceramic Packaging for Wireless Applications 

Jeanne Pavio, Motorola 

Characteristics of the Multilayer Ceramic Technology and its 

Significance to the Wireless Markets 

Clive Randall, Pennsylvania State University 

Bismuth Pyrochlore: A Material for High Frequency NPO Integration 

Nava Setter, Ecole Polytechnic Federale Lausanne (Switzerland) 

Tuning of Polar and High-K Dielectrics for Microwave Applications 

Vern Stygar, Ferro Corp. 

New Developments in A6 Microwave LTCC Materials System 

Veena Tikare, Sandia National Laboratory 

Mesoscale Sintering Modeling for Process Control of Multilayered 

Ceramics for Wireless Technologies 

Stu Wolf, DARPA 

Frequency Agile Materials for Electronics 

Sponsored by 

Motorola Ceramic Technologies Research Lab 




Pradeep Phule, University of Pittsburgh 

Duane Dimos, Sandia National Laboratories 

Amar S. Bhalla, Pennsylvania State University 

Steve Dai, Motorola Inc. 

Dean Anderson, Pennsylvania State University 

A4. Structure and Properties of 

Advanced Nitrides and 

Electronic Nitrides 

Nitrides are important ceramic materials with vast applications in 

many industrial sectors. Their applications range from structural materials 

to microelectronics, from opto-electronics to photonics, from 

coating to sensors, from light emitting diodes to solid state lasers, and 

microwave power switches, just to mention a few. In recent years, new 

methods of synthesizing and characterizing different types of nitrides 

have been actively pursued. On the other hand, fundamental scientific 

issues on the novel properties and phenomena that will control the 

device performance have not been adequately addressed. 


Special focus will be on the newly discovered cubic nitrides with spinel 

structure and electronic nitrides. Materials of interest include 

Si3N4 , TiNx , ZrNx , GaN and other wide band-gap nitrides, SiAlON, Li3N, CaNiN, conductive nitrides, carbon nitrides, mixture of Si-B-C-N, oxynitride 

glasses and intergranular thin films. Special attention will be 

on the potential new applications, novel experimental techniques, 

and predictive theoretical/computational studies. 


Andrzej Badzian, Pennsylvania State University 

Stability of Silicon Carbonitride Phases 

Rowland Cannon, University of California 

Wetting and Adsorption Mechanisms at Grain Boundaries in Nitride 

Ceramics 

Wai-Yim Ching, University of Missouri-Kansas City 

Theoretical Prediction of the Structure and Properties of Cubic 

Spinel Nitrides 

David Clarke, University of California-Santa Barbara 

Two-Stage Growth of High-Quality GaN by Hydride Vapor Phase 

Epitaxy 

Michael Hoffmann, University of Karlsruhe (Germany) 

Impact of Intergranular Films on the Microstructure and Properties 

of Silicon Nitride Ceramics 

Hongxing Jiang, Kansas State University 

III-Nitride Quantum Well Microstructures and Microdevices 

Hans-Joachim Kleebe, Colorado School of Mines 

Grain Boundary Structures in Si3N4 and SiC Ceramics; A 

Comparative Study 

John Lowther, University of Witwatersrand (South Africa) 

Symmetric Structures in New Ultra Hard Materials 

Giuseppe Pezzotti, Kyoto Institute of Technology (Japan) 

Mechanism of Dopant-Induced Changes in Viscosity of SiO2-Based Intergranular Films in Polycrystalline Si3N4 Ceramics 

Ralf Reidel, Darmstadt University of Technology (Germany) 

Synthesis and Properties of Novel Group IV Element Nitrides 

Toshimori Sekine, NIRIM (Japan) 

Shock Synthesis of Cubic Silicon Nitride 

Yoshiyuki Sugahara, Waseda University (Japan) 

Preparation of AlN-Based Ceramics Using Cage-type Compounds 

Possessing Al-N Backbone as Precursors 

Isao Tanaka, Kyoto University (Japan) 

First Principles Calculations of Defect and Other Imperfections in 

Nitrides 

Enge Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) 

Nitride-Related Nanomaterials by Chemical Vapor Deposition: 

Structures and Properties 

Sponsored by 




Wai-Yim Ching, University of Missouri-Kansas City 

Isao Tanaka, Kyoto University, Japan 

ACers Employment Center & 

NEW Career Fair 

For years, ACerS has sponsored a very successful Employment 

Center at Annual Meeting. Last year more 

than 350 jobs were posted! So how do we top that? We’re 

expanding! 

As in the past, the Employment Center will post job openings, 

collect resumes, offer on-site interview space, and schedule 

interviews at the potential employer’s request. Postings may 

be internships or anywhere from entry level up to executive 

management. To submit job postings prior to April 16, e-mail 

job descriptions to baldwin@alfred.edu; after this date please 

submit on site. 

New this year… We’re offering a Career Fair, whereby companies 

and universities alike are invited to promote themselves 

to job candidates and to prospective graduate students. 

Tabletop displays are being offered for the duration of this 

4-day event. Have your recruiter contact the ACerS 

Membership Manager (gmoon@acers.org) for more details on 

the tabletop displays. You need not be a meeting registrant to 

display or submit job postings. 

So whether you’re looking for a job or thinking about going to 

graduate school, grab your resume and come check out the 

possibilities! 

Employment Center & Career Fair Hours 

Sunday, April 22 12:30–5 p.m. 

Monday, April 23 10:30 a.m.–6:30 p.m.* 

Tuesday, April 24 9 a.m.–5 p.m. 

Wednesday, April 25 9 a.m.–Noon 

*Networking Reception to be held 5–6:30 p.m. 


Symposia B 




The Impact of Ceramics in Energy Manipulation and 

the Environment 

B1. Materials for Electrochemical 

Energy Conversion and Storage 

The exponential growth in portable electronic devices and the interest 

to develop electric vehicles have created intense worldwide 

activity on electrochemical power sources. This symposium will focus 

on materials for batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical capacitors. 

In addition, oxygen separation membranes, electrochemical sensors, 

electrochemical processes, transport properties, defect chemistry 

and thermodynamic aspects will be covered. Other topics to be discussed 

include all types of electrochemical materials and devices as 

well as fundamental and applied aspects of solid state electrochemistry. 




rate. 


Roy Benedek, Argonne National Laboratory 

Intermetallic Electrodes for Lithium Batteries 

Henny Bouwmeester, University of Twente (The Netherlands) 

Oxygen Permeation through Mixed-Conducting Perovskite Oxide 

Membranes 

Clare Grey, State University of New York at Stony Brook 

Lithium NMR Studies of Local Atomic and Electronic Structure of 

Cathode Materials 

James McBreen, Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Structure-Property Relationships in Cathodes for Lithium-Ion 

Batteries 

Nguyen Minh, Honeywell 

Development Trends In Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology 

Pinakin Patel, Fuel Cell Energy, Inc. 

Carbonate Fuel Cells: World-Wide Technology Status and 

Opportunities for Ceramic Materials 

Prabhakar Singh, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

Development of Advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Power 

Generation Systems for Automotive and Land-Based Applications 

Harry Tuller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

The Role of Mixed Conductors in Energy Conversion and Storage 

Atsuo Yamada, SONY Corp. (Japan) 

Olivine-Type Cathodes for Lithium Batteries 

Sponsored by 


Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division 


The Electrochemical Society 


Arumugam Manthiram, University of Texas at Austin 

Prashant Kumta, Carnegie Mellon University 

S.K. Sundaram, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

Gerbrand Ceder, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

B2. Science and Technology in 

Addressing Environmental 

Issues in the Ceramic Industry 

In today’s world of increasingly stringent environmental regulations, 

it is critical to identify and adequately address environmental 

issues in the ceramic industry to ensure success. In the ceramic 

manufacturing industries, companies are dealing with more stringent 

air emission standards, hazardous materials laws, and clean 

water regulations. In most cases, these same standards apply in 

research and development, manufacturing and university environments. 

In ceramic manufacturing, companies are beginning to focus on 

“green ceramics,” performing “life cycle analyses,” and adopting 

“environmental stewardship” to manufacture environmentally 

friendly products. These areas also have led to development of 

innovative processing approaches and novel environmental treatment 

technologies, which are being developed to address these 

more stringent regulations. In developing these technologies, an 

improved scientific understanding of the industrial processes and 

treatment technologies is often obtained. 

Sponsored by 


Refractory Ceramics Division 



Legislative & Public Affairs Committee 

Environmental Stewardship Committee 

Ceramic Manufacturing Council 

Environmental Protection Agency 


Dane R. Spearing, Los Alamos National Laboratory 

Gary L. Smith, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

Carol Jantzen, Savannah River Company 

Richard A. Haber, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 

Camilla Warren, Environmental Protection Agency 

Kyei-Sing (Jasper) Kwong, Albany Research Center 

Vijay Jain, Southwest Research Institute 


Corporate Environmental 

Achievement Award 

Presentations 

Unifrax Corp. 

Isofrax—A Lung-Soluble Insulation Fiber 

Murata Electronics North America 

B4. Ceramic Science and 

Technology 

for the Nuclear Industry 

Ceramics and glasses play a critical role in the nuclear industry. 

Nuclear fuels and waste forms for low-level and high-level 

radioactive, mixed, and hazardous wastes are primarily either 

ceramic or glass. New materials, processes, and applications 

are being developed and deployed throughout the world 

today. 


Prof. Grambow, (France) 

Pavel Hrma, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

Carol Jantzen, Savannah River Technology Center 

B.P. McGrail, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

Eric R. Vance, ANSTO (Australia) 

Paul Woskov, Massachusetts Insititue of Technology 

Sponsored by 



Cements Division 




S.K. Sundaram, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

Vijay Jain, Southwest Research Institute 

John D. Vienna, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

Robert L. Putnam, Los Alamos National Laboratory 

Student Activities 

For more information on student activities, contact the 

Membership Department at gmoon@acers.org or 614/794- 

5859. 


This reception will be held on Monday, April 23, from 5– 6:30 

p.m. at the site of the Employment Center and Career Fair. 

Attendees are invited to come have a bite to eat, do some 

networking and explore career opportunities. Experienced 

professionals from throughout the ceramics industries will be 

in attendance to field your career questions — look for individuals 

wearing a “Mentor” ribbon. 

CEC National Student Speaking Contest 

The Ceramic Educational Council (CEC) will sponsor a student 

speaking contest to encourage undergraduate students to 

present technical papers and to improve their skills in the 

techniques of presentation. Undergraduate ceramic students 

from universities across the country will receive travel stipends 

for participation and compete for cash and other prizes. 

The speaking contest semifinals will take place from 1–3 

p.m. on Sunday, April 22, and the finals from 4–5 p.m. Come 

see if your school wins! 

CEC & Keramos Student Poster Competitions 

The Ceramic Educational Council (CEC) will sponsor a graduate 

student poster competition and Keramos will sponsor an 

undergraduate poster competition, both of which will take 

place during the Society poster session on Monday, April 23, 

between 1–5 p.m. Participants compete for cash prizes. 

National Institute of Ceramic Engineers and Ceramic 

Education Council Sessions 

Materials Science Versus Ceramic Engineering: Parasitic or 

Symbiotic? 

There has been much discussion regarding the future of 

ceramic engineering and even materials science educational 

programs. Faced with dwindling student numbers departments 

are forced to analyze the reasons for this: what is the 

rationale for students choosing materials over ceramics? or 

other engineering disciplines over materials? Whom does 

industry want to hire? 

Presentations will include: 

• A review of enrollment statistics-CE vs. MSE 

• Salary data for the engineering disciplines 

• What is the industry profile 

Student Congress Sessions 

The ACerS/NICE Student Congress will be holding special sessions 

open to all student attendees. Watch the Bulletin for 

more details. 

(Continued on page 100) 


Symposia C 




Ceramics in Biomedical, Chemical and Mechanical 

Applications 

C1. Ceramic Coatings for Thermal, 

Environmental and Mechanical 

Applications 

This symposium will focus on recent advancements in ceramic 

coatings for thermal, environmental and mechanical applications. 

The symposium will address the design, processing, characterization 

and degradation of ceramic coatings. Talks will include presentations 

on the systems approach to coating design, novel coating 

materials, testing and characterization methodologies, chemical 

and microstructural evolution, failure mechanisms and life prediction 

for coating systems. 


Bill Clyne, Cambridge University 

The Effect of Top Coat Sintering on Ceramic Spallation in Plasma 

Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings 

Anthony Evans, Princeton University 

Challenges and Opportunities for Prime-Reliant High Temperature 

Coating Systems and Open Discussion: Failure Mechanisms and Life 

Modeling For High Temperature Coatings 

Edwin Fuller, National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Physical Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings via Simulations and 

Experiments 

Michael Maloney, Pratt & Whitney 

Open Discussion: Complex Oxides for Thermal Barrier Applications 

Sanjay Sampath, University of New York at Stony Brook 

On the Processing-Microstructure-Property Relationships in 

Thermal Sprayed Ceramic Coatings 

Irene Spitsberg, GE Aircraft Engines 

On Failure Mechanisms of TBCs with PtNiAl Diffusion Bond 

Coatings 

Haydn Wadley, University of Virginia 

Pore Morphology Control in Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Thermal 

Barrier Coatings 

David Wortman, GE Central Research & Development 

Open Discussion: Thermal Conductivity (Practical Measurement 

and Coating Engineering) 

Sponsored by 


Engineering Ceramics Division 


Daniel R. Mumm, Princeton University 

Leon L. Shaw, University of Connecticut 

J.P. Singh, Argonne National Laboratory 

C2. Ceramic Matrix Composites 

This symposium will provide an international forum for scientists, 

engineers and technologists to discuss and exchange ideas on the 

state-of-the-art ceramic composites. 




rate. 


