information - Scottish Natural Heritage

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 

FOR COUNTRYSIDE 

RECREATION SITES 

COUNTRYSIDE COMMISSION FOR SCOTLAND 

BATTLEBY 

DISPLAY 

CENTRE

Note to Subscribers 

The role of the Battleby Display Centre is to encourage and 

develop high standards of design and to provide guidance on the 

choice of equipment and materials appropriate to the 

countryside. A wide range of products is displayed embracing 

most materials and techniques likely to be of interest to those 

making informal recreation provision. Display Centre staff keep 

under review relevant trade literature and develop new design 

solutions which are produced in the Commission's workshop. 

Priority is given to the development of cost-effective new designs 

and production methods geared to the financial and manpower 

resources likely to be available to providers. The Centre cannot 

recommend 'best buys,' but shows a range of design solutions to 

help users to make their own decisions on what to buy or how to 

develop designs appropriate to their circumstances. 

To make the Commission's advice of this kind available to others 

the Display Centre publishes a series of information sheets held 

in ring binders. These sheets are supplied free of charge to all 

Scottish local authorities and, at a modest fee, to other 

subscribers. 

The four main facilities currently provided by the Display Centre 

are as follows: 

— an outdoor display area, containing items listed in Section 20; 

— a series of information sheets, each describing a product or 

technique; 

— a reference library containing an extensive selection of 

manufacturers' information; and 

— a reference collection of 2,500 colour slides showing the 

application of products and techniques in the field. 

Staff of the Display Centre will always do their best to respond to 

enquiries for advice and, if necessary, will refer to alternative 

sources on subjects not covered by the information sheets. For 

this the slide collection and the trade catalogue library are useful 

additional aids to visitors. 

The activities of the Display Centre are based on development 

and innovation, and new or revised information sheets are issued 

to subscribers at regular intervals. The Commission has received 

much valuable feed-back information from users and thus the 

Centre is itself a means of exchanging information about the 

merits and shortcomings of new products. It is hoped that this 

two-way flow of information will continue. Any subscribers 

wishing to make enquiries or make suggestions should write to 

the Display Centre Manager, Battleby, Redgorton, Perth PH1 

3EW, or make contact by telephoning 0738-27921.

Countryside Commission for Scotland 

Battleby Redgorton Perth PH1 3EW 

S Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION SHEETS 

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 

CONTENTS Spring 1988 

This is a list of all sheets published in the information sheet series on 

equipment and materials at December 1987. Replacement or duplicate sheets 

may be purchased from the Battleby Display Centre at a cost of 10p per sheet. 

This list may be used as a re-order sheet, by making an entry in the 'quantity 

column. 

Quantity Sheet No. Title 

c.c.s. 

LITTER BINS 

1.1.1 

LITTER BIN concrete pipe and wire mesh basket with lid 

1.1.2 

LITTER BIN concrete pipe and wire mesh basket with GRP lid 

1.1.5 

LITTER BIN Solway 'tidiway' 

1.1.7 

LITTER BIN Concrete pipe disposable sack GRP lid 

1.3.1; 1.7.1 LITTER BASKET with timber surround 

1.3.2 

LITTER BASKET with timber surround 

1.4.2 

LITTER BIN free-standing, guarded, slab clad 

1.5.3 

LITTERBIN 'Yorke' 

1.6.5 

LITTERBIN post-mounted 

1.7.2 

LITTERBIN 'Compton' 

1.7.5 

LITTER BIN circular using square posts 

1.7.6 

LITTERBIN circular using round posts 

1.7.8 

LITTER BIN post and rail mounted sackholder 

1.7.11 LITTERBIN with slab surround 

1.7.13 LITTER BIN rail, post and surround 

EXHIBITS ON DISPLAY AT BATTLEBY 1. Litter bins 

SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS 1. Litterbins 

SIGNS, NOTICES AND INFORMATION BOARDS 

2.1.1 WORD AND LINE SPACING 

2.1.2 SIGN LAYOUT 

2.1.3 WAYMARK SYMBOLS 1. Standard arrow. 2. Scottish long distance route symbol 

2.2.2 TRAILSIDE INFORMATION BOARD 

2.2.3 CAIRN MOUNTED INFORMATION BOARD 

2.2.4 INFORMATION BOARD 

2.2.5 FRAMED INFORMATION BOARD 

2.2.6 INFORMATION SHELTER 

2.2.8 INFORMATION SHELTER NTS DESIGN 

2.2.9 VIEWPOINT INDICATOR FIXING 

2.2.10 TEMPORARY SIGNS 1. Signboard 2. Direction marker 

2.2.11 TEMPORARY SIGNS 3. Post-mounted. 4. Free-standing 

2.3.3 SANDBLASTED SIGNS 

2.4.3 VACUUM-FORMED PLASTIC SIGNS 

2.5.1 ROUTING: GENERAL METHOD 

2.5.3 FORESTRY COMMISSION SIGN SYSTEM 

2.5.4 WAYMARKERS 

2.5.5 WAYMARK CAIRN 

2.5.6 LONG DISTANCE ROUTE FINGERPOSTS 

2.5.7 LONG DISTANCE ROUTE WAYMARK POSTS 

2.7.2 SIGNS WITH ADHESIVE LETTERING 

2.8.4 SIGN SCREEN - PRINTED ON ADHESIVE PVC 

2.8.5 GRP MUSHROOM WAYMARKER 

2.9.1 MELAMINE LAMINATE SIGNS 

EXHIBITS ON DISPLAY AT BATTLEBY 2. Signs 

SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS 2. Signs


SURFACING MATERIALS 

3.1 GRASS REINFORCEMENT 'Grasscrete' 

3.2 GRASS REINFORCEMENT 'Mono BG slabs' 

3.3 SURFACING Local washed river gravel on quarry aggregate 

3.4 PAVING BLOCK concrete interlocking 'Uni-block' 

3.5 GRASS REINFORCEMENT 'Broplene' land mesh 

3.6 GRASS REINFORCEMENT Sommerfeld reinforcement track 

3.7 GRASS REINFORCEMENT 'Grassblock' system 

3.9 GRASS REINFORCEMENT 'Wyretex' 

3.10 PAVING BLOCK concrete, interlocking 

3.11 GRASS REINFORCEMENT 'Grasscel' 

BARRIERS AND FENCING 

4.1.11/12 FENCING interwoven 

4.1.14 FENCING 2.5m high screen/security 

4.1.16/17 FENCING timber post and rail 

4.2.2 FENCING PVC 'Intrad' horizontal 

4.2.3 FENCING PVC 'Intrad' vertical 

4.3.1 VEHICLE BARRIER 

4.3.2 VEHICLE BARRIER/SEAT 

4.3.3 VEHICLE BARRIER log kerb stockade type 

4.3.4/5 VEHICLE BARRIERS 

4.3.6 VEHICLE BARRIER temporary 

4.3.7 BOLLARD 

4.3.12 VEHICLE BARRIER 

4.3.13 BOOM BARRIER with concrete counterweight 

4.3.14 CARAVAN BARRIER 

4.5.1/2 FENCING high tensile wire 

4.5.3/4/5/6 FENCING single strand barbed wire 

4.8.2 FIELD GATE universal model 

4.8.3 GATE long and short gate combination 

4.8.4 KISSING GATE 

4.9 STILES 

4.9.1 STILE gap and single step 

4.9.2 STILE squeezer type 

4.9.3 STILE ladder type 

4.9.5 STILE two step, crossover 

4.9.6 STILE demountable 

4.9.7 STILE vertical ladder type 

4.9.9 STILE lift up and step through 

4.9.10 STILE high ladder 

4.9.11 STILE two step, straight 

4.9.12 STILE two step, crossover 

4.9.13 STILE the 'Rambler' 

4.10 DRYSTANE DYKES 

4.10.3 TYPES OF DRYSTONE WALLING 

4.10.4 TYPES OF COPE 

4.10.5 BASIC DYKE CONSTRUCTION 

4.10.6 WALLHEADS 

4.10.7 GAP STILE 

4.10.8 THROUGH-STEP STILE and HANDHOLD 

4.10.9 LUNKIE HOLE 

4.10.10 DYKES ON SLOPES 

4.10.11 RETAINING WALL 

4.10.12 DYKES CROSSING WETLAND, STREAMS etc 

4.10.13 DYKES and TREE ROOTS 

4.10.14 GALLOWAY HEDGE and other methods of heightening dykes 

4.10.15 DYKE with wire fence top 

| I EXHIBITS ON DISPLAY AT BATTLEBY 4. Barriers and Fencing 

I I SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS 4. Barriers and Fencing


PICNIC FURNITURE AND SEATING 

5.1 BENCH SEAT AND TABLE 

5.2 TABLE AND SEAT COMBINED 

5.3 GRIZEDALE BENCH 

5.4 PICNIC BENCH 'Grizedale' 

5.5 PICNIC TABLE/SEATS combined 

5.6 SEAT/PICNIC BENCH 

5.7 SEAT WITH BACKREST 

5.9 PICNIC TABLE 'Totland' 

5.10 PICNIC TABLE heavy duty 

5.11 BENCH SEAT 


5.13 SEAT with backrest 

5.15 BENCH seat/table 

5.16 PICNIC TABLE/SEATS (combined) 

5.17 PICNIC TABLE and SEAT 

5.18 PICNIC SEAT 




5.22 PICNIC TABLE 


5.25A PICNIC TABLE; BENCH SEAT 

5.25B TABLE; SEAT 

5.26 PICNIC PALLET 



5.40 PICNIC TABLE (see 5.41 for matching seat) 

5.41 BENCH SEAT (to match 5.40) 

EXHIBITS ON DISPLAY AT BATTLEBY 5. Picnic furniture and seating 

SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS 5. Picnic furniture and seating 

FOOTPATHS, STEPS AND WALKWAYS 

6.1 STEPPED RAMP CONSTRUCTION plank/sleeper/log + infill 

6.2 TIMBER WALKWAY railway sleeper 

6.3 TIMBER PILING CAUSEWAY 

6.7/8 FOOTPATH construction over soft ground using fabric 

6.9 BOARD WALK 


6.11 TIMBER STEPS 


6.14/15/16 TIMBER STEPS; STONE/CONCRETE SLAB STEPS 

6.17 PLATFORM/DECK viewing platform/stairhead construction 

6.19 STEP DETAIL 

BUILDING FINISHES AND MATERIALS 

13.1* THE TREATMENT OF EXTERIOR TIMBER AGAINST DECAY 

EXHIBITS ON DISPLAY AT BATTLEBY 13.1 Timber protection 

SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS 13.1 Timber protection 

FIREPLACES, BARBECUES ETC 

14.4 PARK CHEF charcoal barbecue 

14.5 CAMP COOKING BENCH 

14.6 BARBECUE converted oil drum 

16.1 FOOTBRIDGE 

* 13.1 is a 20-page A4 leaflet costing £1.50


PROVISION FOR DISABLED PEOPLE 

17.1 GENERAL NOTES ON DESIGN FOR ACCESS TO THE COUNTRYSIDE BY 

DISABLED PEOPLE 

17.2 CAR PARKING FOR THE DISABLED 

17.3 RAMPS AND GRADIENTS 

17.3.1 RAMP CONSTRUCTION for wheelchair users 

17.5.1 CIRCULATION SPACE ambulant disabled people 

17.5.2 CIRCULATION SPACE wheelchairs 

17.5.3 CIRCULATION SPACE wheelchairs 

17.6 FOOTPATH SURFACES for ambulant disabled people and wheelchair users 

17.6.1 FOOTPATH CONSTRUCTION for ambulant disabled people and 

wheelchair users 

I wish to order information sheets as above at a cost of 10p per sheet. 

Name 

Dept 

Organisation 

Address 

Signature 

Date


Battleby Redgorton Perth PH13EW 

tt Perth (0738) 27921 

LITTER BIN concrete pipe and wire mesh basket with lid 

ec.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 1.1.1



& Perth (0738)27921 

cc.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

1.1.2 

LITTER BIN concrete pipe and wire mesh basket with GRP lid scale 1:10



tt Perth (0738)27921 

Litter Bin concrete pipe disposable sack GRP lid scale 1:10 

©c.c s 10:83 

INFORMATION 

1.1.7 

SHEET



Perth (0738)27921 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 1.3.1 and 1.7.1 

LITTER BASKET with timber surround scale1:10 

ELEVATION



Perth (0738)27921 

1.3.2 

Litter Basket with timber surround scale 1:10 

NOTES: 

oc.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



a Perth (0738)27921 

LITTER BIN free-standing, guarded,'slab'clad scale 1:10 

©c.cs. 10:83 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

1.4.2



tt Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

1.7.2 

Litter Bin Compton W F Broomfield scale 1:20 

©c.c s. 10:83



& Perth (0738)27921 

LITTER BIN (circular using square posts) 

c.c.s. 10:83 

INFORMATION 1.7.5 

SHEET



©Perth (0738)27921 

LITTER BIN (circular using round posts) 

©c.c.s 9.80 


SHEET 

Scale 1:10



tt Perth (0738)27921 

LITTER BIN post and rail mounted sackholder 

© c.c.s 10:83 


SHEET

Countryside Commission for Scotland INFORMATION 

1.7.11 


tt Perth (0738)27921 SHEET 

LITTER BIN with slab surround Durham c.c.Design Scale 1:20 

©



« Perth (0738)27921 

1.7.13 

LITTER BIN Rail, post and surround East Lothian design Scale1:20 

PLAN/ 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

V 

© c.c.s. 9.80



Perth (0738) 27921 

WORD AND LINE SPACING 

Word spacing 

As with letters, the spaces between 

words should be the minimum 

necessary in order to separate one 

from another, but should be 

separated sufficiently to prevent 

them from merging together. As a 

general rule, the space between 

words should be approximately the 

width of two lower-case 'i's' as 

shown below. 

Word and line spacing 

Line spacing 

The space between lines must be 

sufficient to ensure that the eye can 

travel easily along each horizontal 

line of type and absorb the meaning. 

This means a line-space of 

approximately two lower-case 'i's' 

on their side between the bottom of a 

Line-space 

descender and the top of an Space occupied by 

ascender in the next line. 'ascenders' 

© c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

2.1.1 

SHEET 

^ 

Space occupied by 

'descenders'



® Perth (0738) 27921 

Signing systems have to be read 

with light, dark and textured 

backgrounds. The lower examples 

use a broad border — this can aid 

visual impact. 

Remember that the seasons change 

and signs easily seen in winter can 

become obscured by summer 

foliage. 

Attention to detail, the refinement of 

layout and construction increases 

effectiveness. 

This pair of signs will be more easily 

understood . . . 

© c.c.s. 

FOOTBRIDGE 

FOOTBRIDGE 

FOOTBRIDGE 

HILL TRAIL- 

laid out like this FOOTBRIDGE 

INFORMATION 

2.1.2 

SHEET 

HILL TRAIL

Odia etia 

Odia etiam sunt 

luptam propter 

atque ut odia 

etiam sunt luptam 

propter. 



atque ut odia 


propter. 

When the heading is 

in a larger size than 

the text within one 

panel, the type 

should line to the 

same margin. 

If the panel and 

type-sizes are to be 

kept constant, it is 

important not to 

'stretch' a shorter 

message to fit the 

area, but to leave 

space. 


lumptam propter 

atque ut odia 


propter. Atque ut 

odia etiam sunt 

luptam propter at 

ut odia 



atque ut odia etia 

sunt luptam 


odia etiam sunt lu 

propter atque 

WOODLAND 

ESTATES 

FOOTBRIDGE 

Signing like this can look like this. 

© c.c.s. 

There could be 

situations when 

there are a number 

of panels equal in 

size, with the type 

equal in height but 

the length of 

message variable. 

There may be 

instances when 

space is required for 

the purpose of 

separating text and 

isolating titles and 

headings. 

HILL TRAIL } 

Please keep to the paths 

HIGH FIRE RISK AREA 

Note the use of two panel depths, various 

colour combinations and word styles to give 

priorities. 

A temporary notice is at the foot of the panel 

to enable removal immediately the danger is 

over.



® Perth (0738) 27921 

WAYMARK SYMBOLS 1. Standard Arrow 

To draw waymark 

arrow using rule 

and compasses 

1. Draw vertical and 

horizontal axes AD 

and HG. 

(These will be at 45° 

for upward pointing 

left or right arrows). 

2. Draw circle of radius 

45mm centred on 

intersection of axes. 

3. Mark 15mm intervals 

from circumference 

at B & C on vertical 

axis. 

4. Draw BE and CF 

parallel to horizontal 

axis. 

5. Join EF, DG and AG. 

Some notes on basic waymarking 

1. Keep it to a minimum. The best waymark of 

all is the path itself, so waymark only where 

a stranger would otherwise have difficulty 

following the correct path. 

2. Use existing surfaces on man-made objects 

(gates, fence-posts, the cope of a dyke etc) 

wherever possible, and natural objects (eg 

tree-trunks) only as a last resort. 

3. Remember that paths are two-directional 

and therefore the route should be clear to 

people approaching from either direction. 

4. Waymarks should always be directly facing 

the oncomer and where possible be placed 

before a junction or change of direction. 

5. The recommended colours are:— 

Footpaths: Yellow B.S. No. 08 E 51 

Bridleways: Blue B.S. No. 20 E 51 

Further references: "Waymarking public paths 

— a practical guide", a 

leaflet obtainable from the 

Countryside Commission 

for Scotland. 

"Waymarking for footpath 

and bridleway", HMSO 

1974 

© c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.1.3 

Top of arrow 

horizontal

WAYMARK SYMBOLS 2. Scottish Long Distance Route Symbol 

A white-painted thistle in the form illustrated 

right is the standard symbol waymarking all 

official long distance routes. It can be applied 

by a number of techniques, by stencil and 

paint to a wayside boulder for example, but it 

is most often found on timber waymark posts 

(see sheets 2.5.6 and 2.5.7) where the image is 

first routed into the wood then painted white. 

The diagram below shows how the symbol 

can be drawn up to allow the construction of 

stencils or templates for use with routing 

machines — see information sheet 2.5.1. 

Begin by drawing the horizontal and vertical 

axis AB and CD. 

With the intersection O as centre draw circles 

with radii of 45, 25, and 19mm. 

With the 45mm radius draw arcs centred on A 

and B to cut the outer circle at E, F, G, and H. 

Draw the hexagon AEFBGH. Draw parallel 

lines 3.5mm and 9.5mm on either side of the 

axis CD to intersect the base of the hexagon 

and the two innercircles as shown. 

Draw JF and EK as shown then LO and MO 

parallel to JF and EK. 

© C.C.S. 

The symbols on this sheet are drawn to the 

recommended size for use on all waymark 

posts and route boards. 

When using a router it may be convenient to 

cut out the bulk of the symbol quickly with a 

large cutter then tidy up the corners with as 

fine a cutter as possible. 

Initial cut 

with 6mm 

cutter.



Perth (0738) 27921 

TRAILSIDE INFORMATION BOARD 

Bevel cut the end of the, 

sleeper to 30° so that 

display is set at 30° 

to the horizontal. / 

This method of displaying information has 

been designed to present interpretive material 

at the trail-side so that it may be easily read by 

both adults and children. 

It is robust and difficult to vandalise, and trail 

numbers or direction arrows may be routed 

into the sleepers. 

© c.c.s. 

75mm long 

screw here i 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.2.2 

'Pop' rivets 

(6-off at app 

250mm 

centres) 

25mm from 

edge 

100mm 16g zinc plated 

pozidrive 'Twinfast' 

c/sunk screws 

For upright panel 

250 x 125, set on edge 

eg railway sleeper 

For landscape position 

set sleeper as below. 

Display panel



© Perth (0738) 27921 

CAIRN MOUNTED INFORMATION BOARD 

A robust mortar-built stone plinth displaying 

interpretive information screen-printed onto 

melamine which is bonded to marine ply:— 

Front elevation 

f 425 

End elevation 

Plan view Section through board and fixing 

bracket. 

© C.C.S. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.2.3 

Screen-printed melamine display boards 

580 x 762 (as drawn) or 457 x 762mm. 

Scale 1:10 For the smaller size reduce the plinth to the size 

indicated by the dotted line. 

Fixing 

brackets 

embedded 

in mortar 

Reduced to 775 for smaller board — j 

. 3mm Melamine laminate 

18mm marine ply 

3mm Flat Bar bracket screwed to 

underside of board with 18mm x 

14mm guage zinc-plated round-head 

screws.



Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION BOARD 

12mm solid display panel 

Detail of tenon 

Fixing for melamine panels 

Gel-coat with image. 

Glass cloth and resin 

Core material 

Glass/resin — 

Fixing 

Glass/resin — 

Fixing for GRP panels 

© C.C.S. 

Section B-B 

'Bighead' fastener 

bonded to rear of panel 

View on 

15° weather 

counterbore 

75 x 25 

/Fasteners at 

. centre of rail 

50mm long 

countersunk 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.2.4 

15° weather 

This is a strongly built post and frame 

construction designed for mounting 

information panels which have had fasteners 

bonded to them either in the core material — 

such as would be the case with a GRP panel — 

or to the rear surface, using a fixing such as the 

'Bighead' fastener illustrated. 

The panel should be specified with fasteners 

set at the corners about 100mm from each 

edge, and at centres elsewhere no greater than 

500mm. Thus the overall dimensions of the 

framing will be determined by the size of the 

panel. 

The timber may be hardwood, such as oak, or a 

softwood suitably preservative-treated. 

For details of melamine and GRP panels see 

information sheets 2.9.1, 2.9.2.



Perth (0738) 27921 

FRAMED INFORMATION BOARD 

Sectional plan BB 

Wedges 

to be 

glued 

Detail of mortise and tenon 

© C.C.S. 

Scale 1:5 

Slots for panel 

Mortise tapered 

Dowel 

Sectional 

elevation AA 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.2.5 

Groove 

10 x 10 mm 

^ 6mm 

Bevel 

Weather 15° 

1550 

Solid grade 

display panel 

See detail 'C' 

800 x 500 x 9mm thick 

See detail 'D' 

20mm 

less than panel 

width, (see note) 

1150 

Concrete 

where necessary 

Scale 1:20 

This is a sturdy post and frame construction 

designed to display information panels (such 

as solid-grade melamine) without recourse to 

nut and bolt fastenings. 

The panel is mounted in 10mm slots routed 

into the inside face of solid framework 

constructed using mortise-and-tenon joints 

which are both wedged and dowelled. 

The timber may be hardwood, such as oak, or a 

softwood such as larch or pine which should be 

preservative-treated. 

The mounting slot should be about 1mm wider 

than the thickness of the panel to be mounted, 

and approximately 10-12mm deep. To allow for 

expansion, add 1mm extra per 500mm of each 

dimension of panel. 

For details of display panels see information 

sheet sections 2.6, 2.8 and 2.9.



Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION SHELTER 

Scale 1:20 2080 j 

(30 x 

Stiffener 

Scale 1:10 

(150 x 50) angled 

This construction requires a certain 

amount of joinery skill and is 

suitable for the display of semiweatherproof 

panels. It also affords 

some protection to the reader. The 

framing is manufactured in larch, 

with standard sarking used for 

roof cladding. 

For suitable timber finishes 

see information sheet 

© C.C.S. 

Concrete 

1050 

INFORMATION 

2.2.6 

SHEET 

150 x 50) 

x 30) 

Stiffener 

main framing 

150 x50) 

Stiffener 

1m in length. 

Cutting list 

Roof angles 

Roof framing 

Roof & main framing 

Stiffener 

Main upright 

Main framing 

Seam laps 

Ridge piece 

Roof cladding 

Stiffeners 

290 

(180x25) 

(55x25) 

2-off 620x100x50 

2-off 1150x100x50 

2-off 1370x100x50 

2-off 2080x100x50 

1 -off 1820x100x50 

2-off 2080x150x50 

2-off 1000x150x50 

4-off 4800x150x50 

2-off 1820x150x50 

20-off 1460x 55x15 

20-off 790x 55x15 

2-off 2240x 55x15 

20-off 1500x180x15 

20-off 810x180x15 

2-off 2080x 30x30 

Construction 

Pre-treat all components before assembly. 

1. The main roof framing is constructed 

(without cladding) prior to erection. 

