Strawberry and Raspberry Pest Management in Wisconsin

A1934
Strawberry & Raspberry
Pest Management
in Wisconsin
2009
Dan Mahr
Patricia McManus
Brian R. Smith
Jed Colquhoun
Roger Flashinski

Contents
Pest Management and Pesticides, 1
Integrated Pest Management, 1
Federal Pesticide-Use Law, 1
Wisconsin’s Training and Certification Program, 1
Wisconsin Pesticide Laws and Regulations, 2
Pesticides and Community Right-to-Know, 3
Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides, 3
Oral Notification and Posting, 4
Restricted Entry Interval (REI), 4
Pesticide Tolerance Levels, 4
Pesticide Toxicity, 6
Human Poisoning, 7
Pesticide Safety, 8
Pesticide Accidents, 8
Pesticide Drift, 9
Pesticides and Groundwater, 10
Calibrating Pesticide Equipment, 10
Cleaning Pesticide Sprayers, 11
Preparing Pesticide Sprayers for Storage, 11
Pesticide Disposal, 12
A Final Word, 13
Strawberry Disease Management, 15
Fungicide Update, 15
Cultivar Selection and Cultural Practices, 16
Preplant Soil Fumigation, 17
Disease Notes, 17
Strawberry Insect Management, 19
Insecticide Update, 19
Insect Notes, 19
Strawberry Weed Management, 25
Herbicide Use, 26
Raspberry Disease Management, 32
Fungicide Update, 32
Preplant Soil Fumigation, 33
Fungicide Resistance, 33
Disease Notes, 33
Raspberry Insect Management, 35
Insecticide Update, 35
Raspberry Weed Management, 39
Herbicide Use, 39
Spray record sheet, 43
IN THE EVENT OF A PESTICIDE EMERGENCY, REFER TO PAGES 6–8
Not all berry pests will be present or economically important in your planting every year.
Use the enclosed schedules as a guide in planning your own pest control program to fit
your specific needs for the 2009 season.
It is important to keep careful records of chemicals used, strengths, amounts applied,
weather conditions, and application dates. These records will be useful when planning
your future pest management practices.
Recommendations in this publication expire December 31, 2009.

INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
FEDERAL
PESTICIDE-USE LAW
WISCONSIN’S TRAINING AND
CERTIFICATION PROGRAM
Pest Management and Pesticides
Controlling a pest is only part of a total pest management program.
Pest control is a corrective measure; you use pesticides or some other
control method to reduce a damaging (or potentially damaging) pest
population. Pest management, however, includes preventative
measures as well.
The primary goal of your pest management program is to maintain
pest damage at an acceptable level. Eradication of pests is rarely
possible and rarely feasible. In fact, our attempts at eradication may
create more problems than they solve (pesticide resistance, secondary
pest outbreaks, etc.). Pesticides are vital, effective tools for agriculture
and for the production of our nation’s food and fiber, but they aren’t a
cure-all for all of our pest problems. Rather, they must be viewed in the
context of a total pest management program.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the coordinated use of multiple
pest control methods. By becoming familiar with the crop, the pest, and
all available control tactics, you can develop and implement a sound
IPM program that will help you apply pesticides only when necessary.
When Congress amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in 1972, it included a mandate for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to evaluate all new and existing
pesticide products for potential harm they may cause. It also made it
illegal to use, except as provided by FIFRA, any pesticide in a manner
inconsistent with its labeling. Deviations from the label not recognized
by FIFRA are a violation of the law.
The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 strengthens the system
that regulates pesticide residues on food. Recognizing that pesticide
residues are present in more sources than just food, the FQPA sets
limits on the total exposure from residues found in food, drinking
water, and nondietary sources (such as household, landscape, and pet
uses). As a result, the more uses a particular pesticide has, the greater
the chance its total exposure will be met and, thus, some or all of its
uses will be canceled.
If, during the pesticide registration process, the EPA finds a product to
generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment,
including injury to the applicator, it will be classified as restricted-use.
Because restricted-use products can be used only by certified
applicators, the FIFRA amendments also called for each state to develop
a program for training and certifying pesticide applicators. The
certification program is designed to ensure that users of restricted-use
products are properly qualified to handle and apply these materials
safely and efficiently. A current list of restricted-use pesticides
registered for use in Wisconsin may be downloaded from the Pesticide
Applicator Training web site (ipcm.wisc.edu/pat).
In Wisconsin, responsibility for training lies with the University of
Wisconsin-Extension’s Pesticide Applicator Training (PAT) program,
while actual certification is the responsibility of the Wisconsin
Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (WDATCP).
The Wisconsin Pesticide Law requires that all commercial applicators for
hire participate in the training and certification process if they intend to
use any pesticide in the state of Wisconsin, whether or not it is
1

2
WISCONSIN PESTICIDE LAWS
AND REGULATIONS
restricted-use.
Since 1977, the PAT program has trained over 201,000 Wisconsin
applicators in the safe handling of pesticides. The training prepares the
applicators for the written certification exam administered by the
WDATCP, which enforces Wisconsin’s pesticide regulations.
The selection, use, and potential risks of pesticides vary depending on
the method of application and what it is you want to protect from
pests. Therefore, there is a separate training manual and certification
exam for 21 pest control categories, including categories for:
agricultural producers, the agricultural industry (10 categories), in and
around commercial and residential buildings (6 categories), in right-ofway
and surface waters (3 categories), and preserving wood.
Certification is valid for 5 years, after which you can recertify by passing
a new exam that is based on a revised training manual.
The regulated community—including pesticide manufacturers, dealers,
and applicators—strongly support training and certification as a way to
protect people and the environment while ensuring that pesticides
remain an option in pest management. Nearly 75% of applicators
surveyed at live training sessions said that they have already adopted
or plan to adopt all 24 pesticide use practices listed on the survey as a
direct result of Wisconsin’s training effort, and of the remaining
applicators, over 90% said that they plan to adopt at least one
additional use practice. We encourage all applicators to take advantage
of the training and certification process, whether or not you use
restricted-use pesticides. For more information about the Wisconsin
PAT program, contact your county Extension agent or go to their web
site at ipcm.wisc.edu/pat. For information on Wisconsin’s licensing and
certification program, visit datcp.state.wi.us and search for “pesticide
certification.”
Operating under the provisions of the Wisconsin Pesticide Law and
Administrative Rule, Chapter ATCP 29 (Register, May 1998), the WDATCP
has primary responsibility for pesticide use and control in the state. The
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) has responsibility
for pesticide use involving “waters of the state,” the control of birds and
mammals, and pesticide and container disposal. The Wisconsin Division
of Emergency Management (WDEM) has responsibility for helping
communities evaluate their preparedness for responding to accidental
releases of hazardous compounds, including pesticides, under Title III of
SARA. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WDOT) has
responsibility for regulating the transportation of pesticides listed as
hazardous materials (shipping papers, vehicle placarding, etc.) and for
issuing commercial driver’s licenses. It is your responsibility to become
familiar with all pertinent laws and regulations affecting pesticide use
in Wisconsin.

PESTICIDES AND COMMUNITY
RIGHT-TO-KNOW
WORKER PROTECTION
STANDARD (WPS) FOR
AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES
To help communities evaluate their preparedness for responding to
chemical spills, Congress passed the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act. This law is part of a much larger
legislation called the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA) and is often referred to as Title III of SARA. Title III sets forth
requirements for reporting of hazardous substances stored in the
community and for developing an emergency response plan.
The first step in emergency planning is to know which chemicals can
cause health problems and environmental damage if accidentally
released. The EPA prepared a list of such chemicals and called them
extremely hazardous substances. These substances are subject to
emergency planning and the threshold planning quantity, the smallest
amount of a substance which must be reported. Some of the chemicals
listed are commonly used in agricultural production (see table 1).
Table 1. Examples of agricultural chemicals subject to Title III of SARA
Active ingredient
Trade name
Threshold planning quantity
(lb or gal of product)
dimethoate Dimethoate 4EC 125 gal
endosulfan Thiodan 50W 20 lb
paraquat Gramoxone Inteon 5 gal
A complete list of EPA’s extremely hazardous substances is available
from the Local Emergency Planning Committee in your county or from
this EPA web site: www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/epcra.
Any facility, including farms, that produces, uses, or stores any of these
substances in a quantity at or greater than their threshold planning
quantity must notify the WDEM and their Local Emergency Planning
Committee (LEPC) that it is subject to the emergency planning
notification requirements of Title III of SARA.
In addition to emergency planning notification, agricultural service
businesses with one or more employees are subject to two community
right-to-know reporting requirements: submission of material safety
data sheets (MSDS) and submission of Tier II inventory forms. Tier II
forms request specific information on each hazardous chemical stored
at or above its threshold.
The federal Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides
took effect January 1, 1995. Its purpose is to reduce the risk of employee
exposure to pesticides. You are subject to the WPS if you have at least
one employee who is involved in the production of agricultural plants
in a nursery, greenhouse, forest, or farming operation.
The WPS requires employers to do the following:
• Display pesticide safety information in a central location.
• Train uncertified workers and handlers on general pesticide safety
principles.
• Provide personal protective clothing and equipment to employees.
• Provide a decontamination site (water, soap, towels, and coveralls).
• Provide transportation to an emergency medical facility for
employees who are poisoned or injured by pesticide exposure.
• Provide notification to employees about pesticide applications (see
below).
3

4
ORAL NOTIFICATION
AND POSTING
RESTRICTED ENTRY INTERVAL
(REI)
PESTICIDE
TOLERANCE LEVELS
For more information about the WPS and the training requirements for
uncertified workers and handlers, download the revised 2005 edition of
EPA’s How To Comply manual (www.epa.gov/agriculture/twor.html).
The WPS requires employers to give notice of pesticide applications to
all workers who will be in a treated area or walk within 1⁄4 mile of a
treated area during the pesticide application or during the restricted
entry interval (described below). Notification may either be oral
warnings or posting of warning signs at entrances to treated sites; both
are necessary if the label requires dual (oral and posting) notification. A
current list of dual-notice pesticides registered for use in Wisconsin may
be downloaded from ipcm.wisc.edu/pat.
Wisconsin’s ATCP 29 posting rule is designed to protect the general
public as well as workers. Thus, it requires posting of areas treated with
pesticides having a dual notification statement or, for nonagricultural
pesticide applications, if the label prescribes a restricted entry interval
for that particular application. Refer to On-Farm Posting of Pesticide-
Treated Sites in Wisconsin for a flow chart guiding users through a series
of questions to determine when posting of treated sites is needed,
what warning sign to use, and where the sign should be located. It also
covers the separate posting requirements for chemigation treatments.
This publication is available from your county Extension office or it
may be downloaded from the Pesticide Applicator Training web site
(ipcm.wisc.edu/pat).
There are separate posting requirements for applications involving
chemigation.
A restricted entry interval (REI) is the length of time that must expire
after pesticide application before people can safely enter the treated
site without using personal protective equipment. Pesticide residues on
a treated crop or in a treated area may pose a significant hazard to
workers or others who enter the area after treatment. Therefore, nearly
all pesticides affected by the WPS (see above) have an REI. Check the
Agricultural Use Requirements section on the label for the specific
restricted entry interval for your product. These intervals must be
strictly observed.
In Public Law 518, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a division of
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, warns “Food
shipments bearing residues of pesticide chemicals in excess of
established tolerances will be contraband and subject to seizures as
adulterated.” This applies to both raw and processed foods.
The amount of pesticide residue in or on a food material at harvest
must fall into established tolerances, expressed in parts per million
(ppm). The actual amount of pesticide chemical found in a food at
harvest depends in part on the amount applied to the crop and the
length of time since the last application. Therefore, growers are
responsible for strictly following label information with regard to
maximum spray dosage and the interval between the final pesticide
application and harvest. The FDA advises pesticide users to follow
directions on recently registered labels, so they don’t exceed the
residue tolerances for the specific materials. Use table 3 as a guide to
the interval between the last pesticide application and harvest. The
preharvest intervals refer to pesticide use on cranberries only; other
crops may have different intervals. The pesticide label also lists this
information.

