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Copyright © 2008 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Information and orders: Uitgeverij Aksant P.O. Box 2169, 1000 cd Amsterdam, the Netherlands t + 31 20 850 01 50 f + 31 20 665 64 11 e info@aksant.nl www.aksant.nl isbn 978-90-6984-541-8 The paper in this publication meets the requirements of « iso-norm 9706 (1994) for permanence. Illustration cover: logo of the Willie Commelin Scholten Phytopathology Laboratory.
Contents Prologue 1 1 what did willie want? 7 Bulb trade and bulb-growing: Ernst Krelage 16 Research on plant diseases: Hugo de Vries 20 2 phytopathology: a private or a public institute? 29 A private initiative 30 A service for agriculturalists 41 Trojan horse 45 A public concern 52 Two phytopathology institutes 58 3 the lady from roemer visscherstraat 63 A new direction 67 Fungus lady 73 Prospects of a professorship 81 4 ‘out in baarn’ 95 Diseased elms 98 In splendid isolation 102 ‘Some gnashing of teeth on both sides’ 108 Professor in Amsterdam 120 5 sturm und drang 123 The growth of phytopathology 128 Disease as a process 130 Elm disease 134 contents v
Page 1 and 2: In splendid isolation
Page 3: In splendid isolation A history of
Page 7 and 8: Prologue Seven Women and a Diseased
Page 9 and 10: The reason for this association, wh
Page 11: I was well aware by then that the h
Page 14 and 15: household, next to which is a café
Page 16 and 17: Cover of a leafl et on the Royal We
Page 18 and 19: Willie studied biology at the Unive
Page 20 and 21: given the handwriting and the place
Page 22 and 23: Bulb trade and bulb-growing: Ernst
Page 24 and 25: northern to the southern Netherland
Page 26 and 27: of self-evident importance - or so
Page 28 and 29: ‘I immediately saw the connection
Page 30 and 31: the dawn of the new century that he
Page 32 and 33: central location that is easy to re
Page 35 and 36: 2 Phytopathology: a private or a pu
Page 37 and 38: Ernst Krelage edited the horticultu
Page 39 and 40: forty years the Netherlands had its
Page 41 and 42: Agriculture and Forestry in Vienna,
Page 43 and 44: Just how much infl uence the decisi
Page 45 and 46: In Germany, for instance, existing
Page 47 and 48: he greatly regretted her absence,
Page 49 and 50: But however much Ritzema Bos may ha
Page 51 and 52: conditions under which they were gr
Page 53 and 54: eturned to the Netherlands, where h
Page 55 and 56:
government had given the Foundation
Page 57 and 58:
Mr and Mrs Commelin Scholten. Tijds
Page 59 and 60:
But he felt obliged to speak out, s
Page 61 and 62:
een planted out? 71 Have temperatur
Page 63 and 64:
obvious to me that Prof. R.B.’s i
Page 65 and 66:
For several years, Ritzema Bos trie
Page 67 and 68:
him for the last time in April that
Page 69 and 70:
3 The lady from Roemer Visscherstra
Page 71 and 72:
of age. At a time when the atmosphe
Page 73 and 74:
for different reasons, 13 and Schou
Page 75 and 76:
udget and its urban location called
Page 77 and 78:
De Vries was in the vanguard of a g
Page 79 and 80:
Fungus lady Ritzema Bos permitted h
Page 81 and 82:
ulbs to rot in the ground before sp
Page 83 and 84:
way confi rming or refuting the fi
Page 85 and 86:
Here, Westerdijk’s two positions
Page 87 and 88:
Diagnostic classifi cation scheme d
Page 89 and 90:
Ministry of the Interior replied a
Page 91 and 92:
That was the epithet that she would
Page 93 and 94:
taxonomy he had orchestrated in 191
Page 95 and 96:
Even so, the faculty calmly maintai
Page 97 and 98:
These negotiations had now been goi
Page 99:
to, the board of governors of the U
Page 102 and 103:
Inaugural address given by Westerdi
Page 104 and 105:
kingdom. Basing ourselves on the fr
Page 106 and 107:
The disease did not disappear as ab
Page 108 and 109:
In splendid isolation Bea Schwarz a
Page 110 and 111:
It must have all been rather baffl
Page 112 and 113:
In the summer of 1920, the director
Page 114 and 115:
Dinner celebrating Bea Schwarz’s
Page 116 and 117:
the view from the beginning that th
Page 118 and 119:
direct reference to Hugo de Vries
Page 120 and 121:
Youngest servant, Jan Kiljan, in th
Page 122 and 123:
inevitable survival of the fi ttest
Page 124 and 125:
‘Reviewing all the points that ha
Page 126 and 127:
as possibly and incinerate it, to p
Page 128 and 129:
PhD thesis, primarily with a view t
Page 130 and 131:
Westerdijk and Went listening to ra
Page 132 and 133:
since the assistance made available
Page 134 and 135:
hire some character from the slums.
