Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils - a review - Susane.info

158 Thiele-Bruhn J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2003, 166, 145±167
Table 5: Continued.
Tabelle 5: Fortsetzung.
Class Compound Concentration
±1 a lg g
from what may be due to bioaccumulation (Lo and Hayton,
1981; Migliore et al., 1993). Bioaccumulation of 15 FQs was
determined in E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. However,
the resulting intra-corporal concentrations were not correlated
with the antibiotic effects of the pharmaceuticals (Asuquo and
Piddock, 1993).
In total, the knowledge about the ecotoxicity of antibiotics is
still scarce, while their effects on humans and other mammals
are well documented. There is a lack of special test methods
and the adoption of unsuited methods produces erroneous
results. No toxicity of antibiotics was observed with the
bioluminescence test following the usual procedure, while
after an extension of the duration of the assay, clear effects
were determined (Backhaus and Grimme, 1999). Also, an
Sample
soil: texture / pH / OC%
ciprofloxacin 10 mineral. media +
wood rotting fungi
Degradation
%
elongation of the substrate induced respiration test from 24 to
48 hours was necessary to obtain dose response relationships
from antibiotics in selected soil samples (Thiele and
Beck, 2001). The nitrification inhibition test proved not to be
suitable for antibiotic testing in wastewater (Alexy et al.,
2001). This might also explain for the nitrification rate in
sewage sludge, manure, and soil, which was not affected by
numerous antibiotics in various concentrations (Warman,
1980; Patten et al., 1980; Gomez et al., 1996).
5.4.1 Antibiotic resistance
Time
d
Reference
2.2 ± 35.3 e 56 Wetzstein et al.,
1999
250 lg l ±1 sewage sludge 50 1.6 ± 2.5 Halling-Sùrensen,
2000
Imidazoles metronidazole 10 slurry + sand / 6.3 / 1.4 50 14.2 Ingerslev and
10 slurry+sandy loam /6.8/1.6 50 15.0 Halling-Sùrensen,
2001
sediment slurry, aerobic 50 14 ± 75 Ingerslev et al.,
sediment slurry, anaerobic 50 74.5 2001
Polypeptides bacitracin 5.6 sandy loam / 6.1+ manure 33 30 Gavalchin and Katz,
1994
Zn-bacitracin 25 poultry manure 90b 2 Jagnow, 1977
25 manure + soil 100b 7
virginiamycin 1.0 sandy silt / 8.2 50 87 Weerasinghe and
1.0 silty sand / 6.3 50 116 Towner, 1997
1.0 silty sand / 5.7 50 173
1.0 silty clay loam / 6.1 21 64
1.0 silty clay loam / 5.6 12 64
1.0 clay loam / 5.4 18 64
Polyethers monensin manure, anaerobic 30 ± 40 70 Donoho, 1984
Phospholipoglycosides
Quinoxalinederivatives
flavomycin 5.6 sandy loam / 6.1+ manure 0 30 Gavalchin and Katz,
1994
flavophospholipol 10 poultry manure, aerobic 100b 119 Jagnow, 1977
10 poultry manure, anaerobic 0b 119
olaquindox 10 slurry + sand / 6.3 / 1.4 50 6.1 Ingerslev and
10 slurry+sandy loam /6.8/1.6 50 5.8 Halling-Sùrensen,
2001
sediment slurry, aerobic 50 4.0 ± 7.0 Ingerslev et al.,
sediment slurry, anaerobic 50 21.5 2001
Siderophores cyclosporin A200 ± 250 compost soil 50 60 Hübener et al., 1992
a if not indicated otherwise; b concentration determined from antibiotic activity; c second values after respiking the antibiotic to the sample;
d determined at 10 and 20 C, respectively; e14 CO2 determined from radio-labelled antibiotics
Antibiotics released into the environment can provoke the
formation of resistance, and even cross- and multiple
resistance, in organisms (Nygaard et al., 1992; Wegener et