Table 2. Examples of pesticides with restricted entry and preharvest intervals
Pesticide Preharvest interval (PHI) a and limitations
Common name Trade name Restricted entry interval Strawberries Raspberries
2,4-D amine several 48 hours — NR
abamectin Agri-mek 12 hours 3 days NR
acetamiprid Assail 12 hours 1 day 1 day
acifluorfen Ultra Blazer 48 hours 120 days NR
azoxystrobin Abound 4 hours 0 0
bifenthrin Brigade 12 hours 0 3 days
captan Captan 50WP, 80WP 24 hours 0 NR
captan + fenhexamid Captevate 24 hours (strawberries)
72 hours (raspberries)
0 3 days
carbaryl Sevin when dry 1 day 7 days
chlorpyrifos Lorsban 24 hours 21 days (for prebloom use only) NR
clethodim Select Max 24 hours 4 days nonbearing plants only
copper various varies, see label exempt b exempt b
cyprodinil Switch 12 hours 0 NR
DCPA Dacthal 12 hours 45 days NR
diazinon D•z•n Diazinon 14G 12–24 hours c 5 days 7 days
dichlobenil Casoron 12 hours NR —
disulfoton Di-Syston 24 hours nonbearing plants only NR
dodine Syllit 48 hours 14 days NR
endosulfan Phaser, Thiodan 24 hours 4 days (not more than
twice during fruiting)
NR
esfenvalerate Asana 12 hours NR 7 days
fenbutatin-oxide Vendex 24 hours 1 day NR
fenhexamid Elevate 12 hours 0 0
fenpropathrin Danitol 24 hours 2 days NR
fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade DX 12 hours 365 days 365 days
fludioxonil Switch 12 hours 0 NR
flumioxazin Chateau 12 hours — NR
fosetyl-aluminum Aliette 12 hours 0 60 days
imidacloprid Admire 2F
12 hours
14 days
—
Provado 1.6F
12 hours
7 days
—
iprodione Rovral 24 hours not after first fruiting flower 0
malathion 12 hours 3 days 1 day
mefenoxam Ridomil Gold 48 hours 0 45 days
methoxyfenozide Intrepid 4 hours 3 days NR
myclobutanil Rally 24 hours 0 0
napropamide Devrinol 24 hours — —
norflurazon Solicam 12 hours NR 60 days
paraquat Gramoxone 24 hours 21 days —
pendimethalin Prowl H2O 24 hours 35 days NR
phosphorous acid various 4 hours 0 0
propargite Omite-CR 3 days nonbearing plants only NR
propiconazole d Orbit, Propimax 24 hours 0 30 days
pyraclostrobin Cabrio 24 hours 0 0
pyraclostrobin
+ boscalid
Pristine 12 hours 0 0
pyrethrins when dry 0 0
pyrimethanil Scala 12 hours 1 NR
sethoxydim Poast 12 hours 7 days 45 days
(continued)
5

Table 2. Examples of pesticides with restricted entry and preharvest intervals (continued)
Pesticide Preharvest interval (PHI) a and limitations
Common name Trade name Restricted entry interval Strawberries Raspberries
simazine Princep 4L 12 hours NR —
spinetoram Radiant, Delegate 4 hours 1 day 1 day
spinosad Entrust, SpinTor 4 hours 1 day 1 day
sulfur various 24 hours 0 0
tebufenozide Confirm 4 hours NR 14 days
thiophanate-methyl Topsin-M 12 hours 1 day NR
triflumizole Procure 12 hours 1 day NR
Abbreviations: NR = not registered for use on this crop; PH = post harvest use only.
a Days between final spray and harvest
b Exempt from tolerance—Fixed copper materials are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance when applied to growing crops in accordance with
good agricultural practice. Under USDA labeling information, all fixed (basic) copper fungicides labeled for use on strawberries or raspberries may be
used on a “no time limitation” basis. But we suggest these copper materials not be used after the berries start to ripen.
c Restricted entry interval varies with manufacturer; check the label.
d Orbit is registered on both raspberry and strawberry; Propimax is registered only on raspberry and other cane- and bushberries.
6
PESTICIDE TOXICITY There are four common ways in which pesticides enter the human
body—through the skin (dermal), the mouth (oral), the lungs
(inhalation), and the eyes. Absorption through the skin is the most
common route of poisoning of agricultural workers.
Perhaps the greatest hazard for the applicator is in loading and mixing
the pesticide concentrate, which presents a significant risk of exposure
to the chemical in its most toxic form. Although hazards associated
with the actual application are frequently much less severe, they can
still be substantial, especially if there is significant drift or if appropriate
precautions are ignored. A pesticide may be toxic as a result of
exposure to a single dose (acute toxicity) or as a result of repeated
exposures over time (chronic toxicity).
Acute toxicities are normally expressed as the amount of pesticide
required to kill 50% of a population of test animals (usually rats or
rabbits). For oral and dermal exposure, this is referred to as the LD 50 or
“lethal dose to 50%” in milligrams of toxicant per kilogram of body
weight (mg/kg). For inhalation exposure, it is expressed as the LC 50 or
“lethal concentration to 50%” in parts per million (ppm) of toxicant in the
total volume of air when the toxicant is a gas or vapor, and in milligrams
per liter (mg/l) of air or water when the toxicant is a dust or mist.
Pesticides with greater acute toxicities have lower LD 50 and/or LC 50
values; that is, it takes less of the chemical to kill 50% of the test
population.
Labels indicate the relative level of acute toxicity through the use of
signal words and symbols that reflect general categories of toxicity (see
table 3). The toxicity category is assigned on the basis of the highest
measured toxicity, be it oral, dermal, or inhalation; effects on the eyes
and external injury to the skin are also considered.

Table 3. Toxicity categories of pesticides
Toxicity category
I II III IV
High
Moderate
Slight
Low
Measure of toxicity
toxicity
toxicity
toxicity
toxicity
Oral LD50 (mg/kg) 0–50 50–500 500–5,000 >5,000
Dermal LD 50 (mg/kg) 0–200 200–2,000 2,000–20,000 >20,000
Inhalation LC 50
gas/vapor (ppm)
dust/mist (mg/l)
0–200
0–0.2
200–2,000
0.2–2
Eye effects corrosive irritation for
7 days
2,000–20,000
2–20
irritation for
20,000
>20
none
mild
irritation
Signal word DANGER a WARNING CAUTION CAUTION
mg/kg = milligrams per kilogram < = less than
ppm = parts per million > = greater than
mg/l = milligrams per liter
a Products assigned to Category I due to oral, inhalation, or dermal toxicity (as distinct from eye and skin
local effects) also must have the word “poison” and the “skull and crossbones” symbol on the label.
HUMAN POISONING Pesticide poisoning. The effects of organophosphate and carbamate
poisoning are rapid. Poisoning must be recognized early for effective
treatment. Early symptoms are usually a headache, feeling of weakness,
blurred vision, excessive perspiration, and nausea. Abdominal cramps,
vomiting, and excessive salivation may set in with, or without, diarrhea.
The throat and chest will feel constricted and breathing will be difficult.
In mild cases of poisoning, some of these symptoms may be absent.
In case of human poisoning. Call a doctor at once if you suspect
organophosphate or carbamate poisoning. If symptoms develop and
the patient is conscious, give two atropine tablets (1/100 grains each)
immediately. Move the individual from the area of exposure. Remove
contaminated clothing and wash skin with plenty of soap and water to
remove all traces of the chemical. If chemical is swallowed, induce
vomiting by giving warm soapy water. Avoid all further exposure to
phosphate or carbamate insecticides. Victims are very susceptible to
even small exposures until blood and tissue cholinesterase regenerate.
Atropine is not an antidote for all pesticides. If there is any doubt, read
the pesticide label before acting. Each pesticide has treatment
information on the label. Begin this treatment as soon as possible. Take
the victim to professional medical help immediately. Take along a copy
of the pesticide label, or at least the chemical and common names of
the active ingredient(s) and the name and address of the manufacturer.
A medical emergency phone number often is listed on the pesticide
label. The product’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a more
technical document than the label, and it often contains additional
treatment instructions for the attending medical professional.
Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222). You may call the Poison
Control Center at any hour for information regarding proper treatment
of pesticide poisoning. While other hospitals and medical facilities may
have some information, the Poison Control Center has the most
complete and current files and their personnel are specifically trained
to deal with poison cases.
7

8
Most labels also list a phone number that you (or medical personnel)
can call for specific information on poisoning (or other accidents)
involving that particular product.
PESTICIDE SAFETY Before you handle pesticides, stop and read the label. Labels contain
human safety precaution statements and list the specific personal
protective clothing and equipment that you need to wear. Some of the
following may be label requirements; others are commonsense
guidelines that will help minimize pesticide exposure to you, your
coworkers, your family, and neighbors.
• Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long trousers, shoes, and socks when
handling pesticides.
• Wear coveralls (fabric or chemical-resistant) over your work clothes
for an added layer of protection.
• Unless the label states otherwise, always wear chemical-resistant
gloves whenever you work with pesticides.
• Wear chemical-resistant footwear, gloves, eyewear, and respirator (if
the label requires one) when mixing, loading, or applying pesticides.
• If you wear fabric coveralls, also wear a chemical-resistant apron
when mixing and loading pesticides.
• Stand in the crosswind when mixing or loading pesticides.
• Never apply pesticides when there is the likelihood of significant
drift.
• Never leave a spray tank containing pesticide unattended.
• Avoid back-siphoning into the water source.
• Never eat, drink, or smoke when handling pesticides.
• Wash hands thoroughly after handling pesticides.
• If you splash pesticide on yourself, remove contaminated clothing
immediately and wash yourself thoroughly.
• Wash contaminated clothes separately from other household
laundry.
• Keep pesticides in original containers.
• Store and lock pesticides out of the reach of children.
• Observe restricted entry intervals on a treated crop or area.
PESTICIDE ACCIDENTS Pesticide spills. Regardless of the magnitude of a spill, the objectives of
a proper response are the same—you must control the spill, you must
contain it, and you must clean it up. A thorough knowledge of
appropriate procedures will allow you to minimize the potential for
adverse effects.
Spills of any compound need to be reported to the WDNR. However,
you do NOT need to report the spill if it is completely confined within
an impervious secondary containment, and the spilled amount can be
recovered with no discharge to the environment. On the other hand, a
spill of any amount is reportable if it occurred outside of secondary
containment and it caused, or threatens to cause, adverse effects on
human health or the environment (e.g., back siphoning). The spill is
exempt from the WDNR reporting requirements if you deem the spill
will not cause, or threaten to cause, such adverse effects, and the
amount spilled would cover less than 1 acre if applied at labeled rates
and, if a SARA pesticide, is less than the reportable quantity.