Maher Amer, Wright State University 

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy in Composite Micromechanics 

James A. DiCarlo, NASA Glenn Research Center 

Factors Limiting the Upper Use-Temperature of Structural CMC 

Rainer Gadow, University of Stuttgart (Germany) 

Manufacturing of Ceramic Matrix Composites for Automotive 

Applications 

Yutaka Kagawa, University of Tokyo (Japan) 

Quantitative Evaluation of Damages and Residual Properties of 

CFCCs by Using Non-Contact Method 

Ronald J. Kerans, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory 

Oxidation Resistant Interface Control in Fiber Reinforced Ceramics 

Waltraud T. Kriven, University of Illinois-Urbana Champagne 

Design of Oxide Laminates and Fibrous Monolithic Composites 

Jacques Lamon, Laboratoire des Composites 

Fatigue Behavior at High Temperatures of SiC/SiC Composites with 

a Multilayered Interphase or Matrix 

Frank W. Zok, University of California-Santa Barbara 

Fracture Resistance of Porous Matrix Ceramic Composites 

Sponsored by 


National Institute of Ceramic Engineers 



Narottam P. Bansal, NASA John H. Glenn Research Center 


H.T. Lin, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

C3. Chemical Sensors for Hostile 

Environments 

Because of the recent emergence of concern over environmental 

pollution and efficiency in a variety of industrial processes, considerable 

activity exists in the development of new sensor technology. 

Unfortunately, much of this is fragmented and not always directly 

applicable to making reliable measurements in the harsh industrial 

environments found in the aerospace, steel, heat treating, metal 


casting, polymer, glass, ceramic, pulp and paper, automotive, utility 

and power industries. Also, since most of the sensor development 

efforts are based on empirical and/or trial-and-error methods, a fundamental 

understanding of the sensing and degradation mechanisms 

is lacking. 

There will be sessions on synthesis and fabrication of devices, simulation 

and modeling, MEMS devices, SAW devices, electronic nose, 

etc. 




rate. 


Prabir Dutta, Ohio State University 

Harsh Environment Ceramic Oxide Sensors 

Jeffrey Fergus, Auburn University 

Preparation and Characterization of In-Doped Calcium Zirconate at 

the Electrolyte in Hydrogen Sensors for Use in Molten Aluminum 

Gary Hunter, NASA Glenn Research Center 

Microfabricated Chemical Sensors for Harsh Environment 

Aerospace Applications 

Rangachary Mukundan, Los Alamos National Laboratory 

Solid-State Electrochemical Sensors for Automotive Applications 


MEMS and Resonant-Based Sensors for Harsh Environments: New 

Developments 

Werner Weppner, Christian-Albrechts-University (Germany) 

Ceramic Solid Electrolyte Sensors for Environmental and Process 

Control 

Noboru Yamazoe, Kyushu University (Japan) 

Importance of Gas Diffusion in Semiconductor Gas Sensors 

Sponsored by 





Girish M. Kale, University of Leeds, United Kingdom 

Sheikh Akbar, Ohio State University 

Meilin Liu, Georgia Institute of Technology 

C4. Materials for Medicine and 

Biotechnology 

Inorganic materials are among the most easily tailored to specific 

applications and they are ubiquitous in both medicine and technology. 

Yet in many ways applications of these materials in these areas 

are not always well-known. This symposium will seek to integrate 

presentations about both polymers and metals with ceramics and 

glasses. Included will be composite biomedical and biotechnological 

materials, encompassing one or more of the above material 

groups. Many of the issues identified in using materials in the biomedical 

arena are the same as those in the biotechnology community. 

Potential applications such as orthopedics, drug delivery, drug 

therapeutics, tissue engineering, diagnostics, molecular biology 

and genetics, will be covered. 


Alan Goldstein, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University 

Bioinformatics: A Revolution Driven by an Engine made of Glass 

D. St. Julian, Corning Inc. 

Delivery and Management of Biofluids with Glass Geometry and 

Surface Coatings 

Sponsored by 






Alexis Clare, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University 

Gary S. Fischman, University of Illinois at Chicago 

Melissa Crimp, Michigan State University 

Richard P. Rusin, 3M Co. 

Irene M. Peterson, National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Hotel Information 

A block of rooms has been reserved at special convention 

rates until March 22, 2001, at the following hotels: 

Indianapolis Marriott Downtown (headquarters) 

Single: $134 Double: $144 Triple: $154 Quad: $164 

Hyatt Regency Indianapolis 

Single: $134 Double: $144 Triple: $157 Quad: $170 

Courtyard by Marriott Downtown 

Single: $114 Double: $114 

Raddison Hotel City Centre 

Single: $116 Double: $126 

The Housing Bureau will handle all hotel reservations. For 

best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation 

online at www.indy.org/conventions or www.ceramics.org. 

You also can mail or fax the form on page 105 to the 

Housing Bureau. 

Acknowledgements will be sent after each reservation booking, 

modification and/or cancellation. Review acknowledgements 

carefully for accuracy. If you do not receive an acknowledgement 

within 14 days after any transaction, please call the 

Housing Bureau at 317/684-2573. 

A one-night (plus 11% tax) advance deposit is required for 

each room requested. Checks will be deposited 30 days prior 

to arrival date. Credit card processing will be held until checkout. 

A $25 cancellation fee will be charged for reservations 

cancelled on or after March 2. Reservations cancelled on or 

after April 6 or no shows will be charged by the hotel. 

Make your reservations early. After March 22, reservations will 

be accepted on a space available basis only and the special 

rates may not apply. 


Symposia D 




Cross Cutting Issues 

D1. Merging Length Scales in 

Theory, Modeling and Simulations 

of Materials 

Design and processing of advanced new materials is typically labor 

intensive and costly, and the time to apply is usually lengthy. 

Materials theory, modeling, and computational simulations provide 

a powerful new paradigm for rationally designing, processing and 

prototyping advanced materials and their properties. Use of these 

tools continues to develop at a rapid pace. However, often the 

efforts at various length scales – from atomistic to mesoscopic to 

continuum – do not communicate with each other, and more seriously, 

do not communicate with the experimental community. 


James Chelikowski, University of Minnesota 

Pressure Induced Amorphization in Quartz 

Andrey Kalinichev, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign 

Molecular Dynamics of Ionic Sorption and Diffusion on the Surfaces 

of Cement Phases 

Pawel Keblinski, Rensselaer Polytechnique University 

Structure and High-Temperature Behavior of Grain Boundaries in 

Covalent Ceramics 

Michael Marder, University of Texas 

Atomic Effects in Brittle Fracture 

David Vanderbilt, Rutgers University 

Ferroelectric Domain Walls in PbTiO3 Sponsored by 








Edwin R. Fuller Jr., National Institute of Standards and Technology 

John Kieffer, University of Illinois 

Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology 

D2. Synthesis and Processing of 

Nanostructured Materials 

Nanomaterials, the materials confined in length in nanoscale 

(< 100 nm) at least in one dimension, have been identified as 

the foundation for a variety of future nanotechnologies. Synthesis 

and processing of inorganic nanomaterials and nanocomposites as 

well as the correlation between properties and nanostructures 

remain exciting and challenging areas to be explored. A full 

understanding in the chemistry and physics occurring during the 

synthesis processes is required for a better control over the microstructure 

of the materials. 


Siu-Wai Chan, Columbia University 

Characteristics of Cerium Oxide Nano Particles 

Lian Gao, Shanghai Institute (China) 

Preparation and Microstructure of YAG-Al2O3 Nanocomposites 

Michael Harris, University of Maryland 

Micropatterning of Nanoparticles During Evaporation of Organosol 

Drops and Bridges 

Yuhong Huang, Chemat Technologies Inc. 

Application of Functional Ceramic and Hybrid Nanostructure 

Coating 

Chen-Feng Kao, National Cheng Kung University 

Synthesis of Strontium Silicate Film from Hydrothermal Process 

Burtrand Lee, Clemson University 

Nanoparticle Synthesis via Surface Modification 

S. Lee, City University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong) 

Oxide-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Semiconductor 

Nanowires 

Meilin Liu, Georgia Institute of Technology 

Mesoporous and Nanostructured Mixed-Conducting Electrodes for 

Solid-State Ionic Devices 

Kelly Malone, Auburn University 

Formation and Oxidation Kinetics of Small Gold Crystallites in 

Photoresponsive Polymer Gels 

Alon Mccormick, University of Minnesota 

How Do Multicomponent Sol/Gel Matrices Grow? 

Thomas Niesen, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung (Germany) 

Deposition of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films on Organic Self- 

Assembled Monolayers by a Continuous Flow Technique 

Stephen O’Brien, Columbia University 

Time Resolved In Situ X-ray Powder Diffraction Studies of the 

Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials 

Wolfgang Pompe, Dresden University (Germany) 

Formation of Metallic Nanostructures on Biomolecular Templates 

Massimo Viviani, ICFAM/CNR 

Low-Temperature Aqueous Synthesis of Nanosized BaTiO3 Particles 

by Batch and Continuous Processes 

Zhong Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology 

Self-Assembly of Shape Controlled Magnetic Nanocrystals 

William Warren, DARPA 

Prospects for Nanoscience 

J. Ying, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Nanostructure Processing of Advanced Materials 

Masahiro Yoshimura, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) 

Direct Patterning of Ceramics with Controlled Nano/Microstructures 

in Solutions without Post-Firing 


Sponsored by 




Michael Z. Hu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Akihisa Inoue, Tohoku University, Japan 

Zhonglin Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology 

S.W. Chan, Columbia University 

Panel Discussion 

The National Nanotechnology 

Initiative: Opportunities for 

Education, Collaboration and 

Research 

Hailed as the most ambitious national research investment since 

the Sputnik days, nanotechnology has spurred considerable 

nation-wide interest across many walks of life — from ordinary 

citizens to politicians and from scientists to engineers. An invited 

panel of experts in academia, industry, national laboratories 

and several funding agencies will be assembled to have an open 

discussion and dialogue about opportunities for research and 

education within the national nanotechnology initiative. 

Panel Organizers 

Vinayak Dravid, Northwestern University 


Nitin P. Padture, University of Connecticut 

D3. Defects, Transport and 

Related 

Phenomena 

This symposium focuses on defects, transport and related phenomena 

in crystalline and noncrystalline ceramics. The sessions 

will contain a brief review of the history of this area in combination 

with reports on very recent research results and a discussion 

of recognized, but still unsolved problems. 


Harlan Anderson, University of Missouri-Rolla 

Influence of Microstructure on the Nonstoichometry in Ceria 

and Zirconia Thin Films 

Donald Ellis, Northwestern University 

Atomistic and Density Functional Methodology for Defect 

Structures of Oxide Ceramics 

Klaus Funke, University of Münster (Germany) 

Dynamics of Mobile Ions in Crystals, Glasses and Melts, 

Described by the Concept of Mismatch and Relaxation 

Robin Grimes, Los Alamos National Laboratory (on leave from 

Imperial College, London, U.K.) 

Simple Approaches to Predicting Property Trends in Defective 

Oxides 

Hajime Haneda, National Institute for Research in Inorganic 

Materials (Japan) 

Oxygen Diffusion and Oxygen Defect Structure in Zinc Oxide 

Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University 

Electrical Conductivity due to Nondiffusive Ion Movement in Glasses 

and Complex Crystals 

John Kieffer, University of Illinois 

Lyapunov Spectra and Atomic Transport Coefficients 

Philippe Knauth, Universite de Provence (France) 

Defects and Transport in Nanostructured Ceramics 

Joachim Maier, Max-Planck-Institut für Festkorperforschung (Germany) 

Mesoscopic Ion Transport in Nanosized Ceramics 

Manfred Martin, University of Aachen (Germany) 

Cation Diffusion in Doped Lanthanum Gallates 

Hj. Matzke, Institute for Transuranium Elements (Germany) 

Diffusion and Damage Effects in Nuclear Fuels 

Cornelius Moynihan, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Electrical Relaxation in Ionically Conducting Glasses 

Truls Norby, University of Oslo (Norway) 

Solubility and Location of Protons in Oxides — Correlations and 

Modeling 

R. Ramesh, University of Maryland 

Defects in Perovskite Ferroelectric Thin Films 

Bernhard Roling, University of Münster (Germany) 

Conductivity Spectroscopy on Ion Conducting Glasses 

Yoed Tsur, Technion--Israel Institute of Technology (Israel) 

The Change in Charge-Compensation Mechanism in Donor Doped 

Barium Titanate 

Rainer Waser, University of Aachen (Germany) 

Defects and Transport in Donor-Doped SrTiO3 — A New Model 

Sponsors 





Rüdiger Dieckmann, Cornell University 

David Sidebottom, University of New Mexico 

Harry L. Tuller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Registration Information 

Complete the meeting registration form on page 103 and 

send it with payment to The American Ceramic Society. You 

can register by phone, fax, mail or via the ACerS web site 

(www.ceramics.org). Refer to the top of the registration form 

on page 103 for specific details. 