2. The main frame must be pre-cut, but is 

assembled on site. 

3. Set main frame assembly in concrete — 

checking levels — using temporary 

supporting stays. Leave for 24 hours. 

4. Fix roof framing and clad. 

5. Fix information panels.



© Perth (0738) 27921 

3400 

INFORMATION SHELTER N.T.S. DESIGN 

Scale 1:20 

© c.c.s. 

*"=r 

250x50 

cill 

100x100x38 . 

spacer block 

(125x50) 

upright 

Padstone 

and hardcore 

alternative 

(150x25) I 

INFORMATION 

2.2.8 

SHEET 

100x125 

(175x150) 

ridge 

frame 

150x50 filler 

3225 —^ 

- 950 ») frlOM^ 

NATIONAL T 

225x50 mounting board 

175x50 uprights 

Alternative method of 'slotting' mounting boards 

Simple joinery skills are required for this 

design, and some workshop preparation of 

components would be an advantage. The posts 

are first set up with temporary stays using a 

mounting board and the ridge piece to gauge 

the centres accurately. The mounting panels 

must be incorporated before the roof structure 

is added. 

The roof structure should be built, starting with 

the lower horizontal end frames, continuing 

with the 'rafters' and eave board, finally adding 

the 175 x 38 ridge plank and roof cladding 

boards. An optional name board may be added 

as shown. 

The plinth may be started once the uprights are 

firm, and should be built up to the level of the 

cill. Cement pointing should slope from cill to 

edge. 

Finally, after painting, mount display panels



© Perth (0738) 27921 

VIEWPOINT INDICATOR FIXING 

Peripheral studs threaded or ragged, 

6mm dia., 6mm long 

Central pivot stud 

6mm dia., 50mm long 

Peripheral slots 

cut 8mm wide 

at 275mm radius. 

Hole at centre 12mm dia 

12mm between slots C 

At wide spans 

(> 125mm) 

bore hole 

in stone to 

take plug 

Fixing Procedure: 

2. 

3. 

4. 

6. 

7. 

600mm dia. 6mm thick acrylic disc. 

Set plugs at appropriate positions in mortar 

joints. 

Ensuring that the centres of slots in acrylic 

disc are orientated to allow accurate final 

adjustment, mark centres for fixing-plugs. 

Bore and countersink acrylic disc. 

When mortar is set, screw down acrylic 

onto a thin bed of soft, fine mortar, keeping 

peripheral slots clear of excess mortar. 

Fill slots and coat acrylic disc with 

'Araldite'. 

Fill central hole with 'Rockite' grouting. 

Press home s/steel disc, slewing to give 

final, accurate orientation. 

© c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

2.2.9 

SHEET 

600mm dia. 16g. stainless steel disc, 

image deep-etched, filled black 6mm dia. stud 

welded to plate 

Section at edge 

of s/steel disc 

c/sink underside of slot 

Section at edge 

of acrylic disc 

Heavy duty plugs set in 

concrete to take brass screws 

'Araldite' 

•1½ x 12 gunmetal or 

brass c/sunk screw 

'Rawlplug' or 'Thunderplug'



ffi Perth (0738) 27921 

TEMPORARY SIGNS 1. Signboard 

Scale 1:2 

This is a temporary signboard, designed to be 

easily transportable when dismantled, but 

large enough to be legible to motorists at 

moderate speeds. 

The main board may be made from melamine 

surfaced exterior grade ply, 19mm thick. On 

this may be printed or stencilled the logo and 

title. 

The individual title-boards may be made from 

150 x 20mm white plastic fencing planks; the 

lettering is 100mm black 'Letrasign'. 

© c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.2.10 

FAMILY DAY 

ON THE 

FARM 

COLTON 

MAINS 

In windy conditions drivesecuring 

pins into ground 

at angles, or on solid 

ground weight base 

frame with sand bags 

The 'Level adjusting clamp' is made from a 125 

x 9mm bolt bent through 75°, with the head 

removed. 

All metal components should be hot-dip 

galvanised.

TEMPORARY SIGNS 2. Direction Marker 

A useful method of marking a route on a 

temporary basis, such as is required for a Farm 

Open Day. Not being permanently fixed, it is 

suitable only for use on occasions when there 

is a high level of site management. 

For permanent protection the market should be 

hot-dip galvanised. 

Arrows may be painted on — a stencil cut to the 

required shape is useful for marking out a 

standard pattern. 

Alternatively, black self-adhesive plastic 

'Letrasign' (100mm size) may be used. This 

may be obtained from 'Letraset' stockists. 

Letrasign arrows have the advantage of being 

easily replaced to cater for local conditions, or 

not affixed until the site requirements are 

known. 

© c.c.s. 

Ex. 3mm plate 

Weld- 

12mm square bar 

Weld 

Scale 1:10 

Buff corners to app. 

12mm. radius 

1200 

100 

G.L. 

300



© Perth (0738) 27921 

TEMPORARY SIGNS 3. Post-mounted 

Top frame. 

Top frame 

390 x 580 

(internal) 

End Elevation 

6mm dia lug welded to 

frame to locate in main 

frame. See detail \ 

View showing assembly 

— note, Display Panel 

omitted. 

© c.c.s. 

frame. 

Display panel 

Main frame. 

Hole for padlock in ( jr 

12mm dia. locking bolt 

Flap hinges 

welded to 

frame. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.2.11 

Hinge not 

shown. 

Corners mitred by cutting 

90° notch at 45° folding to 

right angle and welding 

flange. 

A method of temporarily displaying 

Information Boards in any location with square 

fence posts. 

15mm diam. hole to take 

locking bolt 

Display panel 

575x385x3mm 

Main frame 

25x25x3mm O.A. 

Elevation 

from 'field' side 

of fence. 

9mm dia hole for lug in 

top frame 

Hinge not 

shown 

75x75mm fence post 

Note: Augur hole 

through post to 18mm 

dia. 

.'Box' formed from 12g 

M.S. plate to be 80 x 

80mm internal cross 

section. 

View showing 

method of locking 

top frame to main 

frame and post. 

Note: The main frame may be hot-dip 

galvanised but NOT the top-frame (the hinge 

would seize) which should be given one coat 

metal primer and one coat black gloss enamel

TEMPORARY SIGNS 4. Freestanding 

Standard section of 

folded steel U-channel 

used for frame (scale 

actual size) 

Material required per 

sign: 

1.120m channel 

2.000m tube @ 25 x 25 

0.300m tube @ 20 x 20 

DAN|GER 

© c.c.s. 

Lettering and arrows 

from black self-adhesive 

'LETRASIGN' 

fold mitred corners: 

Cut 90° notch at 45° 

in channel sides 

Fold together 

Weld at 90' 

Ground spike to secure 

base in strong wind. 

Ex. 9mm rod. 

150 x 18mm white plastic 

'planking' cut to 485mm 

lengths from Marley 

fencing. 

500 

BULL PENS 

Weld 

1000 

TfT" 

310 

-25 x 25 Hollow 

square tube 

•20 x 20 Hollow square 

tube welded to centre of 

crossfoot to take upright. 

25 x 25 Hollow square 

tube. 

Plan view • . 

at centre of yr 

base unit 

Weld 

This free standing information/direction board 

is made up of two components — a base and a 

frame unit. The frame takes two 'planks' giving 

a high degree of flexibility in the selection of 

suitable wording. For permanent protection the 

base and frame units should be hot-dip 

galvanised. 

Scale 1:10



Perth (0738) 27921 

SAND BLASTED SIGNS 

Sand-blasting 

This is a technique developed and widely used 

in America, now available commercially in 

the United Kingdom. It allows quite intricately 

detailed carving to be done at a reasonable 

cost, and lends itself to 'one-off' or small 

number production. 

The method used is to transfer the finished 

graphic layout to a sheet of self-adhesive 

masking material which is applied to the 

prepared board. If the graphics are to be in 

relief, then the background areas of the mask 

are cut away. Once the masking is prepared 

then a dry sand/air mix blasts away the 

exposed surface. Because timber has grain of 

varying degrees of hardness, it erodes at 

different rates, producing a textured finish. To 

obtain this effect, open-grained timber such as 

western red cedar is used. Hard timbers such 

as iroko, oak, etc., are not suitable. 

Finally, the sign is hand-finished with stains 

and surface coatings appropriate to the 

graphics. 

Areas protected by 

masking 

Undercut areas showing 

textured grain 

background. 

Composite panel 

made up from several 

boards. 

© C.C.S. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.3.3

Protective tape being applied to wood 

Burnish down to remove wrinkles and even 

bond. Trim off excess tape 

Transfer design to tape, cut around design and 

strip away cut tape 

© c.c.s. 

Sandblast, holding blaster at some distance 

from surface and at right angles to surface. 

Blast evenly until the wood grain develops a 

rich texture. Watch out for any sign of tape lift 

off. 

Tape removed ready for applying wood stain.



Perth (0738) 27921 

VACUUM-FORMED PLASTIC SIGNS 

INFORMATION 

A simple and inexpensive method of making 

signs by vacuum-forming thermoplastic sheet 

over raised letter moulds. 

They are lightweight, durable and available in 

plain plastic or with plywood backing. 

For vehicles, magnetic or adhesive signs are 

available. 

© c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

2.4.3 

SHEET 

RANGER SERVICE 

COUNTRYSIDE 

COMMISSION 

FOR SCOTLAND 

Individual symbols may be incorporated and 

lettering is available 3", 2",,1½" and 1" high in 

capitals with serifs as in "RANGER SERVICE" 

above. 

I½" high script with capitals and lower case 

letters is also available. 

All letters are coloured, the background white.


Battieby Redgorton Perth PH13EW 

« Perth (0738)27921 

©c.c.s 579/2 

metus plena sit, ratiodipsa monet 

pariender iuptam seiung non 

amititiao non modo fautrices file 

Lorem ipsum dolor si amet, cons 

incidunt ut labore et dolore 

nostrud exercitation ullamcorper 

duis autem vel eum irure dolor 

dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. At 

praesant luptatum delenit aigue 

provident, simil tempor sunt in 

fuga. Et harumd dereud facilis 

INFORMATION 

2.4.12/13 

SHEET 

Waymarker using Standard Arrow and or Legend Board scale 1:10



Perth (0738) 27921 

WAYMARKER CAIRN scale 1:10 

©ccs 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.4.14 

Fiqures and wayrnark arrow 

routed 3mm deep and painted with 

emulsion paint BS 08E51



Perth (0738)27921 

STANDARD WAYMARK ARROW 

SOME NOTES ON BASIC WAYMARKING 


SHEET 

TO DRAW WAYMAHK ARROW USING RULE AND COMPASSES 

1. Draw vertical and horizontal axes AD and HG. 

(These will be at U5 for upward pointing left or 

right arrows). 

2. Draw circle of radius 45mm centred on intersection 

of axes. 

3. Mark 15mm intervals from circumference at B & C on 

vertical axis. 

U. Draw BE and CF parallel to horizontal axis. 

5. Join EF, DG and AG. 

Keep it to a minimum. The best waymark of all is the path itself, so waymark 

only where a stranger would otherwise have difficulty following the correct path. 

2. Use existing surfaces on man-made objects (gates, fence-posts, the cope of a 

dyke etc) wherever possible, and natural objects (eg tree-trunks) only as a last 

resort. 

3. Remember that paths are two-directional and therefore the route should be clear 

to people approaching from either direction. 

U. Waymarks should always be directly facing the oncomer and where possible be 

placed before a junction or change of direction. 

5. The recommended colours are:- 

Footpaths : Yellow. 

Bridleways: Blue. 

B.S. No. 08 E 51 

B.S. No. 20 E 51 

Further references: "Waymarking public paths - a practical guide", a leaflet 

obtainable from the Countryside Commission for Scotland. 

"Waymarking for footpath and bridleway", HMSO 197^ 

©C.C.S. 11.79.



Perth (0738) 27921 

LONG DISTANCE ROUTES - Fingerposts: General dimensions Scale1:5 

NOTES: All "fingers" made with 60 Bevel cuts at both 

ends (as in Type l) and trimmed square and drilled for 

bolts on site to suit direction. 

Timber preservative for finger and post : 

SADOLINS ACRYL 101 colour No. 28 Dark Brown or 

equivalent in BS No 08 B 29, symbol white. 

An alternative application in certain special cases 

is to use a place name on the "finger" and rout the 

name of the L.D.R. vertically on the post. 

This information sheet has been prepared as a guide to 

local authorities engaged in implementing Long-Distance 

Route proposals approved in Scotland by the Secretary of 

State for Scotland in terms of Section 1+0 of the 

Countryside (Scotland) Act 1967. 

©C.C.S 11.19 


SHEET



& Perth (0738) 27921 

LONG DISTANCE ROUTES - FINGERPOSTS: Typical locations 

FINGERPOST 

Type 1 : "Finger" centred to 

indicate line of L.D.R. at 

'T' - junctions and straight 

crossings. 

FINGERPOST 

Type 2 : One "finger", used 

each side of the direct crossing 

of a road where a Type 1 at one 

side is deemed insufficient. 

FINGERPOST 

Type 3 : Two "fingers" at 

Right Angles used, for example, 

where the L.D.R. crosses a road 

indirectly, and the posts are 

reasonably distant or obscured 

from one another. 

This information sheet has been prepared 

as a guide to local authorities engaged 

in implementing Long-Distance Route 

proposals approved.in Scotland by the 

Secretary of State for Scotland in terms 

of Section UO of the Countryside 

(Scotland) Act 1967. 

©c.cs. 11.79 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

2.4.16.a



Perth (0738)27921 

LONG DISTANCE ROUTES - WAYMARKER POSTS: General dimensions Scale 1:10 

STANDARD WAYMARK POSTS 

The standard waymark post, with a logo and 

legend (name of route) on one face only and 

a logo alone on opposite face, is non-directional 

and designed to confirm the presence of a Long 

Distance Route at a particular point. It maybe 

either of a short or long post type, as 

illustrated, and where a series of posts are 

used it may not be necessary to repeat the 

legend on each. 

SHORT POST TYPE : 

Recommended height 750 - 1000 mm. 

Used where:- 

i) It is not possible or desirable to 

see posts over long distances. 

ii) 

in i) 

The post will not be obscured by other 

objects such as dykes or the seasonal 

growth of vegetation. 

The ground is open, beside buildings 

or in areas of low ground cover. 

LONG POST TYPE : 

Recommended height 2000 - 2225 mm. 

Used where:- 

i) Objects such as dykes or vegetation 

(bracken, farm crops etc.) would 

obscure the shorter posts. 

ii) In open countryside where it may be 

possible to see longer posts over 

greater distances, thus enabling 

fewer posts to be used. 

iii) In situations where the logo and 

waymark arrow, if added, might be 

rubbed by stock on a shorter post. 

VARIATIONS. 

The standard waymark pes'", may be made 

directional by the addition of a standard 

waymark arrow (sec sheet 2.U.15 ) beneath 

the logo as illustrated, and if required, 

associated with an additional logo on an 

adjacent or opposite face of the post as 

illustrated on sheets 

This information sheet has been prepared 

as a guide to local authorities engaged in 

implementing Long-Disxance Route proposals 

approved in Scotland by the Secretary of 

State for Scotland in terms of Section 1+0 

of tne Countryside (Scotland) Act 1967- 

cc.c.s. 11.79 


SHEET



» Perth (0738)27921 

LONG DISTANCE ROUTES - WAYMARKER POSTS: Typical locations 

STANDARD CONFIRMATORY WAYMARK 

SHORT POST TYPE : 

Lettering and logo on one face only with 

logo alone on opposite face so that it 

may he seen from both directions. 

STANDARD CONFIRMATORY WAYMARK 

LONG POST TYPE : 

As above but used where seasonal 

vegetation or other objects (drystane 

dykes etc) may obscure the standard 

post, or where post should be seen at 

a distance etc. 

PATH JUNCTION VARIATION 

SHORT OR LONG POST TYPES : 

Logo and arrow used on second face 

to indicate line of route at 

"Y" - junction with other path. 

This information sheet has been prepared as a guide to 

local authorities engaged in implementing Long-Distance 

Route proposals approved in Scotland by the Secretary of 

State for Scotland in terms of Section 40 of the 

Countryside (Scotland) Act 1967. 

©CCS. 11.79 

INFORMATION 

2.4.17.a 

SHEET



a Perth (0738) 27921 

LONG DISTANCE ROUTES-Standard Scottish Symbol 

To draw the standard Scottish LDP waymark 

below, construct as follows: 

1. Draw horizontal and vertical axes 

A B and C D. 

2. With the intersection 0 as the 

centre, draw circles of radius 19, 

25 and l+5mm. 

3. Using radius U5, describe arcs 

centred on A and B to intersect 

circumference at F and G and 

E and H respectively. 

J+. Draw nexagon A G H B E F A. 

5- Draw parallel lines 3-5 ana 

9- 5mm either side of vertical 

axis to intersect base of 

hexagon and the two centre 

circles as shown. 

6. Draw F K and E J as shown. 

7. Draw L M and N P 6mm from, and 

parallel to E J and F K. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

TEMPLATE 

2.4.18 

To construct a template for use with 

a pantographic router: 

1. Using the principles of 

construction for the symbol and 

the above dimensions draw the 

above on 0.5mm 'Plasticard' 

(obtainable from model shops). 

2. Cut out stippled areas shown as 

'Groove'. 

3. Bond in place on 1.5mm 

'Plasticard'. The above 

template will cut the pattern 

below, using a 2mm stylus and 

a 6mm cutter.



« Perth (0738)27921 

ROUTING:GENERAL-Freehand Method 

2.4.19 

Routing' is a method of cutting away a material such as wood using a 

special cutter revolving at high speed. This may be done free hand 

or under some kind of control such as a template, or machine table, 

"The cutter is usually moved over a fixed workpiece although, less usually, 

"the converse may be the case 

To ROUT SIMPLE WORDING,SUCH AS A NAME-BOARD, WITHOUT A TEMPLATE 

Prepare an actual size tracing of 

"the words in the typeface required 

and using transfer paper or 

office carbon paper trace the 

outline onto a prepared board. 

A standard set of packing case, 

stencils can also be used to 

pencil the outline, on to the board. 

When a satisfactory layout has been 

achieved, rout about 3mm deep 

This method may be used on'off-saw'timber; but planed timber or-plywood is easier 

© c.c.s. 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

Finally -the timber may be -treated with 

preservative (see 15.13.1) and the 

lettering may be infilled with a contrasting 

colour. 

For word and line spacing advice see:information 

sheets 18.8; 18.9;



Perth (0738) 27921 

ROUTING: GENERAL METHOD 

Routing is a method of cutting away a material 

such as wood using a special cutter revolving 

at high speed. This may be done free hand or 

under some kind of control such as a template 

or machine table. The cutter is usually moved 

over a fixed workpiece although, less usually, 

the converse may be the case. 

The method may be used on timber, plastic, 

aluminium or where a machine table is used. 

Planed timber or plywood are easier to rout 

than 'off-saw' timber. 

Routing simple wording without a template 

Prepare an actual size tracing of the words in 

the typeface required and using transfer paper 

or office carbon paper trace the outline onto a 

prepared board. 

Trace typeface required 

and transfer. 

Or — outline typeface 

with stencils. 

A standard set of packing case stencils can 

be used to pencil the outline on to the board. 

© C.C.S. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.5.1 

When a satisfactory layout has been achieved, 

rout about 3mm deep. 

It is usual to cut the letters as recesses, but for a 

'one-off' job the background may be cut away 

leaving the letters standing proud. Greater care 

is needed however, to avoid spalling using this 

method. 

Finally the timber may be treated with 

woodstain (see information sheet 13.1) and 

the lettering may be infilled with a contrasting 

colour. For word and line spacing advice see 

information sheet 2.1.1.



Perth (0738) 27921 

FORESTRY COMMISSION SIGN SYSTEM 

Secondary sign 

Scale 1:20 

All Forestry Commission signs are 

standardised in that all lettering is routed in 

one selected typeface, in-filled with white 

enamel paint on a dark-green emulsion painted 

board. The panels are of either of two lengths 

or of either of two depths, mounted on two 

posts. 

The system allows for a wide variety of 

legends, titles and selected symbols; the signs 

sit well against a wide variety of forest 

backgrounds throughout the seasons. Above 

all, the signs are simple, legible and 

unobtrusive from a distance — unmistakeably 

'Forestry Commission'. 

© c.c.s. 

6mm galv. bolt 

and nut 

Board 

fixing 

Scale 1:5 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.5.3 

Example of main threshold sign 

Specification 

Additional boards are 

NOT added to main entry 

signs — a separate sign is 

required. 

Panels 25mm Iroko, good both sides, painted 

with exterior grade emulsion. Letters routed 

75mm high, filled with white enamel. Posts 100 

x 75mm pressure-treated softwood. Fastenings 

100 x 6mm zinc-plated bolts and nuts, with nuts 

countersunk.



Perth (0738) 27921 

WAYMARKERS 

Scale 1:10 Forestry Commission design 

Grooves infilled with 

different colours to 

delineate routes 

© C.C.S. 

Posts 

,100 x 100 

Top weathered 4 times to 

Scale 1:5 

INFORMATION 

2.5.4 

SHEET 

Method of mounting panel to post: scale 1:5 

75mm x No 14 

plated c/s 

screw N 

K 

V 6mm bevel 

Blind' s/s pop rivet 

c/sink to seat nut and 

washer 

3mm panel on 

18mm backing 

Recess to accommodate 

'Bighead' fastener 

bonded to back of panel 

Nut c/sunk 

Alternative methods of fixing panel 

18mm Marine ply 

Scale full size 

Although the best waymark is the good, wellconstructed 

and well-used footpath itself, there 

are instances when it is necessary to make the 

route by other means: for example a simple 

waymarker post will delineate the correct route 

where there are several alternatives. The 

waymark could be a symbol, and may also 

have a directional arrow with it. It should be 

remembered that a path is usually two 

directional and therefore waymarking should 

be considered from both directions. 

Occasionally it may be appropriate for the 

waymark to carry simple interpretive 

information, in which case an A4 (297 x 210mm) 

panel fixed as shown should suffice. 

The posts are prepared off-site, and dug-in in 

carefully selected positions: see information 

sheet 2.5.7 for guidance. 

For details of standard waymark arrow see 

information sheet 2.1.3.



Perth (0738) 27921 

WAYMARK CAIRN 

(1000 x 100 x 100) larch post 

A * ~ 

350 

< 

© C.C.S. 

Scale 1:10 

I 

y i 

App. 20° 

Batter 

A sturdy waymark cairn chiefly of use on rocky 

terrain where posts cannot be driven. In some 

cases the cairn may be 'dry-stane' as shown 

above, or a mortar mix of coarse sand, lime and 

Portland cement may be used. Water should be 

used sparingly to give a 'dry' mix of the 

consistency of damp sand. 

uilders paper to facilitate post removal for maintenance 

750 > 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.5.5 

Rout figures and waymark arrow 3mm deep — 

see information sheet 2.5.1 on routing and 2.1.3 

for the standard waymark arrow design. 

Pre-treat post with a non oily timber 

preservative after routing. When thoroughly 

dry apply emulsion paint to the routed 

numbers, arrows or symbols.



ffi Perth (0738) 27921 

LONG DISTANCE ROUTE FINGERPOSTS 

Check 

110 x 40 

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 

All "Fingers" made with 60° Bevel cuts at both 

ends (as in Type 1) and trimmed square and 

drilled for bolts on site to suit direction. 

Finger and post treated with wood stain 

colour BS 08 B 29, a dark brown. Symbol is 

infilled with white. 

Weathered 4 times to 30° 

LEGEND 

->25 Length to suit legend 

(690 for West Highland Way) 

An alternative application in certain special 

cases is to use a place name on the "finger" 

and rout the name of the LDR vertically on the 

post. 

© C.C.S. 



Perth (0738) 27921 

LONG DISTANCE ROUTE WAYMARK POSTS 

STANDARD WAYMARK POSTS 

The standard waymark post, with a logo and 

legend (name of route) on one face only and a 

logo along on opposite face, is non-directional 

and designed to confirm the presence of a Long 

Distance Route at a particular point. It may be 

either of a short or long post type, as 

illustrated, and where a series of posts are used 

it may not be necessary to repeat the legend on 

each. 