Reportable spills involving SARA substances (see “Pesticides and
Community Right-to-Know,” above) are also to be reported to the
WDEM and to your LEPC. To simplify emergency notification
requirements to state agencies, call the WDEM spill hotline (1-800-943-
0003, 24-hour number) whenever a spill of any compound occurs.
Calling this hotline will not, however, remove your responsibility of
notifying your LEPC.
Spills of some compounds may require that you notify federal
authorities by calling the National Response Center (1-800-424-8802).
Your call to the WDEM spill hotline should provide you with assistance
in determining whether federal authorities need to be notified.
Pesticide fires. In the event of a fire, call the fire department and clear
all personnel from the area to a safe distance upwind from smoke and
fumes. Isolate the entire area. Always inform the fire department of the
nature of the pesticides involved and of any specific information that
may help them in fighting the fire and protecting themselves and
others from injury. For information on cleanup and decontamination,
contact the WDEM and the pesticide manufacturer(s).
Livestock poisoning. When you suspect animal poisoning by pesticides,
first call your veterinarian. If the cause of poisoning cannot be
determined, call the WDATCP’s Animal Toxic Response Team at 608-224-
4500.
Wildlife poisoning or water contamination. Contact the WDNR district
office. District offices are located in Spooner, Rhinelander, Eau Claire,
Green Bay, Milwaukee, and Fitchburg.
PESTICIDE DRIFT It is impossible to totally eliminate pesticide drift. Drift occurs because
of unforeseen wind variations and other factors, many of which are
beyond the applicator’s control. People living in areas subject to
pesticide drift worry about the acute and chronic effects of exposure to
pesticides. State rules governing pesticide drift attempt to strike a
balance between the intended benefits of pesticide use and the
potential risks to those exposed to pesticide drift.
According to state law, people living adjacent to land that is aerially
sprayed with pesticides can request to be notified at least 24 hours
before application. Beekeepers also are entitled to notification of
applications that occur within a 1.5-mile radius of their honey-bee
colonies. Both ground and aerial pesticide applications are subject to
advance notification requirements to beekeepers who request such
notification.
For ground applications, you can minimize drift by following these
recommendations:
• Follow all label precautions for specific drift-reduction measures.
• Spray when wind speed is low.
• Use the maximum nozzle orifice without sacrificing pest control
activity.
• Keep pressure at the lowest setting possible without distorting
spray pattern and distribution.
• Use drift-control agents when permitted by product label.
• Consider using nozzles specifically designed to reduce drift.
• Leave an untreated border strip next to adjacent property.
9

10
PESTICIDES AND
GROUNDWATER
CALIBRATING PESTICIDE
EQUIPMENT
For more information about drift—what it is, how it occurs, and drift
management principles—ask for Managing Pesticide Drift in Wisconsin:
Field Sprayers from your county Extension office. This publication also
describes the critical role the pesticide applicator plays in deciding
whether to spray when arriving at the site.
Trace amounts of pesticides are appearing in our nation’s groundwater.
To minimize further contamination, many pesticide labels contain
precautionary statements either advising against or prohibiting use in
areas vulnerable to groundwater contamination. Besides the product
labels, a summary of these precautionary statements is also included
under “Remarks” for each pesticide in this publication.
To protect our state’s water resources, Wisconsin’s Groundwater Law
created two guidelines to limit the presence of fertilizer and pesticides
in groundwater: enforcement standards are maximum chemical levels
allowed in groundwater and preventive action limits are set at a
percentage of the enforcement standard. When contamination
approaches preventive action limits, the responsible party must
implement corrective measures to prevent further contamination.
Through groundwater monitoring studies, the most commonly found
pesticide is atrazine. Consequently, Wisconsin implemented Chapter
ATCP 30 to help minimize further contamination of our groundwater by
atrazine. Under this rule, statewide rate restrictions have been
implemented and, in some geographic areas, atrazine use is prohibited.
Mixing and loading pesticides. Mixing and loading pesticides pose a
high risk of point source contamination of ground–and surface water
because of the concentration, quantity, and type of pesticides that are
usually handled at a mixing and loading site. To minimize this risk of
environmental contamination, Wisconsin requires that certain mixing
and loading sites have secondary containment.
Both private and commercial applicators are required to have a mixing
and loading pad if more than 1,500 lb of pesticide active ingredient are
mixed or loaded at any one site in a calendar year, or if mixing and
loading occurs within 100 feet of a well or surface water. In–field
mixing is exempt from the pad requirements provided mixing or
loading at the site of application occurs 100 feet or more from a well or
surface water.
Agricultural Chemical Cleanup program. Cleanup of contaminated soil
or of contaminated groundwater itself is costly. The Agricultural
Chemical Cleanup program helps ease the financial burden for facilities
and farms by reimbursing them for eligible costs associated with the
cleanup of sites contaminated with pesticides or fertilizers. For more
information, contact the WDATCP at 608-224-4518.
Accurate and uniform pesticide application is basic to satisfactory pest
control. Too often a grower does not know exactly how much pesticide
has been used until the application is completed. This leads to
substantial monetary losses due to unnecessary pesticide and labor
costs, unsatisfactory pest control resulting in reduced yields, and crop
damage. Good pesticide application begins with accurate sprayer or
granular applicator calibration. One method of calibration is described
in the private pesticide applicator training manual Pest Management
Principles for the Private Applicator. It also is found in the training manual
Pest Management Principles for the Commercial Applicator: Fruit Crop Pest
Control.

Planter granular applicators can be calibrated by adjusting the feed
adjustment as suggested by the manufacturer and catching granules
from one discharge tube or tube attachment. As rows are narrowed, the
same rate per linear foot of row needs to be maintained.
CLEANING PESTICIDE SPRAYERS Thorough sprayer cleaning is necessary when switching from one
pesticide type to another. This is especially important when herbicides
are applied with the same equipment as fungicides or insecticides. If
you apply significant quantities of different types of pesticides, reserve
one sprayer for herbicides only and another for insecticides and
fungicides.
PREPARING PESTICIDE
SPRAYERS FOR STORAGE
Follow these guidelines for cleaning spray equipment. Clean on a wash
pad and apply rinsate to sites listed on label.
1. Flush the sprayer tank, lines, and booms thoroughly with clean
water and apply the pesticide-contaminated rinsate to sites listed on
label.
2. Hormone-type herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D): Fill the sprayer with sufficient
water to operate adding 1 quart household ammonia for every 25
gallons of water. Circulate the ammonia solution through the
sprayer system for 15 to 20 minutes and then discharge a small
amount through the boom and nozzles. Let the solution stand for
several hours, preferably overnight. (Please note: household
ammonia will corrode aluminum sprayer parts.)
Insecticides, fungicides, and other herbicides: Fill the sprayer with
sufficient water to operate adding 1/4 to 2 lb powder detergent
(liquid detergent may be substituted for powder at a rate to make a
sudsy solution) for every 25 to 40 gallons of water. Circulate the
detergent solution through the sprayer system for 5 to 10 minutes
and then discharge a small amount through the boom and nozzles.
Let the solution stand for several hours, preferably overnight.
3. Wash the tank and pump parts thoroughly by running the sprayer
for about 5 minutes with the nozzles closed.
4. If possible, let the cleaning solution stand in the sprayer overnight.
(Please note: household ammonia will corrode aluminum sprayer
parts.)
5. Discharge the liquid from the tank, spraying some through the
nozzles.
6. Drain the sprayer completely and remove nozzles, screens, and
strainers.
7. Scrub all accessible parts with a stiff bristle brush.
8. Rinse the sprayer thoroughly with clean water and reassemble.
Before storing the sprayer at the end of the season:
1. Clean the sprayer per label instructions or as specified above.
2. Fill the sprayer with sufficient water to operate adding 1 to 5 gallons
of lightweight emulsifiable oil, depending upon the size of the tank.
Circulate the oil/water solution through the sprayer system for 5 to
10 minutes.
3. Flush the solution out of the spray tank and through the boom; the
oil will leave a protective coating on the inside of the tank, pump,
and plumbing.
4. Remove the nozzles, screens, and strainers and place them in diesel
fuel or kerosene to prevent corrosion. Cover the nozzle openings in
11

12
the boom to prevent dirt from entering.
5. As an added precaution to protect pumps, pour 1 tablespoon of
radiator rust–inhibitor antifreeze in each of the inlet and outlet
ports. Rotate the pump several revolutions to completely coat the
interior surfaces.
PESTICIDE DISPOSAL It is the legal responsibility of all pesticide users to properly dispose of
pesticide waste in an environmentally acceptable manner (it is illegal to
bury or burn any pesticide containers in Wisconsin). Disposal is the final
act of safe and judicious pesticide use.
Some pesticides are considered “hazardous” by the EPA. Disposing
waste or excess resulting from use of these pesticides comes under
stringent regulations of the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA).
This federal law and the accompanying state law (NR 600) regulate
generators of hazardous waste—those who need to dispose of
hazardous pesticides.
The simplest way to avoid becoming a hazardous-waste generator is to
triple rinse all pesticide containers and apply rinsates to labeled sites. If
you must generate hazardous waste, disposal procedures may differ
depending on the volume of waste generated and its characteristics.
You can reduce the amount of pesticide waste (hazardous or not) by
following these steps:
• Determine whether the pesticide you intend to use is considered
hazardous by the EPA. A list of these pesticides is available from your
county Extension office. If listed, check for alternative pesticides that
are not hazardous and will provide equivalent pest control.
• Mix only the amount of pesticide needed and calibrate equipment
so all solution is applied.
• Attach a clean water supply to the sprayer unit so the tank can be
rinsed and the rinsate applied to the labeled site while still in the
field.
• Triple rinse all pesticide containers. Even if the pesticides were
hazardous, a triple-rinsed container is not hazardous waste and you
can dispose of it in a sanitary landfill.
• Don’t mix hazardous waste with other pesticide waste. This will
result in the entire mixture being considered hazardous.
Wisconsin Clean Sweep program. The Wisconsin Clean Sweep program
offers a way to dispose of most kinds of pesticide waste including
liquids, dry formulations, and hazardous pesticides. The program has
two components to deal with agriculture and household pesticides.
Wisconsin Clean Sweep is sponsored by WDATCP and individual
counties. For details on when a site will be held in your area, check with
your county Extension office or visit the WDATCP web site
(datcp.state.wi.us and search for “clean sweep”).
Plastic Pesticide Container Recycling program. The best way to dispose
of plastic containers is to recycle them. The Wisconsin Crop Production
Association (WCPA) sponsors this program and sets up collection sites
throughout the state. This program accepts triple-rinsed (dirty
containers will not be accepted) plastic pesticide containers of all sizes,
including mini-bulk tanks. Farmers must work through their dealer to
recycle jugs and mini-bulks. Check the WCPA web site
(www.wicrops.org) for their summer and fall recycling schedules.

