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Poplar canker 138 Antagonism research 140 The Phytopathology Laboratory in wartime 143 6 ‘toil and moil’ 159 Science of dynamic equilibrium 163 The demands of education and research 169 Fundamental research 173 A changing world 190 7 triangular relations 195 Having your cake and eating it… and eating it again! 197 Ecologically-oriented phytopathological research 203 Physiologically-oriented phytopathological research 215 Virologically-oriented phytopathological research 221 8 charity begins at home 233 ‘Can those things fl y?’ 235 Mutually enhancing effects 241 Up against the wall 248 ‘Too much’ 250 A fi nal word 254 Epilogue 257 Acknowledgements 269 Table of terms and abbreviations 273 Bibliography 277 Appendix 285 Index 291 vi contents
Prologue Seven Women and a Diseased Elm May 1995. The harsh whining of chain saws pierces the air of the sleepy neighbourhood. The Parks and Public Gardens Department has started work bright and early and two men are sawing down a twenty-metre high elm in an enclosed garden in the western district of Amsterdam. Hanging from ropes like mountaineers, the men slice off the tree’s branches one by one, each time with a single sweep of the saw. The lopped branches swish down to the ground below. A few hours later, the colossus has been reduced to a pathetic stump. The houses on the other side of the square suddenly seem a few metres closer. A furious resident phones the local authority. The elm was diseased, the offi cial explains amicably, and there is no cure for elm disease. Only by chopping the tree down and removing it can you prevent the disease spreading or – more important still in a dense residential neighbourhood – make sure that the tree will not come thundering down of its own accord, toppled by strong winds. Local residents had not even noticed anything wrong with the tree. How you can tell that an elm is diseased actually? ‘It’s an insidious process’, explains Doekle Elgersma, plant pathologist at the University of Amsterdam. The fi rst symptoms appear in the spring. The leaves on the youngest twigs wither and become discoloured, as if autumn has already come. Then they die. Some fall to the ground, and others stay hanging in the tree like little dead fl ags. Then, in the summer, bare patches appear in the <strong>full</strong> green crown of the tree. The patches are bigger the following year, and bigger still the year after, until the doomed tree is eventually completely bare. By then it won’t take much to blow it down. The entire process of death can last as long as much as ten years. Elgersma suddenly demands: ‘Did you know that this disease is called ‘Dutch elm disease’ all over the world because the most important discoveries about elm disease were made by seven Dutch scientists? And that all seven were women?’ prologue 1
Page 1 and 2: In splendid isolation
Page 3 and 4: In splendid isolation A history of
Page 5: Contents Prologue 1 1 what did will
Page 9 and 10: The reason for this association, wh
Page 11: I was well aware by then that the h
Page 14 and 15: household, next to which is a café
Page 16 and 17: Cover of a leafl et on the Royal We
Page 18 and 19: Willie studied biology at the Unive
Page 20 and 21: given the handwriting and the place
Page 22 and 23: Bulb trade and bulb-growing: Ernst
Page 24 and 25: northern to the southern Netherland
Page 26 and 27: of self-evident importance - or so
Page 28 and 29: ‘I immediately saw the connection
Page 30 and 31: the dawn of the new century that he
Page 32 and 33: central location that is easy to re
Page 35 and 36: 2 Phytopathology: a private or a pu
Page 37 and 38: Ernst Krelage edited the horticultu
Page 39 and 40: forty years the Netherlands had its
Page 41 and 42: Agriculture and Forestry in Vienna,
Page 43 and 44: Just how much infl uence the decisi
Page 45 and 46: In Germany, for instance, existing
Page 47 and 48: he greatly regretted her absence,
Page 49 and 50: But however much Ritzema Bos may ha
Page 51 and 52: conditions under which they were gr
Page 53 and 54: eturned to the Netherlands, where h
Page 55 and 56: government had given the Foundation
Page 57 and 58:
Mr and Mrs Commelin Scholten. Tijds
Page 59 and 60:
But he felt obliged to speak out, s
Page 61 and 62:
een planted out? 71 Have temperatur
Page 63 and 64:
obvious to me that Prof. R.B.’s i
Page 65 and 66:
For several years, Ritzema Bos trie
Page 67 and 68:
him for the last time in April that
Page 69 and 70:
3 The lady from Roemer Visscherstra
Page 71 and 72:
of age. At a time when the atmosphe
Page 73 and 74:
for different reasons, 13 and Schou
Page 75 and 76:
udget and its urban location called
Page 77 and 78:
De Vries was in the vanguard of a g
Page 79 and 80:
Fungus lady Ritzema Bos permitted h
Page 81 and 82:
ulbs to rot in the ground before sp
Page 83 and 84:
way confi rming or refuting the fi
Page 85 and 86:
Here, Westerdijk’s two positions
Page 87 and 88:
Diagnostic classifi cation scheme d
Page 89 and 90:
Ministry of the Interior replied a
Page 91 and 92:
That was the epithet that she would
Page 93 and 94:
taxonomy he had orchestrated in 191
Page 95 and 96:
Even so, the faculty calmly maintai
Page 97 and 98:
These negotiations had now been goi
Page 99:
to, the board of governors of the U
Page 102 and 103:
Inaugural address given by Westerdi
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kingdom. Basing ourselves on the fr
Page 106 and 107:
The disease did not disappear as ab
Page 108 and 109:
In splendid isolation Bea Schwarz a
Page 110 and 111:
It must have all been rather baffl
Page 112 and 113:
In the summer of 1920, the director
Page 114 and 115:
Dinner celebrating Bea Schwarz’s
Page 116 and 117:
the view from the beginning that th
Page 118 and 119:
direct reference to Hugo de Vries
Page 120 and 121:
Youngest servant, Jan Kiljan, in th
Page 122 and 123:
inevitable survival of the fi ttest
Page 124 and 125:
‘Reviewing all the points that ha
Page 126 and 127:
as possibly and incinerate it, to p
Page 128 and 129:
PhD thesis, primarily with a view t
Page 130 and 131:
Westerdijk and Went listening to ra
Page 132 and 133:
since the assistance made available
Page 134 and 135:
hire some character from the slums.