SHORT POST TYPE: 

Recommended height 750-1000mm. 

Used where:— 

(i) It is not possible or desirable to see posts 

over long distances. 

(ii) The post will not be obscured by other 

objects such as dykes or the seasonal 

growth of vegetation. 

(iii) The ground is open, beside buildings or in 

areas of low ground cover. 

LONG POST TYPE: 

Recommended height 2000-2225 mm. 

Used where:— 

i) Objects such as dykes or vegetation 

(bracken, farm crops etc.) would obscure 

the shorter posts. 

ii) In open countryside where it may be 

possible to see longer posts over greater 

distances, thus enabling fewer posts to 

be used. 

iii) In situations where the logo and 

waymark arrow, if added, might be 

rubbed by stock on a shorter post. 

VARIATIONS 

The standard waymark post may be made 

directional by the addition of a standard 

waymark arrow (see sheet 2.1.3) beneath the 

logo as illustrated, and if required, associated 

with an additional logo on an adjacent or 

opposite face of the post as illustrated on 

sheets. 

© C.C.S. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.5.7 

Top weathered 4 times to 30' 

Max Ht. 2225 

above G.L. 

265 

Note: if no arrow is 

required, leave a space of 

165mm between Logo 

and top letter of legend. 

To suit 

height 

of legend 

150 

25 

75 

50 

"•T 

90 

25 

To suit 

height 

165 

of legend 

900 

G.L. 

Scale 1:10



Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION 

2.5.9 

SHEET 

TEMPORARY DIRECTION MARKER Scales 1:5 & 1:10 

cc.c-s. lo.ai

SIGN - portable, temporary. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

C.C.S. Design Scale 1:10 



& Perth (0738)27921 2.5.10 

OC.C.S. IO:83



• Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

2.5.12 

SHEET 

RESERVE BOUNDARY MARKER scale 1:5 

©c.c.s.579 

TERN 

BREEDING 

GROUNDS 

PLEASE DO 

NOT ENTER 

OR DISTURB

INFORMATION BOARD SHELTER 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

CCS Design scale 1:20 



tt Perth (0738)27921 2..6.11 

©C.C.S. l10:83



® Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

2.6.13 

INFORMATION BOARD SHELTER NTS. Design scale 1:20 

©c.cs.579



S Perth (0738)27921 

"Mushroom" GRP Waymark scale 1:20 

©c.c s 579 


SHEET



© Perth (0738) 27921 

SIGNS WITH ADHESIVE LETTERING 

© c.c.s. 

Weather 

top of posts. 

18mm —Jl 

Corner radius. 

Edge 

profile 

100 x 50 support stay at 

45° optional — useful in 

soft ground conditions or 

where sign is exposed to 

strong winds. 

INFORMATION 

2.7.2 

SHEET 

Hooks mounted in lowest 

board to take temporary 

additional board 

Pack with well rammed 

hard core 

for greater security use 

concrete at base of posts 

Lettering to be 100mm white 'Letrasign' — 

'Helvetica Medium', Upper and Lower case 

Boards, made from 18mm marine ply, 

should be given two coats of exterior wood 

stain. Mid-toned boards on dark-toned 

posts look well. 

Boards should all be of the same length 

and, as a general rule, no more than two 

depths of board should be mounted on one 

set of posts. 

Title board and planks are fixed with 50mm 

size 14 zinc plated 'pozidrive' c/sunk 

woodscrews, and must be positioned clear 

of lettering.



© Perth (0738) 27921 

SIGN SCREEN-PRINTED ON ADHESIVE P.V.C. 

Wall thickness 6mm. 

900 

300/600 

to suit 

ground 

conditions. 

PLEASE DO 

NOT ENTER 

OR DISTURB 

TERN 

BREEDING 

GROUNDS 

PLEASE DO 

NOT ENTER 

OR DISTURB 

Label: Red symbol 

and lettering. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.8.4 

Lengths of lightweight plastic pipe with printed 

self-adhesive PVC labels are an effective 

method of delineating temporary boundaries at 

critical times of the year, such as during the 

tern breeding season on a reserve. 

75mm bore 6mm wall thickness dark grey class 

B PVC piping is suitable, obtainable in 6m 

lengths. 

Cut 5 @ 1200mm length for firm ground or 4 @ 

1500mm for soft sand or mud. 

A log may be turned to fit the top of the tube as 

shown, to protect the tube whilst driving into 

firm ground. Alternatively a soft wood off-cut 

may be used. 

In soft ground the tube may be driven carefully 

without protection. 

© c.c s.



© Perth (0738) 27921 

G.R.P. 'MUSHROOM' WAYMARKER 

100 

To obtain an image integral with the panel, the 

original drawings (ink on tracing-paper) are 

transferred, in reverse, to silk screens, and 

used to screen an image on to a mould in 

reverse. This is then backed with a layer of 

gel resin in the background colour, followed by 

layers of glass strand matting and rovings in 

the usual way. After curing, the flat truncated 

triangular panels are accurately trimmed to 

size and laid in a female mould the shape of the 

finished 'mushroom'. After bonding the 

adjacent edges and further laying up, 12mm 

plywood stiffening panels are added and 

overlayed with a final layer of GRP. Also at this 

stage the mounting bracket is incorporated. 

On site, each top, post and base plate is 

assembled, the hole dug, and the assembly 

concreted in, orientated in the proper direction. 

The unit sketched here is manufactured by — 

Glasdon Ltd. 

© CCS 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.8.5 

This design provides interpretive information 

on several themes at each of a number of halts 

on a trail — each of which can be colour coded 

in relation to a section of a trail booklet. In 

addition each post is capable of carrying 

directional arrowheads in colours related to 

adjacent posts. 

A combination of screen printing glass 

reinforced plastic lay up and moulding 

techniques is used, the finished pentagonal 

'mushroom' shape being mounted on a 

standard resin coated 100mm steel tube 

concreted into the ground.



Perth (0738) 27921 

MELAMINE LAMINATE SIGNS 

Melamine lamination allows a detailed 

screen-printed image to be encapsulated in a 

totally weatherproof and light-fast package. 

The image is screen-printed using special inks 

onto specially prepared paper: this is then 

bonded under heat and pressure with layers of 

Kraft paper. 

To prevent warping a 'balancing' layer of paper 

similar to the printed sheet is incorporated in 

the back of the panel. 

The finished signs may be drilled for fixing 

without fear of moisture seeping into the 

plastic. 

Original artwork may also be encapsulated in 

this way, if painted on special paper. 

© C.C.S. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 2.9.1 

TAKE CARE 

DO NOT START FIRE 

^ Riverside Walk • 

'Transparent protective layer. 

Screen-printed image on special paper 

Backing sheets of Kraft paper 

'' impregnated with phenolic resin 

..'Balancing' layer 

Standard signs in this material may be 

produced in quantity by the manufacturers to 

be bought 'off the shelf'. The 'Fire Risk' sign is 

an example. 

The finished laminate may be any thickness, 

the thinner grades (app. 1.5mm thick) usually 

being bonded to a core material such as 

aluminium or marine-ply. However, by 

choosing 6mm or 9mm thickness, the core can 

be eliminated, the material being stiff enough 

to be self-supporting. 

For suggestions on mounting interpretive 

panels made in melamine laminate, 

see information sheets 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4 and 

2.2.5.



« Perth (0738) 27921 3.1 

GRASS REINFORCEMENT- GRASSCRETE 

GCI GC2 GC3 

Plan shapes 

Appearance: 

GCI, 44 per cent grass, 56 per 

cent concrete. 

GC2, 43 per cent grass, 57 per 


GC3, 48 per cent grass, 52 per 


Section : GCI 

Scale MS 

©c.c.s. 

grass 

concrete infill 

reinforcing mesh 

* 143 ^ 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

Description: 

Grasscrete is an in-situ process 

using polystyrene formers, reinforced 

concrete and grass which 

combines the load-bearing and 

durability of concrete with the 

appearance of grass. 

The GC1 former is suitable for 

moderately heavy vehicles and 

pedestrians, the GC2 for heavy 

vehicles, pedestrians and heavy 

water flow, and GC3 for pedestrians, 

light vehicles and embankment 

stabilisation. 

Materials and manufacture: 

Formers, polystyrene. 

Concrete, minimum strength, 

28MN/sq.m.: maximum recommended 

size of aggregate, 10mm. 

Installation: 

The top soil is removed and the 

ground contoured to the required 

level, any organic or very soft 

soil being replaced by gravel or 

similar material. Should a subbase 

be required, it should be 

fully compacted before laying the 

formers. Steel reinforcing mesh is 

placed round the formers to position 

them accurately and later control 

surface cracking of the concrete. 

The concrete mix (which should 

include an air entraining agent to 

assist working) is then poured into 

the formers, tamped and floated off 

and, after a short interval, the 

- surface brushed level. Expansion 

joints are required at 10m intervals. 

When the concrete has hardened, the 

polystyrene former tops are burnt 

off and the voids which are left 

filled with soil. When the level 

of the soil has subsided after rainfall, 

the voids are topped up with a 

mixture of soil and grass seed.



ft Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 3.2 

GRASS REINFORCEMENT - MONO BG SLABS 

Approved by 

Design Council 

Length 

Width 

Depth 

Weight 

600 mm 

400 mm 

100 mm 

35 kg 

(23 n 

(15*") 

( 4J") 

(80 lb) 

SALES OFFICE: Wettern House, 

Dingwall Road, Croydon, 

CR9 2NYTel: 01-686 4311 

©c.c.s. 

Mono Bg slabs produce a mud defeating surface at 

low cost. 

They require only the minimum of surface preparation, 

usually mere levelling of the ground is all that is required. 

Drainage is no problem, they do not require gullies, 

pipework or soakaways. Providing the soil is of average 

permeability, rain soaks away as quickly as it falls and 

there is no danger of waterlogging. 

Laying is simple and easily handled by any available 

labour, another help in reducing costs. 

Mono have four manufacturing works in the U.K. and 

rapid delivery of Mono Bg slabs can always be made. 

FILLING AND SEEDING 

Use clean, friable soil, or soil with an 

additional mixture of peat. Level off 30 mm 

(1 i") below the top and sow grass seed. 

Fill further with of fine soil and level with 

a hard broom. Final level should settle to 

25 mm (1") below upper surface 

of the slabs. (This is important in order not 

to impede germination.) Always seed 

immediately after filling while soil is still 

loose. 

A leaflet is available on laying and seeding 

procedure. 

ROAD & TRACKS 

The amount of foundation preparation required before 

laying a road surface of MonoBgslabs, depends on the 

existing stability of the sub-soil and the weight of the 

vehicles expected to use the road. 

Normally, forthe usual vehicle used in agriculture only a 

firm bed of well tamped sharp sand, 20 mm. (f") thick is 

all that is required. 

For roads carrying heavy vehicles a sub-grade of well 

tamped ballast 150 mm. (6") thick, followed by a bedding 

layer of sharp sand 20 mm. (f ") thick is necessary. 

CAR PARKS 

For motorcars, the 20 mm. ($") sand bed described above 

is quite adequate. 

A significant advantage of Mono Bg slabs overthe 

conventional hard surface is that they are not prone to 

flooding. The soil filling the gaps lies directly onto the 

sub-base beneath, and providing the sub-soil is of average 

permeability, rain soaks away as quickly as it falls. 

No pipes or gullies for drainage are needed. 

HARD STANDINGS 

Forcaravanersand camping trailers the foundation 

requirements for light vehicles may be employed. Areas of 

hard standing can either be provided for each individual 

caravan orforthetotal parking area concerned. 

For heavy vehicles the recommendation as previously laid 

down should be adhered to. 

COMMENT 

A hard, wearing surface with "the 

appearance of natural grass. This 

appearance can give rise to a 

reluctance to park on it "by some 

motorists, a factor which should he 

considered when designing car parking 

areas. It should also be borne in 

mind that the surface is not easy to 

walk on due to the castellated nature 

of the concrete slabs, which also make 

wheelchair movement very difficult.



& Perth (0738)27921 

Local washed river gravel on quarry aggregate scale 1:5 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

3.3



S Perth (0738)27921 SHEET 

3.4 

PAVING BLOCK, CONCRETE INTERLOCKING UNI-BLOCK 

Technical Details 

Quality of Concrete: 

Weight: 

Size: 

No. of Blocks m 2: 

No. of edge blocks lin m 

Standard Colour: 

Special Colours: 

Average crushing strength 

50 N/mm 2 

Average per m 2172 kgs. 

Length 225 mm 

Width 112.5 mm 

Thickness 80 mm 

39 

9 

Grey 

Red, Yellow and Charcoal 

BRITISH DREDGING 

CONCRETE PRODUCTS. LTD 

Corporation Road, 

Newport, Mon., NPT OWT 

Tel:0633 52181 

Telex: 497783 

oc.c.s. 

Preparation and laying 

Before laying Uni-block paving, a 

suitable base and sub-base should be 

prepared, taking into consideration the type of 

sub-soil and the intended use of the paved 

area. 

Any falls required for surface water 

drainage should be built in during preparation 

of the sub-base, which is then compacted for 

stability and "blinded" so that the subsequent 

layer of sand cannot penetrate to any 

appreciable degree. 

The laying base of 0-3 mm sand is laid at 

50 mm thickness and should be accurately 

screeded and levelled, when any inaccuracies 

in the sub-base can be allowed for, subject to 

the minimum thickness of 50 mm of sand being 

maintained. The screeded height of the laying 

base should be approx. 60 mm lower than the 

required finished level of paved area to allow 

the blocks to be vibrated down. Once 

screeded and levelled, the laying base must not 

be compacted or disturbed. 

The Uni-blocks should then be laid and 

vibrated down, using a plate vibrator, until the 

required level is reached. After vibrating, 0-3 

mm sand (preferably dry) should be brushed 

over the entire surface to fill the joints 

completely. The paved area is then ready for 

immediate use. 

HERRINGBONE 

NORMAL 

PARQUET



» Perth (0738) 27921 

GRASS REINFORCEMENT - BROPLENE LAND MESH 

for use on 

permanent grass 

parking areas 

landscaping 

river and flood banks 

©c.c.s 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 3.5 

Broplene Land Mesh provides an effective reinforcement when 

it becomes firmly enmeshed with grass roots; the time taken 

depends upon the season of laying and weather conditions 

during consolidation. 

Areas for treatment must be well drained and able to sustain a 

healthy growth of grass. Broplene Land Mesh gives best results 

when laid towards year end when grass growth is minimal, 

but it can be applied any time before commencement of spring 

growth, provided the ground is not over hard. Winter 

weather helps the Mesh to become embedded but traffic should 

be kept off the treated area during this period. 

The area is reinforced for use when grass growth causes the 

Mesh to disappear from sight. 

Preparation of the Site 

Cut grass short and remove debris. 

Fill in bad depressions, pot holes and ruts; remove large-leaf 

weeds and level area to be treated. 

Turf or reseed bare and disturbed patches of ground with 

deep-rooted varieties of grass. 

Spike roll the area if possible. 

Remove further debris and lightly roll the area before and 

after laying the Mesh. 

Lay the Mesh with as little ground disturbance as possible and 

lightly reseed when the Mesh is in position. 

Method of Laying 

As a positioning guide for the laying operation, a straight line 

along one side of the area should be marked by stakes. These can 

be removed later. 

Pull out from the package about 30 feet of the Mesh from the 

end of the length. 

Position the full 25 feet width at the end of the area to be 

covered and pin down temporarily. 

Pull out the full length and place in position with one edge 

following the line marked by the stakes. 

Permanently pin down at approximately 18" intervals with the 

25 feet end temporarily secured, making sure that the 

width is stretched as tight as possible without causing distortion 

of the Mesh. 

Secure about 30 feet of the length along the side aligning 

the stakes, again spacing the pins at 18", then pull and stretch 

the Mesh in the opposite direction and away from the end, 

as tight as possible without causing distortion, and pin down 

for an equivalent length along the other edge. Repeat until the 

entire length has been laid. 

In most cases it will be found advisable to put in a further row 

of pins down the centre of the length spaced at wider intervals. 

It is important that complete contact between the 

whole of the Mesh and the ground is established. 

Additional pins should be used where the Mesh may 

appear to ride over small surface depressions. 

When the Mesh is firmly consolidated, the pins can be removed 

for future use. A short length of twine attached to the head 

of each pin will assist in locating them for subsequent recovery. 

Particular attention should be given to the anchorage of the 

Mesh on river banks. In some instances such places will require 

the use of extra long securing pins. 

Care of Broplene Land Mesh 

When grass is first cut, set cutter blades at maximum height and 

watch for snags. Any damage to ground surface should be 

repaired in the normal way. Re-pin any exposed Land Mesh. 

When the Mesh is established, animals may graze on the site.



Perth (0738)27921 

Sommerfeld Reinforcement track 

I SO YD OF 

STIFFENED NETTING 

WEIGHS ABOUT 7 LBS 

I ROLL WEIGHS APPROX 

5 CWT 2QRS 14 LBS 

32 ROLLS WEIGH 9 TONS AF 

£ OIA M S RODS INTERLACED AT ABOUT B" ^ ^ 

CENTRES INTO GALVANISED WIRE NETTING 

3" MESH, 12 GAUGE (13 GAUGE ADMISSIBLE)lO'WIDE 

A WEIGHT OF WIRE NETTING PRODUCED ON 

DFFtRENT MACHINES VARIES COMSOERABLY 

TRACK BEFORE STRAINING 

SHOWING CLEARANCE FOR BARS, 

LINKING 

TRACK AFTER STRAINING 

'WELDED 

-APPROX.4 PLY SELVAGE 

12 GAUGE 

03 .G. ADMSSCLE) 

STRETCHING THE TRACK 

I. HIT PICKET [PREFERABLY WITH 

14 LB SLEDGE HAMMER]AT THE 

SAME TIME PULL IT OUTWARDS 

WHILE EDGE OF THE TRACK IS 

ABOVE GROUND LEVEL. 

D . PICKET IS DRIVEN 

HOME. THE TRACK IS 

STRETCHED & FLUSH 

WITH GROUND LEVEL. 

©c.cs 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

MATERIAL SUPPLIED FOR MOVABLE ROAD TRACK 

INCLUDMG A SUFFICENT NUMBER OF SPARES. 

COMPONENTS 

STIFFENED NET TNG ROLLS 

25 YDS. LONG BY IO'-7* 

BARS, LINKING l£x gx 15 FT 

IO PER ROLL + 5* BQ9 

NUMBER SUPPLIED NO. SUPPLED PER 

PER 25 YD. ROLL IOOOYDS LINEAL. 

1 - 88-2 SO.YDS 40 

IO-5 420 

Zn PICKETS') ONE PICKET 18-75 750 

PICKETS) ROAD TRACK 6-25 250 

BUCKLES.ENO JOINTING 6 * 257. SPARES 

2 4 0 FIXCD TO POLLS 

6 0 SPARES M BACS 

END RODS FASTENED 

TOGETHER WITH SIX 

SPECIAL BUCKLES 

24 GAUGE SHERARDISED SHEET 

METAL BUCKLES, 5" LONG 

6 BUCKLES ARE ATTACHED TO INSIDE 

ROD OF EACH ROLL AND 25% SPARES 

SUPPLIED SEPARATELY IN A BAG. 

M.S. FLATS 

3.6



« Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION 

3.7 

SHEET 

GRASS REINFORCEMENT - GRASSBLOCK SYSTEM 

©c.c.S 

600mm 

(average) 

Not to scale SECTION A-A 

soil 

sand layer 

sub-base 

reinforcement 

\ 

SUB-BASE 

In common with any other surfacing system the preparation 

and compaction of the sub-base is an important step in 

achieving a stable and level finished surface. 

Where a new sub-base is being provided, sufficient ground 

must be removed to allow an adequate thickness of 

compacted sub-base material to be laid. Generally this will 

be a minimum of 100mm (4") although it is not possible 

to lay down hard and fast rules as conditions on each site 

will vary. The sub-base preparation should conform to the 

minimum standards laid down for an equivalent solid 

surface designed for the same loading conditions. On to 

this sub-base should be placed a blinding layer of sand 

approximately 20mm thick. A light compaction of the 

sand should be carried out before laying the GRASSBLOCK 

units. 

LAYING 

The laying of GRASSBLOCK precast concrete units is simple. 

Once the sub-base and sand have been laid and compacted, the 

blocks are laid edge to edge on the sand bed. To help in 

reducing the risk of variable settlement the precast concrete 

units can be tamped in position with a surface compactor. 

SOILING and SEEDING 

For filling in the voids through the GRASSBLOCK surface a 

good quality topsoil should be used free from weeds and all 

injurious substances. Grass seed containing a high 

proportion of fescue grasses should be sown in the normal 

way. At the same time an application of suitable root- 

promoting fertiliser should be given. 

As with any newly seeded surface care should be taken to 

ensure that the seed is kept moist. 

Following either watering or rainfall the soil in the holes 

will settle by up to 15mm, which will mean that the growth 

of grass can develop undisturbed by the surface traffic. The 

use of the root-promoting fertiliser will encourage the grass 

roots to establish quickly and after establishment of growth 

it is advisable to apply a further two treatments of a 

suitable top dressing fertiliser. 

LANDSCAPE 

GRASS 

CONCRETE 

LIMITED 

22 BOND STREET, WAKEFIELD, 

YORKSHIRE, WF1 2QP 

Telephone: Wakefield 74818 (STD 0924)


INFORMATION 

3.9 

Battleby, Redgorton, Perth PH1 3EW 

SHEET 

S Perth (0738) 27921 

'WYRETEX' Malcolm, Ogilvie & Co Ltd 

"WYRETEX" is woven from a galvanised wire 

and reinforced jute or polypropylene fibre 

thread to form a stiff fabric. It is available in 

ten standard fabric structures from very close 

to very open mesh, and is also available 

coated with olive 'drab' or other coloured 

PVC. The polypropylene 'WYRETEX' is U.V. 

stabilised and acid resistant for use in 

sunlight and acid soils. 

The fabric is marketed jointly by Malcolm, 

Ogilvie and Company Limited, and John 

Boath (Jnr) Limited. It was first produced by 

Malcolm, Ogilvie some years ago to meet 

Ministry of Defence requirements for the 

revetting of trenches and underground 

shelters in the military role. It has been 

extensively tested and used successfully by 

the Ministry for a number of years. 

The two companies have now been allowed 

to develop variations of the material for the 

construction, civil engineering, agriculture 

and forestry industries for use in the following 

applications:— 

Grass Conservation — grass car parks, 

recreation areas, footpaths, golf courses 

and caravan sites. 

Soil/sand stabilisation, riverbank 

reinforcement. 

Protection against sand and soil erosion. 

Path and roadway membranes, temporary 

roads and paths. 

Visual screening, snow and windbreak 

fencing. 

Structures such as wildlife observation 

hides and shelters. 

Trench lining and concrete formwork. 

Fabric Number 7 

© c.c.s. 

Some examples of the lighter weight fabrics. 

"WYRETEX" has the following properties:— 

Strength; flexibility; ease of handling; easy to 

secure; compactness and ease of storage (it 

comes in roll form); porosity or waterproofed; 

variability of construction as required; 

recoverability, providing economy of use. 

Full details are available on request from:— 

MALCOLM, OGILVIE & CO LTD 

CONSTABLE WORKS 

31 CONSTITUTION STREET 

DUNDEE DD36NL 

Telephone Dundee 0382 22974 

Fabric Number 8 Fabric Number 9



Perth (0738)27921 

Technical content 

Quikpave blocks are manufactured from selected high strength 

concrete by sophisticated production methods ensuring long term 

durability and dimensional accuracy. 

They have been designed on a modular basis, to a grid of 

200 mm x 100 mm. 

Full block 

No. blocks per No. edge blocks Average weight 

sq. m — 49 per lin. m — 5 per sq. m —147 Kg. (65mm) 

per sq. m-174 Kg. (80mm) 

Standard colour — grey. Also available random buff or red. 

Corner block'"'and edge block * available 65mm thick only 

Quikpave pattern permutations 

Quikpave blocks are fully interlocking in all directions, thus, even 

natural coloured blocks can be effectively laid in many pattern 

permutations. 

In addition, random coloured blocks are available which adds 

immensely to the decorative possibilities. 