Please note that this recycling program is not a Pesticide Clean Sweep
program; waste pesticides will not be accepted at container collection
or granulation sites.
Recycling mini-bulk tanks. Although mini-bulk tanks are recycled at the
same time as the smaller jugs, dealers must register with WCPA at least
1 week in advance of a scheduled recycling date for all mini-bulk tanks
60 gallons and larger. Visit their web site or call 608-249-4070 for details
and the registration form.
A FINAL WORD Chemical pesticides help make disease, insect, and weed management
programs successful. However, pesticides present hazards to
agricultural workers, the general public, and the environment.
Therefore, they should be used wisely, safely, and only when needed.
Proper crop management can lessen the need for pesticide use, because
a well-maintained planting is less susceptible to disease, insect, and
weed pests.
Table 4. LD50 values of some agricultural chemicals
Note: When applying a pesticide, always follow the directions on the
pesticide label. Label information changes from time to time. The
current pesticide label is the final authority for safety and legality.
Pesticide Oral LD50 a Dermal LD50 a
Common name Trade name Toxicity signal word mg/kg mg/kg
2,4-D amine several Danger 300–1,200 —
abamectin Agri-mek Warning 650 >2,000
acetamiprid Assail 70 WP Caution 1,064 >2,000
acetamiprid Assail 30 SG Caution 153-886 >2000
azoxystrobin Abound Caution >5,000 >4,000
bifenthrin Brigade Warning 375 >2,000
captan Captan Danger >5,000 >5,000*
captan + fenhaxamid Captevate Danger — —
carbaryl Sevin Caution 850 4,000
chlorpyrifos Lorsban Warning 97–276 2,000
clethodim Select Warning 3,610 >5,000*
copper ammonium carbonate Copper-Count-N Caution — —
copper hydroxide various Caution, Danger — —
copper sulfate various Danger, Warning — —
cyprodinil Switch Caution >5,000 >2,000*
DCPA Dacthal Caution >10,000 >10,000
diazinon D•z•n Diazinon Warning 108 900
dichlobenil Casoron, Norosac Caution 3,160 1,350
disulfoton Di-Syston Danger: Poison 2 6
diuron Karmex Warning 3,400 L
dodine Syllit Danger 2,330 >5,000*
endosulfan Phaser, Thiodan Danger: Poison 43 130
esfenvalerate Asana Warning 458 >2,000
fenbutatin-oxide Vendex Danger 2,631 >2,000
fenhexamid Elevate Caution >2,000 >2,000
fenpropathrin Danitol Danger 70–164 >2,000
fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade 2000 Caution 3,328 >2,420
fludioxonil Switch Caution >5,000 >2,000*
flumioxazin Chateau Caution >5,000 >2,000
fosetyl-aluminum Aliette Caution 2,860 >2,000*
imidacloprid Admire, Provado Caution 4,143–4,870+ >2,000
malathion Caution 1,375 4,444
mefenoxam Ridomil Gold Caution 1,172 >2,020*
a LD50 values are based on male rats. (continued)
Abbreviations: L = little or no reaction; S = can be severe reaction; M = mild reaction; * = rabbits; and — = unknown.
13

Table 4. LD50 values of some agricultural chemicals (continued)
Pesticide Oral LD50 a Dermal LD50 a
Common name Trade name Toxicity signal word mg/kg mg/kg
methoxyfenozide Intrepid Caution >5,000 >2,000
myclobutanil Rally Warning 1,870–2,090 >5,000*
napropamide Devrinol Caution 5,000 —
norflurazon Solicam Caution 8,000 20,000
oryzalin Surflan Caution >10,000 L
paraquat Gramoxone Inteon Danger: Poison 310 >2,000
pendimethalin Prowl H 2O Caution >5,000 >5,000
phosphorous acid various Caution varies varies
propargite Omite Danger 2,200 —
propiconazole Propimax, Orbit Warning 1,310 >5,000
pyraclostrobin Cabrio Caution >2,000 >2,000
pyraclostrobin + boscalid Pristine Caution — —
pyrimethanil Scala Caution 4,505 >5,000
rotenone Caution, Danger 50–75 940
sethoxydim Poast Warning 2,676 L
simazine Princep Caution >5,000 >10,200
spinetoram Delegate, Radiant Caution >5000 >5000
spinosad Entrust Caution >5,000 >2,000
spinosad SpinTor none >5,000 >5,000
sulfur Kolospray, Super Six, Magnetic Six Caution 17,000 M
tebufenozide Confirm Caution >5,000 >5,000
terbacil Sinbar Caution 5,000–75,000 —
thiophanate-methyl Topsin-M Caution >5,000 >2,000*
triflumizole Procure Caution 2,230 >2,000
a LD50 values are based on male rats.
Abbreviations: L = little or no reaction; S = can be severe reaction; M = mild reaction; * = rabbits; and — = unknown.
14

Strawberry Disease Management
Read product labels carefully before using a fungicide, even if you have
used the fungicide before and are familiar with it. Reentry periods,
preharvest intervals (PHIs) and other safety information can change. Be
aware of contradictory information on labels. For example, captan and
sulfur each has a 0-day preharvest interval but a 24-hour reentry
period. Be conservative; observe the reentry period over the PHI.
Fungicides are only one component of strawberry disease
management; they are not a substitute for good cultural practices (see
below). Thus, it is important to become knowledgeable of the biology
of the crop and its pathogens so that you can develop a disease
management program that is less reliant on pesticides.
FUNGICIDE UPDATE Myclobutanil fungicide previously was sold for use on fruit crops under
the trade name “Nova” and now is sold under the trade name “Rally.”
The formulation is identical, and use recommendations on strawberry
and raspberry, including rates and timing, are unchanged. Growers may
continue to use existing Nova stocks according to the label.
Azoxystrobin fungicide previously was marketed to strawberry and
raspberry growers under the trade name “Quadris” and now is
marketed as “Abound.” Existing stocks of Quadris may be used on
strawberry and raspberry only if you hold the original label listing these crops.
Quadris is still labeled and marketed for use on many vegetable crops,
but newly purchased Quadris may not be used on strawberries or
raspberries.
Abound and Quadris both are highly toxic to certain apple varieties,
especially McIntosh and related varieties. Even a small amount of
Abound or Quadris, such as spray drift or spray tank residue, is toxic to
apple leaves and fruit. Therefore, these products are not recommended
for berry growers who also grow apples.
Orbit (propiconazole) is an older fungicide that only recently has been
labeled for use on strawberry and raspberry. It is in the same class of
fungicides as myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) and is labeled for control of
anthracnose, leaf spot, powdery mildew, and rust. Of these diseases,
anthracnose and leaf spot are common on strawberry in Wisconsin.
Procure (triflumizole), an older fungicide, is now labeled for control of
strawberry powdery mildew and is in the same fungicide class as
myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) and Orbit (propiconazole).
Scala (pyrimethanil) is registered on strawberry for control of gray mold.
Pyrimethanil, the sole active ingredient in Scala, is a component of
Switch, another fungicide effective for gray mold control.
Various phosphorous acid products (also called phosphites or
phosphonates) are registered on several fruit crops. These are related to
fosetyl-aluminum (Aliette), which has been used for many years to
control Phytophthora pathogens of small fruits. On strawberry, these
products are used either as a pre-plant dip to control red stele or they
are applied to leaves, flowers, and fruit to control leather rot. These
products are taken up through leaves and require thorough wetting of
foliage.
Several highly effective fungicides can manage the most important
diseases in Wisconsin. Many newer products are considered “reduced-
15

16
CULTIVAR SELECTION AND
CULTURAL PRACTICES
risk” because of their relatively low toxicity to humans and wildlife.
However, many are at great risk of having fungal pathogens develop
resistance to them. Most product labels include recommendations for
resistance management, including limits on the number of sprays per
season or number of consecutive sprays of a “resistance group.” Most
labels specify a resistance group number, based on a fungicide’s mode
of action and chemical class. For the purposes of resistance
management, fungicides in the same resistance group are considered
identical. For example, Abound is in resistance group 11. One
component of Pristine is also a group 11 fungicide. Therefore, Abound
and Pristine are equivalent in a resistance management program.
One of the most effective ways to manage diseases of strawberries is by
planting cultivars that are somewhat resistant to the most important
diseases (table 5). However, even resistant cultivars can succumb to
disease if the pathogen is present and conditions are favorable for
disease development. Therefore, cultural practices that minimize disease
development and spread are of paramount importance in producing
strawberries.
Planting sites should have good water drainage and good air drainage
and circulation. Achieve proper air drainage by locating the plant
somewhat above the surrounding topography, and proper air
circulation by planting sufficiently dense windbreaks. Windbreaks
reduce winter injury and encourage maximum growth. They also allow
air circulation, which promotes drying of leaves and fruit. This drying, in
turn, reduces disease incidence and severity. Also manage weeds and
avoid excessive fertilization. (The latter can yield dense foliage.)
Avoid soils with a history of strawberry root diseases (e.g., red stele or
black root rot), and soils in which plants susceptible to the Verticillium
fungus were planted within the past five years. These include but are
not limited to potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, brambles, rose,
pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melons. If pathogen-free soils cannot
be avoided, soil fumigation should be considered. A sandy loam soil or
a loamy sand soil with organic matter greater than 2% is ideal for
general plant health and productivity. A layer of clean straw mulch will
prevent fruit from infection by soilborne pathogens and may also
reduce “splash dispersal” of pathogens during rain. Finally, purchase
plants certified as “virus-free” from a reputable nursery.
Table 5. Disease resistance ratings a of strawberry cultivars based on observations in
Wisconsin
Cultivar
Angular
leaf spot Fruit rots Leaf scorch Leaf spot
Powdery
mildew Red stele
Verticillium
wilt
Annapolis VS S S S S S–VR b I–T
Brunswick — T T R T R —
Cabot — S T T T R S
Cavendish VS T T T S R I–T
Earliglow — R R S I R I
Evangeline — T R T T S S
Glooscap S S T T T VS S
Honeoye VS R T T T S S
a VS = very susceptible; S = susceptible; I = intermediate reaction; T = tolerant (disease symptoms evident,
but with little detrimental effect on the plant or yield); R = resistant (the disease does not occur on this
cultivar or only to a very small degree); VR = very resistant; — = unknown or untested.
b Disease reaction depends on races of the pathogen. For more information, contact Brian Smith
(715-425-3851) or Patty McManus (608-265-2047).