Register before March 23, 2001, and save $100 on the full 

conference registration fees. If you can’t stay all week, take 

advantage of the Monday-only registration fee of $99. This 

will allow you to travel on Saturday to take advantage of 

lower airfares, attend the Sunday night reception and still 

have all day Monday for technical sessions and the 

Exposition. 

Refunds will be assessed a $25 processing fee. Cancellations 

must be received in writing by April 4, 2001. No refunds will 

be granted after April 4, 2001. 


Symposia E 




Ceramic Processing 

E1. Interfacial Chemistry and 

Segregation Phenomena in 

Ceramics 

Internal interfaces are pervasive in most conventional and modern 

ceramics, and in many cases, the grain boundaries or heterophase 

interfaces can influence or even control macroscopic material properties. 

This symposium will focus on ceramic materials, including 

structural, electronic and electrochemical ceramics, whose properties 

can be controlled through interface engineering. 


Ranier Hagenbeck, Infineon Technologies AG (Germany) 

Electrical Properties of Grain Boundaries in Mixed-Conducting 

Titanate Ceramics 

Eduardo Saiz, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 

Wetting, Adhesion and Diffusion at Oxide/Metal Interfaces 

Sponsors 



Organizing Committee 

Elizabeth Dickey, University of Kentucky 

Mehmet Gülgün, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Germany 

Kathleen Alexander, Los Alamos National Laboratory 

E2. Innovative Processing and Synthesis 

of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites 

Innovative techniques are needed for synthesis and processing of 

novel ceramic and composite materials and their fabrication in various 

forms, shapes and complex structures. 




rate. 


David Green, Pennsylvania State University 

Mechanical Behavior of Dry-Pressed Powder Compacts 

Chen-Feng Kao, National Cheng Kung University (China) 

Electrical Properties of Strontium Silicate by Hydrothermal 

Processing 

Rustum Roy, Pennsylvania State University 

Unprecedented “Anisothermal” Solid State Reactions: Manifestation 

and Proof of Microwave Effects 

Masahiro Yoshimura, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) 

Direct Fabrication of Patterned Ceramics Film by Soft Solution 

Processing 

Sponsored by 






Narottam P. Bansal, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 

Amit Bandyopadhyay, Washington State University 

Lisa C. Klein, Rutgers University 

Travel Information 

ACerS has selected Stellar Access as the official travel agency 

for this meeting. Call 1-800/929-4242 and ask for Group #645 

to receive the following discounts or the lowest available 

fares on any other carrier: 

American Airlines and US Airways – Save five percent to 10 

percent on lowest applicable fares. Take an additional five 

percent off with minimum 60 day advance purchase. 

Northwest Airlines – Save between $35 to $120 on the lowest 

applicable fares. 

You must travel between April 17–30, 2001, to receive the 

special fares. 

Avis Rent-A-Car – Special rates with unlimited free mileage. 

When calling Stellar Access at 1-800/929-4242, ask for Group 

#645. Outside U.S. and Canada, call 619/232-4298 or 

fax to 619/232-6497. 

NOTE: First time users must register and refer to your Group 

#645. 

Reservation hours: 

Monday–Friday, 6:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. PST 

Web site: 

www.stellaraccess.com 


Division & Class Programming 

Invited speakers and the titles of their presentations are included. For a complete list of sessions, abstracts and authors, see the ACerS 

web site and the Online Conference Management System at www.ceramics.org. Watch future issues of the Bulletin for the Advance 

Program (March) and the Final Program (April). 

Art Division 

The Art Division will provide a wide broad base of topics for this 

meeting. In addition, the Art Division will sponsor an ACerS Artists 

Workshop on Sunday, April 22, featuring Richard Bresnahan. 

Keynote Speaker 

James Klein, KleinReid 

Betwixt: Creating a Space between Art and Design 

Session Organizers 

Derek Gordon, Columbus Clay 

Karen Terpstra, University of Wisconsin 


BSD1. Combinatorial Studies of Ceramic 

Materials 

Combinatorial methods, which involve parallel synthesis of arrays 

of materials and high throughput characterization of properties, 

have been extended beyond the initial pharmaceutical applications 

to a host of inorganic materials. Recently, this methodology has 

been used for the discovery of new materials for a variety of functional 

ceramic components, such as dielectrics for dynamic random 

access memory and voltage tunable wireless devices and phosphors 

for optical devices. 

Advances in this area depend upon the development of novel 

methods for fabricating sample arrays, tools for small area, rapid 

measurements of properties and structure, and informatics techniques 

for analyzing and managing large amounts of data. 


Hauyee Chang 

Measurements of Microwave Dielectric Properties in the 

Combinatorial Approach 

Hans Christen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Epitaxial Films and Superlattices of PLD-CCS 

Daniel Giaquinta, Symyx Technologies 

Synthesis of Inorganic Materials by Combinatorial Solution 

Deposition Techniques 

David Ginley, NREL 

Combinatorial Approaches to Novel TCOs 

Paul McGinn, University of Notre Dame 

Considerations in Combinatorial Processing of Oxides 

Peter Schenck, National Institute of Standards & Technology 

Combinatorial PLD Fabrication and High-Throughput 

Characterization of Thin Film Libraries 

Robert van Dover, Bell Labs of Lucent Technologies 

Composition-Spread Exploration of Electronic and Photonic 



Debra L. Kaiser, National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Lynn F. Schneemeyer, Bell Laboratories Lucent Technologies 

BSD2. Ceramics for Microtechnology 

Microtechnology, whether in microelectronics, microelectromechanical 

systems (MEMS), microfluidics, or photonics, presents 

copious opportunities for materials scientists and engineers to contribute 

to a rapidly growing field expected to have a tremendous 

impact on our world. Many ceramic materials systems and processing 

technologies are well suited to these applications. 


Harold D. Ackler, AnSyn Microsystems, Inc. 

Kurt R. Mikeska, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. 

BSD3. Mechanical Behavior of Ceramics 

Emphasis will be placed on mechanical behavior associated with 

ceramic composite materials (where ceramics represent all components, 

or only one component). In addition, reliability of ceramic 

materials, as well as thin films and mechanics of interfaces will be 

discussed. All aspects of mechanical behavior including theory, 

computational modeling and experimental studies on elasticity, 

plasticity, creep, fatigue, environmental effects, wear and fracture 

will be covered in these sessions. 


Rowland Cannon, University of California 

Interfacial Fracture at Nb/Al2O3 Bicrystal Interfaces: Interfacial 

Chemistry Effects on Mechanisms 

Jürgen Rödel, Darmstadt University of Technology (Germany) 

Ferroelectric Toughening in PZT 

Luc Vandeperre, Cambridge University 

Limited Thermal Shock Damage Through Crack Deflecting 

Interfaces 


David C. Pender, General Electric Company 

Rajendra K. Bordia, University of Washington 

BSD4. The “Versatile” Perovskites: Crystal- 

Chemical Architecture and 

Unusual Properties 

Perovskite oxides both delight and challenge the ceramist with 

their wide range of properties, despite their nominally similar structures. 

These properties range from well-known ferroelectric behavior 

to unusual magneto-transport phenomena and catalytic activity. 


Nigel Browning, University of Illinois 

Atomic Scale Structure Property Relationships at Perovskite Grain 

Boundaries 


John B. Goodenough, University of Texas 

Vibronic States in Perovskites 

M. Saiful Islam, University of Surrey (United Kingdom) 

Ionic Transport and Defects in Perovskite Oxides: A Computer 

Modeling Tour 

Paul McIntyre, Stanford University 

Point Defect Chemistry and Reliability of Thin Film Perovskite 

Dielectrics 

Alexandra Navrotsky, University of California 

Thermochemistry of Charge Balanced Ionic Substitution in 

Perovskites and Perovskite Related Materials 

Session Organizer 

Sossina M. Haile, California Institute of Technology 

BSD5. Crystallographic Texture in 

Ceramic 

Applications 

Preferred orientation and anisotropy is increasingly recognized as 

an important aspect of microstructural characterization for ceramic 

materials. Processing routes to control preferred orientation continue 

to be developed and refined. The effects of preferred orientation 

on properties and property anisotropy have been documented in a 

number of ceramic materials. However, predictive models for orientation 

effects are still in their early stages. 


Mark D. Vaudin, National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Keith Bowman, Purdue University 

BSD6. Special Session in Honor of Prof. 

Arthur H. 

Heuer on his 65th Birthday 

In a distinguished career spanning more than four decades, 

Professor Arthur H. Heuer has made major contributions throughout 

the field of technical ceramics. As a researcher, teacher and 

mentor, Heuer helped to develop topics such as electron microscopy 

and transformation toughening of ceramics from their earliest 

stages into cornerstones of modern ceramic science and technology. 

More recently, the scope of his work has expanded to include 

new fields, such as bioceramics and materials for microelectromechanical 

systems, whose impact will be felt well into the 21st century. 

The goal of the session, in addition to honoring the work of a 

Distinguished Life Member of The American Ceramic Society, will 

be to present both a retrospective and prospective view of technical 

ceramics and ceramics research -- how they have developed, 

their current status, and where they are headed. 


Rowland M. Cannon, University of California 

Creep of Polycrystalline Alumina Revisited: A Search for 

Mechanisms 

Jacques Castaing, Centre National de la Recherche (France) 

Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Tool for Understanding 

Materials Processing in Ancient Times 

David R. Clarke, University of California 

What Can High-Temperature Oxidation Tell Us about Grain 

Boundary Diffusion in Alumina? 

Nils Claussen, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg (Germany) 

Liquid-Reaction Processing of Ceramic Composites 

Mark De Guire, Case Western Reserve University 

Ceramic Thin Films Deposited at Low Temperatures from Aqueous 

Solutions: Review and Recent Results 

Arturo Dominguez-Rodriguez, Universidad de Sevilla (Spain) 

Creep of Zirconia: From Single Crystals to Nanoceramics 

Anthony G. Evans, Princeton University 

The Resilient Mechanical Behavior of Nacre 

Richard H.J. Hannink, CSIRO Manufacturing Science & Technology 

(Australia) 

Transformation Toughening in Zirconia 

Martin P. Harmer, Lehigh University 

Sintering: More Maps, Myths and Marvels 

K. Peter D. Lagerlöf, Case Western Reserve University 

Deformation Twinning of Sapphire (α-Al2O3 ) 

Fred F. Lange, University of California 

Nano-Textured, Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces 

Brian Lawn, National Institute of Standards & Technology 

Failure of Ceramic Coatings on Soft Substrates 

Victor L. Lou, General Electric Corp., 

Volatility Diagrams and Gas-Solid Reactions in Ceramics 

Mehran Mehregany, Case Western Reserve University and Nine 

Sigma 

Silicon Carbide MEMS 

Terence E. Mitchell, Los Alamos National Laboratory 

Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ceramic Oxide Crystals 

Pirouz Pirouz, Case Western Reserve University 

On Partial/Perfect Dislocations and Transitions in Yield and Fracture 

Properties of SiC 

Manfred Rühle, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung (Germany) 

Transmission Electron Microscopy of SrTiO3 Rolf W. Steinbrech, Forschungszentrum Juelich (Germany) 

Crack Resistance Curves of Ceramics 

Sheldon Wiederhorn, National Institute of Standards & Technology 

Wetted Grain Boundaries in Aluminum Oxide 


Mark R. De Guire, Case Western Reserve University 

Vinayak Dravid, Northwestern University 


BSD7. Electrochemically Active Ceramic 


Fundamental research on electrochemically active ceramics is driven 

by demanding needs for reliable solid state chemical sensors, 

novel catalysts and efficient fuel cells. The research involves the 

study of materials processing, surface chemistry and physics, interface 

characteristics, microstructures, defect chemistry, electrical and 

electrochemical properties, and theoretical modeling. 

Interdisciplinary studies involving other aspects of modern science 

and technology, including the fabrication of new materials, interfacial 

bonding, atomic and electronic structures, crystal defects, interfacial 

diffusion and segregation also will be highlighted. 



Gerd Duscher, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Non-Stoichiometric Tilt Grain Boundaries in SrTiO3 Raymond J. Gorte, University of Pennsylvania 

The Development of SOFC Anodes for the Direct Oxidation of 

Hydrocarbon Fuels 

Andrei Kolmakov, Texas A&M 

STM Imaging of Oxide Supported Metal Particles: From UHV to 

“Real World” Studies 

Christina Scheu, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung (Germany) 

Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies of Metal/SrTiO3 Interfaces 

Steve Semancik, National Institute of Standards & Technology 

Microarray Studies of Processing and Gas Sensing Performance for 

Oxide Films 

Richard E. Soltis, Ford Motor Co. 