Contrasting colours can also be used to form letters, direction 

markings and car parking bays. 

1 Staggered joints 2 Herringbone 

3 Squares 4 Stripes 

ec.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

3.10 

Paving Block, concrete, interlocking Quikpave 

N.B. Other than for pedestrian areas, patterns 2:4 (or other broken 

bond patterns) are recommended. 

Head Office: 

1 Market Close, Poole, Dorset BH15 1NQ. 

Telephone Poole 5751/2/3 

Scottish Works: 

Grange Road, Houston Industrial Estate, Livingston, 

Lothian EH54 5DD. 

Telephone Livingston 32307 

Laying instructions for Quikpave blocks 

1. Sub-Base 

a. Where surface water drainage is required, minimum falls of 

1 in 40 are recommended. The appropriate gradients should be built 

in during the construction of the sub-base. 

b. Lay the sub-base, compact by using a vibrator roller or tamping, 

and blind the surface with fine material to achieve a smooth even 

finish to within an accuracy of ± 10 mm of the correct levels. 

(An ideally compacted sub-base will permit a man to stand on it 

without leaving any footprints). 

c. If the perimeter line of the sub-base is unrestrained, it should be 

extended by at least 300 mm beyond the finished edge of the paving. 

d. Any free-standing water or) the sub-base, should be dispersed 

prior to laying the sand bed. 

2. Laying Course 

a. A laying course, formed from sand (0-5 mm grain size) is placed 

on the sub-base and accurately screeded and levelled to a thickness 

of 50 mm. The sand should not contain any free draining water. 

b. On large areas, it may be advisable to sub-divide the area by the 

use of accurately aligned 50 mm high screed boards, firmly anchored 

to the sub-base. 

c. Where the edge blocks are being used without any side restraint, 

extend the area as in 1 .c. 

ONCE THE SAND BED HAS BEEN FORMED, IT SHOULD NOT 

BE DISTURBED OR STEPPED ON. 

3. Wearing Surfaces 

a. Laying of the paving blocks should commence at right angles to 

the main pavement axis, preferably starting from one end of the area. 

b. The blocks must be placed on the sand bed in such a manner as 

not to disturb the already laid blocks. This is clearly illustrated in 

figure A, where work has commenced 

from the right hand side 

of the area to be paved. A similar 

approach should be adopted when 

starting from the left. Given 

correct laying procedure a 

maximum joint gap of 2mm can 

occur between adjacent blocks. 

c. After laying the first two or three rows, check the paving for 

over all dimensional accuracy, uniformity of the joint gap, 

alignment and squareness. 

d. As laying proceeds, preferably completing each course before 

commencing the next, it is advisable that the paver should lay the 

blocks whilst standing on the blocks already laid. 

e. l-or efficient 

operations, stockpiles 

of the blocks should be 

positioned on the already 

paved area, within easy 

reach of the paver. 

f. Where edge blocks 

are used, they should 

be incorporated as 

the laying progresses. 

g. Checks for alignment, 

squareness and falls 

should be carried out 

at regular intervals. 

h. The paving should be consolidated down to the required levels 

using a plate vibrator, having a compaction force of 9-16 Kilo 

Newtons. (Suitable products are manufactured by Wacker and 

Vibromax). 

N.B. The blocks will compact down approximately 20-25% during 

this operation. 

i. No paving should be left uncompacted overnight except for a 

margin 600 mm wide adjacent to subsequent laying. 

j. When all the paved area has been laid and compacted, finally 

check the alignment and the surface irregularity, which should not 

exceed ± 5 mm from the correct levels or profile, 

k. Should any surface irregularities be found, the blocks in the 

affected areas should be removed, to adjust the sand bed, then 

re-instated to the correct levels. 

I. Finally, sweep fine sand (0-3 mm particle size) over the paving 

until all the joints are filled, followed by a further pass with the 

plate vibrator.


Battieby Redgorton Perth PH13EW 

& Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 3.11 

SHEET 

Grass Reinforcement GrassCel 

Specification 

GrassCel units consist of 

a series of cavity forming interconnecting 

concrete bars with 

localised upstands for wheel contact 

at the surface. The cavities and 

channels are filled in with soil, and 

grass is sown, resulting in a surface 

consisting of 75% grass and only 

25% concrete. 

There is just one basic unit, 

manufactured frbm high quality 

concrete to ensure long term 

durability. 

Quikkova GrassCel units are based 

on a modular grid of 600 x 400 mm 

and each unit is 120 mm thick. 

Weight per unit = 35 Kg 

Number per sq. m = 4.16 

Top soil requirement = approx. 

1 tonne per 10 sq. m of area. 

Laying Course 

A laying course formed from sharp 

sand(0-5mm grain size) is placed 

on the sub-base and screeded and 

levelled to a thickness of 20 mm. 

Prior to layinq the GrassCel the 

sand should be lightly compacted 

using a tamping board. 

Soiling and Seeding 

(a) Fill the voids and channels with 

clean, good quality top soil. 

(b) Level off 10mm below the top 

surface, using a stiff broom and 

sow the grass seed. 

©cccs 

Sand bed 

Sub-base or sub-grade 

Wearing Course 

(a) Place the GrassCel units, edge to 

edge, onto the prepared sand bed. 

(c) If required, apply a suitable root 

promoting fertilizer. 

(d) Add a further 10mm layer of 

fine soil and level off to the 

top surtace. 

Typical section on AA 

Recommended construction for 

Quikkova GrassCel 

The Quikkova GrassCel system 

consists of three main elements: 

(i) a free draining sub-base (granular 

material, hardcore, hoggin etc.). 

(ii) a 20 mm thick laying course of 

sharp sand. 

(iii) 120mm thick Quikkova GrassCel 

upits infilled with soil and grass. 

Laying instructions 

Sub-base 

(a) 

Lay the sub-base, compact by using 

a vibrator roller or tamping and blind 

the surface to achieve a smooth, even 

finish. (An ideally compacted subbase 

will permit a person to stand on 

it without leaving any footprints). 

(b) 

If the perimeter line of the sub-base 

is unrestrained, it should be extended 

by at least 300 mm beyond the 

finished edge of the GrassCel. 

The units should be consolidated 

into position by using a wooden 

tamping board.



B Perth (0738)27921 

FENCING, Interwoven 

4.1.11 

4.1.12 

© CCS 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4.1.11 ; 4.1.12



Perth (0738)27921 

FENCING 2.5m high screen/security CCS Design scale1:20 

©c.c.s 

INFORMATION 

4.1.14 

SHEET



« Perth (0738)27921 

FENCING-Timber Post and Rail 

4.1.16 

4.1.17 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 4.1.16:4.1.17 

SHEET


Battieby Redgorton Perth PH1 3EW 

a Perth (0738) 27921 

FENCING PVC Intrad' horizontal Harrison Thompson scale 1:2.5 

c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

4.2.2



» Perth (0738) 27921 

FENCING PVC Intrad vertical Harrison Thompson 1:20 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

4.2.3 

SHEET



S Perth (0738)27921 SHEET 

4.3.1 

VEHICLE BARRIER SCALE 1:20 

C.C-S.



» Perth (0738)27921 

VEHICLE BARRIER/SEAT 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

4.3.2



a Perth (0738) 27921 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

VEHICLE BARRIER-Log Kerb'stockade'type 

4.3.3 

SCALE 1:5



Perth (0738)27921 

VEHICLE BARRIERS 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4 . 3 . 4 ; 4 . 3 . 5



& Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4.3.6 

Vehicle Barrier temporary CCS Design scales 1:50 and 1:10 

©c.c.s



« Perth (0738)27921 

BOLLARD 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

4.3.7 

SHEET 

scale 1:5



8 Perth (0738)27921 

VEHICLE BARRIER 

©c.cs. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

4.3.12



& Perth (0738)27921 4.3.13 

BOOM BARRIER with concrete counterweight c.c.s .Design 

©C C S. 10:83 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



S Perth (0738)27921 


SHEET 

CARAVAN BARRIER.CCS Design. scales 1:20&1:50 

©c.cs



® Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4.5.1; 4.5.2 

FENCING High tensile wire Fountain Forestry scale 1:25 

4.5.2 

©c c s.



S Perth (0738) 27921 

4.8.2 

FIELD GATE Universal Model British Gates(&Timber) Ltd 

©C.C.8. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



& Perth (0738)27921 


SHEET 

Long and Short Gate Combination scale 1.25 

©c.c.s



& Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4.8.4 

Kissing Gate scale 1:10 

©c.c.s. 5.80



a Perth (0738)27921 

STILES 

A stile should provide a simple, and inexpensive way 

of crossing a fence or wall. It must be strong and safe, 

yet it must remain as a barrier to stock. A well-built 

stile with handhold can be a good waymark, visible 

from some distance from the fence or wall. 

Type of fence 

A stile should be made from materials similar to the 

barrier it crosses. Thus, a dry-stane dyke should have 

long through-band stone steps in preference to timber 

treads (see I S. 4.10.8). A post-and-rail fence should 

have a timber stile, while a post-and-wire fence will 

probably best be crossed with a timber structure 

related to the wooden post on which will be mounted 

any hand-hold provided. 

Type of user 

A simple structure such as a vertical ladder stile (I.S. 

4.9.7) is adequate for occasional access, but not for 

large numbers of the general public. A vertical ladder 

stile is also useful where farming operations, like 

ploughing, run close to the line of the fence. The 

demountable stile (I S. 4.9.6) is of use for machinery 

access or where at some times of year the way may be 

left open. In areas where dogs are walked near 

residential areas, a small vertical sliding 'hatch' for the 

dog may be built beside the stile, or a design like the 

'Rambler' (I.S. 4.9.13) may be used. 

Skills 

Most stiles are simple to construct, but they require to 

be stable and safe, with properly fixed hand-holds. 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 

4.9 

Scale 

The optimum 'riser' height is about 250mm, the maximum 

350mm. All vertical intervals should be the same. Except for a 

'bar' rung on a ladder, the width of tread should not be less 

than 150mm. 

Construction 

Always support treads directly onto uprights. If treads are 

supported on a cross-piece it is prudent to use a small bolt and 

nut to secure the cross-member, not a nail. In addition, a small 

check in the upright will give better support than just a 

fastening, but the check should not be such as to weaken the 

upright. 

Safety 

If a fence used barbed wire, the barbs should be removed or 

covered in some way to prevent injury to users. Hand-holds 

should be provided wherever possible. 

Maintenance 

Inspect for damage or deterioriation every six months — more 

often at heavily used sites. 

Treatment 

All components should be treated to B.S. 4072. Timber cuts 

made on site should be deluged with preservative before final 

assembly.



Perth (0738) 27921 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

4.9.1 

SHEET 

STILE-GAP and SINGLE STEP Scale 1:10



& Perth (0738) 27921 

©c.cs 11.95 

INFORMATION 

4.9.2 

SHEET 

STILE "Squeezer'type C.C.S.Design Scale 1:20



tt Perth (0738)27921 

©C.C.S. 

INFORMATION 

4.9.3 

SHEET 

Stile ladder type scale 1:20

I N F O R M A T I O N 

S H E E T 4.9.5 

Stile "two-step crossover" C.C.S. Design. Scale 1:20 

SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION 

C.C.S revised 1989 

Split tube 

protection 

-100 x100mm 

Countryside Commission for Scotland Battleby, Redgorton, Perth PHI 3EW 

Telephone: (0738) 27921, Fax: (0738) 30583 

700mm 

1200mm 

N o t e s 

1This stile is simple to construct 

requiring no joinery skill. It is ideal for 

broad application of negotiating 7 strand 

farmland fences with safety as it avoids the 

need to turn around on the descent. It is 

unobtrusive yet obvious to the footpath user. 

2The riser height of the steps is at the 

suggested maximum dimension of 

350mm, with 400mm from the top step over the 

wire. The minimum width of the steps is 

150mm.The hand rail can be nailed, or for 

extra strength, bolted to the fence post 

upright. 

3For added safety and long term stability, 

the fence post upright can be concreted 

into the ground. The split tube protection over 

the barbed wire is essential to avoid injury and 

clothing damage. Some barbs are removable, if 

so remove them in the way of the stile. 

C u t t i n g L i s t 

Uprights 2-off 1250x100x100mm 

2-off 900x100x100mm 

Steps 2-off 1000x150x50mm 

Handhold 1-off 1200x 75x50mm 

Stiffening Blocks 2-off 200x100x50mm



8 Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

4.9.6 

SHEET 

STILE, DEMOUNTABLE scale 1:10 

©c.c.s



ffi Perth (0738) 27921 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

4.9.7 

STILE-Vertical ladder'type scale1:20



Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4.9.9. 

STILE "Lift up and step through" West Yorkshire pattern 

©c.cs 11.85 

Scale 1:10 

and as marked



» Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4.9.10 

STILE "high ladder" C.C.S.Design Scale 1:20 

©C.C.S.1.86



tt Perth (0738) 27921 


SHEET 

STILE—'Two step,straight' Scale 1:10 

©c.c.s. 11.79.



B Perth (0738)27921 

STILE Two-step crossover" Jacksons Fencing Scale 1:20 

©c.c.s 10.65 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 4 . 9 . 1 2



©Perth (0738)27921 

STILE - The "Rambler" British Gates and Timber Ltd. Scale1:10 

c c s 9.85 

INFORMATION 

4.9.13 

SHEET


4.10 


Perth (0738) 27921 SHEET 

DRYSTANE DYKES 

Publications 

Brooks, Alan 1977 Dry Stone Walling — A 

Practical Conservation 

Handbook 

Hart, Edward 1980 The Dry Stone Walling 

Handbook — Employing 

the Permanence and 

Beauty of Natural 

Stone 

The skills of building 'dry', without mortar, are ancient. The 

construction of Iron Age brochs show the same technique which 

was used widely in the 18th and 19th Centuries to mark out and 

enclose fields. The technique has survived so long because 

drystane dykes are strong, durable and afford excellent protection 

both for and against stock. They shelter animals from wind 

and snow and reduce the blowing of soil. The stones provide a 

habitat for wild plants, insects, animals and birds. 

Dykes can be built in places too bleak for hedges and too rocky 

for fences and, constructed by skilled labour, they will outlast a 

fence several times. Once the material is on site a man can build 

up to 6.0 lineal metres a day, depending on the nature of the 

stone and the terrain. 

The way a dyke is built reflects its surroundings, the slope and 

nature of the ground, the type of stone available locally and the 

experience, skill and inventiveness of the dyker. Each dyker 

develops his own style, and the information sheets which follow 

illustrate a few of the variations on this technique. 

The sheets describe traditional constructions and include some 

of the ways of building around obstacles; they are provided to 

encourage those who may consider building or repairing dry 

stane dykes, and to help all readers to see pattern, skill and 

tradition in the 'drystane' method. 

Footnote: With regard to costs it can be the case that to repair an existing dyke is 

little more expensive per running metre than to replace it with a post-and-wire 

fence. 

British Trust for Conservation 

Volunteers 

36 St. Mary's Street 

Wallingford 

Oxfordshire 0X10 OEU 

Thorsons Publishers Ltd 

Wellingborough 

Northamptonshire 

Rainsford-Hannay, F 1976 Dry Stone Walling Stewartry of Kirkcudbright 

Drystane Dyking Association 

Gatehouse-of-Fleet 

Kirkcudbrightshire 

©c.cs



Perth (0738)27921 4.10.3 

TYPES OF DRYSTONE WALLING Cdrystane dyke') 

©CCS 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

Variation 

half dyke 

Single dyke 

Galloway double dyke 

uses throughband 

Coursed dyke 

uses trimmed quarry stone 

Rubble dyke 

double dyke without through 

band 

Caithness flag fence 

flagstones may be linked 

at top with metal staples



Perth (0738) 27921 

TYPES OF COPE 

©CCS 

ELEVATIONS 

4.10.4 

Note: the cope is an important element 

of the dyke in terms of strength and 

appearance. The cope height is 

determined and suitable stone selected, 

a guide line is stretched as shown and 

the cope built to it, where stones of 

suitable size are not to hand, height 

is achieved using smaller stones. 

Buck and Doe 

Advantages: decorative, wall height 

increased with minimum of material. 

Disadvantages: weak, stone must be 

selected. 

Dressed Cope 

Advantages: neat appearance, tight 

construction. 

Disadvantages: more material required, 

availability, expense. 

Locked Top 

Advantages: strong, when used with 

hard rough stone. 

Disadvantages: slow to build, loosens 

on settlement. 

Tilted Cope 

Advantages: suitable.on slopes, 

bind as wall settles. 

Disadvantages: less heigh achieved, 

stone must be selected. 

Turf Cope 

Advantage: quick to build. 

Disadvantages: less height achieved, 

turf may fail to 'take' and be 

displaced. 

Flat Cope 

Advantages: speed of construction, 

neat appearance. 

Disadvantages: less height gained, 

massive size. 

Rubble Cope 

Advantages: quick construction, mixed 

stones may be used. 

Disadvantages: less stable than other 

types of construction. 

Mortared Cope 

Advantages: useful where there is a 

shortage of suitable cope stones. 

Disadvantages: lacks flexibility when 

wall settles, mortar may not harmonise 

with stone.



« Perth (0738)27921 

BASIC DYKE CONSTRUCTION 

INFORMATION 

4.10.5 

SHEET 

Note: Trench excavated to a depth of 50 - 150mm according to soil conditions 

and to a width allowing up to 50mm projection of founds (scarcement) on either 

side of the base. A light timber wall frame may be used as a template for 

the cross sectional profile of the dyke. A plumb line is suspended from the 

top of the frame, lines from the frame are drawn taut and pinned to the wall 

so providing guides, dimensions are to the outer edges of the frame. 

Construction Guidelines: 

i. Place the biggest stones to the bottom 

ii. Break the joints 

iii. Taper the dyke to batter suitable 

for stone used 

iv. Keep the hearting full 

v. Longest dimension of stone should 

run into dyke 

©c.c.s



0 Perth (0738)27921 

WALLHEADS 

Note: wall heads are constructed where it is desired to terminate a dyke; 

to denote change of ownership; where openings or partial openings 

are created and to impart stability by the regular inclusion of 

wall heads in a dyke on a continuous slope. 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

4.10.6



tt Perth (0738)27921 

GAP STILE 

Note: Height of step above ground and width 

of opening are crucial factors in ensuring 

that the slit stile is impassable for all 

but the most agile sheep breeds. 

©CCS 

wall brought to a head 

through stone step 

INFORMATION 

4.10.7 

SHEET 

large end cope stone



tt Perth (0738)27921 

THROUGH-STEP STILE and HANDHOLD 

NB: 

the construction of this 

stile depends upon suitable 

stone being available. 

Railway sleeper sections 

are an acceptable alternative 

longer than normal 

end cope stones 

diagram of fixing 

of posts using fence 

wire doubled 

passing through 

wall and round "batten 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

4.10.8 

SHEET 

through stone 

forms top step 

I 

diagram shoving 

'locking in' of 

sten in wall 

Handholds, provided as 

shown, are necessary as 

stone covered with moss 

or mud in wet conditions 

can be slippery.



Perth (0738)27921 

LUNKIE HOLE 

Note: to construct a sound 

lunkie hole it is 

necessary to have 

available an adequatelysized 

lintel stone. 

©c.c.s. 

lunkie hole must be paved to protect 

wall and founds against wear and erosion 

INFORMATION 

4.10.9 

SHEET 

wall brought to a head



Perth (0738)27921 

DYKES ON SLOPES 

Dyke construction on a slope should start at the 

bottom. Large base stones are laid : 

at the slope, with subsequent 

courses of diminishing 

size laid to true 

horizontal. 

vail with no stock proof 

purpose may be stepped 

up a slope in this manner 

wall brought to 

with one course tying 

into lower portion of wall 

©c.c.s 

cope stones vertical or 

canted up-hill 

note importance 

of end cope stone 

wall heads 

batter may be 

increased on 

downhill face 

cope stones are tilted 

up-hill or are vertical 

INFORMATION 

4.10.10 

SHEET 

continuous uphill wall 

should be brought to a head 

at 20m intervals to 

improve stability 

Wall height 

should be constant 

measured at right 

angles to the ground 

A dyke meeting an 

out-crop or obstacle 

is brought to a head 

against it and is 

continued above to 

remain stock proof. 

wall face vertical 

or near to vertical 

section through 

wall traversing slope



ft Perth (0738)27921 

RETAINING WALL 

should run off water 

endanger wall, cut off 

drain 400-600mm deep 

by 400-600mm wide may 

be formed 

occasional 

large stones 

recessed into 

bank to key, 

known as 

'tusking* 

©c.c.s 

VERTICAL SECTION 

INFORMATION 

4.10.11 

SHEET 

stones are laid lengthwise into the 

retained soil 

retaining wall 

running into "bank 

individual stones 

being keyed in



0 Perth (0738)27921 

DYKES CROSSING WETLAND, STREAMS etc. 

A dyke crossing wetland may "be 

constructed as "below with a series 

of small lunkie holes allowing a 

through flow of water. 

If dyke construction of any type is impossible the 

dyke may be brought to a wall head on either side 

of the soft bearing and a fence used to continue 

the line of the dyke. 

Small diameter sections of 

clayware pipe built into a dyke 

at suitable intervals along the 

base allows water movement. 

A lunkie hole built 

to allow a stream 

passage through a 

dyke. A metal grille 

hung on the downstream 

face of the lintel and 

swinging freely deters 

animals but allows 

debris through. 

INFORMATION 

4.10.12 

SHEET 

If the bearing is soft, found stones 

should "be increased in size and bedded 

in gravel. Lining the trench with 

woven/non-woven textile membranes 

will give excellent stabilization. 

A section of reinforced concrete 

drain may be used allowing a 

small stream to pass through a 

dyke. 

NB: Dykes must have more massive founds where water erosion is possible, 

stream beds should be consolidated in the vicinity of dykes, openings 

should be adequate to deal with spate conditions. 

©c.cs. 

t



Perth (0738)27921 

DYKES and TREE ROOTS 

Where it is 

not possible to divert the 

line of the dyke small lunkie' 

holes may he built to allow tree roots 

to pass through wall. Allowance must be made 

for growth. , 

INFORMATION 

4.10.13 

SHEET 

Alternatively, the dyke may be brought to heads on either side 

of the tree, and a fence used to continue the wall line. 

©c.c.s.



Perth (0738)27921 


SHEET 

GALLOWAY HEDGE and other methods of heightening dykes 

Galloway hedge suitable 

for use across sloping 

ground. Thorn hush is 

planted in the dyke at 

time of construction 

and effectively increases , no batter to this face 

dyke height,particularly 

on the uphill side. 

single wire fence with posts' 

at 5.00m centres deters more 

active sheep breeds from 

climbing the dyke. 

posts secured to dykes 

with doubled fencing wire 

passing round posts through 

wall and strained to battens 

Method of increasing 1.5m dyke to make deer proof. 

©CCS 

original profile of slope 

soil excavated from here is 

transferred uphill for use as 

backfill on uphill side of 

completed dyke. 

2.1m treated thinnings 

at 5.00m centres



tt Perth (0738)27921 

DYKE with wire fence top 

Suitable flat steel standards 

(preferably galvanised) drilled 

to accept wire 

Note: may be used to extend 

existing dyke height 

or built into dyke 

under construction 

Standard cut and 

key formed to bed 

into mortar 

©C.C.S. 

INFORMATION 

4.10.15 

SHEET 

Standards spaced as necessary (2 - 3m) 

'through stone

INFORMATION 

SHEET 5.1 

BENCH SEAT AND TABLE scale 1.20 



B Perth (0738) 27921 

©c.c.s



Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 5.2 

TABLE AND SEAT COMBINED scale 1:20 

SlDE ELEVATION



Perth (0738)27921 

©c.c.s 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.3 

GRIZEDALE BENCH scale 1.20



Perth (0738) 27921 

©c.c.S 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.4 

PICNIC BENCH Grizedale' Forestry Commission scale1:20



Perth (0738) 27921 

©c.c s 980 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.5 

PICNIC TABLE/SEATS combined 'Battenhursfdesign Scale 1:20



Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 5.6 

SEAT/ PICNIC BENCH Scale 1:10 

©c.cs



& Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION 57 

SHEET 

SEAT WITH BACKREST c.c.s . Design scale1:10 

©CCS

5.8 


SHEET 

Timber Seat C.C.S. Design. Scale 1:20,1:5,1:2. 