Page 136 and 137:
plant doctor suffers sleepless nigh
Page 138 and 139:
eing causative agents. 27 And in th
Page 140 and 141:
Elm disease One of these lines of r
Page 142 and 143:
In 1934/1935, when the evidence sug
Page 144 and 145:
proved that the disease originated
Page 146 and 147:
Antagonism research Van Luyk, who s
Page 148 and 149:
In various experiments it was const
Page 150 and 151:
Advertisement for expansine. Nederl
Page 152 and 153:
an opportunity to do so, partly bec
Page 154 and 155:
to food production in the Netherlan
Page 156 and 157:
The Delft researchers, as has now b
Page 158 and 159:
friend of Germany who was deployed
Page 160 and 161:
number of cultures from the genera
Page 162 and 163:
the position you adopted, we noneth
Page 164 and 165:
everywhere, we’re used to it thes
Page 166 and 167:
again and has two small children, b
Page 168 and 169:
professor Jo Oort on the board of t
Page 170 and 171:
Professor Adriaan van Herk, in cons
Page 172 and 173:
Louise Kerling, c. 1969. Reproduced
Page 174 and 175:
changes, as a result of which it ma
Page 176 and 177:
Everything needed for education sho
Page 178 and 179:
‘The new wing of the old building
Page 180 and 181:
has no choice but to have it done a
Page 182 and 183:
converted into laboratories for phy
Page 184 and 185:
y the conditions.’ With the aging
Page 186 and 187:
pollen stimulated not only the grow
Page 188 and 189:
Party celebrating Van den Ende’s
Page 190 and 191:
frequently … that others [student
Page 192 and 193:
period. 79 The reaction of the plan
Page 194 and 195:
used critically, and to conduct fur
Page 196 and 197:
A changing world Phytopathological
Page 198 and 199:
Kerling dressed as Mistress Commeli
Page 200 and 201:
ut today, everyone’s responsibili
Page 202 and 203:
Koen Verhoeff, c. 1987. Reproduced
Page 204 and 205:
spend at least an hour and a half t
Page 206 and 207:
work in Baarn was roughly equal to
Page 208 and 209:
Did this safeguard the continuity o
Page 210 and 211:
Research staff and assistants in th
Page 212 and 213:
Foundation (stw). So the project te
Page 214 and 215:
the pathogen, and the soil fl ora.
Page 216 and 217:
which was approved in 1983. Each of
Page 218 and 219:
the pathogen has spread far more to
Page 220 and 221:
Both these hypotheses were investig
Page 222 and 223:
‘Of course everyone used the inst
Page 224 and 225:
Student excursion to the province o
Page 226 and 227:
But that was no reason to sit back
Page 228 and 229:
Three in academic gowns. From left
Page 230 and 231:
government of strong men led by Joo
Page 232 and 233:
council, of bion, the Biology Counc
Page 234 and 235:
and French bean.’ 71 There was no
Page 236 and 237:
she jerks her head upwards, saying
Page 239 and 240:
8 Charity begins at home ‘It has
Page 241 and 242:
‘The government has basically mad
Page 243 and 244:
that treating susceptible cultivate
Page 245 and 246:
Even so, horticulturalists were not
Page 247 and 248:
Mutually enhancing effects ‘Induc
Page 249 and 250:
Resistance and susceptibility proje
Page 251 and 252:
He pauses briefl y. ‘When Verhoef
Page 253 and 254:
Temperature-controlled glasshouse,
Page 255 and 256:
Yet only in June, that same executi
Page 257 and 258:
words, the phytopathology departmen
Page 259 and 260:
340,000 square metres. About half o
Page 261 and 262:
Closure of Villa Java, meeting of 2
Page 263 and 264:
Epilogue May 2005. Minuscule scars
Page 265 and 266:
At the end of the 1980s, btl Bomend
Page 267 and 268:
of defence mechanisms over time. Th
Page 269 and 270:
into a discipline created by and fo
Page 271 and 272:
promised to be capable of solving o
Page 273 and 274:
to the Willie Commelin Scholten Phy
Page 275 and 276:
Acknowledgements After the sale of
Page 277:
To gain access to confi dential doc
Page 280 and 281:
ipo Instituut voor Plantenziektenku
Page 283 and 284:
Bibliography Appel, O. and J. Weste
Page 285 and 286:
Grantham, C.S.L. (ed.), Agrarian or
Page 287 and 288:
Ritzema Bos, J., ‘Het Phytopathol
Page 289 and 290:
Theunissen, B., ‘Knowledge is pow
Page 291 and 292:
Appendix PhD theses * = research no
Page 293 and 294:
Mulder, D. (m), Biologisch onderzoe
Page 295:
Dik, A.L. (f), Population dynamics
Page 298 and 299:
Colonial Institute, 86, 87, 90, 91,
Page 300 and 301:
Loeb, Jacques, 24 Löhnis, F.B., 35
Page 302:
Utrecht University (uu), 3-5, 47, 8
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