Electrochemical Gas Sensors for Automotive Applications 


Nanocrystalline Solid State Electrochemical Devices—What’s New 

Here? 


Xiaoqing Pan, University of Michigan 

George Graham, Ford Motor Company 

Gregory Rohrer, Carnegie Mellon University 

BSD8. General Session 

Discussions that do not fit in the topical symposia co-sponsored by 

the Basic Science Division or the focused sessions will be addressed 

at the General Sessions. 

Program Chairs 

Vinayak P. Dravid, Northwestern University 



Technical sessions will be organized to cover the science, technology 

and manufacture of cement and concrete systems as well as 

industry trends and challenges. 

Program Chair 

Weiping Ma, Holnam Inc. 


The Electronics Division is sponsoring Society-wide symposia and 

divisional focused sessions. Topics traditionally addressed in divisional 

general sessions will be highlighted in relevant symposia and 

focused sessions. 

Program Chair 


Focused Sessions 

ELEC1. Advances in Electroactive 

Composite 

Materials and Devices 

Over the course of the past 25 years, remarkable advances have 

been made in the development and performance capabilities of 

electroactive composite materials and devices. This focused session 

is designed to honor the career accomplishments of one of the pioneers 

in this field, Professor Robert E. Newnham. 


Ahmed H. Amin, Naval Undersea Warfare Center 

1-3 BST Composite Arrays for Pyroelectric Imaging 

Garnett C. Horner, NASA Langley Research Center 

Flex-Patch, a New Highly Flexible Piezoceramic Composite 

Robert E. Newnham, Pennsylvania State University 

Functional Composites 

Ahmed Safari, Rutgers University 

Development of Novel Piezoelectric Composites and Actuators by 

Rapid Prototyping 


2-2 Piezoelectric Composite Transducers 


James F. Tressler, Naval Research Laboratory 

William B. Carlson, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University 

ELEC2. High Strain Piezoelectrics 

Conventional piezoelectric ceramics for transducer and actuator 

applications have electromechanical strains rarely exceeding 10-3. However, development of high strain (> 10-2) piezoelectric crystals 

has stimulated research in the search for novel materials (generally 

ferroelectric perovskites) and in the exploration of crystal growth 

and/or textured ceramics for commercial and military applications. 

Crystal growth with uniform composition is vital for future practical 

utilization of this class of materials. 

This focused session will provide a forum to report significant progress 

on these challenging issues. 


L. Eric Cross, Pennsylvania State University 

High Strain Piezoelectrics 

Lynn Ewart, NUWC 

Mechanical and Electromechanical Properties of Piezoelectric 

Single Crystal PMN 

Richard Gentilman, Materials Systems Inc. 

High Strain Solid-State Converted Piezoelectric Materials 

Wesley Hackenberger, TRS Ceramics 

Applications for Single Crystal Relaxor Ferroelectrics 

Pendhi Han, H.C. Materials Corp. 

Progress in Crystal Growth of High Strain Piezocrystals 

Martin Harmer, Lehigh University 

Single Crystal Growth of PMN-PT by Seeded Polycrystal Conversion 

Armen Khachaturyan, Rutgers University 

Adaptive Ferroelectric Phases 


Chris Lynch, Georgia Institute of Technology 

Characterization of High Strain Material Properties 

Gary Messing, Pennsylvania State University 

Solid State Growth of Textured High Strain Piezoelectric Materials 

Beatriz Noheda, Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Monoclinic Phase in PZN-8%PT 

Thomas Shrout, Pennsylvania State University 

Recent Developments in High Strain Piezoelectrics 

David Vanderbilt, Rutgers University 

First-Principles Based Calculations of Electromechanical Properties 

of PZT and Related Materials. 


Dwight Viehland, Naval Undersea Warfare Center 

Carl Wu, Office of Naval Research 


ELEC3. Reliability of Dielectric 

Materials and 

Devices 


Wayne Huebner, University of Missouri-Rolla 

Matthew J. Creedon, Ferro Electronic Materials 

Walter Schulze, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University 

Steve Pilgrim, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University 

Wayne Tuohig, Allied Signal FM&T 


The Engineering Ceramics Division will include contributions on 

mechanical behavior and molding, new ceramics and applications. 

Program Chair 

M. Singh, NASA John H. Glenn Research Center 

Corporate Technical 

Achievement Award 

Presentation 

Ceramic Protection Corp. 

Development, Implementation and Commercialization of 

Glass & Optical Materials 

Division 

This year the division will participate in seven interdivisional symposia. 

We also have organized four focused sessions described 

below. In addition, papers will include all other areas of glass science 

and technology. 

General Sessions 

• Compositions, structure and properties of oxide glasses 

• Commercial glasses 

• Applications of glass and optical materials 

• Nucleation and crystallization 

• Optical fibers and optical fiber systems 

• Relaxation and the glass transition 

• Properties of glass-containing composites 

• Glass surfaces and thin films 

• Art and history of glass 

Program Chair 

Eliezer M. Rabinovich, Bell Labs of Lucent Technologies 

Focused Sessions 

GOMD1. Science and Technology of 

Vitreous Silica 

Vitreous silica (or amorphous silica, or silica glass) is one of the 

most important materials. The unique properties of silica allow its 

use in a variety of applications with stringent performance requirements. 

Advances in the processing and characterization of vitreous 

silica have helped to fuel the technological revolutions both in 

communications and electronics. 


H. Hosono, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) 

Defects Formation in SiO2 Glasses by F2 Laser Irradiation 

A. Ikushima, Toyota (Japan) 

Structural Disorder and Structural Relaxation in Silica Glass 

J. Wong, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 

Morphology, Microstructure and Defects in Vitreous Silica Induced 

by High Power 3 w UV (355 nm) Laser Pulses 


Minoru Tomozawa, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

GOMD2. New Glazing, Enameling 

and Firing 

Technologies 

The traditional ceramic areas of dinnerware, tile, porcelain enamels, 

glass enamels and whitewares have undergone significant technological 

change and development over the past several years. Such 

changes include the changeover to unleaded glazes in dinnerware 

and glass deco, the development of floor tile with better abrasion, 

wear and slip resistance, and advances in the production of 

unglazed porcelainized stoneware. New frits have been developed 

both as glaze and enamel components and as body additives. 


Some of these new frits are classified as crystallizing frits, and incorporate 

glass-ceramic technology. There also are new developments 

in application and decorating technology. 

This session is being organized in cooperation with the Whitewares 

& Materials Division. 


Bruno Burzacchini, Ferro Italy 

Ink Jet Decoration of Ceramic Tile 

S.N. Crichton, Ferro Corp. 

New Tile Glazes from Crystallizing Frits. 


Steven Crichton, Ferro Corp. 

James A. Jaskowiak, Ferro Corp. 

GOMD3. Science and Technology of 

Nonoxide 

Glasses 

Nonoxide glasses have an enormous future potential for enabling 

the next-generation photonic technologies. These nontraditional 

glasses, which include chalcogenides, fluorides, mixed-halides and 

tellurites, exhibit a broad range of properties that can be tailored to 

suit a particular application. Among the most useful properties are 

the low phonon energies which lead to efficient radiative transitions 

for the excited states; good rare-earth cation solubilities 

which allow for short device lengths; large refractive indices which 

lead to enhanced nonlinear properties with potential applications 

in all-optical switching. 


Harold Hwang, Lucent Technologies/Bell-Labs 

Optical Properties of Chalcogenide Glasses 

Marcel Poulain, University of Rennes (France) 

Fluoride and Polyanion Glasses for Active Optical Devices 

Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida 

Engineering Chalcogenide Glasses for Integrated Optics 

Applications 

Jas Sanghera, Naval Research Laboratory 

IR Applications of Chalcogenide Glass Fibers 

Jean Toulouse, Lehigh University 

Local Structure and Vibrational Raman Spectra of Doped Tellurite 

Glasses 

Hiroaki Yanagita, Hoya (Japan) 

Non-Silica Glasses for Light Amplification 


A. Refik Kortan, Bell Labs of Lucent Technologies 

GOMD4. Modeling of Glass Melting 

and Forming 

Processes 

With rapid evolution of numerical methods and computer technology, 

mathematical modeling has become increasingly popular in 

the glass industry. In order to improve process and product quality, 

modeling has been extensively applied to simulate glass flow and 

heat transfer characteristics in furnaces, channels, forehearths and 

forming devices. It has been used as a cheap and easy insight tool 

in glass manufacturing processes where experiments are often 

costly and difficult to make. 

Invited Speaker 

Charles K. Edge, Consultant 

Modeling the Float Glass Process: An Overview of Status and Needs 

William W. Johnson, Corning Inc. 

Beyond Thermally-Driven Molten Glass Convection 


Bruno A. Purnode, Owens Corning Science & Technology Center 


Modern refractory materials are a highly engineered product that 

has evolved based on material improvements, the push for more 

on-line productivity, and the desire for longer service life under a 

variety of conditions. Much of this evolution has occurred through 

close cooperation between the user and producer of refractories. 

Consolidation in industry has altered this relationship and the 

exchange of technology. Many common problems exist among 

industrial refractory users. Some are being researched by consortiums 

that can involve refractory users, producers and academia. 

Technical discussion of barriers or other issues in refractory materials 

faced by raw material suppliers, producer of refractories, and 

users of refractory materials also will help bring about solutions. 

Al Allen Award Lecture 

Andrew Wereszczak, Warren Curtus and T.P. Kirkland 

Creep of CaO/SiO2 Containing MgO 

The Refrectory Ceramics Division will sponsor a plant tour of Lone Star 

Cement Co. in Greencastle, Ind., on Tuesday afternoon, 

April 24. Space is limited. To reserve your seat on the bus, call the 

ACerS Meetings Department at 614/794-5881. 

Program Co-chairs 

Jeffery D. Smith, University of Missouri-Rolla 

James P. Bennett, Albany Research Center – USDOE 


Whitewares & Materials 

Division 

General Sessions 

The Whitewares & Materials Division program will consist of 

focused sessions of invited and contributed papers on topics pertaining 

to grinding and mixing in conjunction with general sessions 

focused on the production and use of whitewares and the materials 

and equipment used in the production process. 

Organizers 

James Jaskowiak, Ferro Corp. 

Brett Wilson, The Pfaltzgraff Company 

National Institute of Ceramic 

Engineers and Ceramic 

Education Council 

NICE1. Materials Science Versus 

Ceramic 

Engineering: Parasitic or Symbiotic 

There has been much discussion regarding the future of ceramic 

engineering and even materials science educational programs. 

Faced with dwindling student numbers departments are forced to 

analyze the reasons for this: what is the rationale for students 

choosing materials over ceramics? or other engineering disciplines 

over materials? Whom does industry want to hire? 

Presentations will include: 

• A review of enrollment statistics – CE vs. MSE 

• Salary data for the engineering disciplines 

• What is the industry profile 

There will follow a panel discussion that will include: 

• Chairs of ceramic programs 

• Chairs of materials programs born from ceramics 

• Industries who hire in and out of the discipline 

• Students 

Panelists 


Lisa Friedman, Pennsylvania State University 

Matthew Hall, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University 

John Helmann, Pennsylvania State University 

Tara Milligan, University of Missouri Rolla 

Harrie Stevens, Corning Inc. 



John Hellman, Pennsylvania State University 

Advisory: A.J. Mercer, Past Chair of Student Congress 

NICE2. Continuing Education via 

the World 

Wide Web 

This will be a focused session organized by NICE addressing the 

ways in which the web may be used in distance learning to offer 

continuing education to those in the industry. Schools that have 

participated in distance learning will present their experiences and 

there will be time at the end for a discussion regarding what type 

of continuing education opportunities should be offered through 

this medium. 

Invited Speaker 

Paul Johnson, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University 

Web Based Teaching in the New Millennium 

Student Activities (cont’d) 

Student Pages Needed 

Earn and learn at the same time. Yes, ACerS will pay you to 

attend the technical sessions on Monday through 

Wednesday. Your duties as a session page will include assisting 

session chairs and ACerS staff, taking attendance during 

your sessions and running the audio/visual equipment for 

presenters. Work at least four sessions and ACerS will refund 

your registration fee as well. Interested students can contact 

Bob Thompson, page coordinator, at 614/794-5834 or 

bthompson@acers.org. Watch the Bulletin and the ACerS web 

site for further details. 

Student Putting Contest & Mug Drop 

ACerS Student Branches create their own ceramic putters 

and golf balls to compete in the contest. This fun event will 

take place at 7 p.m. on Sunday, April 22, during the Society 

Opening Reception. The Keramos Mug Drop Competition will 

immediately follow. 

ACerS Student Night Out at Jillian’s 

Invade Jillian’s en-mass with hundreds of your fellow students 

on Tuesday night, April 24. Two blocks from the convention 

center, Jillian’s is an incredible entertainment complex 

and dining facility where you’re bound to have a good 

time. ACerS will jump-start your fun by offering you $10 EAT! 

DRINK! PLAY! gift certificates at half price ($5) — limit 3 per 

student. See the meeting registration form to order your gift 

certificates. Bring along your professor for kicks! 


