No 3 - Polish Journal of Microbiology

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Polish Journal of Microbiology formely Acta Microbiologica Polonica 2011, Vol. 60, No 3 MINIREWIEV CONTENTS An update on some structural aspects of the mighty miniwall MARKIEWICZ Z., POPOWSKA M. ......................................................................................... 181 ORIGINAL PAPERS A new rapid and cost-effective method for detection of phages, ICEs and virulence factors encoded by Streptococcus pyogenes BOREK A.L.,WILEMSKA J., IZdEBSKI R., HRYNIEWICZ W., SITKIEWICZ I. ......... ....................................... 187 Expression of Helicobacter pylori ggt gene in baculovirus expression system and activity analysis of its products MEI KONG, MING xU, YA-LONG HE, YOU-LI ZHANG ..................................................................... 203 Extracellular xylanase production by Fusarium species in solid state fermentation ARABI M.I.E., BAKRI Y., JAWHAR M. ...................................................................................... 209 Screening of Actinomycetes from mangrove ecosystem for L-asparaginase activity and optimization by response surface methodology USHA R., MALA K.K., VENIL C.K., PALANISWAMY M. ..................................................................... 213 Chitin-glucan complex production by Schizophyllum commune submerged cultivation SMIRNOU d., KRCMAR M., PROCHAZKOVA E. ........................................................................... 223 Inhibition of lactophage activity by quinolinilporphyrin and its zinc complex VOdZINSKA N., GALKIN B., ISHKOV Y., KIRICHENKO A., KONdRATYUK A., FILIPOVA T. ................................ 229 A two-step strategy for molecular typing of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Poland JAGIELSKI T., AUGUSTYNOWICZ-KOPEć E., PAWLIK K., dZIAdEK J., ZWOLSKA Z., BIELECKI J. .......................... 233 A comparative study on the activity and antigenicity of truncated and full-length forms of streptokinase ARABI R., ROOHVANd F., NOROUZIAN d., SARdARI S., AGHASAdEGHI M.R., KHANAHMAd H., MEMARNEJAdIAN A., MONTEVALLI F. ................................................................................... 243 Infections caused by RSV among children and adults during two epidemic seasons PANCER K., CIąćKA A., GUT W., LIPKA B., MIERZEJEWSKA J., MILEWSKA-BOBULA B., SMORCZEWSKA-KILJAN A., JAHNZ-RÓżYK K., dZIERżANOWSKA d., MAdALIńSKI K., LITWIńSKA B. ................................................ 253 detection of Giardia intestinalis assemblages A, B and d in domestic cats from Warsaw, Poland JAROS d., ZYGNER W., JAROS S., WędRYCHOWICZ H. .................................................................... 259 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Evaluation of a rapid culture-based screening test for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus FWITY B., LOBMANN R., AMBROSCH A. .................................................................................. 265 Inhibition of fibroblast apoptosis by Borrrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella henselae CHMIELEWSKI T., TYLEWSKA-WIERZBANOWSKA S. ............................................................................ 269 LETTER TO THE EdITOR ......................................................................................................... 273 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS ANd FULL TExT ARTICLES (IN PdF FORM) AVAILABLE AT: www.microbiology.pl/pjm
Polish Journal of Microbiology 2011, Vol. 60, No 3, 181–186 MINIREVIEW An Update on Some Structural Aspects of the Mighty Miniwall In 1884 Christian Gram devised a staining procedure that allowed classifying almost all bacteria to one of two groups, the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The simple staining procedure is still widely used almost 130 years later, with practically all bacteria being classified to one group or the other. However, it was not until many years after Gram’s invention that light was shed on the complexity of bacterial cell envelopes and the structures forming them. Studies of bacterial cell surfaces began in earnest in the 1950s and 1960s, following the isolation by Park and Johnston (1949) of what were later found to be cell wall PG precursors and the purification of bacterial cell walls by e.g. Salton (1952, 1957) and Work (1957). The term “microdermatology” was coined. It was found that all bacteria, except for some notable exceptions, i.e. mycoplasmas, Planctomyces and Orientia tsutsugamushi contain peptidoglycan (PG, syn. murein). PG has never been found in chlamydia either, although the bacteria have a functional pathway for meso-diaminopimelate, one of the unique structural building bricks of the macromolecule (Pavelka, 2007). More recently, an interesting new phylum of PG-free bacteria, the Verrucomicrobia, has been established (Yoon et al., 2010). There has been a resurgence in studies on PG in the past few years fired, amongst others, by the increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria that cause life-threatening infections and the need to find new agents that inhibit bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis (Bugg et al., 2011); the interaction of PG with innate immunity proteins (PG Recognition Proteins, ZdZISŁAW MARKIEWICZ* and MAGdALENA POPOWSKA department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Poland Received 15 July 2011, accepted 30 July 2011 Abstract Peptidoglycan (PG), the mighty miniwall, is the main structural component of practically all bacterial cell envelopes and has been the subject of a wealth of research over the past 60 years, if only because its biosynthesis is the target of many antibiotics that have successfully been used in the treatment of bacterial infections. This review is mainly focused on the most recent achievements in research on the modification of PG glycan strands, which contribute to the resistance of bacteria to the host immune response to infection and to their own lytic enzymes, and on studies on the spatial organization of the macromolecule. K e y w o r d s: glycan strands, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) modifications, peptidoglycan (PG), spatial organization * Corresponding author: Z. Markiewicz; e-mail: markiez@biol.uw.edu.pl PGRPs or PGLYRPs) that are conserved from insects to animals and the mechanisms that lead to bacterial cell death (dziarski and Gupta, 2010; Kietzman and Tuomanen, 2011); last but not least, the role of d-amino acids, which are a universal component of PG, in nature (Cava et al., 2011). The main structure of PG involves linear glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides. “Normal”, that is unaltered, glycan chains, have universally been found to be composed of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) residues linked by β-1 → 4 bonds. The d-lactoyl group of each MurNAc residue is substituted by a peptide stem whose composition is most often L-Ala-γ-d-Glu-meso- A2pm (or L-Lys)-d-Ala-d-Ala in nascent PG, the last d-Ala residue being lost in the mature macromolecule. Cross-linking of the glycan strands generally occurs between the carboxyl group of d-Ala at position 4 and the amino group of the diamino acid at position 3, either directly or through a short peptide bridge. The unique chemical traits of PG thus include the presence of N-acetylmuramic acid, γ-bonded d-Glu, L-d (and even d-d) bonds and non-protein amino acids, e.g. 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (A2pm) (e.g. Cummins, 1956; Work, 1957, 1961, 1969; Rogers, 1974; Glauner, 1988; Höltje and Glauner, 1990; Markiewicz et al., 1983; Markiewicz, 1993; Vollmer et al., 2011). These structural features are basically retained in all bacteria, though many differences in the glycan strands, composition of the stem peptide and/or interpeptide bridge are known and are taken into account in the tri-digital
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230 meat (2.5), peptone from casein
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232 porphyrin binding to the isolat
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236 shared-type (ST) designations c
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238 interpreting of complex banding
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240 2008b). This was also confirmed
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254 were in developing countries (e
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256 Fig. 2. Percentage of RSV posit
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258 Calvo C., F. Pozo, M.L. Garcia-
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260 dogs and cats and assemblage F
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262 91.3-100%), respectively. Howev
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3 Short communication 267 Table I C
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