Table 5. Disease resistance ratings a of strawberry cultivars based on observations in
Wisconsin (continued)
Cultivar
Angular
leaf spot Fruit rots Leaf scorch Leaf spot
Powdery
mildew Red stele
Verticillium
wilt
Itasca — — R T R R —
Jewel VS R R R R S S
Kent VS S VS VS T S S
Mesabi — T T T T R —
Mira S T R R R R S
Sable VS S T T S R —
Seneca — T S T — S S
Sparkle S S–I I S R S–R b S
Tribute — T T T R VR T–R
Tristar T T T T R R R
Wendy S T T S T T S
Winona VS T R T T R —
a VS = very susceptible; S = susceptible; I = intermediate reaction; T = tolerant (disease symptoms evident,
but with little detrimental effect on the plant or yield); R = resistant (the disease does not occur on this
cultivar or only to a very small degree); VR = very resistant; — = unknown or untested.
b Disease reaction depends on races of the pathogen. For more information, contact Brian Smith
(715-425-3851) or Patty McManus (608-265-2047).
PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION To help ensure a productive planting, advanced planning and
preparation of the site prior to planting are recommended. Although
generally not recommended in Wisconsin, preplant soil fumigation may
be beneficial where populations of soilborne pests are known to be
high. Soil fumigants can help control soilborne fungi (e.g., Verticillium,
Phytophthora), nematodes, soilborne insects, and weeds and also
encourage vigorous root growth and plant establishment. Fumigate in
late summer or early fall the year before planting. At planting, use
pathogen-free plants obtained from a reputable nursery.
DISEASE NOTES
Note: Most fumigants are restricted-use pesticides and can be applied
only by certified applicators. Custom applicators are available for hire.
Angular leaf spot Angular leaf spot, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas fragariae, is a
sporadic disease in Wisconsin that can severely damage foliage and
fruit. The disease is favored by cool, damp weather. Early symptoms on
lower leaf surfaces are small water-soaked spots bordered by tiny veins.
The spots appear dark green when viewed from above, but translucent
and light green to yellow when held up to light. Under moist
conditions, the spots ooze a milky substance which, upon drying, forms
a thin, scaly film. The bacteria-laden exudate is readily spread by
splashing water, so avoid using sprinklers to irrigate plantings infected
with angular leaf spot. The pathogen overwinters in dead leaves;
removing leaf debris from the bed after renovation will reduce
inoculum for the following year. Most cultivars appear susceptible to
angular leaf spot; the cultivar Honeoye appears to be especially
susceptible.
Chemical control of bacterial diseases is inconsistent. However, copper
compounds (e.g., copper ammonium carbonate, copper hydroxide, and
copper sulfate) are the chemicals most effective against angular leaf
spot. If the disease was present last year, apply copper sprays as soon
as growth starts in the spring. Additional applications at weekly
intervals may be necessary if the weather is cool and humid. Plants are
17

18
Leaf diseases
caused by fungi
particularly susceptible following one or more nights of irrigation for
frost control. Use copper sprays as soon as possible afterwards to
prevent crop loss. Note, though, that copper can cause leaf yellowing.
Discontinue copper treatment if you observe plant damage.
Leaf spot, leaf scorch, and leaf blight are caused by distinct fungi, and
each disease has distinct symptoms. Management recommendations,
however, are similar for these diseases. If they are frequently a problem
in your area, select resistant cultivars (table 5). Remove leaf debris from
the site following renovation to reduce inoculum for the following
year. Several fungicides are available for controlling leaf diseases; read
the label carefully since application times vary.
Soilborne diseases The pathogens that cause black root rot, red stele, leather rot, and
Verticillium wilt are active in the soil and affect the functioning of roots
and crowns. The most common symptom associated with leather rot,
however, is off-color, bitter, leathery fruit; infection occurs when fruit
touch the soil or spores splash onto fruit. Soilborne diseases can be
managed by combining cultivar resistance (table 5) and sound cultural
practices; planting on well-drained sites is critical. If red stele is severe,
early spring and postharvest application of Ridomil to the root zone, or
foliar application of Aliette, or a phosphorous acid product, is
recommended (see table 6).
Gray mold
(Botrytis fruit rot)
Botrytis cinerea is a common fungus on many plants and can infect
strawberry flowers and fruits, especially during cool, wet periods. The
cultivars Honeoye, Raritan, Tribute, and Tristar are relatively tolerant;
Glooscap and Kent are susceptible. Elevate, Pristine, and Switch are all
very effective against gray mold. Good coverage during bloom is
essential; if primary infection is prevented, later sprays may not be
necessary. Therefore, one spray should be made during early bloom
when about 5–10% of flowers open (25–50% of king or primary flowers
open) and a second made during full bloom. Since different cultivars
vary in timing of bloom, treat cultivars separately. B. cinerea is prone to
become fungicide resistant, so alternate or combine fungicides to
prevent the selection of resistant pathogens (see Fungicide Update).
Anthracnose fruit rot Anthracnose fruit rot, caused by various forms of the fungus
Colletotrichum, is becoming increasingly important in the United States,
and severe outbreaks have occurred in Wisconsin. Symptoms are soft,
tan to brown, sunken water-soaked spots on green or ripe fruit. Under
humid conditions, slimy pink spore masses sometimes develop on
lesions. The disease is favored by warm and humid or rainy weather. If
anthracnose was a problem in a planting the previous year, fungicides
should be used before symptoms appear, or immediately upon
detection if the planting is being regularly and thoroughly scouted.
Abound, Cabrio, Pristine, or a mixture of Topsin-M and captan at the
high end of rates permitted on the label are the most effective
treatments (see table 6). However, control with fungicides has not been
consistent, and fungicides will not save a crop after symptoms are
widespread.

Strawberry Insect Management
INSECTICIDE UPDATE United Phosphorous, Inc. (UPI) has registered the active ingredient
acetamiprid on strawberry under the trade name Assail. This product is
in the neonicotinoid insecticide class. Two formulations are registered:
30 SG which is a 30% active ingredient soluble granule and 70 WP
which is a 70% active ingredient wettable powder. On strawberry these
products are registered for the control of tarnished plant bug, sap
beetles, thrips, aphids, leafhoppers, and spittlebugs. Both products have
a 12 hour restricted entry interval (REI) and a 1 day preharvest interval
(PHI). The short PHI may be useful in those situations where insects such
as tarnished plant bug or thrips move into the crop during harvest, as
picking would need to be stopped for only one day. Refer to table 6 for
application rates.
INSECT NOTES
Dow AgroSciences has registered a chemically modified and more
insecticidally active product in its line of spinosyn insecticides.
Spinetoram carries the trade name Radiant on strawberry. It is an 11.7%
SC (soluble concentrate) formulation. It is registered for controlling
armyworms, leafrollers, and thrips. It has a 4 hour restricted entry
interval (REI) and a 1 day preharvest interval (PHI). The short PHI may be
useful in those situations where thrips move into the crop during
harvest as picking would need to be stopped for only one day. Refer to
table 6 for application rates. Radiant will likely replace spinosad
(SpinTor) in conventional production systems, but the organic certified
formulation of spinosad, called Entrust, will continue to be available.
FMC has suspended its registration of Capture (bifenthrin) on
strawberry. However, the same active ingredient is still available under
the trade name Brigade WSB, which is a 10% active ingredient water
soluble bag formulation. Brigade is a restricted use insecticide.
Flower thrips A few Wisconsin strawberry growers experienced problems with flower
thrips again in 2007; in most cases, these were different growers than
had problems the previous year. While this insect commonly occurs in
Wisconsin, populations are rarely large enough to cause economic
injury. The flower thrip (FT), also called eastern flower thrips, does not
survive Wisconsin winters; it overwinters in the Gulf States and the
southeastern United States and moves northward each spring on
prevailing winds. Depending on spring conditions in its overwintering
area, sometimes populations can grow to enormous levels. Then,
depending on the timing and specific direction of winds associated
with spring warm fronts, thrips migrate into the northeastern United
States. Although Wisconsin always receives some spring influx, rarely
do prolonged prevailing winds carry these insects into the Upper
Midwest in large numbers like we saw in 2006.
Thrips are tiny, slender insects, only a couple millimeters long. FT, which
is yellowish to orange in color, feeds on hundreds of types of trees,
shrubs, and herbaceous plants. It prefers pollen and flower parts, but
will feed on foliage of some plants. It damages strawberry by feeding
on the yellow center of the flower, which will become the surface of the
fruit after pollination. Thrips have rasping mouthparts which they use
to abrade the surface of the flower, scarring it. Feeding by a few thrips
won’t cause noticeable injury. But when there are many per flower, the
developing fruit turns off-color (orangish or bronze-colored instead of
19

20
white) and mature fruit can be off-color, small, and of poor quality.
Start monitoring for FT when the first flowers open. Tap opened
flowers into a white or dark-colored shallow bowl; the disturbed thrips
will fall into the bowl and can be counted. Count the number of thrips
from 10 flowers from each of five areas in each field (total of 50 flowers
per field). Do this weekly until most flowers have set. Published action
thresholds are not research based, but have been derived from careful
observation. Most commonly, the recommended threshold is about an
average of 10 thrips per flower, though conservative thresholds as low
as two thrips have been published.
FT is significantly controlled with prebloom applications of insecticides
targeted for strawberry bud weevil (“clipper”) and tarnished plant bug.
Spinosad, spinetoram, and acetamiprid are all registered for controlling
FT and all have a 1-day preharvest interval, meaning that it would be
necessary to suspend picking for only one day if treatment was needed
during the harvest period. Control FT as early as possible, preferably
before 10% of the plants are in flower, to avoid killing pollinators.
We still don’t know whether or not FT will become a pervasive problem
in Wisconsin strawberries. As this insect is an annual immigrant to the
state, in most years, population levels will probably be below the
economic injury level. However, annual scouting of strawberries for this
pest will allow quick action those occasional times when populations
are larger than normal.
Tarnished plant bug Tarnished plant bug (TPB) continues to be the most important insect
problem facing Wisconsin strawberry growers. TPB is a sucking insect
that feeds on the flower and young developing fruit. The resulting
berry is stunted and has a concentration of seeds at the tip. Damage is
similar to frost injury. Tarnished plant bug occurs in the field before the
start of the blossom period and can be found throughout the year. The
most damaging period is from blossom through the early growth of
the berry. TPB should be monitored prior to the start of bloom, and
again after the initial fruit have started to develop.
Action thresholds (economic injury levels) for control of TPB have been
developed; these are based on weekly pest monitoring. TPB monitoring
is done in two ways. Starting with first flower bud formation, use an
insect sweep net to sample for adults. Make five sets of 20 sweeps each
per field. Treatment is advised if samples average more than four TPB
per 20 sweeps (a total of at least 20 per 100 sweeps). The second
method of sampling is used once the flower bud stems have
elongated, but before flowers start to open. Tap flower bud clusters
over a white pan or tray. Sample 100 clusters per field (such as 10
clusters in 10 locations, or 20 clusters in 5 locations randomly chosen
throughout the field). This method samples both adults and nymphs
(the latter can be as small as 1/16-inch). Published thresholds vary
somewhat, but they range from an average of one TPB per cluster to
one per four clusters. Use the more conservative threshold if you have
experienced significant TPB damage in past years.
Should tarnished plant bug occur at damaging levels, most insecticides
will provide at least some control. However, bifenthrin, endosulfan, and
fenpropathrin are the materials of choice when TPB numbers are very
high.