Exposition 

Admittance to the Exposition is FREE to all attendees. Companies and organizations will display and demonstrate a wide array of raw materials, 

chemicals, manufacturing equipment and services needed to produce and market traditional and advanced ceramics, composites, glass and 

refractory products. For information on exposition booth space or to advertise in the April “Official Program” issue of the American Ceramic Society 

Bulletin, contact Peter Scott, ACerS advertising & exposition sales manager, at 614/794-5844 or e-mail: pscott@acers.org. 

Exposition Hours 

Sunday, April 22 6–8 p.m. (Society Reception) 

Monday, April 23 10 a.m.–5 p.m. (Poster Session, 1–5 p.m.) 

Tuesday, April 24 10 a.m.–3 p.m. 

List of 2000 Exhibitors 

AACCM 

ACerS Book Sales 

ADE Phase Shift 

AJ Jena Analytical 

AKZO Nobel/Permascand 

Aluminium Pechiney 

American Isostatic Presses, Inc. 

Anter Corp. 

Applied Ceramics, Inc. 

Applied Research Laboratories 

ATLASpress, Inc. 

Baikowski International Corp. 

Basstech International 

Beckman Coulter 

Bede Scientific, Inc. 

Birmingham Metal 

Bolt Technical Ceramics, Inc. 

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts 

Carbolite, Inc. 

Centorr Vacuum Industries, Inc. 

Ceram Research 

Ceramic Industry 

Ceramics Corridor Innovation Centers 

CERAMITEC/Munich Trade Fairs N.A. 

CeramTec NA 

Cetac Technologies 

Chand Kare Technical Ceramics 

Chemat Technology, Inc. 

Christy Minerals Co. 

Cilas U.S. Inc. 

CM Furnaces, Inc. 

Cometals, Inc. 

Corning Lab Services – CELS 

Deltech, Inc. 

Diacut, Inc. 

Digital Instruments 

Dorst America, Inc. 

Eagle Zinc Co. 

Eirich Machines, Inc. 


Elatec Technology Corp. 

Engineered Pressure Systems, Inc. 

Exakt Technologies, Inc. 

Ferro Corp. 

Flow Autoclave Systems, Inc. 

Fluent, Inc. 

Gasbarre Products, Inc. 

Grinding Machines Nuerenberg 

H.C. Starck, Inc. 

H.T.I.E., Inc. 

Haake, Inc. 

Harrop Industries, Inc. 

HK Technologies, Inc. 

Horiba Instruments, Inc. 

I Squared R Element Co., Inc. 

Indianapolis Convention & Visitors 

Assoc. 

Ingredient Masters 

INTEGREX Testing Systems 

J.W. Lemmens, Inc. 

JY 

Kanthal 

Kluwer Academic Publishers 

Kyanite Mining Corp. 

KZK Powder Tech Corp. 

Lafarge Calcium Aluminates, Inc. 

Lancaster Products/Kercher 

Industries, Inc. 

Laser Technology West Ltd. 

Linseis, Inc. 

Littleford Day, Inc. 

Lunzer, Inc. 

M.E.G. Systems Corp. 

Magneco/Metrel, Inc. 

Malakoff Industries, Inc. 

Matec Applied Sciences 

MBNA America Bank, N.A. 

MEI (Magnesium Elektron, Inc.) 

Mexican Ceramic Society 

Micromeritics Instrument Corp. 

Micropyretics Heaters Int’l, Inc. 

N.I.C.E. 

Nabaltec GmbH 

Nabertherm GmbH 

Netzsch Instruments, Inc. 

New Castle Refractories 

New England Section of ACerS 

Northeast Tenn Valley Reg. Ind. 

Norton Company Abrasives 

Nutro 

NYS College of Ceramics 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Orton Ceramic Foundation 

Oxy-Gon Industries, Inc. 

Ozark Technical Ceramics 

Pegasus Glassworks, Inc. 

Philips Analytical 

Poco Graphite, Inc. 

Porous Materials, Inc. 

Porvair Advanced Materials, Inc. 

Princeton Gamma-Tech, Inc. 

PTX-Pentronix, Inc. 

Quantachrome Corp. 

R.D. Webb Co. 

Radiant Technologies, Inc. 

Rauschert Technical Ceramics 

Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics 

Sapko 

SciVision 

SecondWave Systems Corp. 

Setaram, Inc. 

Sonic-Mill 

Specialty Glass, Inc. 

St. Louis Metallizing 

Superior Graphite 

TA Instruments 

Technology Partners, Inc. 

Thermal Source, Inc. 

Thermal Technology, Inc. 

Thermcraft, Inc. 

Theta Industries, Inc. 

Tosoh Ceramics Division 

TSI/Amherst Process Instruments 

Unimin Corp. 

Union Process, Inc. 

University of Missouri–Rolla 

Verlag Schmid GmbH 

Vesuvius-McDanel Co. 

Viox Corp. 

World Cyber University 

Xin Xing Zirconia, LLC 

Zirconia Sales (America), Inc. 


Companion Program 

Schedule of Events 

Sunday, April 22 

Companion Suite Hours 

11 a.m.–5 p.m. 

• Refreshments will be provided 

• Badges will be passed out 

• Final agendas/schedule will be available 

• Brochures will be available for ideas and interests 

• Various board/card games will be available for those 

interested 

Society Reception 

6–8 p.m. 

Exposition Hall 

Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome 

Monday, April 23 


7–10 a.m. 

(Continental breakfast will be offered.) 

3–5 p.m. 

(Suite reopens for games, relaxing conversation and refreshments.) 

Scottish Rite Cathedral Tour 

10–11 a.m. 

(Transportation provided) 

Lunch at Magic Moments Restaurant 

11:30 a.m.–1:30 p.m. 


Tuesday, April 24 


7–10 a.m. 

(Continental breakfast will be offered.) 

1–5 p.m. 

(Companion suite reopens.) 

Shopping at Circle Center Mall 

10–11:30 a.m. 


First Annual Companion Mimosa Afternoon 

1–5 p.m. 

(In the Companion Suite) 

Event Descriptions 

Scottish Rite Cathedral Tour 

Erected in 1929, the Scottish Rite Cathedral is an impressive Gothic 

structure containing beautiful stained glass windows, magnificent 

carved woodwork, a 7,000 pipe organ and a large 54-bell carillon. 

The International Association of Architects describes the cathedral 

as one of the 10 most beautiful buildings in the world. 

Magic Moments Restaurant 

Experience fine dining in a penthouse suite overlooking 

Indianapolis. Enjoy steaks, seafood, poultry, pasta and specialty 

desserts as well as an interactive comedy-magic show. 

Circle Center Mall 

The Circle Center Mall has more than 100 specialty stores, including 

Nordstrom, for you to shop in. Transportation to and from the mall 

will be provided. 

First Annual Companion Mimosa Afternoon 

Enjoy a relaxing afternoon by receiving a makeover from 

Nordstroms while sipping delicious Mimosas. 

Watch future issues of the Bulletin for program updates. 

Visit with old friends and make some new! 


Meeting Registration Form 

4 Ways 

to 

PLEASE PRINT ON Advanced Registration Deadline - March 23, 2001 *ACERS DUES 

REGISTRATION 

FAX 

614/794-5892 

(Credit Cards Only) 

Advanced On-site 

(on/before March 23) (after March 23) 

Member* o $360 o $460 

NonMember North American* o $450 o $550 

NonMember International* o $510 o $610 

Monday Only o $99 o $99 

One Day 

Tuesday o $200 o $300 

Wednesday o $200 o $300 

Distinguished Life o $0 o $0 

Emeritus/Senior o $75 o $90 

Student o $70 o $85 

Expo Only o FREE o FREE 

Companion Program o $180 o $200 

On-site Abstract Book No. of books______ x$35=________ 

Banquet No. of tickets______ x$55=________ 

NICE/Keramos Luncheon No. of tickets______ x$30=________ 

ACerS Student Night (limit 3 per student) No. of certificates_____x$5=_______ 

2001 Annual Meeting & Exposition 

April 22-April 25, 2001 • Indiana Convention 

Center & RCA Dome • Indianapolis, Ind. 

MAIL 


Dept. 315 

Columbus, OH 43265 USA 

Member No. Name (as to appear on badge) 

First Name M.I. Last Name 

Job Title Dept. 

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Street Address 

P.O. Box 

TOTAL $ ____________ 

WWW 

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(Area Code/ 

Country + City Code) 

E-mail 

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(Area Code/ 

Country + City Code) 

Pre-publication discount rates are available now on the proceedings to be 

published from the 2001 Annual Meeting. Please check the appropriate box 

for book(s) desired. 

List Price Pre-Publication Price 

1. Symposium A2 - CT126 o $96 o $69 

2. Symposium B1 - CT127 o $98 o $71 

3. Symposium C2 - CT128 o $98 o $71 

4. Symposium C3 - CT130 o $95 o $68 

5. Symposium E2 - CT129 o $98 o $71 

Subtotal $ _____________ 

N. American Shipping & Handling ($3 for first book, $2 each additional book) $ _____________ 

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Ohio Residents: Add 5.75% sales tax $ _____________ 

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TOTAL $ _____________ 



PAYMENT 

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Books Total $_________________ 

ACerS Dues $ _______________ 

GRAND TOTAL $_________________ 

Check for $_________________ enclosed. 

(Payable to: The American Ceramic Society. Must be 

in U.S dollars and drawn on a U.S. bank.) 

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Current Member Dues Renewal 

Please mark box then choose one 

division affiliation below. 

ACerS 2001 Dues 

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International o $146 

NonMember registration includes a 

one-year membership in ACerS effective 

when meeting registration is 

processed. Please choose one division 

affiliation below. 

o Art 

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to contact you, Please indicate any special 

needs below. 

Refunds will be assessed a $25 processing fee. Cancellations 

must be received in writing by April 4, 2001. No refunds will 

be granted after April 4, 2001. 

0 1 4 1 B 3 


Downtown Indianapolis 


INDY WELCOMES THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 

APRIL 22-25, 2001 

HOTEL RESERVATION FORM 

GENERAL INFORMATION 

Reservations can be made by choosing one of the following methods: 

INTERNET: Book your reservation on-line at www.indy.org/conventions or www. ceramics.org. This is the quickest and most effective 

method. 

FAX: Send completed form to 317/684-2492. 

MAIL: Send completed form to ICVA Housing Bureau, One RCA Dome, Suite 100, Indianapolis, IN 46225-1060. 

All reservation requests will be made through the Housing Bureau. DEADLINE: Thursday, March 22, 2001. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Acknowledgements will be sent after each reservation booking, modification and/or cancellation. Review acknowledgements 

carefully for accuracy. If you do not receive an acknowledgement within 14 days after any transaction, please call the Housing 

Bureau at 317/684-2573. 

MODIFICATIONS/CANCELLATIONS: Please review carefully. A one-night (plus 11% tax) advance deposit is required for each room requested. 

Checks will be deposited 30 days prior to arrival date. Credit card processing will be held until checkout. A $25 cancellation fee will be charged 

for reservations cancelled on or after Friday, March 2, 2001. Reservations cancelled on or after Monday, April 16, 2001, or no shows will be 

charged by 

the hotel. 

Type of room: 1 bed/1 person (1B/1P) ____________ 

HOTEL INFORMATION 

1 bed/2 people (1B/2P) ______________ 2 beds/2 people (2B/2P) __________ 

2 beds/3 people (2B/3P) ___________ 2 beds/4 people (2B/4P) _____________ Rollaway _______________________ 

Number of Rooms: ________ Arrival: ________________ Departure: _______________ Number of Nights: _______ 

Hotel requested: 1B/1P 1B/2P 2B/2P 2B/3P 2B/4P 

Indianapolis Marriott Downtown (Headquarters) ___ $ 134 $ 144 $ 144 $ 154 $ 

164 

Hyatt Regency Indianapolis ____ $ 134 $ 144 $ 144 $ 157 $ 170 

Courtyard by Marriott Downtown ____ $ 114 $ 114 $ 114 $ 114 $ 114 

Radisson Hotel City Centre ____ $ 116 $ 126 $ 126 $ 136 $ 146 

Requests will be processed on a first-come, first-served basis. If all your choices are unavailable, you will be placed in the next available choice that meets 

your 

requirements. 

Special requests: q Smoking q Non-Smoking q Handicapped q Other ____________________________ Requests are not guaranteed. 

DELEGATE INFORMATION 

First Name: ___________________________________Initial: _______________ Last Name:_________________________________________ 

E-Mail Address : ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Company: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Address: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

City: _____________________________________________________ State: __________ Zip: __________________ Country: _______________ 

Home Phone: _________________________Daytime Phone: ______________________________________ Fax: ________________________ 

International prefix and area code, if necessary: ______________________________________________________________________________ 

Contact Name for Groups: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Additional Guests in Room: 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 

3. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 

PAYMENT INFORMATION 

Credit Cards: q Visa q Mastercard q American Express q Discover q Other ___________________________________ 

Card Number: _______________________________________________________________ Expiration Date: _____________ 

Name of Cardholder: __________________________________________ Signature: ____________________________________ 


Business OppOrtunities 

Rates & Specifications 

Business Opportunities 

Consultants and others offering services to the ceramic 

field are located quickly and easily by industry segment 

and receive consistent 

exposure in this section. 