©C.C.S revised 1 


Telephone: (0738)27921, Fax: (0738)30583


S H E E T 

Timber Seat C.C.S. Design. Scale 1:20,1:5,1:2. 

Frame dimensions and 

structural details 

Scale 1:5 

Base 

Section front slat 

Scale 1:2 

\ / 

Holes for 100x5mm 

galvanised nails to be bored 

145 x95mm 

Dressed timber 

Slope concrete away from seat 

upright to prevent rain water 

collecting at base of upright.

600 to 800mm 

deep 

FRONT ELEVATION 

Scale 1:20 

END ELEVATION 


If necessary for 

vandal resistance 

include a 200mm 

length of steel pipe. 

• 2000mm - 

Details at R 

N.T.S. 


300mm— 

450mm 

5.8 

N o t e s 

1An aesthetically pleasing timber seat, 

offering a great degree of comfort due 

to the rake of the back, seat and the shaped 

slats. Suitable for use when extended stays are 

expected such as children's play areas, 

viewpoints, parks and picnic areas. The 

construction is not suitable for the unskilled 

woodworker and the use of machine tools is 

necessary. Great care needs to be taken to 

obtain the correct rake of the seat back to the 

seat. 

2Cut out and shape all the pieces and 

bore holes where indicated. Holes for 

nails should be slightly undersized. Treat with 

exterior stain before assembly. Stake the seat in 

an upright position whilst the concrete sets. 

Use a spirit level against the back of the seat to 

check the seat is in the correct position when 

cementing in. 

3Apply an exterior stain (Ref. Blue Sheet 

13.1 'Timber Protection') Creosote or 

other oily stains are unsuitable as they will 

mark clothing. 


Timber: Pine or Douglas Fir pressure treated 

against fungal rot. 

Uprights 2-off 1480x145x95mm 

dressed timber 

Seat bearers 4-off 595x 145x70mm 

dressed timber 

Seat slats & 5-off 2000 x95x45mm 

back slats dressed timber 

Plugs 20-off 15x 12mm diameter 

F i x i n g s 

Coach Bolts (galvanised) 4-off 200x12mm 

Fence Nails or 

Coach Screws (galvanised) 20-off 100mm



Perth (0738) 27921 


SHEET 

PICNIC TABLE -'Totland' wfBroomfield Ltd scale 1:20 

©ccs 579



Perth (0738)27921 

5.10 

PICNIC TABLE - Heavy Duty wf Broomfield Ltd Scale 1:20 

©c.cs 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738)27921 

5.11 

BENCH SEAT C.C.S.Design scale 1:20 

©c.cs 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738) 27921 

BENCH SEAT 

©CCS 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 5.12


Battleby Redgorton perth PH13EW 

Perth (0738)27921 

SEAT with backrest 

©CCS 


SHEET 

scale 1:20



Perth (0738)27921 5.15 

BENCH SEAT/TABLE scale 1:20 

©c.c.s. 9.80 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738) 27921 

©CC S 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.16 

PICNIC TABLE/SEATS (combined) c.c.s .Design scale 1:20



Perth (0738) 27921 

5.17 

PICNIC TABLE and SEAT c.c.s.Design scale 1.20 

©c.c.s 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738)27921 

5.18 

PICNIC SEAT C.C.S.Design scale 1:20 

©c.c s 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738) 27921 

©ccs 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.19 

PICNIC TABLE/SEATS (combined) c.cs Design scale1:20



Perth (0738)27921 

PICNIC TABLE/SEATS (combined) C.C.S. Design 

©C C S 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.20 

scale1:20



S H E E T 5.21 

Picnic Table/Seats (combined) CCS Design. Scale 1:20,1:10 

Fix below or above with 9x 130 coach screws c/sunk and 

plugged if fixed from above. Timber Connector 


Telephone: (0738) 27921, Fax: (0738)30583 

Detail of Bottom 

Rail/Seat 

Support Joint 

Scale 1:10 

N o t e s 

1A popular heavy duty, free standing unit 

best made with pine or Douglas fir or 

combined with larch for ground contact 

members. 

Designed with timber connectors only 

2on bottom rail/upright joints to allow 

unbolting of table-top, seats and struts after 

initial assembly for transportation and 

stacking units for winter storage and 

maintenance. It is only necessary to include 

one timber connector to the bottom end of 

each of the table and seat supports. 

Timber should be planed and exposed 

3edges bevelled to 4mm. 

4An exterior, non-toxic stain finish such 

as listed on blue sheet 13.1 Timber 

Protection' should be applied preferably 

before assembly of the unit. 'Creosote' or other 

oily finishes may stain clothing and should be 

avoided. Dark brown framework and midbrown 

table and seats look well in a 

countryside setting. 

This unit is not easily moved and 

5therefore should have a hardstanding 

as a base to alleviate the problem of grass 

cutting round the unit. 

Slightly lighter weight versions of this 6design are available from certain 

manufacturers. Please contact Battleby Centre 

staff for details. 

C u tt tt i nn g LL ii s t 

Table-top/Seats 8-off 200x60x 1850mm 

Table-top bearers 2-off 100x50x810mm 

Seat bearers 4-off 100x50x400mm 

Bottom rails 2-off 100x50x1620mm 

Seat supports 8-off 200x60x365mm 

Table supports 4-off 200x60x665mm 

Footrest 1-off 880x100 x50mm 

F i x i n g s 

16-off 180x12mm Bolts 

16-off 100x12mm Bolts 

32-off 130x9mm Coach Screws 

2-off 100x9mm Coach Screws 

8-off Timber connectors


5.22 


Perth (0738)27921 SHEET 

Picnic Table scale 1:20



Perth (0738) 27921 

BENCH SEAT Model SF1 scale 1:20 

©cc s 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738)27921 

5.25A 

PICNIC TABLE; BENCH SEAT SF9;SF5 scale 1:20 

©c.c s 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738) 27921 

TABLE;SEAT SF11:PG18 

c c s 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.25B 

scale 1:20


5.26 


Perth (0738) 27921 SHEET 

PICNIC PALLET ccs Design scale 1:10 

©c.c s 579 

INFORMATION



Perth (0738) 27921 

5.27 

PICNIC SEAT c.c.s.Design scale 1:20 

© CCS 

INFORMATION 

SHEET

Countryside Commission for Scotlsnd 


Perth (0738)27921 

PICNIC SEAT C.C.S.Design 1:25 

©c.c s 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

5.28



Perth (0738)27921 

5.40 

PICNIC TABLE (see 5.41 for matching seat) c.c.s.Design Scale 1:20 

© CCS 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738)27921 


SHEET 

BENCH SEAT (to match 5.40) C.C.S. Design Scale 1:20 

©C.C.S 579



0738 27921 

5 Picnic furniture and seating 

5.1 Bench Seat and Table 

5.2 Table and Seats Combined 

5.3 Single Bench, Concrete Base 

5.4 Table and Seat Combined (concrete base) 

5.5 Table and Seat Combined 

5.6 Seat/Picnic Bench 

5.7 Seat with Backrest 

5.9 Table and Seat Combined 'Totland' 

5.10 Table and Seat Combined 'Heavy Duty' 

5.11 Bench Seat 



5.14 Seat/Picnic Bench 

5.15 Bench Seat/Table 

5.16 Combined Seat/Table 

5.17 Seat and Table 



5.20 Picnic Table/Seats 

5.21 Picnic Table/Seats 


5.23 Southampton Island Bench SF1 

5.24 Southampton Seat SF111 

5.25a Picnic Table and Bench SF9 and SF5 

5.25b Picnic Table and Bench SF11 and PG1B 

5.26 Picnic Pallet 

5.27 Picnic Seat 

5.28 Picnic Seat 

5.29 Picnic Bench 306HB 

5.30 Picnic Table and Seat 30HP 

5.31 Seat with Backrest 306H 

5.32 Seat with Backrest 304H 

5.38 Heavy Duty Picnic Unit 

5.39 Heavy Duty Bench with Backrest 

5.40 Picnic Table 

5.41 Bench Seat to match 5.40 


5.45 "Kelvin" Bench 

5.47 "Kelvin" Seat 

5.48 "Freshwater" Seat with Backrest and 

Concrete Uprights 

EXHIBITS ON DISPLAY AT BATTLEBY 

5 Picnic Furniture and Seating 

Forestry Commission (Scotland) 

Forestry Commission (Grizedale) 

W F Broomfield Ltd 

3 & 3 Learmonth 

Neptune Concrete Ltd 

Abacus Municipal Ltd 

Forestry Commission (Grizedale) 

A M Russell Ltd 

ii 

Marshalls Mono Concrete (Scotland) Ltd 

W F Broomfield Ltd 

M 

Spring 1986

(5. Continued) 

5.49 "Brightstone" Bench with Concrete Uprights W F Broomfield Ltd 

5.50 "Eagle" Combination Table/Seat F W Hawker 4 Sons Ltd 

5.51 "Falcon" 5'0" Long Seat " 

5.52 "Happy Wanderer" Combination Table/Seat Wicksteed Leisure 

5.53 "Oakley" Bench " 

5.54 "Huntingdon" Seat " 

5.55 "Kelmarsh" Bench " 

5.56 "Napier" Seat A M Russell Ltd 

Spring 1986



0738 27921 

SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS 

5 Picnic Furniture and Seating 

5 Picnic furniture and seating Spring 1986 

Abacus Municipal Ltd Tel 0623 511111 

SUTTON-IN-ASHFIELD Nottinghamshire NG17 5FT 

Alcan High Duty Extrusions Ltd Tel 0900 2581 

Lillyhell WORKINGTON Cumbria CA14 4JY 

Arden Associates Tel 01 337 3975 

42 Ebbiaham Road WORCESTER PARK Surrey KT4 8NE 

(Agents) 

Artisan Accommodation Units Ltd Tel 841 62321 

Cexton Way THETF0RD Norfolk (Agents) 

Astolat Co Ltd Tel 0483 575211 

Six Acre Works Peasmarsh GUILDFORD Surrey GU3 1NE 

A Ballaritine 4 Sons Ltd Tel 0506 822721 

New Grange Foundry B0'NESS West Lothian EH51 9PW 

Bardsleys Colchester Ltd Tel 0206 853670 

196 Bergholt Road COLCHESTER C04 5AL (Agents) 

Barlow Tyrie Ltd Tel 0376 22505 

Springwood Industrial Estate BRAINTREE 

Essex CM7 7RN 

T P Bather Tel 0544 230860 

Hergest Camp KINGTON Herefordshire HR5 3ER 

W F Broomfield Ltd Tel 0983 752921 

Afton Road FRESHWATER Isle of Wight P040 9UH 

Broxap and Corby Ltd Tel 061 773 7831 

Walker Street Radcliffe MANCHESTER M26 9JH 

(Agents) 

Chipman Ltd 

HORSHAM West Sussex RH12 2NR 

Dorothea Restoration Engineers Ltd Tel 0298 3834/77115 

Pearl Assurance House Hardwick Street BUXTON 

Derbyshire SK17 6DH 

Empire Stone Co Ltd 

NARBOROUGH Leicester LE9 5GR 

Tel 0533 864301 

Forestry Commission Tel 0343 820223 

Speyside Forest District Balnacoul FOCHABERS 

Moray IV32 7LL 

Forestry Commission 

South Lakes Forest District 

Cumbria LA22 0QJ 

Tel 0403 60341/5 Log bench. 

Tel 0229 84373 

Grizedale AMBLESIDE 

Furniture International Ltd Tel 01 691 0016 

International House 90 Royal Hill Greenwich 

LONDON SQ0 8RT 

Glasdon Ltd Tel 0253 694811 

Industrial A Municipal Sales Division 

Preston New Road BLACKPOOL Lancashire FY4 4UL 

(Agenta) 

Gloster Leisure Furniture Ltd Tel 0272 540349 

Universal House Pennywell Road BRISTOL BS5 0TJ 

Hangar Products Ltd Tel 096273 4644/5 

Construct House Winchester Road ALRESF0RD 

Hampshire 

Seats, double seats, bench, tables and 

combined picnic table and seats. All with 

Square rectangular hollow section mild eteel 

supports. Timber in pine or iroko. 

SeatB with backrests. Aluminium extrusions 

for seats, back supports and pedestals. 

Seats with backrests and benches. Steel box 

section and timber uprights. Timber in 

Burma teak. 

Seat with backrest, bench and combined picnic 

table and seats. 

Seats with backrest. Timber, concrete and 

metal uprights. Timber in teak, iroko and 

hardwood. 

SeatB with backrests. Cast iron uprights. 

Seats with backrests. Timber and metal 

uprights. Timber in teak and iroko. 

Seats with backrests. Timber and metal 

uprights. Timber in teak. 

Combination table and Beats. 

English oak and pine. 

Timber in 

Seats and combined picnic table and seats, 

heavy duty with concrete and timber uprights. 

Timber in deal, pine, selected hardwoods and 

iroko. 

Seats with backrests and arms. Benches and 

combined picnic table and seats. Timber in 

iroko, hardwoods or softwood. Metal, timber 

or concrete uprights. Free-standing or 

ground fixings. 

Seats with backrests and benches. Iron 

castings uprights. Timber in iroko. 

Seats in precast concrete and reconstructed 

stone. 

Combined picnic table and seats. Seat with 

backrest. Timber in home grown Douglas fir. 

Heavy duty combined picnic table and seats, 

benches, and seats with backrest. Timber and 

concrete uprights. Free-standing and ground 

fixings. 

Combined picnic table and seats, benches, and 

seats with backrests. Timber in teak, iroko 

and hardwoods. Timber, metal and concrete 

uprights. 

Combined picnic table and seats, bench and 

seats with backrests. Concrete, metal end 

timber uprights. Free-standing and ground 

fixings. 

Seats with backrests and bench. Timber in 

teak. Metal and timber uprights. 

Combined picnic table and seats.


F M Hawker & Sons Ltd Tel 0225 858233 

Northend Joinery Works North End BATHEASTON 

Bath BA1 7HN 

B Hirst 4 Sons Ltd Tel 0422 53073/57763 

Fenton Road Works King Cross HALIFAX 

West Yorkshire HX1 3SL 

Hoiton Builders Ltd Tel 0673 858348 

H0LT0N CUH BECKERING Lincoln LN3 5NG 

Koapan (UK) Ltd Tel 0908 642466 

3 Holdom Avenue BLETCHLEY Milton Keynes MK1 1QU 

3 & 3 Learmonth Tel 0575 72112 

The Poplars KIRRIEMUIR Angus DD8 5LH 

Levercrest Ltd Tel 0634 727164 

16 Lingley House Commissioners Road ROCHESTER 

Kent ME2 4EE 

Macemain Engineering Ltd Tel 01 946 1062 

54 Weir Road Durnsford Road Industrial Estate 

WIMBLEDON SW19 8UG 

Mclays Playground Supplies Ltd Tel 041 763 0000 

35 Sandilands Street Annick Street Industrial 

Estate GLASGOW G32 0HT (Agents) 

Marshalls Mono (Scotland) Ltd Tel 0324 22922 

Bleachfield Works FALKIRK FK2 7YQ 

Bill Moore Products 

32 Harper Road COVENTRY CV1 2AP 

Tel 0203 553005 

Neptune Concrete Ltd Tel 0703 225513 

Quayside Road BITTERNE MANOR Southampton S09 4YP 

Norman 4 Sons (Marketing) Pre-Formed Components Ltd 

Tel 01 391 0533 or 01 397 9166 

Davis Road CHESSINGT0N Surrey KT9 ITU 

(Agents) 

Orchard Seating Ltd Tel 0491 36588/35529 

21 St Martin's Street WALLINGF0RD Oxon 0X10 ODE 

Pamal Tel 0476 860266 

The Cottage Sproxton MELTON MOWBRAY 

Leicestershire 

F Peart 4 Co Ltd Tel 0429 63331 

Baltic Works Baltic Street HARTLEPOOL 

Cleveland TS25 1PW (Agents) 

Playscape Ltd Tel 0902 331868/761763 

33 Leithton Road Pattingham WOLVERHAMPTON WV4 4AP 

Road Signs-Franco Ltd Tel 0902 782444 

Boundary Estate Stafford Road Fordhouses 

WOLVERHAMPTON WV10 7ET 

Russell Leisure Products Ltd Tel 031 333 3525 

P0 Box 415 Roddinglsw Gogar EDINBURGH EH12 9DW 

SMP (Playgrounds) Ltd Tel 09328 68081/68090 

Pound Road CHERTSEY Surrey KT16 8EJ 

Combination picnic table and seats, 

with backrest, tables and chair* 

Seat 

Combined picnic table and seats. Seats with 

backrests and benches. Metal and timber 

uprights. Timber in softwood. 

Seat with backrests, benches and combined 

table and seats, double seat with arms. 

Uprights in concrete and timber. 

Combined picnic table and sests for children. 

Timber in a special weather-reBistsnt plywood 

in a proprietary paint end stsin for the 

tops and seats. 

Sests with backrests, 

and seats. 

Combined picnic table 

Seats with backrest and bench. Steel hollow 

square sectional uprights. Free-standing and 

ground fixtures. 

Combined picnic table and seats. Seat with 

backrest. Tubular steel framework and timber 

in iroko. 

Seats with bsckrest, tables, benches. 

Combined picnic table and seats. Metal, 

concrete and timber uprights. Timber in 

softwood or hardwood. 

Seat with backrests and benches. Timber in 

hardwood or iroko. Concrete uprights. Freestanding 

and ground fixings. 

Combination table and seats, benches and seats 

with backrests. One design feature is the 

use of round and half round logs in some 

furniture. Timber in softwood and hardwood. 

Combined picnic table and seats, benches, 

cantilever seats, and seats with backs. 

Concrete uprights. Timber in hardwood. 

Seat with backrest, benches and combined 

picnic table and seats. Metal or wood 

uprights. Free-standing, ground or wall 

fixing. Timber in softwood, hardwood or 

iroko. 

Seats with backrests, benches and combined 

picnic table and aeats. Metal and timber 

uprights. Free-standing or ground fixings. 

Combination table and seats, 

or pressure-treated softwood. 

Timber in iroko 


with backrests. Also angled bench seating. 

Concrete, metal and timber uprights. Timber 

in softwood and hardwood (iroko or English 

oak). 

Seats with backrest and benches. Steel hollow 

square sectional uprights. Timber in iroko. 

Free-standing and ground fixings. 

Seats with backrests, 

and concrete uprights. 

Tubular steel, timber 

Timber in hardwood. 

Seat with backrests, combined picnic table 

and seats, and benches. 

Benches, seats with backrests, tables and 

combination tables and seats, some with 

canopies. Children's benches. Timber in 

hardwood.


Street Equipment Ltd 

Unit 4 Goldhawk Industrial Estate 

2a Brackenbury Road LONDON W6 OBA 

Tel 01 749 5906 

Superwood Ltd Tel 952011/2/3/4 

16 Sandyford Industrial Estate DUBLIN 18 

Swan Seats Tel 0952 615581 

Stafford Park 15 TELFORD Shropshire TF3 3BB 

Town Art + Design (Scotland) Ltd Tel 041 778 1717 

9 Sandilanda Street GLASGOW G32 0HT 

Townscape Products Ltd Tel 0623 513355 

Fulwood Road South SUTTON-IN-ASHFIELD 

Nottinghamshire NG17 2JZ (Agents) 

Urban Enviroscape Ltd Tel 0256 54446 

Telford Road Houndmills BASINGSTOKE RG21 2YW 

Wealden Woodlands (Kent) Ltd 

Heme Common HERNE BAY Kent 

Tel 0227 710694 

Wicksteed Leisure Tel 0536 517028 

Digby Street KETTERING Northamptonshire NN16 8YJ 

Woodscape Ltd 

374 North Road 

PRESTON PR1 1RU 

Tel 0772 57558 

Wrinch A Sons Ltd Tel 0473 78128 

Leisure Division St Lawrence Works Nacton Road 

IPSWICH IP3 9Q3 

Seat with backrest. 

Seat with backrest. Concrete uprighta. 

Laths in solid plastic. 

Spring 1986 

Combined picnic table and seats, bench and 

seatB with backrests. Concrete and timber 

uprights. 

Seats with backrests and benches. Metal or 

concrete uprights. Timber in softwood or 

hardwood. Free-standing or ground fixings. 


with backrests. Also circular shaped table 

and seats. Metal uprights. Timber in 

harcWood. 

Seat with backrest, 

in hardwood. 

Metal uprights. Timber 

Sest with backrest and combined picnic table 

and seats. Timber in softwood and hardwood. 

Combined picnic table and seats, seats with 

backrest, benches. Wicksteed range all have 

metal and hardwood timber uprights. Lappset 

range are all softwood. 

Benches snd seats with backrests, 

greenheart. Ground fixings. 

Timber in 

Seat with backrest, benches and combined 

picnic table and seats. Timber and metal 

uprights. Timber in iroko or teak.

STEPPED RAMP CONSTRUCTION 

6.1 

Plank/sleeper/log+infill (scales as marked)



Perth (0738) 27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

6.2 

TIMBER WALKWAY (Railway Sleepers) Scale 1:20


Battleby Redgorton Perth PH13EW SHEET 

Perth (0738) 27921 

6.3 

TIMBER PILING CAUSEWAY Scale 1:20 

© CCS



Perth (0738)27921 

Footpath Construction over soft ground using 'Wiretex' or 'Terram' fabric. Scale 1:20 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 6.7;6.8

Board-walk Scale 1:25,1:5 


Countryside Commission for Scotland Battleby, Redgorlon, Perth PHI 3EW 

Telephone: (0738) 27921, Fax: (0738) 30583 

6.9

Board-walk Scale 1:25,1:5 

SIDE ELEVATION 

Detail 

at end of 

board walk. 

150 x50mm 

I 

i l 

50 x 50mm 

50 x 50mm 

Larch edge rail 


75mm 

galv. nails 

I 

Detail 

Scale 1:5. 

T 

50mm 

END ELEVATIONS 

Scale 1:25 

Spacing between 

I boards 10mm 

S H E E T 

T7 - 

II 100mm 

galv. nails 

150 x 50mm 

Larch decking 

Larch Brackets 

200 x100 x50mm 

All fixings (except edge rails) 

100mm galvanised nails. 

Edge rail 

50 x 50mm- 

For heights above ground-level in excess of 600mm 

use 75x38mm cross-braces. 

(stringers 2.0m in length) 

-2m centres — 

Minimum I 

600mm I

Edging is important 

where disabled access 

is intended. 

To curve edge-rails 

make sawcuts % 

way through at app. 

100mm intervals. 

NOTE: For a trim appearance it is 

essential that the boards at the bend 

are out to an even taper - use a 

line and peg to make it thus:- 

Drawing exaggerated forclarity 

NOT TO SCALE 


offcut 

COMPLETE BOARD 

PLAN 

Isometric View 

To maintain a regular curve 

use the stake and line as 

compasses to position the 

outer ends of the boards. 


Telephone: (0738) 27921, Fax: (0738) 30583 

Edge rail 

shown 

6.9 

N o t e s 

1A board-walk is an obtrusive element in 

the landscape, and should be used 

selectively. They can add interest to wildlife 

interpretation by allowing close access to 

interesting vegetation. The use of curved runs 

adds interest and enables the board-walk to be 

fitted into natural uneven terrain. They are 

most useful for the protection of fragile areas 

to which controlled access is required, and 

provide a smooth, firm surface for wheelchair 

users. If used as ramps, the maximum gradient 

should not exceed 1:12, but 1:20 is better. 

2Surface coatings or pressure treated 

timber should not be used where 

subsequent damage to adjacent wildlife may 

occur. This is specially important in Sites of 

Special Scientific Interest. In such cases use 

larch for ground/water contact members and 

check regularly for rot. 

FINISHES 

3Subject to note 2 above, all timber 

should be pressure-treated against 

fungal rot. For a non-slip surface spray boards 

with hot tar and dust with grit, or fix chicken 

wire to surface, using galvanised staples. 


