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CAPTURING HOW WE COMMUNICATE Since our earliest history, people have found ways to communicate—through drawings left on the walls of caves, on clay tablets with cuneiform script, and through Egyptian hieroglyphs written on papyrus, the ancient forerunner to paper. The ease with which we transmit language today through modern-day writing systems and technology often causes us to overlook the fact that communication, historically, has been challenging. Although speech and body language have long been part of our verbal and nonverbal repertoire, other elements, such as writing, have evolved much more slowly over time and so have our modes of transmission. Today, the way we send and receive messages seems almost endless—we call a friend on our cell phone, post a message on Facebook, send a text, read a magazine, go to the movies, or watch our favorite music video on YouTube. This calendar attempts to capture the many aspects of how people communicate all over the world through verbal, nonverbal, written, electronic, and artistic means. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE Established within the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts in 1993, the University of Michigan International Institute and its 17 centers and programs stimulate research and teaching on critical areas of the world and on international issues that cut across world regions and disciplines. The institute fosters cooperation among the university’s departments, schools, and colleges. PHOTOS L TO R: CC BY 2.0, ARMENIA, DETAIL OF A MANUSCRIPT, RETLAW SNELLAC; ANDREW SACKS; CC BY 2.0, BOOKS, SHUTTERHACKS; ANDREW SACKS; CC BY 2.0, FLIPBOARD, JOHAN LARSSON On the Cover, COVER IMAGE: REUTERS/ALI JAREKJI UN Security Council Issues Statement Communicating through opposition On March 21, 2012, the UN Security Council issued a presidential statement backing a plan outlined by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. It called on the Syrian government to stop killing civilians, engage in talks with the opposition, withdraw forces from the streets, and begin a transition to a democratic political system. Russia and China, which had previously vetoed resolutions condemning Syrian President Assad, endorsed the document. Assad accepted the statement and agreed to a cease-fire. He later said he would withdraw troops from cities by April 10. This image shows a young refugee running with a Syrian opposition flag during a demonstration against President Bashar al-Assad outside the Syrian embassy in Amman on April 13, 2012. DID YOU KNOW? • Syrian Presidential Election. Former Syrian President Hafiz Al-Assad died on June 10, 2000, after 30 years in power. Immediately following his death, the Parliament amended the constitution, reducing the mandatory minimum age of the president from 40 to 34 years old. This allowed his son, Bashar Al-Assad legally to be eligible for nomination by the ruling Ba'ath party. He was elected president one month later. Era 8, 20th century since 1945 • Semitic Empire. Archaeologists have demonstrated that Syria was the center of one of the most ancient civilizations on earth. Discovered in 1975, the city of Ebla in northern Syria had a population estimated at 260,000. A great Semitic empire spread from the Red Sea north to Turkey and east to Mesopotamia from 2500 to 2400 BCE. Eras 1–3, beginnings to 650 CE/AD
RESOURCES FOR EDUCATORS www.ii.umich.edu/resources/foreducators We offer free resources on world regions—many designed especially for Michigan’s K–14 community: • Experiential teaching kits • Educational newspaper supplements • Lesson plans • Curriculum development tools • Information on cultural performers for school visits • Free on-campus public programs • Monthly e-newsletter The centers of the International Institute offer K–14 educational programs created to help teachers enhance their curriculums. The centers can bring the world to your classroom through teacher workshops, state and national conferences, curriculum development, lesson planning, in-school presentations, campus-community partnerships, and one-on-one consultations. ELIZABETH REED YARINA WORLD HISTORY INITIATIVE The World History Initiative (WHI) is an innovative teacher-training project and partnership among the University of Michigan's National Resource Centers and several other U-M units, including the African Studies Center, School of Education, and Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies. WHI provides professional development for educators in Michigan teaching a required, state-mandated sequence in World History and Geography. Combining pedagogical approaches and content presentations, WHI brings together university faculty experts from all major world regions. Faculty members give project-specific presentations tailored to match both the themes chosen for each historical era being covered and the content expectations of the new state standards. Teachers are asked to participate in five-month and one-year surveys communicating how they have integrated the workshops into their classrooms, shared the experience with their colleagues, and created materials utilizing WHI materials and/or presentations. Teacher participants have praised the workshops for both their intellectual content and approach to teaching world history. For more information regarding upcoming WHI professional development opportunities, please contact worldhistory@umich.edu or visit www.ii.umich.edu/resources/fork14educators/worldhistoryinitiative. LUNAR CALENDAR KEY New Moon Full Moon * Holidays marked with an asterisk are calculated according to the lunar calendar. Jewish and Islamic holidays begin at sunset the evening before the date listed. CC BY 2.0, TAJ MAHAL, CHRISTOPHER JOHN SSF WHAT ARE ERAS? The eras included in the “Did You Know?” facts are part of the Michigan Department of Education’s Social Studies Framework. The eras represent historical periods of time that are designed to help students investigate global patterns and developments and make comparisons to other regions, societies, and cultures across time and space. For an overview of these time periods, see the World History and Geography chart.
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