Categories include: 

Consulting • Engineering • Glass • Instrumentation 

• Insulation • Kilns • Laboratory Services • Machinery 

• Machining • Materials • Patent Attorneys 

• Refractories • Services • Software 

Advertisements are accepted on an annual basis only 

and are not commissionable. Per year rates: 

ACerS Members $750 per unit 

Non-Members $900 per unit 

Cards may be purchased in one or two units. 

Consulting Card ads may not be used for fulfilling frequency. 

Prepayment is required before first insertion. 

All payments should be made by check, money order, 

or credit card nly and are acceptable only in U.S. dollars 

or the equivalent UNESCO Coupons. 

3” 

3 5/16” 

1 11/16” 1 UNIT 

3 5/16” 

2 UNITS 

C onsulting 

ALLIED 

KILN 

SERVICE 

INC. 

TIMOTHY J. TOBIN 

BUS.: (608) 783-4455 

FAX: (608) 783-4420 

Installations Refractory/Fiber Instrumentation 

Combustion Electrical Profile/Balancing 

P.O. Box 415 • N5550 Cheyenne Dr. • Onalaska, WI 54650 

Technology/Marketing/Assessment/Licensing/Training 

for Industry, Federal Agencies, Universities 

Ronald E. Barks 

Associates Dr. Ronald E. Barks 

Principal 

P.O. Box 48 • 153 Thompson Rd. • Thompson, CT 06277 

(860) 935-9210 • FAX (860) 935-9213 

email: rebarks@cybermesa.com 

DELKI Ć & ASSOCIATES 

INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS 

• Worldwide Services • 

• Energy Saving Ceramic Coatings & Fiber Modules • 

FERIz DELKI Ć 

Ceramic Engineer 

P.O. Box 1726, Ponte Vedra, FL 32004 

Phone: (904) 285-0200 Fax: (904) 273-1616 

RICHARD A. EPPLER, Ph.D. 

Consultant 

Ceramic, Glaze, Porcelain Enamel, Pigments, 

Electronic Ceramics, Whiteware, Glass 

EPPLER ASSOCIATES 

400 Cedar Lane, Cheshire, CT 06410 (203) 271-2211 


Custom Kiln Design 

FIRE INCORPORATED 

KILNS 

Providing superior professional 

design for over 30 years 

Phone: (412) 221-3555 Fax: (412) 221-3556 

P.O. Box 11698 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15228 

MAXWELL KILNS, Inc. 

• Kiln Replacement Parts 

• Engineering/Design For New Kilns 

• Kiln Modifications & Relocation 

• Combustion Systems/Kiln Repairs 

• Instrumentation & Controls 

• Sheet Metal & Piping Installation 

We specialize in sOlving yOur kiln prOBlems 

P.O. Box 13459 Phone – (412) 278-1310 

Pittsburgh, PA 15243-1227 Fax – (412) 278-1311 

SOLUTIONS TO KILN / DRYER PROBLEMS 

• Upgrade Combustion & Control Systems 

• Kiln Engineering / Repairs / Modernization 

• Kiln Service To Optimize Performance 

• Kiln Evaluations/Recommendations 

• Automated Car Moving Systems 

• In Plant Kiln Operator Training 

• Kiln Replacement Parts 

200 Bursca Dr., Suite 210 Tel: 412-257-1606 

Bridgeville, PA 15017 Fax: 412-257-1615 

SBL KILN SERVICES, Inc. 

Celebrating 10 Years of Service 

E ngineering 

Contract Spray Drying Services 

• 24-ft. diam. dryer 

• Rotary or nozzle atomization 

• Water evaporation up to 

2000 lbs/hr 

CeramTec North America Innovative Ceramic Engineering Corporation 

One Technology Place • P.O. Box 89 • Laurens, SC 29360-0089 

Tel.: 864-682-1125 • Fax: 864-682-1151 

Email: info@ceramtec.com • Web: http://www.ceramtec.com 


220148 

scali cOnsulting & training 

Bert Scali, QMS-LA, CQA, CQMgr 

Michael V. Scali, Consultant 

2804 Benjamin Drive 

Brunswick, OH 44212 

Tel/Fax: 330-220-0002 

ISO/QS/AS 9000 Consulting, Auditing, Training, SPC, VA/VE 

Supplier Development, Business Process Optimization 

e-mail: bscali@aol.com 

• 700°F max. inlet temperature 

• Large ball mills, Sweco mills, 

Q-25 circulation attritor 

Your Ad 

Should Be Here! 

Consulting / Engineering

G lass 

SEM • COM COMPANY, INC. 

SPECIALTY & ELECTRONIC 

GLASS MANUFACTURING 

We provide the following services: 

n GLASS MELTING 

n GLASS FABRICATION 

n COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT 

n CONSULTING 

Call or write for further information 

P.O. BOX 8428 

TOLEDO, OHIO 43623 

Ph: 419/537-8813 Fax: 419/537-7054 

e-mail: SEM-COM@sem-com.com 

web site: www.sem-com.com 

SPECIALTY 

GLASS, INC. 

Your Single Source Solution for 

the Finest Glass Products. 

RODS • POWDERS • FRITS 

SPUTTERING TARGETS 

GLASS-CERAMICS 

MOLDED PARTS 

CUSTOM COMPOSITIONS 

BOROSILICATES 

LEADED GLASS 

305 Marlborough Street • Oldsmar, Florida 34677 

(813) 855-5779 • FAX: (813) 855-1584 

E-mail: sgicolleen@aol.com 

To Get Results, Advertise in Ceramic 

Bulletin. 

Call Wendy 

614-794-5841 

Fax: 614-794-5842 

I nstrumentation 


I nsulation 

K ilns 

hotfurnace.com 

PRECISION KILNS, OVENS & FURNACES FOR TECHNICAL & 

FUNCTIONAL CERAMICS, GLASS, DECORATING, SINTERING, 

POWDER PROCESSING & TOOL ROOMS 

cOmplete catalOg On 

the WeB! 

POB 2129 u ASTON PA 19014 

610.459.9216 u FAX: 6 1 0 . 4 5 9 . 3 6 8 9 

www.hotfurnace.com u Toll Free:877.513.7870 

L&L SPECIAL FURNACE CO INC 

OXYNON ® 

Continuous Processing at 2400° C 

Continuous High Temperature Production Furnace 

Typical Applications 

• High temperature sintering of engineering ceramics parts 

• Delube and sintering of powdered metal and MIM parts 

• Oxide dissociation of metal and ceramic powders 

• Brazing metals and metals to ceramics 

• Continuous processing in an oxygen-free inert atmosphere 

Brief Specifications 

Max operating temperature: 2400° C 

Atmosphere: nitrogen, argon 

Belt width: 250–600 mm 

Capacity: to 450 kg / hr 

Drive: C-C composite belt with tractor drive 

Seymour & Associates 

73 Bostick Circle, Buford, SC 29902 

Phone (843) 521-0778 Fax (843) 521-0765 

E-mail: RHSeymour@Juno.com 

Laboratory Services 

Thermal Properties 

Instruments & Testing Services 

• Expansion/Sintering • Ceramics/Refractories/Glass 

• Conductivity/Resistivity • Powders/Pastes/Films 

• Flash Diffusivity/Specific Heat • -180°C to 2800°C Range 


http://www.anter.com 

ANTER CORPORATION 

1700 Universal Road 

Pittsburgh, PA 15235-3998 

Tel: (412) 795-6410 

Fax: (412) 795-8225 

E-mail: sales@anter.com 

Composite Testing & Analysis 

Mechanical Testing Services: creep, fatigue, flexure, tension 

testing (ceramics/CMC’s) 

Equipment sales: precision creep frames, furnaces, edgeloaded 

tensile grips, inert atmosphere 

test chambers 

State College, PA 16803 

Tel. (814) 238-1401 

Visit us at http://www.compositetesting.com 


Engineering / Glass / Instrumentation / Insulation / Kilns / Laboratory Services

EMTL 

MATERIALS TESTING & EVALUATION 

80-3000°K 

C o m p r e h e n s i v e m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d c o n s u l t i n g s e r v i c e s fo r : 

composites, carbons and graphites, ceramics, metals and alloys, plastics, 

insulations, textiles, fluids. 

• Mechanical & Structural Behavior 

• Thermophysical Performance 

• Non-destructive Evaluation 

• Morphological Studies 

• Analytical Chemistry 

EMTL, a div. of Fiber Materials, Inc. 

5 Morin Street, Biddeford, ME 04005 

Tel: 207-282-5911 • Fax: 207-282-7529 

E-mail: emtl_fmi@gwi.net 

get results! 

advertise in ceramic Bulletin 

THERMAL TESTING 

Engineering Materials up to 2000°C 

Conductivity n Expansion 

Diffusivity n Specific Heat 

25 Years of Service to the Ceramic Industry 

Instruments & Testing Services 

25 Wiggins Ave., Bedford, MA 01730 

(800) 688-6738 FAX: (781) 275-3705 

X-Ray / SEM / Mechanical / Dimensional 

• Radiography, Fluorescent 

Kic 

D90 

Penetrant 

• SEM / EDS, O2, N2, 

HR C Analysis 

C HV • Hardness, Density 

• Fracture Toughness 

• Flexural MOR, Stress Rupture 

• Particle Size 

Ra 

• Dimensional, Roughness 

• Flatness (laser interfer.) 

• Cold Spin Testing 

Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corp. 

Vancouver, WA Contact Todd McMillan (360) 750–6167 

X-RAY DIFFRACTION 

MATERIALS TESTING 

• Qualtitative and Quantitative Phase Analysis 

• Crystallite Size and Strain 

• Lattice Parameter Determination 

• Preferred Orientation & ODF Analysis of Films 

• Residual Stress Analysis 

The leading accredited independent laboratory, specializing in XRD 

testing ser vices since 1977. Approved by all major 

automotive, aerospace and nuclear firms. 

5521 Fair Lane TEL: (513) 561-0883 

Cincinnati, OH 45227 FAX: (513) 561-0886 

www.lambda-research.com 

110 The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 80, No.2 

ISO 

9002

micron inc. 

ANALYTICAL SERVICES 

MORPHOLOGY - CHEMISTRY - STRUCTURE 

3815 LANCASTER PIKE, WILMINGTON DE 19805 

302-998-1184 FAX 302-998-1836 

E-MAIL MICRONANALYTICAL@COMPUSERVE.COM 

WEB SITE www.micronanalytical.com 

get results! 



Bulletin. 

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614-794-5841 

Fax: 614-794-5842 

Spectrochemical Laboratories Inc. 

OVER 50 YEARS ANALYTICAL EXPERIENCE 

•� CERAMICS & GLASS •� XRF 

•� REFRACTORIES •� ICP & DCP 

•� RAW MATERIALS •� AA 

•� METALS & ALLOYS cert. no. 1513.01 •� OES and more 

COMPLETE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS 

WWW.SPECTROPGH.COM EMAIL: spectropgh@aol.com 

FAX: 412-371-0463 TEL: 412-371-2345 


Laboratory Services

M achinery 

NEW & REBUILT MACHINERY 

POWDER COMPACTING PRESSES CRUSHERS-PULVERIzERS 

ROTARY PRESSES PAINT MILLS-ATTRITORS 

ISOSTATIC PRESSES JAR, BALL, PEBBLE MILLS 

PISTON EXTRUDERS FURNACES, KILNS & OVENS 

PUG MILLS SIEVES & SCREENS 

BLENDERS SPRAY DRYERS 

MIXERS STOKES PRESS PARTS 

H Quality & Service First H 

(810) 790-1717 FAX (810) 790-1871 

35044 AUTOMATION DR. l CLINTON TWP. l MI 48035 

http://www.aadvancedmach.com 

e-mail: service@aadvancedmach.com 

Custom DiamonD 

Wheels anD assemblies 

(805) 644-9681 • Fax (805) 644-3541 

2226 Goodyear Avenue • Ventura, California • 93003 

http://www.mtionline.com • e-mail info@mtionline.com 

• Custom designed diamond wheels 

fOr yOur slicing, dicing, grinding 

and grOOving applicatiOns 

• thiCkness Control to ±0.000025" 

• multi-blade gang arbor assemblies 

with as many as 80 blades 

availaBle 

• thiCkness range availability 

from .003" 

• Cbn blades and assemblies 


VACUUM FURNACES 

COMPLETELY REBUILT • CALL US WITH YOUR NEEDS 

IN STOCK • AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY 

Sintering • Hydrogen Co-Firing • Metalizing • Brazing 

Belt • Pusher • Glow Bar • Kanthal Super Furnaces 

THE HEAT SOURCE 

PHONE: 860-582-2212 • FAX: 860-584-8854 

E-MAIL: ths@esslink.com 

Pacific Ceramic 

Machinery & Equipment 

P.O. Box 7842 • Stockton, CA 95207 

PH: (209) 462-3405 FAX: (209) 462-5142 

Specialists in New and Rebuilt Machinery 

• Appraise • Buy • Sell • Trade • Liquidate 

e-mail: pacceram@inreach.com 

http://www.pacceram.com 

MOBILE AND CENTRAL 

VACUUM SYSTEMS 

• 100 to 11,000 CFM • 2 to 500 HP 

Leading world designer and manufacturer 

of powerful industrial vacuums. 