PER 2.0 meter RUN 

Piles 4-off 1500x100x 100mm 

Boards 13-off 1500x150x50mm 

Stringers 2-off 2000x100x100mm 

EdgeRail 4lin. metres 50x50mm 

Brackets 4-off 200x100x50mm 

F i x i n g s 

Galv. Nails 26-off 75mm 

60-off 100mm



©Perth (0738)27921 


SHEET 

BOARDWALK C.C.S.Design Scales as marked 

©c c s


6.11 


• Perth (0738)27921 SHEET 

TIMBER STEPS scale 1:10 

© CCS

6.13 


Battleby Redgorton Perth PH1 3EW SHEET 

Board Walk Scales 1:10&1:25 

©CCS



• Perth (0738) 27921 

©C C S 579 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 6.14;6.15;6.16 

TIMBER STEPS - ex.sleeper, STONE /CONCRETE SLAB STEPS 1:10

6.17 



tt Perth (0738) 27921 

SHEET 

PLATFORM/DECK' for overlook viewing platform/stairhead construction anc| as marked 

©c.c.s.



Perth (0738) 27921 

6.19 

STEP DETAIL Scales as marked 

©c.cs 

INFORMATION 

SHEET

The Treatment of Exterior Timber against Decay 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 13.1 

COUNTRYSIDE COMMISSION FOR SCOTLAND

page 3 

The Treatment of 

Exterior against Decay Timber 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

CONTENTS 

Introduction 

The causes of timber decay and the means of its 

control 3 

Durability 

The natural durability of different timbers and 

their ease of treatment by preservatives 5 

Preservation 

Types of preservative and their methods of 

application 10 

Surface Coatings 

Paints, varnishes, oils and exterior stain finishes 18 

COUNTRYSIDE COMMISSION FOR SCOTLAND 

Battleby, Redgorton, Perth PH1 3EW Tel: (0738) 27921 

Acknowledgements 

This guide has been prepared under contract by the Information and Advisory 

Section of the Timber Research and Development Association. The 

Countryside Commission for Scotland are grateful both to that organisation 

and to the Building Research Establishment for their willingness for 

information to be abstracted from their technical publications. 

Countryside Commission for Scotland, 1983 

ISBN 0 902226 68 1 

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by 

any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information 

storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.

CONDITIONS FAVOURABLE 

TO DECAY — 

1 FOOD 

2 MOISTURE 

3 OXYGEN 

4 WARMTH 

The spores germinate, producing fungal strands 

Fruiting Body of Fungus releases spores which penetrate and digest the timber 

page 4

page 5 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Causes of timber decay 

Timber is an attractive, sympathetic and practical material for a wide variety of 

uses in the countryside such as buildings, fences, bridges, signs and picnic 

furniture. Sunshine and rain, however, do present special problems, and an 

understanding of the measures which can be taken to combat these will 

lessen the risk of premature failure through fungal decay, or disappointing 

results through the development of an unattractive appearance. 

Although insects may attack timbers used outside, the principles and 

remedies outlined for the prevention of fungal decay will also in practice 

prevent insect attack. Under dry internal conditions where decay is not a 

problem, insects may warrant separate consideration and further advice 

should be sought. 

Wetting and ageing do not in themselves reduce the strength of timber. Decay 

is due to the growth of very simple plants called Fungi. Their reproductive 

spores, each one invisible to the naked eye, are released in unimaginably vast 

numbers and are carried by natural air currents to every part of our 

environment. Certain types of fungi use wood as food, and timber decay is the 

direct result of their feeding and digestion The frontispiece shows the typical 

life of these fungi. 

Fungi have four basic requirements for growth: Food, Moisture, Oxygen and 

Warmth. If any of these is lacking, growth will be prevented. A closer look at 

these basic requirements provides the key to methods of preventing decay 

FOOD 

Some species of timber are classed as 'naturally durable' as they possess 

substances produced within the tree which are harmful or toxic to fungi. 

Timber that does not contain these substances may be treated with wood 

preservatives containing chemicals which achieve the same result The use of 

naturally decay-resistant timbers and wood preservatives are the most widely 

used means of preventing decay. 

A group of fungi known as 'moulds' may produce unsightly black, green or 

orange discolourations. They feed upon a variety of airborne debris which 

collects on the surface of most damp materials, but they cannot cause decay 

of timber. Surface coatings may contain special fungicides to prevent these 

growths but these are not effective in preventing timber decay. Conversely 

wood preservatives will not necessarily prevent mould growth. 

MOISTURE 

Freshly felled timber can contain as much weight of water as wood substance, 

in which state the timber is said to be at 100% moisture content. Timber which 

has a moisture content below 20% will not decay. Simple moisture meters may 

be obtained which will readily determine whether timber is above or below this 

value When used outside, timber which has been dried to below 20% 

moisture content will not exceed this level simply by exposure to damp air. 

However, direct wetting by rain, splashing or condensation may cause the 

moisture content to rise above 20%. When exposed to these risks, control may 

be achieved by careful design to avoid water traps and to provide maximum 

ventilation. Further protection may be provided by the application of water 

resistant coatings to the surface, such as oils, waxes, paints, varnishes and 

exterior stain finishes. Timber in contact with the ground is most at risk since 

it is difficult to avoid high moisture contents for long periods. 

OXYGEN 

For growth, fungi require only minute traces of oxygen for which there is no 

effective means of control Surface coatings such as paints and varnishes, or 

wrapping in plastics or metal will not exclude sufficient oxygen to prevent 

decay. Timber which is totally immersed in water, or is buried under an 

impermeable soil type such as clay, may be sufficiently isolated from oxygen 

to have a greatly extended life. 

WARMTH 

Decay is most active at around 20° C., i.e., during summer months, but will 

continue down to 5° C. before becoming dormant. Therefore temperature 

does not provide an effective means of controlling fungal growth under 

normal exterior conditions in the UK.

Protection methods 

The treatments used to prevent decay may be either wood preservatives or 

water resistant surface coatings, and in some circumstances both may be 

used. However, the distinction between these treatments is sometimes 

blurred, and confusion between them in either their application or intention 

can lead to failure. One is not a substitute for the other, as will be seen from 

the following table. 

TABLE 1 

EXAMPLES 1. Organic solvents 

2. Pentachlorophenol in heavy oil 

3. Water borne copper chrome arsenate 

4 Creosote 

WOOD PRESERVATIVES SURFACE COATINGS 

1. Paints and varnishes 

2. Oils 

3. Exterior stain finishes 

PURPOSE To make the wood toxic to fungi To prevent the wood becoming wet. 

To improve the appearance of the wood surface 

page 6 

ADVANTAGES To prevent decay if the wood becomes wet. To lower the risk of decay. 

To provide a variety of colours and appearance. 

To help keep the surface clean and free of mould growth. 

To stabilise the timber to reduce shrinkage, swelling and 

splitting. 

APPLICATION Intended to produce maximum depth of penetration. 

Achieved by forcing in under pressure and/or vacuum, by 

alternate hot and cold cycles, or prolonged immersion. 

(B.S. levels of treatment do not approve of brush or spray 

applications). 

Specification of the method of application is as important 

as the choice of a particular preservative type. 

MAINTENANCE NONE — usually only applied initially 

Limited specialist products are available where in-situ 

remedial work is necessary. 

STANDARDS Both the product type and the method of application are 

adequately covered by British Standards 

Safety aspects are given special consideration by the 

Health and Safety Executive PSPS (Pesticide Safety 

Precaution Scheme). 

It will be seen that surface coatings have a less straightforward role than that 

of wood preservatives but that their main purpose is to prevent excessive 

water absorption by the timber. 

No surface coating has been found to remain completely impermeable to 

moisture. When used in a particular exterior situation the life expectancy of 

timber is normally assessed by a consideration of its natural characteristics 

and the type of wood preservative treatment, if any, which has been applied 

For much work in the countryside maintenance may not be a realistic 

proposition and a weather-beaten appearance may be acceptable or even 

desirable providing the timber retains its strength. In such cases surface 

coatings may be eliminated altogether. 

Summary 

There are therefore three major decisions which must be taken. 

What timber species will be used? 

What wood preservative if any is to be used and how is it to be applied? 

What surface coating if any will be applied? 

These three choices cannot be taken independently of each other as the 

timber must be capable of absorbing sufficient preservative and the 

preservative must be compatible with the surface coating. 

The following sections provide assistance in making these decisions. 

DURABILITY — Provides estimates of service life, British Standards 

Specifications, choice of timbers, their natural durability and their response to 

preservatives. 

PRESERVATION — Offers guidance on types of preservative, methods of 

application, safety, uses; and lists commercial products. 

SURFACE COATINGS — Offers guidance on types of surface coatings, 

advantages, methods of application and lists commercial products 

Intended to achieve a high concentration on the surface 

Achieved by brush, spray or simple dipping. Usually 2 - 4 

coats 

Specification of individual commercial products is most 

important as there can be big differences in performance 

between apparently similar types. 

NECESSARY— All products of this type require periodic 

maintenance. 

Typically at 2 - 6 year intervals depending upon type of 

product and type of exposure. 

Virtually no standards covering product types: reliance 

must be placed on manufacturers' specifications for a 

product and its application

page 7 2. DURABILITY 

The term durability,' applied to timber, is solely concerned with the resistance 

of the timber to fungal decay. It gives no indication of the hardness, strength, 

or abrasion resistance of the timber, despite the wider use of this term in 

everyday language. An understanding of the principles which affect durability 

will assist in choosing an appropriate timber, preservative treatment, and 

exterior finish, for any particular countryside application. 

Structure of a Tree 

The trunk of a tree consists of a main core of heartwood, surrounded by 

sapwood and finally wrapped in bark. Table 2 shows the major characteristics 

of these regions. 

FEATURE HEARTWOOD SAPWOOD BARK 

Appearance Varies with species: may be rich dark brown or red, e.g., YEW, 

MAHOGANY or pale, indistinct from sapwood, e.g.. BEECH, 

SPRUCE. 

White or pale colour Usually brown 

Thickness Depends on diameter of tree, may be greater than 2000 mm Variable — 

commonly 10-100 mm 

Strength High strength, varies with different species and is roughly 

proportional to density 

Resistance to 

decay 

Permeability to 

preservatives 

Bark is an impermeable layer and must always be removed prior to 

preservative treatment, and its presence is a certain indication of the 

presence of sapwood 

TABLE 2 

Variable — 

commonly 10—50mm 

Same as Heartwood Low, often corky 

Varies with species from very high to low Low Moderate 

Varies with species May be impermeable and 

difficult to treat or permeable and easy 

Permeable and relatively 

easy to treat. 

Impermeable — 

must be removed 

before treatment

Sapwood has a low natural resistance to decay but is relatively easy to treat Page 8 

with preservatives. The ring of permeable sapwood is particularly useful when 

preserving poles and round timbers as it allows deep penetration of the outer 

layers. The presence of sapwood can be seen as an advantage when 

preservative treatments are applied and a disadvantage where reliance is 

placed upon high natural durability. 

Heartwood varies widely in both its natural durability and its permeability to 

preservatives, depending upon the species. 

Where timber has a low natural durability, then preservative treatment may 

provide the necessary protection if the timber is sufficiently permeable to 

absorb enough preservative. These key characteristics of natural durability 

and permeability are described below and in Table 3. The classifications are 

those used by the Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough 

Laboratory published as Technical Note No. 40, 'The Natural Durability of 

Timber' and Information Paper 15/79 'The resistance of timbers to 

impregnation with wood preservative.' 

Natural durability 

The heartwoods of timber species have been assessed for their natural 

resistance to decay by partly burying standard sized posts (50mm x 50mm 

square) in the ground, a condition which represents the most hazardous 

circumstances normally encountered. Their average life under these 

conditions places them in one of five classes: 

PERISHABLE. Timbers expected to last for less than five years in ground contact. 

NON-DURABLE: Timbers expected to last between five and ten years in ground contact. 

MODERATELY DURABLE: Timbers expected to last between ten and fifteen years in ground contact 

DURABLE: Timbers expected to last between fifteen and twenty-five years in ground contact. 

VERY DURABLE: Timbers expected to last more than twenty-five years in ground contact 

In practice, timbers may not be in ground contact and may not be of these 

dimensions. Most situations out of ground contact would be less hazardous 

and greater service life would be achieved, subject to wide variations 

depending upon the site conditions, the design of the components and the 

future prevailing weather conditions. Also, the service life of timber is more or 

less proportional to its minimum cross-sectional dimension. For example, a 

post measuring 100 x 100mm would have approximately twice the life 

expectancy of a post measuring 100x 50mm The use of substantial timbers 

has practical as well as possible aesthetic value. 

Ease of preservation 

Depending upon the ability of the heartwood to absorb preservative, timbers 

are placed in one of four groups: 

PERMEABLE: These timbers can be penetrated deeply and almost completely 

under pressure without difficulty 

MODERATELY RESISTANT. These timbers are fairly easy to treat and 

worthwhile protection may be achieved using any of the approved methods of 

application. 

RESISTANT: These timbers are difficult to impregnate even under pressure 

and require a long period of treatment. 

EXTREMELY RESISTANT: These timbers cannot be penetrated to any 

appreciable depth and are generally not worth treating 

Regardless of the heartwood permeability, the sapwood of any of the 

commercial species will be either moderately resistant or permeable and 

therefore can be effectively treated

SPECIES 

Afrormosia 

Afzelia 

Alder 

Balau 

Beech 

Birch 

Cedar, South American 

Cedar, Western Red" 

Cedar, Western Red 

Danta 

Douglas Fir- 

Douglas Fir 

Elm Dutch 

Elm English 

Elm Rock 

Elm White 

Elm Wych 

Fir Balsam 

Fir Grand* 

Fir Noble 

Fir Silver 

Greenheart 

Guarea 

Hemlock Western* 

Hemlock Western 

Hornbeam 

Horse Chestnut 

Idigbo 

Iroko 

Jarrah 

Kapur 

Kempas 

Keruing 

Larch European 

Larch Japanese 

Lauan Dark Red 

Lauan Light Red 

Lime 

Mahogany African 

Mahogany American 

Makore 

NATURAL DURABILITY 

TABLE 3 

EASE OF PRESERVATION 

HIGH LOW DIFFICULT EASY

TABLE 3 — continued 

SPECIES Years 2 5 1 5 1 3 ! 

Maple 

Meranti, Dark Red 

Meranti, Light Red 

Merbau 

Oak American Red 

Oak American White 

Oak European 

Obeche 

Opepe 

Parana Pine 

Pine, Lodgepole* 

Pine, Maritime 

Pine, Pitch (American) 

Pine, Pitch (Caribbean) 

Pine, Radiata 

Pine, Scots 

Poplar, Black Italian* 

Poplar, Grey 

Ramin 

Redwood (European) 

Robinia 

Sapele 

Sequoia* 

Spruce, Canadian 

Spruce, European 

Spruce, Sitka* 

Sweet Chestnut 

Sycamore 

Teak 

Utile 

Wallaba 

Walnut, African 

Walnut, European 

Willow, White 

Willow, Crack 

Yew 

* Information relates to home-grown timber 

NATURAL DURABILITY EASE OF PRESERVATION 

HIGH LOW DIFFICULT EASY

page 11 

Choice of specification 

The decision whether to specify preservative treatment of a timber with a low 

natural durability or whether to specify naturally durable timber without 

preservative treatment can usually be determined by answering two simple 

questions. If the answer to both of these questions is YES', then either option 

may be considered. 

Is there a choice of timber species? 

In a lot of countryside work there is a natural desire to use locally available 

timber which may restrict the choice. Inspection of the natural durability and 

permeability characteristics should determine if the timber has sufficient 

natural durability or will accept preservative treatment. If sapwood cannot be 

excluded or limited, preservative treatment will be necessary. 

Is 'on-site' fabrication limited to boring and cross cutting? 

For effective preservative treatment, deep penetration is necessary but with 

most timber species even pressure impregnation does not fully penetrate but 

only provides an envelope of protection. Cutting or machining the timber may 

remove this protection and reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. The end 

grain of timber is particularly absorbent and providing working is limited to 

cross cutting or boring which only exposes end grain surfaces then a liberal 

brush application to deluge these areas will restore the protection. The 

methods of applying preservatives to give high levels of protection do not lend 

themselves to 'on-site' application and where more elaborate site work is 

envisaged the use of naturally durable heartwood timber would be preferable. 

Life expectancy 

The life expectancy of a particular timber component is embodied in the 

question How long do you want it to last?' The usual reply of, as long as 

possible,' or 'forever,' may produce an impracticable or uneconomic solution 

and a more realistic question would be What is the shortest life that will be 

considered satisfactory?' The specification that will achieve this service life 

will balance the degree of hazard against the possible combinations of natural 

durability and preservative treatment. 

Current British Standards provide assistance in making this decision by 

reference to Performance Categories,' which, though not guarantees of 

performance, do indicate the defined service life against which the 

specification was drawn up. British Standard 5589: 'Code of Practice for 

preservation of timber' relates to a variety of end use situations, many of 

which will be relevant to work in the countryside This Standard provides a 

comprehensive specification for preservative type and application and 

indicates appropriate commercial timbers which will accept the treatment It 

also advises on timbers with sufficient natural durability to meet the 

performance levels without preservation. Table 4 overleaf indicates the 

relevant situations covered by this Standard and the anticipated service lives 

British Standards do not cover all countryside purposes, nor those 

circumstances where a relatively short service life may be acceptable. A 

suitable timber for use without preservative treatment can often be 

determined by considering the natural durability aspect of Table 3, as this 

gives a more or less direct indication, after appropriate allowance for 

dimensions, of performance under the worst circumstances. Also, the table 

generally indicates timbers which are permeable enough to acccept a 

preservative treatment. Guidance on appropriate preservative types and 

methods of application may be found in the next section. 

Finishes 

Surface coatings may be applied over most timber and preservative 

combinations (except creosote) and their use may provide supplementary 

protection from decay and a more attractive appearance. Also, some 

preservative treatments require a surface coating in order to prevent leaching 

of the preservative.

TABLE 4 

B.S. 5589: 1978 Code of Practice for Preservation of Timber 

TYPE OF USE EXAMPLES ANTICIPATED SERVICE LIFE 

SECTION TWO — 

External woodwork in buildings and 

out of contact with the ground 

SECTION THREE — 

Agricultural and horticultural timbers 

SECTION FOUR — 

Timber for use permanently or 

intermittently in contact with sea or 

fresh water 

SECTION SIX — 

Fencing timber 

3. PRESERVATION 

TABLE 5 

QUESTION 

Can the treated timber 

be painted, varnished 

or glued? 

What colour is the 

treatment? 

Does the treatment 

reduce the strength of 

the timber? 

Does the treatment 

affect the stability of 

the timber? 

Is the treatment 

corrosive to metals? 

Are plants safe in 

contact with the treated 

timber? 

Are animals safe in 

prolonged direct 

contact with the treated 

timber? 

ORGANIC SOLVENT 

TYPE 

Generally YES, check 

with supplier 

Generally colourless, 

some horticultural 

grades are green 

Dyes may be added, 

check with supplier 

External Joinery: 

window frames 

casements and sashes 

surrounds for non-wooden windows 

doors (excluding flush doors) 

door frames 

porches 

External cladding 

External fittings: 

soffits, fascias and barge boards 

Agricultural timber: in buildings and equipment for housing 

livestock or the storage of farm products and machinery 

Horticultural timber: in buildings and equipment for the 

growing, storage and processing of produce. 

Marine piling 

Structural timbers in piers, jetties, quays, dolphins, etc 

Lock and dock gates and sluices 

Revetments on inland waterways 

Timber used in sea defence works 

Wooden foundations and piers for bridges 

Structural timbers in cooling towers 

Fence and gate-posts and struts 

Gravel boards 

Rails 

Timbers for gates 

Boarding and slats 

Droppers 

Post caps 

Dowels 

COPPER-CHROME ARSENATE 

WATERBORNE TYPE 

YES, but treatment may roughen 

surface. Treated timber should 

be allowed to dry before use 

CREOSOTE 

TAR OIL TYPE 

Two levels of material/ 

specification are described, 

referring to service lives of 60 

years and 30 years 




and 20 years 

In fresh water: 

30 years 

In sea water: 

15 years 

NO NO 




years and 20 years 

PENTACHLORO- 

PHENOL 

IN HEAVY OIL 

Pale green, occasionally brown Light to dark brown Colourless 

NO NO NO NO 

NO — If the product 

includes a water 

repellent, stability may 

improve 

Generally NO Some 

grades may corrode 

aluminium 

Variable Special 

Horticultural grades 

available Check with 

supplier 

NO, but may be 

isolated by surface 

coatings — check 

with manufacturer 

Treatment may cause slight 

swelling and distortion After 

re-drying stability is not impaired 

Slightly increased corrosion 

risk Avoid direct contact with 

aluminium Allow 7 days after 

treatment and re-drying before 

contact with other metals 

No loss of stability — General oiliness may give 

slight improvement 

NO NO 

YES NO NO 

Generally YES after 7 days 

Check with manufacturer 

NO NO

page 13 

Wood preservatives offer a means of greatly extending the life of timbers 

which have a low natural resistance to decay. There are four main types of 

preservative suitable for general use in countryside work and Table 5 outlines 

the main characteristics relevant to their use in the countryside. 

The protection given by these preservatives is related directly to their depth of 

penetration into the timber and the most effective treatments must be applied 

using specialised equipment. The method of application chosen will depend 

partly upon the type of preservative and partly on the degree of protection 

required. Table 6 provides general guidance to the appropriate methods of 

application for wood preservative types, and an indication of the performance 

which may be achieved when applied to timbers with a low natural durability. 

Users should consult preservative suppliers' instructions for further details of 

the treatment appropriate to their particular timber species and end use. 

As described in the previous section, for certain types of countryside work, 

BS 5589 'Code of Practice for Preservation of Timber' provides a detailed 

specification of preservative types and methods of application, and where 

appropriate this standard should be employed. 

Preservative Types 

ORGANIC SOLVENT PRESERVATIVES 

These consist of active ingredients such as pentachlorophenol, tributyl tin 

oxide, copper and zinc naphthenates, which separately or in a mixture are 

dissolved in an organic solvent similar to 'white spirit.' The choice of possible 

ingredients and solvent types permit wide variations in the characteristics of 

individual commercial products in this group and full details of a particular 

product should be sought from the manufacturers. The organic solvent 

carries the ingredients into the timber and then evaporates leaving them 

behind. These solvents are usually flammable and care is necessary in their 

storage and during application. After the solvent has evaporated the treated 

timber has no increased flammability. These preservatives do not contain 

water; their application causes no swelling or distortion to timber and does 

not raise the grain. In exterior situations subject to persistent wetting, 

preservative may be washed out or 'leached' from the surface iayers. This 

may be reduced or prevented by application and maintenance of a surface 

coating such as a paint, varnish, or exterior wood stain. Organic solvent 

preservatives commonly have a degree of water repellency present which will 

extend the life of surface coatings. Such preservatives are not generally 

intended as a final finish. 

PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN HEAVY OIL 

These products are a solution of the active ingredient pentachlorophenol in a 

heavy non-evaporating oil which prevents them being leached when in 

ground contact or immersed in water They require no additional protection, 

and their general oiliness makes them incompatible with most surface 

coatings. 

WATERBORNE COPPER CHROME ARSENATE (CCA) PRESERVATIVES 

These are solutions of copper, chromium and arsenate salts dissolved in 

water. The wetting associated with this treatment may cause the timber to 

swell or distort which generally restricts their use to items such as fences and 

structural members where precise dimensional tolerance is not required. 

Despite being initially water soluble, over a period of approximately seven 

days after treatment they become chemically bonded to the timber and are 

then highly resistant to leaching. CCA preservatives are thus suitable for 

ground contact and water immersion situations, and will generally accept a 

wide range of surface coatings. These preservatives are characteristically 

pale green in colour, and are only applied by vacuum pressure methods. 

Re-drying after treatment is not part of the preservative process and should 

be specified if required. 

