Geology and Resources of ·vanadium

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE GEOLOGY AND
RESOURCES OF VANADIUM TO 1968
By R. P. FISCHER and JANE P. 0HL
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This bibliography, which contains nearly 1,400 bibliographic
references, was compiled to aid studies on the geology and resources
of vanadium. It covers literature published through 1967 and contains
references to a few papers published in the early part of 1968. Most
references included are to original sources of information on the
distribution and occurrence of vanadium-bearing deposits, on the
geochemical relations of vanadium in rocks and deposits, and on
vanadium mineralogy; some references on the exploitation and
metallurgical treatment of vanadium source materials are also
included.
The following paragraphs summarize the geologic distribution of
vanadium and briefly explain the arrangement of the bibliographic
references and the index, in order to help a student understand
the organization of the index and to guide him in its use. A list of
vanadium minerals and their chemical formulas is included.
GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OF VANADIUM
Vanadium averages about 150 parts per million (ppm) in the
Earth's crust; it is more abundant than copper, lead, or zinc. Silicic
igneous rocks have an average content of about 50 ppm vanadium,
whereas the mafic rocks commonly contain 100-200 ppm. Sandstone
and limestone normally contain only about 20 ppm vanadium, but
ordinary shale generally has almost as much vanadium as the mafic
igneous rocks and carbonaceous shale commonly has even more.
Vanadium generally does not occur as an essential part of any rockforming
mineral; rather, in igneous rocks the vanadium ions replace
those of iron and aluminum in the common iron and ferromagnesian
minerals, and in sedimentary rocks the vanadium is mainly associated
with clay minerals or organic matter.
Magmatic and pyrometasomatic ore deposits associated with mafic
igneous rocks are commonly enriched in vanadium-most titaniferous
magnetite deposits contain nearly 0.5 percent V 20 5 (about 0.3 percent
vanadium or 3,000 ppm), and some contain 1,72 to 2 percent V205;
non-titaniferous magnet.ite deposits commonly contain about 0.1 to
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