Vector Technologies Ltd. 

Vacuum Engineering Division 

Milwaukee, WI USA 

Toll Free: 800 832-4010 e-mail: sales@vector-vacuums.com 

Tel: 414 247-7100 Fax: 414 247-7110 www.vector-vacuums.com 

M achining 

PRECISION FABRICATION & 

MACHINING OF CERAMICS 

CNC Machining 

Specializing in Precision CNC 

I.D./O.D. Grinding 

Materials Include: 

Al2O3, SiC, ziO, 

Si3N4 . . . 

Per Mil-I-45208-A 

Pressing & Firing Capabilities 

Prototype & Production Qty’s 

• Jig Grinding 

• Centerless Grinding 

• Surface Griding 

• Slicing & More 

(714) 

538-2524 

Fax (714) 538-2589 

803 W. Angus Ave. 

Call For Our 

Brochure & To Discuss 

Your Particular Ceramic 

Needs . . . . . . . . . . 

ADVANCED 

CERAMIC 

TECHNOLOGY Orange, CA 92868 

http://www.ceramics.com/act/ ceramic@prodigy.net 


Machinery / Machining

LAPPING AND POLISHING 

of magnetic & non-magnetic ceramics 

FLATNESS: 20 MICROINCH OR LESS 

SURFACE FINISH: 10Å OR BETTER 

QC with zYGO STATE OF THE ART 

EQUIPMENT and SOFTWARE 

from TINY PARTS to 6.5" WAFERS 

CMI Technology, Inc. 

1210 Win Drive • Bethlehem, PA 18017 

Tel. (610) 867-7600 • Fax (610) 867-0200 

Ferro-Ceramic Grinding, Inc. 

Ceramic Component Supplier 

• ISO9002 registered • CAD/CAM CNC machining 

• Extensive material inventory • Material/Technical Support 

• Prototype to Production Quantities • 33 Years of service 

Specializing in BN, SiC, Macor, Si3N4 , Al2O3 , zrO2 , Quartz, Ferrites 

and other related materials 

247 Water St. • Wakefield, MA 01880 

800-282-1833 • Fax: 781-246-1429 • www.ferroceramic.com 

MACHINING OF 

ADVANCED CERAMICS 

235 Brooks Street • Worcester, MA 01606 

Phone (508) 853-4700 • Fax (508) 852-4101 

“QUALITY IS OUR COMMITMENT TO 

THE CUSTOMER” 

♦ Engineering Support 

♦ Quality Commitment 

♦ Precision Grinding 

♦ Ceramic Molding 

♦ Exacting Tolerancing 

♦ Dependable Fast Deliveries 

Please Call Now: 800-779-3321 

Visit our website: www.intlceramics.com 

PreCision CeramiC 

maChining serviCes 

• double sided 

lapping tO 

±0.00002" 

cOntrOl 

thickness 

• sliCing and diCing to 

±0.0002" 

tOlerances 

• surfaCe grinding 

• angle grinding 

(805) 644-9681 • Fax (805) 644-3541 

2226 Goodyear Avenue • Ventura, California • 93003 

http://www.mtionline.com • e-mail info@mtionline.com 

Developmental Engineering/Precision Machining 

• Advanced Machining & Engineering • Complete Machining Capabilities 

• Prototypes & Production • Quick Turnaround 

• 1 Day Service Available • Quality Assured 

• Attentive Customer Service Staff • Tolerances Within .0001 

MACHINED CERAMICS, INC. 270-781-0512 

North Industrial Park FAX: 270-781-9361 

629 North Graham St. e-mail: maccer@premiernet.net 

Bowling Green, KY 42101 web: www.ceramics.com/maccer 


Bulletin. 

Call Wendy 

614-794-5841 

Fax: 614-794-5842 

• Glass • Quartz • Silicon • Alumina • Glass • Composites 

s • zirconia • Garnet • Ruby • zirconia • Ferrite • Sapp 

Graphite • Piezoceramics • Silicon Carbide • Boron Ni 

e • Glass • Composites • Ferrite • Quartz • Silicon • Alumina 

net • Boron Nitride • Silicon • Ferrite • Piezoceramics • Ruby • 

Sapphire • Composites • Ruby • zirconia • Sapphire 

e • Sapphire • Graphite • Piezoceramics • Quartz • Boron 

on Nitride • Glass • Quartz • Garnet • Silicon • Ferrite • 

conia • Carbide • Composites • Piezoceramics • Ruby 

• Silicon • Boron Carbide • Sapphire • Graphite • Piez 

ics • Garnet Contrac • Glass • Quartz t • Silicon • Alumina • Ferr 

e • Garnet Ser • Ruby vices • Composites • Quartz • Silicon • Ga 

net • Ruby • Silicon Carbide • Silicon • Alumina • Glas 

Composites 7500 • zirconia Bluewater • Garnet Road NW • Ruby • zirconia • Fe 

Graphite Albuquerque, • Piezoceramics NM 87121 • Silicon USA Carbide • Boron Ni 

e • Glass Tel: (505)839-3535 • Composites • Fax: • Ferrite (505)839-3525 • Quartz • Silicon • Al 

e-mail: charlie.wilhite@tbg.riogrande.com 

• Glass • Quartz • Silicon • Alumina • Glass • Composi Source code A9131 

www.ceramics.com/sonic 

s • zirconia • Garnet • zirconia • Ferrite • Piezocerami 

Manufacturing of Technical Alumina 

Ceramics 

• Produce spray dried 98.0, 

99.5, 99.9% Alumina compositions 

• Highest purity levels 

• Superior metallization 

properties 

• Iso-Pressing, green 

machining, grinding and 

CNC capabilities 

• Quick turnaround, 

prototypes and 

production quantities 

• Technical support and service 

800-847-8093 

US Technical Ceramics, Inc. 

15500 Concord Circle, Morgan Hill, CA 95037 

Visit our website: www.ustc.net 


M aterials 

The Tape Casting Warehouse 

One stop shopping for all your tape casting 

needs! 

(215) 295-1624 

website: www.drblade.com/TCW.htm 

email: tapecast@juno.com 

Make the Tape 

Tape Casting Machines: 4' x 12" thru 150' x 52" 

Doctor Blade Assemblies (Single/Double) 

Casting Machines for 4µm tapes Handle the Tape 

Jar Mills & Jars & Milling Media Cardboard Cores 

Slip Conditioning Systems Punching Tools & Dies 

Slip Filters & Disposable Filter Cloth Air Tight Storage Bags 

Carrier Films: Mylar ® -A, Light Boxes (Inspection) 

Si coated Mylar ® (S1P-75), Fire the Tape 

Si coated Paper, Polypropylene Porous Setter Plates 

Dispersants, Binders (100w%) Porous Cover Plates 

Plasticizers (Type I & II) Camber Gauge 

Patent Attorneys 

Telephone: 202-522-8638 FAX: 202-522-8669 

E-mail: dhuff@dykema.com 

DONALD N. HUFF 

PATENT/TRADEMARK ATTORNEY 

B.S. and M.S. Ceramic Engineering—Alfred University 

Law Offices 

DYKEMA GOSSETT, P.L.L.C. 

Suite 300, West 1300 I Street, N.W., 

Washington, DC 20005 

R efractories 

CRUSHING • GRINDING • SIzING 

QUALITY RECYCLING 

GROG 

—SINCE 1957— 

WE CAN PROCESS 

YOUR REJECTS 

800-228-4672 

MARYLAND REFRACTORIES CO. 

IRONDALE, OHIO 43932 

————— www.mrcgrog.com ————— 

S ervices 

cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks 

(CBLS) CERAMIC BOOK AND LITERATURE 

SERVICE 

119 brentwood street, marietta, oh 45750, usa 

tel: (740) 374-9458, faX: (740) 374-8029 

e-mail: Cbls@Cbls.Com website: www.Cbls.Com 

cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks 


Bulletin. 

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Fax: 614-794-5842 


*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks 

we speCialize in CeramiC, glass, materials sCienCe & related books. we stoCk over 

1500 titles. students may order teXtbooks, kingery, berard, Cullity, reed, Callister, 

vashneya, shaCkelford, henCh, tooley, etC.; libraries may order at 10-15% disC.; professionals 

may join “Cbls Club” and save with disCounts. aCers volumes also available. 

we publish new books as well as reprint oop titles on speCial request. also 

availaBle classical reprints By schOles, parmelee, dOyle, grimshaW, thOmas, evans, 

azarOff, ryan, WOrrall, Jaffe, nOrtOn, edingtOn, davidge, dehOff, guy, kelley, 

*cBls*BOOks*cBls*BOOks 

Machining / Materials / Patent Attorneys / Refractories / Services

TOLL TAPE CASTING 

• State of the art process control for improved consistency 

• Excellent thickness uniformity and control 

• Clean environment 

• Casting widths up to 33 inches to handle large volumes 

• Roll finishing or sheet finishing available 

Use of our casting facility may open access to DuPont’s patented 

acrylic binder technology. 

Clean burn out 

High green strength 

High solids loading for improved shirinkage control 

Faster coating rates 

DuPont iTechnologies 

Patterson Boulevard, RR1, Box 15 

Towanda, PA 18848-9784 

Phone: 570-268-3471 Fax: 570-268-3975 

Email: TOLLCAST@LDCL1.EMAIL.DUPONT.COM 

GS 

DS 

General Spray 

Drying Service, Inc. 

Industrial Dehydration Specialists 

Spray Drying for granulation n Spin Flash Drying for cake & paste 

1001 Newark Avenue n Elizabeth, New Jersey 07208 

Tel: 908-353-2477 Clifford S. Brucker 

Fax: 908-353-0060 President 

TOLL HIP 

• Pressure 196 MPa • Atmospheres: Ar, N 2 

• Temperature: 2000°C • Quick Turnaround 

• Load Capacity: • Profile design available 

• 350mm OD x 600mm high • ISO9002, 14000; QS9000 

Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corporation 

Attn: Ed Kraft @ (360) 750-6147 


Bulletin. 

Call Wendy 

614-794-5841 

Fax: 614-794-5842 

TOLL FIRING 

Test and Production Firings 

Electric and Gas Firing 

Temperatures to 3,100°F 

Powder and Shapes Firing 

Pounds to Tons 

QC Testing 

Cycle Development 

3470 East Fifth Ave. • Columbus, Ohio 43219-1797 

Tel: (614) 231-3621 • Fax: (614) 235-3699 

Visit our Web site: www.harropusa.com 

E-mail: sales@harropusa.com 

get results! 



Career Opportunities 

Rates & Specifications 

Career Opportunities and Classifieds 

Black and white only. Column inch format. 

$125/column inch, 

5% discount for 6-time advertisers ($118.75) 

10% discount for 12-time advertisers ($112.50). 

Single column width: 21 ⁄8 in. (5.4 cm); column 

length: 6 in. (15.24 cm) maximum. 

Double column width: 41 ⁄2 in. (10.2 cm); column length: 

2 in. (5.1 cm) maximum. 

Run of publication display rates apply to this section. 

Ads measuring more than 41 ⁄2 in. x 2 in., whether horizontal 

or vertical, are calculated at display ad rates. 

D i s p l a y s i z e a d s a r e c o m m i s s i o n a b l e . 

Add $30 when using blind box numbers for replies. 

Career Opportunities advertisements also will 

be placed on the American Ceramic Society Bulletin’s 

w e b s i t e , w w w . c e r a m i c b u l l e t i n . o r g , 

at no extra charge. 

1 in. 

(2.54 cm) 

Assistant/Associate Professor 

Materials Science & Engineering 

The University of Arizona 

The Department of Materials Science & 

Engineering at the University of Arizona has an 

opening for a tenure track position at the assistant 

or associate professor level. Teaching & 

research experience in optical engineering, optical 

materials or associated fields is desired. For 

full position description & qualifications, see 

posting at www.hr.arizona.edu 

To apply, please send cover letter, CV & the names 

& contact information for three references to: 

Chair, Optical Materials Search Committee 

Department of Materials Science 

& Engineering 

The University of Arizona 

P.O. Box 210012 

Tucson, Arizona 85721-0012 

Review of materials will begin March 1, 2001, 

& will continue until position is filled. The 

University of Arizona is an EEO/AA 

employer- M/W/D/V 

2 1 ⁄8 in. (5.4 cm) 

1 column x 1 in. 

Great 

Idea 

# 

1 

Got a position to fill? 

Advertise in the 

Ceramic Bulletin 

614-794-5841 

Position available for advance 

degreed materials scientist to lead 

efforts in silicon carbide reaction 

bonding, ceramic-to-metal brazing 

and plasma spraying. 

Visit our Website www.busek.com 

Send resume to: 

Busek Co. Inc. 