CREOSOTE 

These products are sometimes known as tar oils and although traditional are 

still very effective wood preservatives. They are highly resistant to leaching 

and are suitable for ground contact or immersion situations. It is not generally 

possible to apply other surface coatings to the treated timber They vary in 

colour from light to dark brown and may be regarded as decorative. They 

have a persistent odour, and may become slightly sticky during hot summer 

weather. Some grades of creosote (to BS.144) are fairly viscous and are only 

suitable for application hot by pressure methods Other grades (BS.3051) are 

very fluid and may be applied by any of the normal methods including 

brushing or immersion

Application methods 

VACUUM PRESSURE 

This is sometimes just referred to as pressure impregnation. The timber is 

loaded into a cylinder which is sealed and a vacuum is drawn to partially 

extract the air from the timber. The cylinder is then flooded with preservative 

and pressure applied to force it into the wood. This type of treatment provides 

the highest levels of protection for the most hazardous circumstances and is 

used with either the CCA waterborne preservatives or creosote types. 

DOUBLE VACUUM TREATMENT 

This method again uses a cylinder into which the timber is loaded and an 

initial vacuum drawn to remove the air; it is then flooded with preservative and 

the vacuum released, causing the wood to suck in the preservative. This may 

be followed by a holding period during which pressure may be applied before 

a second vacuum is drawn to remove surplus solvents and to speed drying. 

This method of application is only used with either the organic solvent type 

preservatives or the pentachlorophenol in heavy oil, and it is the most 

effective method of applying these types of preservative. 

HOT AND COLD OPEN TANK 

This method of application is only used to apply creosote and consists of 

immersing the timber for a few hours in creosote heated to approximately 

90° C. This causes expansion of the air within the timber. The timber is then 

permitted to cool, still immersed in preservative, and the contraction 

associated with the cooling draws in the preservative. This provides a useful 

method of providing high levels of protection where creosote is an acceptable 

preservative, and without the need for sophisticated equipment. Full details of 

this procedure are provided by BRE/ PRL Technical Note 42, 'The Hot and 

Cold Open Tank Process for Impregnating Timber.' 

IMMERSION TREATMENTS 

These simply require that the timber be totally submerged in preservative for a 

defined period, which should not be less than three minutes. Only 

preservatives of the organic solvent type or the fluid grades of creosote may 

be applied by these means and the treatment is suitable for medium hazard 

situations. This method requires no sophisticated equipment and a simple 

temporary bath could be produced by laying two layers of heavy gauge 

polythene over a brick or timber surround. Timbers may need to be weighted 

or turned to ensure that all surfaces receive treatment. Particular attention 

should be paid to manufacturers' safety warnings regarding storage, spillage 

and operators' protection. 

BRUSH OR HIGH PRESSURE SPRAY 

These methods are generally not recognised as providing substantial 

protection against decay due to the limited penetration which they achieve. 

They are used only in situations where other methods cannot be employed. 

Where no surface coatings are to be used reapplication (every 2 - 3 years) 

must be anticipated. To obtain maximum benefit they should be applied as at 

least two generous flood coats, paying particular attention to end grain and 

joint areas, and the second coat should be applied as soon as the first coat 

has started to dry on the surface, to keep the preservative moving into the 

timber. When applied to relatively thin timbers, e.g., woven fence panels, 

surface application can provide realistic protection against decay. Careful 

attention should be paid to manufacturers' safety warnings and attention is 

drawn to the particular hazards of splashes or spray entering the eyes. 

page 14

page 15 STORAGE TANKS 

PRESSURE PUMP 

TRANSFER PUMP 

VACUUM PUMP 

VACUUM 

, CHEST 

HOT AND 

DOLD OPEN TANK 

TREATMENT 

IMMERSION TREATMENT 

CYLINDER 

VACUUM/PRESSURE OR DOUBLE 

VACUUM TREATMENT PLANT 

BRUSH or 

HIGH PRESSURE 

SPRAY

TABLE 6 

PRESERVATIVE PROCESS 

PENTACHLOROPHENOL 

IN HEAVY OIL 

COPPER CHROME 

ARSENATE 

CREOSOTE 

ORGANIC SOLVENT 

1. Vehicle Barriers 

Double vacuum 

impregnation 

Vacuum pressure 

impregnation 

Vacuum pressure 

impregnation 

Hot and cold 

open tank 

Immersion 

minimum 3 minutes 

Brush or spray 

minimum 2 flood coats 

Double vacuum 

impregnation 

Immersion 

minimum 3 minutes 

Brush or spray 

minimum 2 flood coats 

ANTICIPATED SERVICE LIFE 

YEARS 

10 • • • • • • • 

Fences Fences 

Gates 

Steps IN IN GROUND CONTACT 

CONTACT 

Posts, Gravel, Boards, etc. 

20 

40 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Stiles 

Walkways 

NOT IN GROUND CONTACT 

10 

20 

• • • 

• 

• • • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Rails, bars, treads, 

infill panels 

40 • • • 

2. Notice Boards, Signs, Litter Bins 10 • • • • • • • • • 

20 • • • • • • • 

30 • • • • • 

3. Picnic and Recreational Furniture 

10 • • • • • • • 

* Caution Caution — see see note note on Safety Safety aspects aspects 

20 • • • • • • 

30 • • • • 

4. Cladding and Joinery of outbuildings, 20 • • • • • • • 

huts and small buildings 

40 • • • • • 

5. Footbridges, wooden foundations, piles 30 • •

page 17 General Considerations 

CONDITION OF TIMBER 

When timber is freshly felled it contains a lot of water, commonly 70% or more. 

This water will prevent the absorption of other liquids and it is essential that 

the timber be at least partly dried before preservative treatment is carried out. 

The zone of timber which is expected to be treated with preservative should 

have a moisture content no higher than 28%. 

To satisfy this requirement, fresh sawn timber should be carefully stacked to 

ensure ventilation to all faces and protected from the rain. Air drying will then 

normally take between one and six months, depending upon the timber 

thickness and time of year. Even pressure impregnation of wet timber is a 

waste of resources and will lead to poor performance. The bark of trees is 

impermeable and it is essential that this should be removed prior to drying and 

preservation. 

Wherever possible all machining and working of the timber should be carried 

out before preservative treatment. Simple cross cutting and boring operations 

after treatment should be followed by generous brushing with further 

preservative. Suppliers of pressure impregnated timber will normally provide a 

product for this purpose; if not, an organic solvent or fluid creosote type 

should be used. 

CHECKING ON PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT 

Many timbers, particularly after a short period of weathering, give little 

outward sign that preservative has been applied. There are no simple 

universal tests that can be applied to determine the presence or absence of 

preservatives and detection would usually require the cutting out and removal 

of samples for laboratory testing. This testing can determine whether 

preservative chemicals are present or not but cannot give reliable information 

regarding the method of application, or whether a particular specification has 

been correctly carried out. It is therefore important that specifiers should use 

reliable processors, and where appropriate should be prepared to send 

inspectors to check that correct procedures are being carried out. 

Initial moisture content can easily be checked using a moisture meter of the 

resistance type. Such a meter measures the electrical resistance across two 

steel pins which are pushed into the timber. As water conducts electricity, the 

pins in wet timber will pass more electricity than those in dry. The meter is 

calibrated to show this value as moisture content. The most useful 

instruments for this work have pins with insulated shanks which can be driven 

up to 20mm into the timber, thereby avoiding false readings from the surface 

which may be superficially wet or dry. 

SAFETY AND HEALTH 

All wood preservatives are by nature toxic and their use requires careful 

regard for potential health hazards. Wood preservatives are covered by the 

Pesticide Safety Precaution Scheme (PSPS) operated by the technical 

secretariat of the Health and Safety Executive and the Ministry of Agriculture 

and Fisheries and Foods. Specifiers and users should ensure that any wood 

preservative proposed for use has been cleared under this scheme . 

Manufacturers of preservatives should be able to confirm the acceptance of 

their product under this scheme and product containers should carry labels to 

this effect. The PSPS ensures that the active ingredients of a preservative 

have been evaluated for their possible effects upon both the processors, the 

users and the environment and that approved products are considered 

satisfactory when used for the purpose and in the manner designated by the 

scheme. 

Particular attention is drawn to the possible hazards which may occur when 

applying preservative fluids 'in-situ' in the countryside, when special 

consideration must be given to the disposal of any containers and residues 

and possible accidental spillage into water courses. 

Persons applying wood preservatives or handling treated timber should be 

provided with protective clothing and should avoid prolonged skin contact. 

Facilities to permit operatives to wash thoroughly before eating, drinking or 

smoking should be provided. If used in closed areas, adequate ventilation is 

essential and face masks may be necessary, especially if spraying

Items such as picnic table tops, children's play equipment, containers for Page 18 

foodstuffs such as potatoes, and surfaces which may be in prolonged contact 

with animals, require special consideration. The only wood preservatives 

which should be considered are the CCA types. These preservatives are free 

of taint or odour and have a satisfactory record of use in these areas. Before 

being used for these purposes, the treated timber should be left for at least 

seven days followed by hosing down and light scrubbing to remove any loose 

surface deposit. Low levels of arsenic occur naturally in our everyday 

environment and although not to be encouraged, the ingestion of small wood 

particles treated with this form of preservative is unlikely to be of serious 

consequence. Where surface coatings are used in these sensitive areas, the 

manufacturer should provide an assurance of their suitability. 

Where preservatives may come into close contact with valuable plants, the 

waterborne CCA preservatives will generally present no problems when 

treated as above, but creosote, pentachlorophenol in heavy oil, and some of 

the organic solvent based preservatives may be damaging. Organic solvent 

preservatives are made in special horticultural grades, usually bright green in 

colour, and providing the preservative is allowed to thoroughly dry after 

application, they are harmless to most plants.

page 19 

List of Wood Preservatives and Methods of Application 

The following products are suitable for general use in the countryside. This list is based 

upon the Building Research Establishment Princes Risborough Laboratory Technical Note 

No. 24 'Preservative Treatments for External Softwood Joinery Timer' Appendix B. 

Preservative Type — Copper Chrome Arsenate 

Application Method — Vacuum/Pressure Impregnation 

Manufacturer 

Hickson's Timber Products Ltd. 

Castleford 

Yorkshire WF10 2JT 

Rentokil Ltd. 

Felcourt 

East Grinstead 

Sussex RH19 2JY 

Preservative Type — Organic Solvent 

Product 

Tanalith C(CT 106) 

Celcure A 

Treatim CCA 

Application Method — Double Vacuum Treatment 

Manufacturer 

Cuprinol Ltd. 

Adderwell House 

Frome 

Somerset BA11 1NL 


Castleford 


Fosroc Ltd. 

Timber Treatments Division 

Fieldhouse Lane 

Marlow 

Buckinghamshire SL7 1LS 

Rentokil Ltd. 

Felcourt 



Wykamol Ltd. 

Tingewick Road 

Buckingham MK18 1AN 

Product 

Cuprinol Industrial Clear 

*Cuprinol Industrial Clear WR 

Cuprinol Industrial P 

Cuprinol Joinery QD 

*Cuprinol Joinery Clear WR 

Cuprinol Joinery Clear 

(applied by the Cuprivac process) 

Vacsol 

Vacsol J 

*Vacsol WR 

•Vacsol JWR 

(applied by the Vac-Vac process) 

Protim 80 

•Protim 80WR 

Protim 90 

Protim FD 

•Protim JP 

(applied by the Prevac process) 

Rentokil Joinery Preservative 

*Rentokil Joinery Preservative—WR 

Rentokil Protektim 

•Rentokil Protektim — WR 

(applied by the Multivac process) 

Dispar Clear 

•Statox 

•Statox L 

(applied by the VIV process) 

•Possess a degree of water repellency but suitable for overpainting. 

Preservative Type — Organic Solvent 

Application Method — Immersion Treatment 

(also suitable for brush or spray application). 

Manufacturer 

Blundell-Permoglaze Ltd. 

Sculcoates Lane 

Hull HU5 1RU 

Catomance Ltd. 

88/96 Bridge Road East 

Welwyn Garden City 

Hertfordshire PL7 1JW 

Cuprinol Ltd. 

Adderwell House 

Frome 


Feb (Great Britain) 

Albany House 

Swinton Hall Road 

Swinton 

Manchester M27 1DT 


Castleford 


LTD Building Products 

Church Road 

Litherland 

Liverpool L21 8NX 

Fosroc Ltd. 

Timber Treatments Division 


Marlow 

Buckinghamshire 

SL7 1LS 

RD (Chemicals & Wood 

Processes) Ltd. 

300 Bearsden Road 

Glasgow G13 1EP 

Rentokil Ltd. 

Felcourt 



Name of Product 

*Timbafilme 

•Permoglaze Timber 

Preservative WR 

Permoglaze General Purpose 

Timber Preservative Clear 

Mystoc PCP No. 2 

Cuprinol 

Cuprinol 

Cuprinol 

*Cuprinol 

Cuprinol 

Clear 

Cuprinol 

•Cuprinol 

Cuprinol 

Cuprinol 

Green 

Joinery Clear 

Joinery QD 

Joinery QD Special 

Joinery Clear WK 

Wood Preservative 

Industrial Clear 

Industrial Clear WF 

Industrial P 

Wood Preservative 

Febwood WP3 Clear 

Imersol 

"Imersol WR 

Arborsan 109 

Arborsan 110 

Protim GD 

•Protim JP 

Protim 80 

•Protim 80 WR 

Protim 90 

Woodseal GP 

Woodseal WR 

Celpruf 

Sadolin (UK) Ltd. Sadovac 

Tower Close 

St. Peter's Industrial Park 

Huntingdon 

Cambridgeshire PE18 7DR 

Rentokil Joinery 

Preservative 

•Rentokil Joinery 

Preservative — WR 

Rentokil Preservative 

for Wood, Clear 

Rentokil Protektim 

•Rentokil Protektim — WR 

Sikkens UK Ltd. Sikkens WP Special 

Sikkens House 

Station Road 

Didcot 

Oxon OX11 7NQ 

Solignum Ltd. 

Thames Road 

Crayford 

Dartford 

Kent DA1 4QJ 

Sovereign Chemical 

Industries Ltd. 

Park Road 

Barrow-in-Furness 

Cumbria LAM 4QU 

Tenneco Organics Ltd. 

Rockingham Works 

Avonmouth 

Bristol BS11 0YT 

Wykamol Ltd. 

Tingewick Road 

Buckingham 

MK18 1 AN 

Soljoin 2 

Soljoin 4 

*Soljoin 6 

*Soljoin 8 

Colourless Solignum 

•Colourless WR Solignum 

Sovereign Clear 24 

Sovereign Light Green 24 

•Sovereign Water- 

Repellent 24 

•Timbrene Clear 

•Timbrene Clear Grade E 

Dispar Clear 

•Statox 

•Statox L

4. SURFACE COATINGS 

Bare timber, left outside exposed to the combined effects of sunshine and 

rain, gradually has the natural colour washed out from its surface. Regardless 

of the type of timber, the appearance will eventually change to a silvery grey in 

clean atmospheres and a dirty grey black where there is more pollution. At the 

same time the alternate wetting and drying of the timber surface will result in 

wood fibres becoming loosened from the surface, causing roughening and 

possibly the development of cracks or splits. For many situations in the 

countryside this appearance is acceptable and has the advantage of not 

requiring maintenance. 

Some uses, however, are more demanding, requiring minimal shrinkage and 

swelling to keep joints tight, and perhaps a smoother and more attractively 

coloured surface. Creosote provides both a colour and a degree of water 

repellency and therefore goes some way towards meeting these 

requirements. Traditionally its appearance is considered acceptable for many 

applications in rural areas. Most other preservatives do not provide a lasting 

decorative appearance and timber so treated will require additional surface 

coatings. 

There are four main types of exterior decorative finishes and the major 

characteristics of these are described. Individual commercial products may 

however have intermediate properties and it may be difficult to decide to 

which group they belong. 

Paints 

In their simplest form paints consist of a solvent, such as white spirit, 

containing coloured pigments dispersed in a resin or 'binder.' When applied, 

the solvent evaporates and the binder forms a tough, flexible, water resistant 

skin, coloured by the pigments. Paints are often described by the type of 

binder, e.g., alkyd, oleoresinous, acrylic, or polyurethane, and by the type of 

pigment, e.g., aluminium, red lead, red oxide. 

The use of paint should be restricted to areas where a high quality of smooth 

surface finish is required and where regular maintenance (3-5 years) can be 

provided. Paints provide an obliterating opaque colour to the surface and 

when well maintained ensure maximum dimensional stability to the timber. If 

neglected, a partly failed paint coating may increase the risk of decay by 

allowing water to penetrate but retarding its escape. 

Paints should only be applied to smooth surfaces, generally as four coats, 

using a 'system' of primer (1 coat), undercoat (1 or 2 coats) and top coat (1 or 

2 coats). To prevent possible problems of compatibility it is better to avoid 

mixing different manufacturers' systems. 

Maintenance is complicated, requiring removal of blistered or loosened paint 

film, local priming to exposed timber, followed by undercoat and top coats. If 

paint failure has allowed water entry, careful redrying may be necessary to 

avoid further applications of paint from sealing moisture in. 

Paint performance may be improved by the prior use of organic solvent type 

wood preservatives with a degree of water repellency, which will reduce the 

absorption of water through a broken paint film. 

Further guidance on the choice and application of paints may be found in 

BS.6150 : 1982 'Code of Practice for Painting of Buildings. 

Varnishes 

A typical varnish consists of a resin, dispersed in a solvent, which when 

applied to a surface forms a tough, flexible, transparent skin. Varnishes are 

not suitable for general purpose work in the countryside and should be 

restricted to specialist high class joinery where the item is not exposed to full 

weathering and where comprehensive maintenance can be provided They do 

however provide the only means of retaining the original natural colour of the 

wood. 

These products should be applied as a minimum of four coats and the better 

products would probably require maintenance at approximately two-year 

intervals. If neglected, maintenance problems will escalate dramatically due to 

discolouration of the timber. 

page 20

page 21 

Oils 

The application of simple vegetable or mineral oils, e.g., linseed oil, is not 

generally recommended. The water repellence of these materials does not 

last longer than a few months and the frequent reapplications necessary 

progressively darken the surface of the wood. 

The term 'Teak Oil' is not specific and commercial products may be of either a 

varnish or exterior stain finish type. 

Creosote may be applied as a decorative surface coating, and provides a 

moderate degree of water repellency. Colour is generally limited to shades of 

brown and maintenance is likely to be at 2 - 5 year intervals. Creosote should 

not be diluted with old engine oil; this reduces its effectiveness as both a 

wood preservative and a surface coating. 

Exterior Stain Finishes 

These are the most recently developed finishes and have been known 

variously as 'Water repellent preservatives' and 'Preservative Stains,' which 

has led to their widespread confusion with wood preservatives, which they are 

not. 

They do, however, provide a most suitable general purpose finish for 

countryside work, and are available in a wide choice of colours, from 

translucent natural wood shades which allow the grain and character of the 

timber to show through, to opaque reds, blues and greens, where a more 

dramatic effect is required. Exterior stain finishes tend to be absorbed by 

the surface layer of fibres rather than forming a skin on the surface. In 

contrast to paints and varnishes, their performance is enhanced when 

applied to rough sawn and weathered surfaces which tend to absorb more 

stain. 

A feature of exterior stain finishes is their relatively high permeability to water 

vapour. Comparison with paints and varnishes may be likened to comparing a 

gaberdine fabric raincoat and a plastic mac. Both will keep out the rain but the 

fabric, with high vapour permeability, will permit any moisture which does 

penetrate to escape by evaporation. As no known surface coating can be relied 

upon to remain 100% intact on outside woodwork, the advantage of vapour 

permeability is obvious and is the reason for the spawning of this new 

generation of 'breathable' finishes. 

Exterior stain finishes are sometimes referred to as 'high solids' or low 

solids.' High solids' products tend to leave a distinct surface deposit, 

producing a noticeable sheen. They have a high water repellency and are 

most suited for situations where the surface is unlikely to absorb much finish, 

e.g., smooth planed dense hardwoods, or where maximum dimensional 

stability is required. Their possible disadvantage lies in the greater risk of 

eventual failure by flaking or cracking, reducing their ease of maintenance. 

Low solids' products produce a more or less matt finish without a surface 

deposit, relying on absorption by the surface fibres. The lack of surface 

deposit usually ensures that eventual failure, as with the better high solids 

materials, will be by a gradual erosion and bleaching, leaving a surface ready 

for recoating with little further preparation 

Exterior stain finishes are usually applied as 2 - 3 coats, although their 

individual manufacturer's instructions should be followed in this respect. 

These products are usually much more fluid than paints or varnishes and 

require a slightly different application technique. They should be generously 

flowed onto the timber rather than being brushed out, providing the surface 

with as much as it will hold without excessive runs This may result in uneven 

brush marks but these may be removed by lightly rebrushing the areas some 

5-15 minutes after the initial application. Particular attention should be paid 

to the manufacturers' instructions regarding stirring, before and during 

application as these products tend to settle in containers more rapidly than 

paints 

Maintenance is likely to be at 3 - 5 year intervals and with the better materials 

a simple wash or brush down to remove any accumulation of dirt should be all 

that is necessary before reapplication. After weathering, a change of stain 

finish product generally presents no problems. Surfaces with traces of old 

paints or varnishes will reduce absorption and may impair the performance of 

exterior stain finishes, although further weathering will eventually remove 

these remaining deposits.

Commercial exterior stain finishes are tested by the Timber Research and 

Development Association (TRADA) and products are assessed for their water 

repellency, colour retention and ease of maintenance after approximately two 

years' exposure to natural weathering. A number of exterior stain products 

are also exhibited in the Battleby Display Centre at the headquarters of the 

Countryside Commission for Scotland. 

The following list of exterior stain finishes indicates products which have 

performed satisfactorily in these trials. 

Manufacturer/Agent 

A. T. Woodfinishes Ltd. 

42 Saughton Crescent 

Edinburgh EH12 5SH 

Berger Decorative Paints 

Petherton Road 

Hengrove 

Bristol BS99 7JA 

Product 

Valtti wood protection T. & R. Williamson Ltd. 

Ripon 

North Yorkshire 

Berger Cuprinol paints and 

stains 

Cuprinol Ltd. Berger Cuprinol paints and 

Adderwell stains 

Frome 


Carson Hadfield Timbadecor and Timbatop 

Mitcham 

Surrey CR4 3YQ 

Donald MacPherson & Co. Ltd. Flexarb Timber Coatings 

Trade Division Transparent Wood Finish 

Radcliffe Road Opaque Wood Finish 

Bury 

Lancashire BL9 9NB 

Dulux Trade Group 

ICI Paints Division 

Wexham Road 

Slough SL2 5DS 

Fosroc Ltd. 


Marlow 

Buckinghamshire SL7 1LS 

Glasurit Beck Ltd. 

Slinfold 

Horsham 

West Sussex RH13 7SH 

Dulux Timbercolour 

Dulux Woodsheen 

Dulux Weathershield 

Bondex 

Lasutect HL & DSL 

Venti 1-2-3 

Glen Products Impra-Elan 

Glencoe Impra-Color 

Woodland Avenue 

Hagley 

Nr. Stourbridge 

West Midlands DY8 2XQ 

Joseph Mason Paints (Scotland) Ltd. Masopar 

Randolph Industrial Estate 

Kirkcaldy 

Fife 

Jotun Decorative Coatings Ltd. Benar 

16 Alston Drive Oxan 

Bradwell Abbey Demidekk 

Milton Keynes MK13 9HA 

Kay-Metzeler Ltd. Xyladecor 

Wood Preservative Division Consolan-S 

Bollington 

Macclesfield 

Cheshire SK10 5JJ 

Manders Paints Ltd. 

PO Box 9 

Mander House 

Wolverhampton WV1 3NA 

Monzie JoineryLtd. 

Monzie 

Crieff 

Perthshire PH7 4HE 

Sadolin (UK) Ltd. 

Tower Close 

St. Peter's Industrial Park 

Huntingdon 

Cambridgeshire PE18 7DR 

Sikkens (UK) Ltd. 

