Turkish in three month.pdf - Centar za edukaciju

,Hugo's Simplified System
Turkish in
Three Months
Hugo's Language Books Limited'
"

© 1989 Hugo's Language Books Ltd
All rights reserved
ISBN 0 85285 136 7
Written by
Bengisu Rona BA (Istanbul), PhD (London)
Lecturer in Turkish Studies
School ofOriental & Mrican Studies
University ofLondon
Set in 10/12 Plantin by
Typesetters Limited
16, Mead Business Centre, Mead Lane. Hertford
Printed and bound in Great Britain
by Courier International Ltd,
Tiptree, Essex

6
Lesson 14 145
Object participles
-DiK + possessive: past/present
object participle
-(Y)ECEK + possessive: future
participle .
Object participles from possessives
'when' with object participles
Object participles as nouns
Indirect speech
whether ... or not
Combinations with -DiKl
-(Y)ECEK + possessive
Lesson 15 159
-(y)EBiL: can, to be able to, may
-(Y)EME: cannot, unable to
-MEYEBiL: may not
Countries, languages, people
Uses of-CE
Lesson 16 164
The conditional: -SE
lSE/-(Y)SE: conditional of'to be'
. Some derivational su.fflXes
Lesson 17 171
The passive
The reflexive
The reflexive pronoun
Lesson 18 177
The causative
Uses ofthe causative
The reciprocal
The reciprocal pronoun .
Key 184
Answers to exercises
Translations
Mini-dictionary
Index 204
196

a back vowel: a rather than e.
This feature is called vowel harmony. It is basically a stringing together
ofvowels ofsimilar quality, so that there is a sound harmony extending
over the whole word. Vowel harmony operates on two qualities of the
vowels: whether they are back or front and whether they are round or
non-round.
Back and fronc 'Vowels
Turkish has eight vowels. Four ofthem are front vowels: e, i, 0, ii.
These front vowels are produced with the tongue forward in the mouth:
the middle-to-front portion ofthe tongue is raised towards the front of
the roof ofthe mouth (although it does not touch the roof ofthe
mouth).
The other four are back yowels: a, 1, 0, u. The back vowels are
produced with the front part ofthe tongue held low in the front ofthe
mouth, while the back part ofthe tongue is raised towards the back of
the roof ofthe mouth. When you make these sounds, it feels rather as if
the front vowels are produced in the front ofthe mouth, and as ifthe
back vowels are produced in the back ofthe mouth.
Ifthe last vowel ofthe base (the main part) ofthe word is a front vowel,
then the vowel in a SuffIX addeg to it will also be front z the vowel in
each subsequent SuffIX being governed by the vowel ofthe syllable that
precedes it: .
!l hand. ell!r!nd! in his hands
But ifthe last vowel ofthe base is a back vowel, then the vowel in the
suffix which follows it wi1J also be back. and the vowel in each
subsequent SUffIX will again be determined by the vowel preceding it:
oda room odalarlmlZdan from our rooms
- - - -
There are some suffIXes which are non-harmonic - that is, they always
have the same vowel, regardless ofthe vowel in the preceding syllable.
Round and non-round 'Vowels
The same eight vowels can also be grouped differently as round and
nOll-round vowels. The round vowels are those we say with the lips
rounded and slightly fonvard: 0, 0, u, ii. The other four vowels are nonround:
a, e, I, i.
11

86
3 We have been staying (are staying) in this hotel since last Sunday.
4 I walked as far as the hotel.
5 What did you do after the meal?
71 Forms of address
In addressing people formally in Turkish, the words bey Igentleman'
and hanlm 'lady' are used with the first names:
Giinaydln Abmet Bey. Good morning, Ahmet Bey.
Naslls1nlZ Ay§e Hanlin? How are you, Ane Hamrn?
Ifsurnames are used, then the words Bay lMr' or Bayan 'Mrs/Miss'
precede the surname (and the first name, ifone is given) as in English:
Bay Ahmet Atakan or Bay Atakan
Bayan Ay§e Kudu or Bayan Kudu·
Another form ofaddress where surnames are used is Sayln lesteemed':
it is formal, indicating respect, and is used for both men and women in
the same way. It can also be used with titles:
Sayln Profesor Ekin orada mt? Is Professor Ekin there?
SaYln Ay§e Kudu biraz sonra geUyor. Mrs Ay§e KutIu will be here
a little later (Le. is coming).
SaYln Ba§bakan gelecek ay Amerika'ya gidiyor. The Prime
Minister is going to America next month.
As all these forms of address indicate a certain degree offormality, the
personal SuffIX to be used with them is ofcourse second person plural:
SaYln Atakan, bu kitabl istiyor musunuz?
You can address an envelope:
Sayln Ahmet Atakan
or Bay Ahmet Atakan
or SaYln Bay Ahmet Atakan
but inside, begin the letter:
SaYln Atakan (official letters)
SaYln Miidiir/Doktor/etc.
Ahmet Bey/Ay§e Hanlm (still formal, but less official, more personal)
The direct translation ofthe word 'dear' is sevgili, but in Turkish this

88
Exercise 19
Translate the following:
1 We are on holiday until September.
2 I lost my ticket before the plane took ofT, but later I found (it).
3 We opened all the windows before smoking.
4 Last night, after you left, I telephoned London.

Lesson 14
124 Object participles
In lesson 13, we said that object participles are used where two
sentences to be linked have different subjects, as in the English
sentences:
The police (subject) caught the man.
The man (subject) was not a thief.
The man whom the police caught was not a thief.
In this combined sentence, the recurrent element (the noun which
occurred in both of the simple sentences that were joined) 'the man' is
the subject ofthe main verb (was) and the object ofthe verb in the
relative clause (caught).
In such cases an object participle is used in Turkish to join the two
sentences, because the recurrent element is the object ofthe sentence
that becomes the clause. In fact, the object participles are also used in
Turkish when the recurrent element is not the direct object ofthe
subordinate clause, and when English uses another relative pronoun like
'where' or 'to whom':
The house where they live is too small.
The man I gave the book to has gone. (The man to whom I gave the
book has gone.)
There are two participles which function in this manner in Turkish,
and they are bot_h followed by the possessive suffix. The possessive
suffIX in this case indicates the doer ofthe action, that is to say the
subject ofthe participle. The literal meaning ofthe Turkish versions of
the two sentences above will thus be:
The their-living-house is too small.
The the-book-my-having-given man has gone.
145

170
gidebiliriz, ama bunu ben oraya gelince konu§uruz. Bu mektup .;:ok klsa
oldu, ancak programlml sana hemen haber vermek istedim. in§allah
yakmda bol bol gorU§uriiz.
Sevgiler,
inci

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