Table 6. Spray schedule for strawberries—BEARING BEDS
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks
EARLY SPRING Diseases
(after uncovering plants;
diseases should be treated
as leaves are expanding)
leaf diseases:
angular leaf spot
(see remarks)
leaf blight
leaf scorch
leaf spot
captan 50WP 3.0–6.0 lb
copper various see label
dodine 65WP 1.5–2.0 lb
myclobutanil 40W 2.5–5.0 oz
propiconazole EC 4.0 fl oz
To control leaf diseases, start spraying before
symptoms appear on foliage.
If angular leaf spot has been a problem in previous
years, include a copper fungicide (see “Disease
Notes”). Copper may cause a slight chlorosis or
yellowing of the foliage of some varieties;
discontinue use if phytotoxicity occurs.
red stele mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt Apply in sufficient water to move the fungicide to
the root zone.
Insects
PREBLOOM Insects
(separation of
blossom buds)
aphids
cyclamen mite
aphids
plant bugs
spittlebug
fosetyl aluminum 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb Apply in sufficient water to thoroughly wet foliage.
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations and rates vary. See product labels.
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb
3EC 1.3 qt
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz
70 WP 0.8-3.0 oz
*bifenthrin WSB 6.4–32.0 oz
carbaryl 80S 1.5–2.5 lb
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb
3EC 1.3 qt
malathion 25WP 6.0 lb
cyclamen mite endosulfan 50WP 4.0 lb
3EC 2.66 qt
strawberry leafroller
thrips
*bifenthrin WSB 6.4–32.0 oz
carbaryl 80S 1.5–2.5 lb
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb
3EC 1.3 qt
malathion 25WP 6.0 lb
spinetoram SC 6.0-10.0 fl oz
spinosad Entrust 1.25–1.5 oz
SpinTor 4.0–6.0 fl oz
2SC
spider mite *abamectin 0.15EC 16.0 fl oz
*bifenthrin WSB 16.0–32.0 oz
fenbutatin oxide 50WP 1.5–2.0 lb
*fenpropathrin 2.4EC 16.0–21.3
fl oz
strawberry bud
weevil (clipper)
*bifenthrin WSB 6.4–32.0 oz
chlorpyrifos 4E 1.0 qt
If cyclamen mites are a problem, make a separate
application of endosulfan 3EC at 2.66 qt (or 50WP at
4 lb) in 400 gal spray per acre (also controls aphids,
spittlebugs, and plant bugs).
Two aphicide treatments in spring before bloom
and two in fall before mulching help control spread
of strawberry viruses in new and bearing fields.
Carbaryl may aggravate aphid and spider mite
problems.
*Fenpropathrin can be used for control of tarnished
plant bug and spittlebug at the rate of 10.67 fl oz/a.
Acetamiprid may also be used for thrips control at the
rate of 4.0-6.9 oz/acre (30 SG formulation) or 1.7-3.0
oz/acre (70 WP formulation).
If strawberry bud weevil has been a problem, two
applications are suggested 10 days apart. Chlorpyrifos
may be phytotoxic when applied in hot weather.
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator. (continued)
21

Table 6. Spray schedule for strawberries—BEARING BEDS (continued)
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks
EARLY BLOOM Diseases
(5–10% flowers open) leaf diseases:
angular leaf spot
leaf blight
leaf scorch
leaf spot
FULL BLOOM Diseases
AFTER BLOOM Diseases
(10–14 days after blossom
period)
22
Any of the fungicides listed for
Early Spring, or
pyraclostrobin EG 12.0–14.0 oz
Pristine 18.5–23.0 oz
anthracnose azoxystrobin F 6.0–15.5 oz
pyraclostrobin EG 12.0–14.0 oz
Pristine 18.5–23.0 oz
gray mold Captevate 68WDG 3.5–5.25 lb
pyrimethanil SC 9.0–18.0 fl oz
fenhexamid 50WDG 1.5 lb
Switch 62.5 WG 11.0–14.0 oz
Pristine 18.5–23.0 oz
leaf diseases,
anthracnose, and
gray mold
anthracnose, gray
mold, leaf diseases
Tank mix
thiophanate- 70WSB 0.75–1.0 lb
methyl
plus captan 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb
Any of the fungicides listed
for Early Bloom.
leather rot fosetyl-aluminum 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb
mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt
phosphorous acid rates vary
Insects DO NOT APPLY INSECTICIDE DURING BLOOM.
anthracnose
gray mold
leaf diseases:
leaf blight, leaf
scorch, leaf spot
Any of the fungicides listed for
Early Bloom.
leather rot fosetyl-aluminum 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb
mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt
phosphorous acid rates vary
Insects
aphids
spittlebug
whitefly
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz
Provado 1.6F 3.75 fl oz
Myclobutanil is effective against leaf diseases but not
gray mold. If angular leaf spot has been a problem
in previous years, include a copper fungicide (see
“Disease Notes”).
Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin are effective against
anthracnose but not gray mold.
Bloom is the most critical time to control gray
mold; pyrimethanil, fenhexamid, and Switch are the most
effective fungicides, but they do not control leaf
diseases. Captevate controls both gray mold and leaf
diseases.
See remarks for Early Bloom.
Begin foliar application between 10% bloom and
early fruit set. Apply in enough water to cover fruit.
Repeat at 7- to 10-day intervals as needed up to
harvest. Use a shorter interval if weather is rainy.
See the product label for details.
Check table 2 on page 4 for preharvest intervals.
cutworms carbaryl bait Occasionally a localized problem.
leafhoppers
plant bugs
spittlebug
strawberry leafroller
slugs
snails
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz
70 WP 0.8-3.0 oz
*bifenthrin WSB 6.4–32.0 oz
*diazinon 4E 1.5–2.0 pt
50WP 1.5–2.0 lb
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb
3EC 1.3 qt
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt
*Bifenthrin is not registered to control leafhoppers.
*Fenpropathrin can be used for control of tarnished
plant bug and spittlebug at the rate of 10.67 fl oz/a.
Acetamiprid is not registered to control strawberry
leafroller.
Strawberry leafroller may also be controlled with
spinetoram at the rate of 6.0-10.0 fl oz/acre.
metaldehyde bait formulation Baits must not contact fruit. Broadcast on soil late in
day when first damage is observed. See label for
rate.
spider mite *abamectin 0.15EC 16.0 fl oz
*bifenthrin WSB 16.0–32.0 oz
fenbutatin oxide 50WP 1.5–2.0 lb
*fenpropathrin 2.4EC 16–21.3 fl oz
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator. (continued)

Table 6. Spray schedule for strawberries—BEARING BEDS (continued)
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks
DURING HARVEST Diseases
anthracnose
gray mold
Insects
mosquitoes
AFTER HARVEST Diseases
(2 weeks after harvest or as
often as needed)
Any of the fungicides listed for
Early Bloom.
If fungicides were applied during bloom, additional
applications for gray mold should not be necessary
at this time unless warm, wet/humid weather
occurs.
Do not exceed four applications of azoxystrobin or
5 applications of pyraclostrobin per year. Do not apply
more than 56 oz/a of Switch per year.
Check table 2 on page 4 for preharvest intervals.
no material registered To control mosquitoes during harvest, use pyrethrin.
Follow manufacturer’s directions.
sap beetles acetamiprid 30 SG 4.0-6.9 oz
70 WP 1.7-3.0 oz
leaf diseases:
angular leaf spot
leaf blight
leaf scorch
leaf spot
Any of the fungicides listed for
leaf diseases during Early Bloom.
red stele fosetyl-aluminum 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb
mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt
phosphorous acid rates vary
Insects
aphids
spittlebugs
whiteflies
aphids
strawberry leafroller
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz
70 WP 0.8-3.0 oz
Provado 1.6F 3.75 fl oz
*bifenthrin WSB 6.4–32.0 oz
carbaryl 80S 1.5–2.5 lb
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt
*diazinon 4E 1.5–2.0 pt
50WP 1.5–2.0 lb
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb
3EC 1.3 qt
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt
cyclamen mite endosulfan 50WP 4.0 lb
3EC 2.66 qt
spider mite *abamectin 0.15EC 16.0 fl oz
*bifenthrin WSB 16.0–32.0 oz
fenbutatin oxide 50WP 1.5–2.0 lb
*fenpropathrin 2.4EC 16–21.3 fl oz
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.
Apply every 7–14 days. If angular leaf spot has been
a problem this growing season, include a copper
fungicide (see “Disease Notes”). See additional
remarks for Early Spring or Prebloom.
See remarks under Early Spring.
Carbaryl may aggravate aphid and spider mite
problems.
Strawberry leafroller may also be controlled with
spinetoram at the rate of 6.0-10.0 fl oz/acre.
23

Table 7. Spray schedule for strawberries—NONBEARING BEDS
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks
BEFORE PLANTING Diseases
(especially on fields
following sod)
24
nematodes (dagger,
lesion, root knot)
soilborne fungi
(Pythium,
Phytophthora,
Verticillium, etc.)
*methyl bromide + *chloropicrin
*Telone II
*Telone C-17
*Vapam
red stele fosetyl-aluminum 80WDG 2.5 lb/
100 gal
phosphorous acid rates vary
Insects
AFTER PLANTING Diseases
(same time as “early spring”
for bearing beds; diseases
should be treated as leaves
are expanding)
Use soil fumigants well ahead of planting. Check on current
registration status before using any of the listed
chemicals. Follow instructions and
recommendations on label for applying. Methyl
bromide + chloropicrin, Vapam, and Telone C-17 help
control weeds, insects, certain soilborne fungi, and
nematodes. Telone II is only effective against
nematodes. Plant pathogen-free transplants. See
comments in “Preplant Soil Fumigation.”
Apply as a pre-plant dip to strawberry roots and crowns
for 15–30 minutes. Plant within 24 hours after
dipping.
soil insects *diazinon 4EC 1.0 qt Apply as broadcast treatment. Mix with upper
3–4 inches of soil immediately after application. This
treatment is especially necessary if fields were in
sod or very weedy before plowing. If you fumigate,
this treatment is not needed.
leaf diseases:
angular leaf spot
(see remarks)
leaf blight
leaf scorch
leaf spot
captan 50WP 3.0–6.0 lb
copper various see label
dodine 65WP 1.5–2.0 lb
myclobutanil 40W 2.5–5.0 oz
propiconazole SE 4.0 fl oz
To control leaf diseases, start spraying before
symptoms appear on foliage.
If angular leaf spot has been a problem in previous
years, include a copper fungicide (see “Disease
Notes”). Copper may cause a slight chlorosis or
yellowing of the foliage of some varieties;
discontinue use if phytotoxicity occurs.
red stele mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt Apply in sufficient water to move the fungicide into
the root zone.
Insects
ADD’L SPRAYS Insects
(same time as sprays for
bearing beds)
fosetyl-aluminum 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb Apply in sufficient water to wet foliage thoroughly.
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations and rates vary. See product labels.
aphids *bifenthrin WSB 6.4–32.0 oz
endosulfan 50WP 1.0 lb
3EC 1.3 qt
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt
aphids
cyclamen mite
leafhoppers
spider mite
strawberry leafroller
Use one of the insecticides that would be
used at the same time for bearing
beds.
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.
Two aphicide treatments in spring before bloom
and two in fall before mulching help control
strawberry viruses in new and bearing fields.
If cyclamen mites are a problem, make a separate
application of endosulfan 3EC at 2.66 qt/a (or 50WP
at 4 lb) under high pressure and high gallonage
(400 gal/a).
If leafrollers are a problem, apply carbaryl at the
rates listed under After Harvest.
For spider mites, apply *abamectin 0.15EC at 16 fl
oz/a or fenbutatin-oxide 50WP at 1.5–2.0 lb/a or
*fenpropathrin 2.4EC at 16–21.3 fl oz/a.