Didcot Industrial Estate 

Station Road 

Didcot 

Oxfordshire 0X11 7NQ 

Timbercare wood finishes 

Butinox 

Dekkbeis 

Classic 

Extra 

Focus 

Cetol HLS 

Cetol THB 

Cetol Filter 7 

Solignum Ltd. Architectural Solignum 

Thames Road Timbertone 

Crayford 

Dartford 

Kent DA1 4QJ 

Sovereign Chemical Industries Ltd. SX70 

Barrow-in-Furness 

Cumbria CA14 4QU 

Spencer (Aberdeen) pic 

Froghall Terrace 

Aberdeen AB2 3JN 

Preserva Wood 

W. W. Hill, Son & Wallace Ltd. 

Elton Street 

Broughton Bridge 

Salford M7 9TL 

Spurseel 

Granyte 20-20 

page 22

REFERENCES 

Section 2 — Durability 

PRINCES RISBOROUGH LABORATORY. The natural durability classification 

of timber. Technical Note 40. Garston, Building Research Establishment 1969 

(1979). 

BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. The resistance of timbers to 

impregnation with wood preservatives. Information Paper 15/79, Garston, 

BRE. 1979. 

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Code of practice for preservation of 

timber. British Standard BS 5589. London, BSI. 1978. 

Section 3 — Preservation 

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Specification for coal tar creosote for 

the preservation of timber. British Standard BS 144. London, BSI. 1973. 

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Specification for coal tar creosotes for 

wood preservation (other than creosotes to BS 144). British Standard BS 

3051. London, BSI. 1972. 

PRINCES RISBOROUGH LABORATORY. The hot-and-cold open tank process 

of impregnating timber. Technical Note 42, Garston, Building Research 

Establishment. 1969. 

PRINCES RISBOROUGH LABORATORY. Preservative treatments for external 

softwood joinery timber. Technical Note 24, Garston, Building Research 

Establishment. 1979. 

Section 4 — Surface Coatings 

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Code of practice for painting of 

buildings. British Standard BS 6150. London, BSI. 1982.



© Perth (0738) 27921 

EXHIBITS ON DISPLAY AT BATTLEBY 

13.1 Timber Protection 

Exterior Stain Finishes Autumn 1986 

13.1.1 'Butinox' 

13.1.2 'Bondex' 

13.1.3 'Uvitec' Preservative and Varnish 

13.1.4 'Timbrene' 

13.1.5 'Cetol Transparent' 

13.1.6 'Rubbol THB and Cetol Transparent' 

13.1.7 'Decor* 

13.1.8 'Architectural Solignum' 

13.1.9 'Timbertone' 

13.1.10 Exterior Browns 

13.1.11 'Oxan' 

13.1.12 'Rustikal' 

13.1.13 'Timbertection' 

13.1.14 Wood Preservative Stain 

13.1.15 Sadolin Classic 

13.1.16 Sadolin Pinotex Focus 

13.1.17 Sadolin Pinotex Superdec 

13.1.18 'Timba-Dura' 

13.1.19 'Granyte 20-20' 

13.1.20 'Lasutect* 

13.1.21 'Masopar' 

13.1.22 'Xyladecor' 

13.1.23 'Consolan - S' 

13.1.24 'Spurseel' 

13.1.25 2021 Colour Collection 'Rubbol DSA' 

13.1.26 'Demi Dekk' High Opaque Wood Stain 

13.1.27 'Timbadecor' - Hadfields 

13.1.28 Sadotop 

13.1.29 Dulux Woodcare Light Preservative Basecoat 

13.1.30 Dulux Woodcare Dark Preservative Basecoat 

13.1.32 'Benar' 

13.1.33 Transparent Wood Finish 

13.1.34 Opaque Wood Finish 

13.1.35 Butinox Dekkbeis Highly Pigmented 

13.1.36 XTP Exterior Timber Protection 

13.1.37 Valtti Wood Protection 

13.1.38 Cetol Filter 7 

13.1.39 Permoglaze MVP 

13.1.40 Nordac System 52 

13.1.41 Dulux Timbercolour 

© C.C.S. 

Monzie Joinery 

Protim Ltd 

L G Wilkinson Ltd 

Tenneco Organics Ltd 

Sikkens UK Ltd 

it 

Hickson's Timber Products Ltd 

Solignum Ltd 

Jotun Decorative Coatings Ltd 

Sigma (Coatings) Ltd 

Timbertection Ltd 

Leyland Paint and Wallpaper Ltd 

Sadolin (UK) Ltd 

Timba-Dura Ltd 

W W Hill, Son & Wallace Ltd 

Glasurit (GB) Ltd 

Joseph Mason Paints (Scotland) Ltd 

Bo'ness Iron Company Ltd 

TAR Williamson Ltd 

Sikkens (UK) Ltd 

it 


Carsons Hadfield 

Sadolin (UK) Ltd 


ii 


Donald MacPherson 4 Co Ltd 

Monzie Joinery Ltd 

II 

Berger Paints 

A T Woodfinishes Ltd 

Sikkens UK Ltd 

Blundell-Permoglaze Ltd 

Dacrylate Paints Ltd 

Dulux Trade Group

(13.1 Continued) 

13.1.42 Dulux Woodsheen 

13.1.43 Preserve Wood 

13.1.44 Velti 1-2-3 

13.1.45 Timbercare Satin Finish 

13.1.46 Timbercare Preservative 

13.1.47 Timbercare Gloss Finish 

13.1.48 SX70 

13.1.49 Uvitec Varnish 

13.1.50 Flexarb Joinery Gloss 

13.1.51 Flexarb Timber Coating 

13.1.52 Flexarb Timber Coating + Uvitec 

13.1.53 Microporous Gloss 

13.1.54 Dulux Weathershield 

13.1.55 Timbadecor 4 Timbatop 

13.1.56 Impra-Elan 

13.1.57 Impra-Colour 

13.1.58 Wood Paint Matt 

13.1.59 Wood Paint Sheen 

13.1.60 Wood Stain Natural 

13.1.61 Wood Stain Sheen 

13.1.62 Wood Stain Hardwood 

13.1.63 Wood Paint Gloss 

© C.C.S. 


Spencer (Aberdeen) PLC 

Glasurit Beck Ltd 

Menders Paints Ltd 

Sovereign Chemical Industries Ltd 

Donald MacPherson & Co Ltd 


Carsons Hadfield 

Glen Products 

it 

Berger Decorative Paints 

Autumn 1986



Perth (0738) 27921 

SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS 

13.1 Timber Protection 

Timber Preservatives - Copper Chrome Arsenate Autumn 1986 

Hickson's Timber Products Ltd Tel 0977 556565 Tanalith C. 

CASTLEFORD Yorkshire WF10 2JT 

Rentokil Ltd Tel 0342 833022 Celcure A, Treatim CCA. 

Felcourt EAST GRINSTEAD Sussex RH19 23Y 

Timber Preservatives- Organic Solvent 

Blundell-Permoglaze Ltd 

Sculcoates Lane HULL HU5 1RU 

Catomance Ltd Tel 07073 24373 

88/96 Bridge Road East WELWYN GARDEN CITY 

Hertfordshire PL7 13W 

Cuprinol Ltd Tel 0373 65151 

Adderwell House FR0ME Somerset BA11 1NL 

Feb (Great Britain) Ltd Tel 061 794 7411 

Albany House Swinton Hall Road SWINT0N 

Manchester M27 IDT 

Hickson's Timber Products Ltd 

CASTLEFORD Yorkshire WF10 2JT 

LTD Building Products 

Church Road Litherland LIVERPOOL L21 8NX 

Tel 0482 492241 Permoglaze, Timbafilme. 

Tel 0977 556565 

Fosroc Ltd Tel 06284 6644 

Timber Treatments Division Fieldhouse Lane 

MARL0W Buckinghamshire SL7 1LS 

RD (Chemicals & Wood Processes) Ltd Tel 041 954 8021 

300 Bearsden Road GLASGOW G13 1EP 

Rentokil Ltd Tel 0342 833022 

Felcourt EAST GRINSTEAD Sussex RH19 2JY 

Sadolin (UK) Ltd Tel 0480 50041 

Tower Close St Peter's Industrial Park 

HUNTINGDON Cambridgeshire PE18 7DR 

Sikkens UK Ltd Tel 0235 815141 

Sikkens House Station Road DIDC0T Oxon 0X11 7NQ 

Solignum Ltd Tel 0322 526966 

Thames Road Crayford DARTF0RD Kent DAI 4QJ 

Sovereign Chemical Industries Ltd Tel 0229 25045 

BARROW-IN-FURNESS Cunbria LA14 4QU 

Tenneco Organics Ltd Tel 0272 823611 

Rockingham Works AV0NM0UTH Bristol BS11 0YT 

Wykamol Ltd 

Tingewick Road BUCKINGHAM MK18 IAN 

Exterior Stain Finishes 

A T Woodfinishes Ltd Tel 031 337 2187 

42 Saughton Crescent EDINBURGH EH12 5SH 

Berger Decorative Paints Tel 0272 836110 

Petherton Road Hengrove BRISTOL BS99 7JA 

Cuprinol Ltd 

Adderwell FR0ME Somerset BA11 1NL 

Carson Hadfield 

MITCHAM Surrey CR4 3YQ 

Donald MacPherson & Co Ltd Tel 061 764 6030 

Trade Division Radcliffe Road BURY 

Lancashire BL9 9NB 

Mystoc. 

Various Cuprinol products. 

Febwood. 

Vacsol. 

Arborsan. 

Various Protim products. 

Woodseal, Celpruf. 

Various Rentokil products. 

Sadovac. 

Sikkens. 

Soljoin, Solignum. 

Sovereign. 

Timbrene. 

Dispar, Statox. 

Valtti wood protection. 

Berger Cuprinol paints and stains. 

Tel 0373 65151 Berger Cuprinol paints and stains. 

Tel 01 648 3422 Timbadecor and Timbatop. 

Flexarb Timber Coatings, Transparent Wood 

Finish, Opaque Wood Finish.

(13.1 Continued) 

Dulux Trade Group Tel 0753 34225 

ICI Paints Division Wexham Road SLOUGH SL2 5DS 

Fosroc Ltd Tel 06284 6644 

Fieldhouse Lane MARLOW Buckinghamshire SL7 1LS 

Glasurit Beck Ltd Tel 0402 790332 

Slinfold HORSHAM West Sussex RH13 7SH 

Glen Products Tel 0562 884541 

Glencoe Woodland Avenue Hagley Nr STOURBRIDGE 

West Midlands DY8 2XQ 

Joseph Mason Paints (Scotland) Ltd Tel 0592 51041/2 

Randolph Industrial Estate KIRKCALDY Fife 

Jotun Decorative Coatings Ltd Tel 0234 219792/3 

16 Alston Drive Bradwell Abbey 

MILTON KEYNES MK13 9HA 

Kay-Metzeler Ltd Tel 0625 73366 

Wood Preservative Division Bollington 

MACCLESFIELD Cheshire SK10 533 

Manders Paints Ltd Tel 0902 711511 

P0 Box 9 Mander House WOLVERHAMPTON WV1 3NA 

Monzie 3oinery Ltd 

Monzie CRIEFF Perthshire PH7 4HE 

Sadolin (UK) Ltd Tel 0480 50041 

Tower Close St Peter's Industrial Park 

HUNTINGDON Cambridgeshire PE18 7DR 

Sikkens (UK) Ltd Tel 0235 815141 

Didcot Industrial Estate Station Road DIDC0T 

Oxfordshire 0X11 7NQ 

Solignum Ltd Tel 0322 526966 

Thames Road Crayford DARTF0RD Kent DAI 4Q3 

Sovereign Chemical Industries Ltd Tel 0229 25045 

BARROW-IN-FURNESS Cumbria CA14 4QU 

Spencer (Aberdeen) pic 

Froghall Terrace ABERDEEN AB2 3JN 

T & R Williamson Ltd 

RIP0N North Yorkshire 

Tel 0224 636677 

Tel 0765 2525 

W W Hill, Son & Wallace Ltd Tel 061 832 4276 

Elton Street Broughton Bridge SALF0RD M7 9TL 

© C.C.S. 

Dulux Timbercolour, Dulux Woodsheen, 

Dulux Weathershield. 

Bondex. 

Lasutect HL & DSL, Venti 1-2-3. 

Impra-Elan, Impra-Color. 

Masopar. 

Benar, Oxan, Demidekk. 

Xyladecor, Consolan-S. 

Timbercare wood finishes. 

Tel 0764 2740 Butinox, Dekkbeis. 

Classic, Extra, Focus. 

Cetol HLS, Cetol THB, Cetol Filter 7. 

Architectural Solignum, Timbertone. 

3X70. 

Preserva Wood. 

Spurseel. 

Granyte 20-20 

Autumn 1986



Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

14.4 

SHEET 

PARK CHEF CHARCOAL BARBECUE 1:100 

©C.C S 579



Perth (0738) 27921 

14.5 

CAMP COOKING BENCH ccs Design scale 1:10 

©c.c s 11.79 

INFORMATION 

SHEET



Perth (0738)27921 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

14.6 

BARBECUE — Converted oil drum c.c.s. Design Scales as marked 

©c.c.s. 1179



Perth (0738)27921 

FOOTBRIDGE -Timber (ex railway sleeper stringer) C.C.S.Design Scales as marked 

©C.C.S.10:83 


SHEET



Perth (0738) 27921 

GENERAL NOTES ON DESIGN FOR ACCESS TO 

THE COUNTRYSIDE BY DISABLED PEOPLE 

'Provision for all' 

In general, an attempt should be made to cater for 

all people, avoiding 'special' provisions for people 

with disabilities wherever possible However, in 

some instances — toilets, for example — special 

facilities must, of course, be provided 

By following this principle, misguided attempts to 

provide facilities of too ambitious a nature in the 

countryside for people with disabilities can be 

avoided The countryside cannot be manipulated to 

accommodate them to the extent in which the built 

environment can; not only would it be impractical 

and impossibly costly to do so on a wide scale, but 

it is unlikely to be desired by the majority of those 

with disabilities. 

Information based on "Designing for the Disabled" by Selwyn Goldsmith, 

RIBA Publications, 1976 

©c.c s 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

17.1 

Simple detailing related to popular sites with car 

parking and toilet facilities will provide, at modest 

cost, most of what is required by the majority of 

people with disabilities when visiting the 

countryside; most importantly, the provision will not 

appear 'special' and may not even be noticed 

except by people who have a disability. The types of 

consideration and detail required can be 

summarised as follows:— 

I. If possible choose level sites. 

2 Ramps and steps should be provided where 

changes of level cannot be avoided See 

Information Sheets 17.3 and 6 14/15/16/19. 

3 Handrails should be capable of being gripped 

by weak and stiff hands, and be weight 

bearing. See Information Sheet 17.4 

4 Unobstructed paths should have a 

guide-rail/fence/tapping rail or some other 

means of defining the route See Information 

Sheet 17.4 

5. Ground surfaces should be non-slip and firm. 

See Information Sheet 17.6 

6. Advice should be sought and followed on 

specialised provisions such as Braille 

Information Boards from the local Association 

for the Blind 

7. All toilets should have a disabled persons 

compartment. See Information Sheet 17.8. 

8. Furniture should be so designed as to 

accommodate wheelchair users and other 

people with disabilities. See Information Sheet 

17.9 

9. Barriers, such as kissing gates should, 

preferably, be avoided, but where necessary 

be designed to accommodate wheelchair 

users. See Information Sheet 4 8.13. 

10. Stiles should not have more thar, one upright 

so that the walker with a stiff knee-joint can 

swing over without difficulty. A hand-hold is a 

great help See Information Sheet 4 9.12. 

II. Treads to stiles and steps should be of a 

generous proportion. See Information Sheet 

4.9 12. 

12 Provide reserved car parking spaces See 

Information Sheet 17.2. 

13. Install displays or direction signs at low level 

so that wheelchair-bound people and children 

— as well as the able-bodied — can read 

them with ease. 

14. Type size no smaller than 38 mm (1 J") will aid 

legibility for those with impaired vision. 

15. Access routes with physical restrictions on 

either side (boardwalks, bridges, footpaths 

etc.) more than a few metres in length should 

be wide enough to allow the passage of a 

wheelchair in one direction and a walker in 

the other. See Information Sheet 17 9. 

16 Remember that disability can take many forms 

and vary in degree — joint stiffness, 

amputation, paraplegia, deafness, blindness, 

muscular weakness, respiratory and cardiac 

impairment and so on



Perth (0738)27921 

CAR PARKING FOR THE DISABLED 

In car parks used by the general public provision 

should be made for disabled drivers and cars 

carrying disabled passengers. 

Special spaces, located at the end of a row of 

parking bays, leaving one side clear for access by 

the disabled need not be wider than standard bays 

for general purposes. 

The parking surface must be firm, smooth and level, 

suitable finishes being: 

brush finished concrete 

Tarmacadam 

paving slabs 

interlocking paviors 

rough, or porous, brick 

(hot engineering) 

See Information Sheet 

Gravel, turf and concretereinforced 

grass are not suitable. 

Specially reserved places should be signposted. 

See Information Sheet 17.7 

Where adjacent spaces are reserved for disabled 

people, an access area may be marked on the 

ground to indicate that cars should be parked to 

either side. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 


RIBA Publications, 1976. 

©c.c.s. 

In Britain the standard parking bay width is 

approximately 2.400m wide. 

17.2 

To allow for assisted wheelchair users the preferred 

width of special spaces for disabled drivers is 

3.600m wide, minimum 3.200m wide. (See plan 

below). 

To allow for ambulant disabled people the preferred 

width of parking spaces is 3.00m, minimum 2.800m. 

3.000m will, in practice, just allow wheelchair 

manoeuvring.



tt Perth (0738)27921 

RAMPS AND GRADIENTS 

General: For wheelchairs users access to facilities 

must be level or ramped 

A level or ramped access is also advantageous to 

elderly people and mothers with prams. 

In many situations able-bodied and ambulant 

handicapped can more easily, safely and 

comfortably manage steps rather than ramps: in wet 

or icy conditions ramps can be more dangerous 

than steps 

Handrails should be provided for ramps with a total 

rise of 600mm, at a height of 1 000m above ramp 

level. 

Where the gradient is 1:20 or less, no handrail need 

be provided. 

Kerbs: 

A kerb should be provided to the exposed side of 

any ramp, not less than 75mm high or 50mm where 

there is a handrail. 

Finishes: 

All ramps must have non-slip surfaces. A textured 

finish with coarse aggregate not finer than 10mm is 

recommended Asphalt should be roughened 

Concrete must not be polished, and the surface 

treated with carborundum to prevent slipping when 

wet. 

For further details see I S 17.6 

Even though the ideal specification for ramps may 

not be possible to achieve in some places, still 

provide a ramp — even though it is steep — and 

some wheelchair users will negotiate it with 

assistance 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

Recommended ramp gradients: 

Length of ramp 

ambulant disabled 

independant 

wheelchair users 

wheelchair pushed 

by attendant 

electric wheelchairs 

All users, 

preferred max 

gradient 



cc.c s 

17.3 

up to over 

3 0 3.0-6.0 6.0m 

1:9 1:12 1:12 

1:10 1:16 1:20 

1:9 1:12 1:20 

1:16 1:16 1:20 

1:8 1:12 1:12 

Dimensional data: 

Preferred minimum width 1,500m. 

For short ramps minimum width 1,200m. 

In long ramps a rest platform should be provided for 

every 10.0m of ramp or each 0 800m of vertical rise. 

The length of rest platforms should be not less than 

1 800m



Perth (0738)27921 

RAMP CONSTRUCTION for wheelchair users 

©CCS 


SHEET 

Scales as marked



tt Perth (0738)27921 

CIRCULATION SPACE: AMBULANT DISABLED PEOPLE 

General: Although stick users can negotiate a 

passage width of 800mm (2' 8") this is not 

recommended, and a minimum passage width of 

900mm (3' 0") should be observed. 

In practice all stick users, crutch users and people 

with walking aids can be accommodated by a 

passage width of 1,000m (3' 3"). 

Circulation space requirements for ambulant 

disabled people. 

( 0-75O ^ 

Single walking stick 

0.900 

Tripod walking aids 



©CCS 


SHEET 

0. 950 

Shoulder crutches



Perth (0738)27921 

CIRCULATION SPACE: WHEELCHAIRS 

Standard wheelchairs may be up to 675mm wide 

(2' 3") The recommended clearance between a 

wheelchair and its surroundings should be no less 

than 50mm (2") Therefore the minimum space for 

the passage of wheelchairs is 775mm (2' 7"), 

although in practice 800mm (2' 8") is used. 

STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENT 

Wheelchair 

with attendant 

PASSING SPACE 

1.800 

Self-propelled 

wheelchair 

Two wheelchairs 

with attendant 

Two self-propelled 

wheelchairs 

Information based on "Designing for the Disabled" by Selwyn 

Goldsmith, RIBA Publications, 1976 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

17.5.2 

The diagrams give the recommended dimensions for the 

movement of wheelchairs in relation to other users of 

circulation space, and their requirements for 

manoeuvring. 

Space for wheelchair 

turn through 180° 

Planning rule for 

unobstructed space 

for wheelchair 

turning 

Wheelchair turn 

through 90° in 

circulation route



0 Perth (0738)27921 

CIRCULATION SPACE: WHEELCHAIRS 

Wheelchair manoeuvres through a door or gateway 

from a passage or restricted pathway: examples of 

preferred conditions. 

Spatial requirement 

to turn a wheelchair 

through an opening 

ec.c.s 


SHEET 


RIBA Publications, 1976.

17.6 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

FOOTPATH SURFACES for ambulant disabled people & wheelchair users 



tt Perth (0738)27921 

General: The primary requirement is for a firm, evenly graded non-slip surface for pedestrian users, in 

preference to a perfectly smooth surface that might be preferred by wheelchair users. However, pleasure can 

be derived from the occasional opportunity for ambulant disabled people to walk on firm natural surfaces 

such as well maintained grass. Unsealed gravel surfaces should be avoided. 

Suitable Surfaces: 

1. Tarmacadam and similar — so-called 'flexible surfaces' should be in accordance with B.S. 4987:1973 

which includes specifications for aggregates (coarse and fine), filler and binder. Also included is data on 

the proper manufacture and laying of bitumen surfaces. 

2. Concrete — the Cement and Concrete Association publish detailed advice covering all aspects of 

cement, aggregates, sub-grades, base, form-setting, spreading, compacting, finishing and curing. 

Suitable finishes include 'exposed aggregate' and 'brush finished'. 

3. Unit paving — this includes:— 

Pre-cast concrete slabs 

Natural stone flags 

Brick, porous — not engineering brick 

Clay tiles 

Granite setts (providing they have flat upper faces) 

Precast interlocking paviours 

4. Timber decking — slats at right angles to direction of travel 

Unsuitable surfaces: 

Gravel 

Sand 

Rough grass 

Concrete reinforced grass surfaces 

Steel mesh gratings 

Engineering brick 

Slip-resistant finishes — there are a number of proprietary products on the market which can reduce the slip 

hazard. 

1. Patented rubber treaded flags — Shap Granite Co Ltd, Shap. 

2. Non-slip epoxy or bauxite grit floor coating for internal or external surfaces — Tretol Ltd, London. 

3. Self-adhesive non-slip strips — 3M Company Ltd. 

Timber board-walks, and footbridge decking may be made slip resistant by coating with hot bitumen 

emulsion onto which is sprinkled clean sharp sand. 

©c.cs.



Perth (0738)27921 

©c.cs 

INFORMATION 

17.6.1 

SHEET 

FOOTPATH CONSTRUCTION for ambulant disabled people & wheelchair users



Perth (0738) 27921 

WORD AND LINE SPACING 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

18.8

Countryside Commission for Scotlsnd 


Perth (0738)27921 

SIGN LAYOUT Notes for guidance 1 

©c.c.s. 


SHEET



0 Perth (0738) 27921 

SIGN LAYOUT Notes for guidance 2 

Odia etia 



atque ut odia 


propter. 



atque ut odia 


propter. 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 


lumptam propter 

atque ut odia 



odia etiam sunt 

luptam propter at 

ut odia 



atque ut odia etia 

sunt luptam 

propter.Atque ut 

odia etiam sunt lu 

propter atque 

WOODLAND 

ESTATES 

FOOTBRIDGE 

HILL TRAIL 

Please keep to the paths 

HIGH FIRE RISK AREA 

18.10



Perth (0738)27921 

VIEWPOINT INDICATOR FIXING TECHNIQUE c.c.s.Design 

©c.c.s. 

INFORMATION 

SHEET 

18.11

information - Scottish Natural Heritage

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