Page 136 and 137:
plant doctor suffers sleepless nigh
Page 138 and 139:
eing causative agents. 27 And in th
Page 140 and 141:
Elm disease One of these lines of r
Page 142 and 143:
In 1934/1935, when the evidence sug
Page 144 and 145:
proved that the disease originated
Page 146 and 147:
Antagonism research Van Luyk, who s
Page 148 and 149:
In various experiments it was const
Page 150 and 151:
Advertisement for expansine. Nederl
Page 152 and 153:
an opportunity to do so, partly bec
Page 154 and 155:
to food production in the Netherlan
Page 156 and 157:
The Delft researchers, as has now b
Page 158 and 159:
friend of Germany who was deployed
Page 160 and 161:
number of cultures from the genera
Page 162 and 163:
the position you adopted, we noneth
Page 164 and 165:
everywhere, we’re used to it thes
Page 166 and 167:
again and has two small children, b
Page 168 and 169:
professor Jo Oort on the board of t
Page 170 and 171:
Professor Adriaan van Herk, in cons
Page 172 and 173:
Louise Kerling, c. 1969. Reproduced
Page 174 and 175:
changes, as a result of which it ma
Page 176 and 177:
Everything needed for education sho
Page 178 and 179:
‘The new wing of the old building
Page 180 and 181:
has no choice but to have it done a
Page 182 and 183:
converted into laboratories for phy
Page 184 and 185:
y the conditions.’ With the aging
Page 186 and 187:
pollen stimulated not only the grow
Page 188 and 189:
Party celebrating Van den Ende’s
Page 190 and 191:
frequently … that others [student
Page 192 and 193:
period. 79 The reaction of the plan
Page 194 and 195:
used critically, and to conduct fur
Page 196 and 197:
A changing world Phytopathological
Page 198 and 199:
Kerling dressed as Mistress Commeli
Page 200 and 201:
ut today, everyone’s responsibili
Page 202 and 203:
Koen Verhoeff, c. 1987. Reproduced
Page 204 and 205:
spend at least an hour and a half t
Page 206 and 207:
work in Baarn was roughly equal to
Page 208 and 209:
Did this safeguard the continuity o
Page 210 and 211:
Research staff and assistants in th
Page 212 and 213:
Foundation (stw). So the project te
Page 214 and 215:
the pathogen, and the soil fl ora.
Page 216 and 217:
which was approved in 1983. Each of
Page 218 and 219:
the pathogen has spread far more to
Page 220 and 221:
Both these hypotheses were investig
Page 222 and 223:
‘Of course everyone used the inst
Page 224 and 225:
Student excursion to the province o
Page 226 and 227:
But that was no reason to sit back
Page 228 and 229:
Three in academic gowns. From left
Page 230 and 231:
government of strong men led by Joo
Page 232 and 233:
council, of bion, the Biology Counc
Page 234 and 235:
and French bean.’ 71 There was no
Page 236 and 237:
she jerks her head upwards, saying
Page 239 and 240:
8 Charity begins at home ‘It has
Page 241 and 242:
‘The government has basically mad
Page 243 and 244:
that treating susceptible cultivate
Page 245 and 246:
Even so, horticulturalists were not
Page 247 and 248:
Mutually enhancing effects ‘Induc
Page 249 and 250:
Resistance and susceptibility proje
Page 251 and 252:
He pauses briefl y. ‘When Verhoef
Page 253 and 254:
Temperature-controlled glasshouse,
Page 255 and 256:
Yet only in June, that same executi
Page 257 and 258:
words, the phytopathology departmen
Page 259 and 260:
340,000 square metres. About half o
Page 261 and 262:
Closure of Villa Java, meeting of 2
Page 263 and 264:
Epilogue May 2005. Minuscule scars
Page 265 and 266:
At the end of the 1980s, btl Bomend
Page 267 and 268:
of defence mechanisms over time. Th
Page 269 and 270:
into a discipline created by and fo
Page 271 and 272:
promised to be capable of solving o
Page 273 and 274:
to the Willie Commelin Scholten Phy
Page 275 and 276:
Acknowledgements After the sale of
Page 277:
To gain access to confi dential doc
Page 280 and 281:
ipo Instituut voor Plantenziektenku
Page 283 and 284:
Bibliography Appel, O. and J. Weste
Page 285 and 286:
Grantham, C.S.L. (ed.), Agrarian or
Page 287 and 288:
Ritzema Bos, J., ‘Het Phytopathol
Page 289 and 290:
Theunissen, B., ‘Knowledge is pow
Page 291 and 292:
Appendix PhD theses * = research no
Page 293 and 294:
Mulder, D. (m), Biologisch onderzoe
Page 295:
Dik, A.L. (f), Population dynamics
Page 298 and 299:
Colonial Institute, 86, 87, 90, 91,
Page 300 and 301:
Loeb, Jacques, 24 Löhnis, F.B., 35
Page 302:
Utrecht University (uu), 3-5, 47, 8
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