Strawberry Weed Management
A successful weed management program depends on the integration
of mechanical and chemical methods. Not all weeds that occur in
strawberry plantings in Wisconsin are controllable with herbicides.
Additionally, repeated use of the same herbicide on the same field
growing the same crop may lead to weed resistance. In these cases
mechanical means such as cultivation, hand pulling, and hoeing are
necessary. Rotation of strawberries with crops that require different
herbicides and cultivation practices should result in better weed
management. Weeds cause a multitude of problems in strawberry
production, including—
• increased cost of irrigation and fertilizers due to increased
competition,
• lowered berry yields and quality,
• harvesting is more difficult and less enjoyable for customers,
• increased difficulty implementing nutrient management and
integrated pest management,
• interference with spray applications,
• act as alternate hosts for a variety of diseases, and
• provide a haven for undesirable insects.
Weeds and weed seeds are always present. If no control measures are
taken, the size and number of weeds will always increase as the
growing season progresses. The following strategies help to effectively
control weeds:
• Use well-adapted, vigorous cultivars.
• Plant narrower row spacings and adjust plant densities.
• Encourage rapid stand establishment.
• Plan shorter crop rotations.
• Use clean, weed-seed-free mulches such as rye straw.
• Always scout for new weeds or “outbreaks” of common weeds in
your fields. Document them on a map.
• Clean farm equipment between fields (an excellent practice for
insect and disease control as well).
• Maintain good berry crop health.
• Choose the correct herbicide for the situation. Accurately calibrate
the sprayer and apply the appropriate labeled rate for the soil type
and weed pressure level.
• Mow or treat weeds on the field edge before they go to seed.
Eliminate perennial weeds such as quackgrass, thistles, dandelions, and
dock the year before planting strawberries by using smother crops;
summer fallow; non-residual, systemic herbicides; and cultivated
agronomic row crops. Rye, for example, is an ideal crop to plant prior to
strawberries. It is sufficiently aggressive to outcompete most weeds but
also has allelopathic effects to suppress emerged and germinating
weeds. Rye used as a winter mulch is also desirable for strawberry
culture.
25

26
HERBICIDE USE Before using an herbicide, read and follow the label directions! Herbicides are
registered for use on specific crops. Use only registered materials. The
container label gives detailed instructions for safe use. Herbicide
effectiveness depends on application rate, method, soil temperature,
soil moisture, soil texture and organic matter, target weed species, and
rainfall and weather conditions following herbicide application.
Cultivate throughout the first season and renovate after harvest in
subsequent seasons to reduce your herbicide needs. Growers using an
herbicide for the first time or using an herbicide on a new cultivar
should limit the treated area until they are familiar with the herbicide’s
effectiveness and crop safety at that location. Apply herbicides with a
boom sprayer and flat fan nozzles at 15–30 psi pressure. Calibrate
sprayers to deliver 10–40 gal/a of finished spray solution unless
otherwise stated on the label. Calibrate equipment at least once each
season. Uniform and controlled application is essential. As part of the
calibration process, adjust boom/nozzle height in order to obtain the
correct overlap of adjacent nozzle spray patterns for uniform delivery
(800 nozzles should be closer to target than 600 nozzles). Clean sprayers
after use to prolong equipment life.
The weed management schedules in table 8 list herbicides that are
registered for use on strawberries in Wisconsin. Products are listed
alphabetically and represent treatment options for each period
covered. The inclusion of product names is not an endorsement of a
particular manufacturer’s brand.
2,4-D amine formulation There are many 2,4-D formulations on the market. Not all are labeled for
use on strawberry. Examine the label to make sure that your
formulation is labeled for use on strawberry. Make sure your supplier
knows you need 2,4-D for use on strawberry and use only approved
formulations. Do not use ester formulations.
Chateau (flumioxazin) Chateau is registered with a supplemental label that must be in the
user’s possession at the time of application. Also, follow all directions,
restrictions, and precautions on the main EPA registered label plus the
supplemental label. Chateau is a broad-spectrum herbicide with
primarily preemergent action, but with some post-emergent activity as
well. Three use patterns are allowed for strawberries in Wisconsin.
Chateau is a long-acting herbicide that should control weeds from
application through harvest. It is a good alternative to continued use of
Sinbar. Using Chateau in early spring and Sinbar at renovation should
provide season-long control. Further, Chateau and Sinbar have very
different modes of action so developing resistance is less likely.
Dacthal (DCPA) On sandy soils, Dacthal provides fair to good control of annual grasses
and some broadleaf species. It gives poor control of most broadleaves,
particularly on heavier soils. Dacthal can be applied to young plants
with little danger of crop injury. However, soil must have been recently
tilled for Dacthal to be effective.
Devrinol (napropamide) Devrinol is a preemergent herbicide that provides good control of
many annual grasses, chickweed, pigweed, and purslane. This product is
difficult to keep in suspension, so maintain good agitation in the spray
tank during application. Devrinol must be watered in within 24 hours.
Fusilade (fluazifop-P-butyl),
Poast (sethoxydim),
Select (clethodim)
Fusilade, Poast, and Select Max are effective only against grass weeds.
They will not control sedges or rushes even though these weeds may
look like grasses or have a “grass” common name. Check the product

label for specific instructions on stage of grass development for best
control. Check the label for adjuvant requirements.
Gramoxone Inteon (paraquat) This restricted-use herbicide is labeled for strawberries as a directed
spray for between-row application. You must use a shielded sprayer set
to treat only the area between rows.
Prowl H 2O
(pendimethalin)
Prowl H 2O is available in 2009 with a supplemental label that must be in
the possession of the user at the time of pesticide application. Stunting,
reduced growth, or reduction in daughter plants may occur with this
use. This herbicide controls several grass and broadleaf weeds. Read
and follow all instructions and restrictions on the main label before
using.
Sinbar (terbacil) Sinbar is a long-residual material on heavier soils. Repeated use on the
same field may build up injurious residues. Determine the appropriate
rate of Sinbar for your soil, crop growth stage, and cultivar combination
(see below). To improve long-term weed control, alternate use with
different herbicides. Remember, Sinbar has a 110-day preharvest
interval.
Some cultivars such as Annapolis, Cavendish, and Glooscap are
particularly susceptible to Sinbar injury. When treating new cultivars
treat a small area first and evaluate for phytotoxicity before treating
the entire planting. Do not apply Fusilade with wetting agents or 2,4-D
within 2 weeks of a Sinbar treatment to avoid risk of severe crop injury.
While Sinbar is an effective herbicide, growers should understand that
the potential for phytotoxicity exists and should take every precaution
to avoid plant injury.
27

Table 8. Weed management for strawberries
Timing Commercial product, rate/acre Active ingredient, rate/acre Remarks
NONBEARING BEDS
Preplant Control weeds mechanically and plant in a weed-free field.
Control perennial weeds the year before planting.
Early spring
(at planting)
Late spring
28
Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxazin, 0.096 lb Preemergence. For strawberries grown on plastic only. Apply
a minimum of 30 days before transplanting and before plastic
mulch is laid. This will have limited applicability in Wisconsin.
You must have the supplemental label in your possession at
application.
Dacthal W-75, 12.0 lb DCPA, 9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied in early spring or late fall. Can
be lightly incorporated. Most active against annual grasses.
Fusilade DX, 1.0–1.5 pt fluazifop-P-butyl,
0.25–0.38 lb
Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt pendimethalin,
0.7–1.4 lb
Postemergence. Apply to actively growing grasses before
June 1. Do not apply closer than 1 year before harvest.
Use rate varies by soil type. Apply as a broadcast spray to
the soil surface before or after transplanting. A second
application may be made in a band to the soil between crop
rows up to 35 days before harvest. Do not concentrate the
rate per acre into the treated area and do not allow spray to
contact strawberry plants. Do not exceed 6.0 pt/a per season.
Do not apply post-transplant if new foliage from rootstock is
exposed to spray. Stunting, reduced growth, or reduction in
daughter plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label
expires on December 31, 2009.
Sinbar 80WP, 2.0–6.0 oz terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb Preemergence. Apply 2–3 oz/a immediately after
transplanting. Apply 2–6 oz/a in late summer or early fall.
Individual application and maximum total annual use rates
vary by soil type. See label for details. If strawberry plants
are allowed to develop new foliage or are not dormant at the
application time, the application must be followed by 0.5 to
1.0 inch of irrigation or rainfall to wash the Sinbar off the
strawberry foliage. Otherwise, severe injury may result.
Precise calibration and application are essential or plants
may be injured. Frequent, repeated applications on longterm
plantings are discouraged.
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by directing spray between the rows
using shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as injury or
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three
applications per year. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest.
Select Max,
annual grasses:
9.0–16.0 fl oz
perennial grasses:
12.0–16.0 fl oz
clethodim,
annual grasses:
0.068–0.121 lb
perennial grasses:
0.091–0.121 lb
Midsummer Continue shallow cultivation.
Postemergence. Effective only against actively growing
grasses. Rate is determined by grass species and growth
stage—see the label for details. Do not exceed 16 oz in a
single application. If needed, wait at least 14 days before
making a second application. Always include nonionic
surfactant at 0.25% v/v.
Scythe, 1%–10% solution pelargonic acid Postemergence. Selective only by selective application. Will
burn down any green tissue. Scythe is not systemic and won’t
completely kill most weeds, but it will burn off the sprayed
foliage. Best applied as a spot treatment or with a shielded
sprayer. See the product label for specific rate suggestions.