11 Tech Circle 

Natick, MA 01760-1023 

Fax: 508-655-2827 

The Department of Ceramic and Materials Engineering at Rutgers, The State 

University of New Jersey, invites applications and nominations for the 

Corning/Saint Gobain Malcolm G. McLaren Distinguished Chair in Ceramic 

Engineering, available Fall, 2001. The Department anticipates hiring at the 

Professor level but applications at other levels may be considered. Applicants 

must have a Ph.D. degree in Ceramic Science and Engineering, Materials 

Science and Engineering or a Materials-related field. Candidates should be an 

internationally recognized expert in the field of Ceramic Science and 

Engineering; have a demonstrated record of outstanding scholarly achievement 

in the area of ceramic processing, with a strong commitment to the key 

role of characterization in understanding, controlling and advancing Ceramic 

Science and Engineering for the benefit of society; have demonstrated a deep 

commitment to teaching and education at both the undergraduate and graduate 

levels; and have a commitment to, and a demonstrated record of leadership 

and impact on the Ceramic Science and Engineering Community, 

through strong linkages and productive collaborations between academia 

and industry. The Department is interested in applicants with research interests 

in all areas of Ceramic Science and Engineering, including bioceramics, 

electroceramics, nanomaterials, and photonics. We seek an outstanding individual 

with a strong commitment to excellence in teaching, research and service. 

Candidates must be committed to developing a vigorous program of 

high quality, grant-funded research which includes new research directions as 

well as collaborations with Department faculty in our current research thrusts 

and participation in interdisciplinary research teams. 

The Department has 24 faculty, approximately 60 graduate and 100 undergraduate 

students. The Department and associated research Centers have $8 

million in annual grant-funded research and over $30 million worth of 

research equipment. 

Applicants should send (1) a curriculum vitae, (2) a summary of their research 

plans, (3) a statement of their views on teaching Ceramic and Materials 

Engineering at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, and (4) three references 

to Corning/Saint Gobain Malcolm G. McLaren Distinguished Chair Search 

Committee, Department of Ceramic and Materials Engineering, Rutgers, The 

State University of New Jersey, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854- 

8065. 

Review of applications will begin in February 2001 and will continue until the 

position is filled. Further information about the Department can be found at 

our web site (http://ceramics.rutgers.edu). 

Corning/Saint Gobain Malcolm G. McLaren Distinguished Chain Search 

Committee 

Department of Ceramic and Materials Engineering 

Rutgers, The State University 

607 Taylor Road 

Piscataway, NJ 08854-8065 

Ceramic Process Engineer 

Johanson Technology is a leader in HF 

Ceramic Capacitors for the wireless 

communications industry. Currently a 

entry-level position has opened at our 

facility in Camarillo, CA. We are seeking 

a candidate with degree in Ceramic 

Engineering or a similar discipline. The 

ideal candidate should have 1 to 3 

years of experience in the Electronic 

Ceramics Industry. Experience with 

Tape Casting, Screen-Printing and 

Dielectric Ceramics is a plus. Excellent 

interpersonal and communication 

skills are essential. The position offers 

competitive salary and benefits. 

Please send a resume 

in confidence to: 

Johanson Technology, Inc. 

attn. Charisse Spear 

931 Via Alondra 

Camarillo, CA 93012 

or 

FAX: 805-389-1316 

E-Mail: 

c_spear@johanson-caps.com 


Services / Career Opportunities

GENERAL MANAGER 

The Edward Orton, Jr. Ceramic Foun dation 

is a non-profit organization which manufactures 

and markets for commercial sale 

pyrometric cones, bars, and re lated ceramic 

products in thermal in strumentation. The 

Orton Ceramic Foundation also conducts 

applied research in the area of thermal 

instrumentation. 

We currently have a career opportunity for 

a General Manager located in Wes terville, a 

suburb of Columbus, Ohio. The General 

Manager’s primary responsibilities include 

strategic planning, business and financial 

management of operations, and direction 

of research activity. The General Manager 

reports directly to the Orton Foundation’s 

Board of Trustees. 

The successful candidate will have a ceramic 

engineering background with an 

advanced business degree desirable. 

Applicants should have 10+ years management 

experience of a ceramic business 

with broad-based responsibility to include 

financial, manufacturing, technical development, 

and business planning. A working 

knowledge of business, governmental and 

contract laws would be an asset. 

The Orton Foundation offers an excellent 

career opportunity, competitive compensation, 

and benefit programs. For consideration, 

please send your resume and salary 

history, in confidence, to: Paul Holbrook 

P.O. Box 6136 Westerville, OH 43086-6136. 

An Equal Opportunity employer 

EDWARD ORTON JR. 

CERAMIC FOUNDATION 

Don’t miss an 

opportunity to attract 

new customers and 

generate new business. 

Advertise in 

Ceramic Bulletin 

Call Wendy Whitescarver 

614-794-5841 

or fax 614-794-5842 

C lassified 

WANTED 

IMMEDIATE CASH FOR: 

• Platinum thermocouple and furnace 

wire, scrap or new 

• Platinum crucibles, screen, electrodes, filters, 

labware, thimble and tubing 

• Rhodium, Palladium, Gold and Silver in 

most forms 

• Immediate payment, no refine or assay 

fees, no minimum quantity required. 

NORTHEAST METAL RECLAIMING 

2864 Delaware Avenue 

Buffalo, New York 14217 

U.S.A. & CANADA Call 1-800-237-0416 

Job Placement 

CERAMIC RECRUITERS, INC. 

is seeking glass industry prOfessiOnals 

fOr key management pOsitiOns! 

FORMING MANAGER - Consumerware Open 

SALES MANAGER - Specialty Glass To $90K 

PLANT ENGINEER - (2) To $85K 

TEMPERING DEPARTMENT MANAGER 

COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT 

To $75K 

DEVELOPMENT ENGINEER To $85K 

MECHANICAL PROJECT ENGINEER To $80K 

PLANT MANAGER 

SEEK A BRIGHTER FUTURE IN 2001! 

Open 

CALL US AND/OR SEND US YOUR RESUME! 

Robert/Christine Goodell 

206 Heritage Park – Lake Wylie, SC 29710 

(803) 831-7784; FAX (803) 831-8886 

e-mail: ceramjobs@aol.com 

Visit ENTERPRISE PERSONNEL On-line at http:// 

www.ceramics-personnel.com for current job listings 

for CerEs, MatEs, MEs, EEs, ChemEs, Chemists, 

Metallurgists. Call Sue Strange at 864-246-1200 and 

send resume to: 

ENTERPRISE PERSONNEL 

Post Office Box 4889 Greenville, SC 29608 

Fax: 864-246-3492 E-mail: ntrprizper@aol.com 

HoLampCo 

International 

Professional Recruiters since 1982 

Fear of change is the #1 obstacle in career 

enhancement. If you’re a contributor and feel 

undervalued, give us a call to confidentially 

discuss your career goals. 

Gary Holupka, P.E., Gen. Mgr. 

Bruce B. Wertz, Sr. Account Mgr. 

5825 Ellsworth Avenue (412) 954-0030 

Pittsburgh, PA 15232 FAX (412) 954-0030 

E-Mail: hlc@holampco.com 

quality eXeCutive search, inC. 

r e c r u i t i n g a n d s e a r c h c O n s u l t a n t s 

Specializing in ceramics 

JOe drapchO 

24549 detroit rd. • westlake, ohio 44145 

(440) 899-5070 • faX (440) 899-5077 

www.qualityeXeC.Com 

e-mail: qesinfo@qualityeXeC.Com 

Nationwide Opportunities for a broad range of Engineers & 

Operations Managers. Twenty yrs exp. serving candidates 

and companies. Contact: 

Michelle Nelms, CPC 

Specialist in Technical/Electronic Ceramics & other Ceramic 

Fields 

Southern Recruiters & Consultants, Inc. 

P. O. Box 2745 Phone: (803) 648-7834 

Aiken, SC 29802 Fax: (803) 642-2770 

Email: recruiters@southernrecruiters.com 

• north ameriCan job hotline • 

listing fOr ceramics, advanced 

materials, glass & refractOry 

OppOrtunities at 

www.mrportland.Com 


CeramiC 

Ad+Links 

American Minerals Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 77 

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Fax: 610-337-8033 

dsoderlund@aol.com 


CM Furnaces Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

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Fax: 973-338-1625 

cmfurnaces@aol.com 

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Fiber Materials Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

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vangoman@aol.com 

www.furnace-concepts.com 

G-P Gypsum Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

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Fax: 404-588-3833 

gpgind@gapac.com 

www.gp.com/plaster 

Harrop Industries Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 2 

614-231-3621 

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sales@harropusa.com 

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sales@hed.com 

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International Technical Ceramics . . . . . . . . . 27 

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For Globar: 1-877-GLOBAR9 

www.kanthal.com 

Lafarge Calcium Aluminates . . . . . . . . Cover 4 

757-543-8832 

Fax: 757-545-8933 

info@lcainc.com 

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Lancaster Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 

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info@lancasterprd.com 

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marketing@magneco-metrel.com 

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Materials Research Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

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MHI (Micropyretics Heaters Int’l) . . . . . . . . . 78 

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F e b r u a r y 

2 0 0 1 

Ceramic Bulletin provides a 

great new way to get 

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Netzsch Instruments Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

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Pred Materials Int’l Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

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Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics. . . . . . . . . 71 

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Fax: 508-795-5011 

karen.c.ramsey@sgcna.com 

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H.C. Spinks Clay Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 

901-642-5414 

Fax: 901-642-5493 

hcspinks@worldnet.att.net 

www.spinksclay.com 

Thermcraft Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

336-784-4800 

Fax: 336-784-0634 

sales@thermcraftinc.com 

www.thermcraftinc.com 

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info@unifrax.com 

www.unifrax.com 

R.T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 3 

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The LasT Page 

Patricia A. Janeway, Editor 

E-mail: pjaneway@acers.org 

Heads Up, Refractories 

Manufacturers . . . 

The 4th Industrial Energy Efficiency 

Symposium & Exposition opens Feb. 19 at 

the Washington (D.C.) Hilton and Towers. 

The event focuses on common challenges 

and opportunities facing our energyintensive 

basic industries. 

The conference is expected to produce 

new insight on the future of the nine basic 

U.S. industries: agriculture, aluminum, 

chemicals, forest products, glass, metalcasting, 

mining, petroleum and steel. 

Seems to me this is a meeting that refractories 

manufacturers need to attend. Your 

customers are planning their future directions. 

Be a part of it. 

Here are the hot topics being addressed: 

• Manufacturing Megatrends—lean manufacturing, 

supply chain management, internet 

trading and contract manufacturing; 

• Technology and Environment—emerging 

applications of basic materials, revolutionary 

technologies, and climate change and 

industry; 

• Global M arkets and I nvestment 

Potential—outlook for the basic materials 

industries, competing on a global scale, 

and capital valuation and investment; 

• Human Resources—workforce development 

and engineers. 

If you’re not already signed up for this 

meeting, use this toll-free number to find 

out what you need to do to participate: 

877-648-7957. 

And now that I have your attention, don’t 

miss this month’s special section on 

The Refractories Institute’s 50 years of 

service to the industry—it starts on p 65. 

Congratulations—it’s only the beginning. 

A Test Kitchen of Sorts 

The Office of Public Affairs at Ames Lab, 

Iowa, says its Materials Preparation Center 

(MPC) is being turned into a new kind of 

test kitchen. 

Researchers in the MPC “kitchen” have 

undertaken what they’re calling a one-ofa-kind 

effort to delve into the methods by 

which metals, alloys, polymers and ceramics 

are synthesized to given them specific 

properties. 

The program, known as the Process 

Science Initiative, is funded by DOE. MPC 

and Ames Lab are providing the research 

facilities. 

Four projects were selected to share 

$145,000 of the $250,000 FY2000 budget. 

One of the projects will study a possible 

method of producing zirconium-tungstate 

that could be blended with a metal to form 

a composite. The FY2001 budget also is 

$250,000. 

And from Berkeley. . . 

The Technology Transfer Dept. at Berkeley 

Lab, Calif., seeks partners to move new 

technology from the laboratory to the marketplace. 

Case in point is the new precision ceramic 

capillary printing tips that can be used to 

create smaller and more uniform size DNA 

spots on the glass slide of a DNA chip. 

According to Berkeley, using precisionmanufactured 

ceramic capillaries overcomes 

some of the limitations of the metal 

tips used in existing technology. 

The innovation is applicable to any process 

where small amounts (

D.Com. Lafarge Aluminates 2000 

Pure cement concept 

Secar ® 71, a pure cement with controlled mineralogy, is the critical 

choice for optimum application performance. 

The mineralogical definition of Secar 71 drives the hydration process 

hence dictating castable performance. 

Using Secar 71 in your formulations allows exceptional flexibility 

and formulation optimisation in conventional formulations and 

deflocculated high technology castables (self flow or shotcrete products). 

Lafarge Aluminates France 

28, rue Emile Ménier 75782 Paris Cedex 16 

Tel.: +33 1 53 70 37 26 - Fax: +33 1 53 70 38 79 

e-mail: nancy.bunt@aluminates.lafarge.com 

Lafarge Calcium Aluminates 

100, Ohio Street PO Box 5806 Chesapeake Virginia 23324 

Tel.: +1 757 543 88 32 - Fax: +1 757 545 89 33 

e-mail: info@lcainc.com

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