Table 8. Weed management for strawberries (continued)
Timing Commercial product, rate/acre Active ingredient, rate/acre Remarks
NONBEARING BEDS (continued)
Late fall
(Oct. 15–Nov. 1)
BEARING BEDS
Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxazin, 0.096 lb Apply in late fall after strawberry plants are fully dormant. This
treatment should provide control through harvest the following
year. You must have the supplemental label in your possession
at application. See label for maximum annual use rate.
Dacthal W-75, 8.0–12.0 lb DCPA, 6.0–9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied in early spring or late fall. Can
be lightly incorporated with irrigation, rainfall, or tillage. Most
active against annual grasses.
Devrinol
10G, 40.0 lb; or
50DF, 8.0 lb
napropamide, 4.0 lb Preemergence. A fall application should provide weed
control until after fruit production the following year. Devrinol
is inactivated by sunlight (ultraviolet), so field must receive
1/2 inch of irrigation or rainfall within 24 hours of treatment.
Devrinol may inhibit runner rooting.
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by directing spray between the rows
using shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as injury or
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three
applications per year.
Sinbar 80WP, 2.0–4.0 oz terbacil, 0.1–0.2 lb Preemergence. Individual application and maximum annual
use rates vary by soil type and application timing. See label
for details. Apply before putting on winter mulch.
See comments on Sinbar above.
Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt pendimethalin,
0.7–1.4 lb
Early spring 2,4-D amine 2,4-D (rate varies
by label)
May be applied during fall or winter dormancy, prior to onset
of new seasonal growth. Do not apply if new seasonal growth
(leaves) have emerged or are exposed. Use rate varies by soil
type. Do not exceed 6.0 pt/a per season. Do not apply within
35 days of harvest. Stunting, reduced growth, or reduction in
daughter plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label
expires December 31, 2009.
Postemergence. Apply before the strawberry plants have
made much new growth if dandelions are present in great
numbers. Choose a nonwindy day for this application. Use low
pressure and large droplet size to minimize herbicide drift.
Temporary distortion of strawberry plants may occur.
Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxazin, 0.096 lb Preemergence. Treat in early spring to fully dormant strawberry
plants to prevent crop injury. Should provide control
through harvest. Rotate with other chemistries at renovation.
You must have the supplemental label in your possession at
application. See label for maximum annual use rate.
Dacthal W-75, 8.0–12.0 lb DCPA, 6.0–9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied in early spring or late fall. Can
be lightly incorporated. Most active against annual grasses.
Devrinol
10G, 40.0 lb; or
50DF, 8.0 lb
napropamide, 4.0 lb Preemergence. If either Devrinol or Sinbar was applied in the fall,
don’t use additional herbicides in the spring. If neither product
was applied in the fall, an application may be made
immediately after mulch removal in the spring. Because this
herbicide is inactivated by sunlight (ultraviolet), the treated
field must have 1/2 inch of irrigation or rainfall within 24 hours
after treatment. This treatment should give full-season control
of most annual weeds. Runner rooting may be inhibited.
29

Table 8. Weed management for strawberries (continued)
Timing Commercial product, rate/acre Active ingredient, rate/acre Remarks
BEARING BEDS (continued)
Late spring Poast, 1.5–2.5 pt sethoxydim,
0.3–0.5 lb
Midsummer
30
Postemergence. Apply if grass weeds are numerous. Does not
control broadleaf weeds. Do not apply within 7 days of
harvest. Add surfactant according to label directions. For
maximum effectiveness, grasses must be actively growing.
Annual grasses must be 3–8 inches tall, perennial grasses 4–8
inches tall, and quackgrass 6–8 inches tall at application.
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by directing spray between the rows
using shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as injury or
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three
applications per year. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest.
Select Max,
annual grasses:
9.0–16.0 fl oz
perennial grasses:
12.0–16.0 fl oz
2,4-D amine
+ renovation
2,4-D amine
+ renovation
+ Sinbar 80WP, 2.0–6.0
oz
renovation
+ Sinbar 80WP, 2.0–6.0 oz
renovation
+ Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt
renovation
+ Ultra Blazer, 0.5–1.5 pt
clethodim,
annual grasses:
0.068–0.121 lb
perennial grasses:
0.091–0.121 lb
2,4-D (rate varies by
label) + renovation
2,4-D (rate varies by
label) + renovation
+ terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb
renovation
+ terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb
renovation
+ pendimethalin,
0.7–1.4 lb
renovation +
acifluorfen,
0.125–0.375 lb
Postemergence. Effective only against actively growing
grasses. Rate is determined by grass species and growth
stage. See the label for details. Do not exceed 16 oz in a single
application. If needed, wait at least 14 days before making a
second application. Always include nonionic surfactant at
0.25% v/v.
Apply 5–7 days before mowing the planting for broadleaf
weed control. Renovation is the best time to control
dandelions. See comments on 2,4-D above. Apply no later
than August 15.
Apply 2,4-D 5–7 days before mowing the planting for
broadleaf weed control. Apply Sinbar after mowing and
renovation before new growth begins. Individual application
and maximum annual use rates vary by soil type. See label for
details. See comments on 2,4-D and Sinbar above.
Apply after mowing and renovation before new growth
begins. Individual application and maximum annual use rates
vary by soil type. See label for details. See comments on
Sinbar above.
May be applied to perennial strawberries after renovation
when no foliage is exposed, but prior to onset of new seasonal
growth. Do not apply if new seasonal growth (leaves) have
emerged or are exposed. Use rate varies by soil type. Do not
exceed 6.0 pt/a per season. Do not apply within 35 days of
harvest. Stunting, reduced growth, or reduction in daughter
plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label expires
December 31, 2009.
For postemergence control of several broadleaf weeds in
perennial strawberry production. May be applied following
bed renovation. A second application may be made when the
plants are dormant during late fall. See label for required
additives. Do not apply the last application within 120 days of
strawberry harvest. Do not apply more than 3 pt/a per
season. Restricted entry interval is 48 hours.
Late fall Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxazin, 0.096 lb Apply in late fall after strawberry plants are fully dormant.
This treatment should provide control through harvest the
following year. You must have the supplemental label in your
possession at application. See label for maximum annual rate.
Dacthal W-75, 8.0–12.0 lb DCPA, 6.0–9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied in early spring or late fall. Can
be lightly incorporated. Most active against annual grasses.
Devrinol
10G, 40.0 lb; or
50DF, 8.0 lb
napropamide, 4.0 lb Preemergence. Use as indicated under the fall application for
new plantings. See comments on Devrinol above.

Table 8. Weed management for strawberries (continued)
Timing Commercial product, rate/acre Active ingredient, rate/acre Remarks
BEARING BEDS (continued)
Late fall
(continued)
Sinbar 80WP, 2.0–6.0 oz terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb Preemergence. Use as indicated under the fall application for
new plantings. Do not apply if Sinbar was used at renovation.
See comments on Sinbar above.
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by directing spray between the rows
using shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as injury or
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three
applications per year.
Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt pendimethalin,
0.7–1.4 lb
*Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.
May be applied during fall or winter dormancy, prior to onset
of new seasonal growth. Do not apply if new seasonal growth
(leaves) have emerged or are exposed. Use rate varies by soil
type. Do not exceed 6.0 pt/a per season. Do not apply within
35 days of harvest. Stunting, reduced growth, or reduction in
daughter plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label
expires December 31, 2009.
31

32
Raspberry Disease Management
Cane diseases, Verticillium wilt, and gray mold are the more important
fungal diseases that affect raspberries in Wisconsin. Viral diseases, such
as crumbly berry and mosaic, are apparently widespread in Wisconsin
and may be the limiting factor for raspberry production in older
plantings. Accurate diagnosis of a disease problem is essential before
effective disease management can be implemented.
Bear in mind that several important diseases of raspberry, including
Verticillium wilt and viral diseases, cannot be controlled with
fungicides. While certain cultivars of raspberry are notably susceptible
to some diseases, cultivars that are highly resistant to the most
important diseases in Wisconsin have not been identified. These facts
underscore the importance of sanitation and cultural practices in
managing diseases of raspberry.
FUNGICIDE UPDATE In recent years there have been several changes in fungicides registered
on raspberry and other brambles. Always read labels carefully to be
certain that the product formulation is registered on the type of
bramble or “caneberry” crop you wish to treat.
Myclobutanil fungicide previously was sold for use on fruit crops under
the trade name “Nova” and now is sold under the trade name “Rally.”
The formulation is identical, and use recommendations on strawberry
and raspberry, including rates and timing, have not changed. Growers
may continue to use existing stocks of Nova according to that product’s
label. Myclobutanil is especially effective in controlling rust diseases of
brambles.
Azoxystrobin fungicide previously was marketed to strawberry and
raspberry growers under the trade name “Quadris” and now is
marketed as “Abound.” Existing stocks of Quadris may be used on
strawberry and raspberry only if you hold the original label listing these crops.
Quadris is still labeled and marketed for use on many vegetable crops,
but newly purchased Quadris may not be used on strawberries or
raspberries. Abound is effective in controlling several diseases of
raspberry, including anthracnose, spur blight, leaf spot, rusts, and
powdery mildew.
Abound and Quadris both are highly toxic to certain apple varieties,
especially McIntosh and related varieties. Even a small amount of
Abound or Quadris, such as spray drift or spray tank residue, is toxic to
apple leaves and fruit. Therefore, these products are not recommended
for berry growers who also grow apples.
Orbit (propiconazole) is an older fungicide that only recently has been
labeled for use on strawberry and raspberry. Propimax is another brand
of propiconazole; it is registered on raspberry and other “caneberries”
and “bushberries,” but not on strawberry. Orbit and Propimax are in the
same class of fungicides as myclobutanil (Nova, Rally). On raspberry
these fungicides are labeled for control of Septoria leaf spot, rusts, and
powdery mildew.
Various phosphorous acid products (also called phosphites or
phosphonates) are registered on fruit crops. These are related to
fosetyl-aluminum (Aliette), which has been used to control
Phytophthora pathogens of small fruits for years. On raspberry, these
products are used to control Phytophthora root rot. Because these

products are taken up through leaves and then transported to roots,
they require thorough wetting of foliage.
Several highly effective fungicides can manage the most important
diseases in Wisconsin. Many newer products are considered “reducedrisk”
because of their relatively low toxicity to humans and wildlife.
However, many are also at great risk of having fungal pathogens
develop resistance to them. Most product labels include
recommendations for resistance management, including limits on the
number of sprays per season or number of consecutive sprays of a
“resistance group.” Most labels specify a resistance group number,
based on a fungicide’s mode of action and chemical class. For the
purpose of resistance management, fungicides in the same resistance
group are considered identical. For example, Abound is in resistance
group 11. One component of Pristine is also a group 11 fungicide.
Therefore, Abound and Pristine are equivalent in a resistance
management program.
PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION Soil fumigation reduces the populations of soilborne fungi and
nematodes and should be considered when establishing a planting if
fruit or vegetable crops have previously been grown on the site. Most
fumigants are restricted-use pesticides and may be applied only by
certified applicators.
FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Many fungicides are specific in the way they kill fungi. This specific
nature is good in that non-target, beneficial microorganisms are often
spared, but bad in that disease-causing fungi can readily develop
resistance to the fungicide. To prevent the development of fungicideresistant
pathogens, never use Elevate, Rovral, Nova, Cabrio, or Pristine
exclusively in a season-long program. Also, try to reduce the total
number of fungicide applications . See product labels for specific
recommendations on resistance management.
DISEASE NOTES
Gray mold
(Botrytis fruit rot)
Gray mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, can cause losses in the
field and limits the postharvest storage life of berries to just a few days.
Cultural practices that promote rapid drying of plants will help prevent
gray mold. The most critical time for fungicide application is during
bloom, since the fungus can infect flowers and then remain “dormant”
until fruit ripen. Make the first application when about 5–10% of the
flowers are open and a second application during full bloom. If you
have different cultivars that bloom at different times, treat them
separately.
Cane diseases Cane blight, spur blight, and anthracnose are caused by fungi that
overwinter on dead canes. Therefore, removing canes from the site
reduces the inoculum available for the following year. If this is
impractical, then chopping canes with a flail mower will accelerate their
decomposition and prevent the fungi from overwintering. Cultural
practices that promote air circulation and drying of foliage, such as
narrowing rows and maintaining proper cane density within rows, will
also deter these diseases. Liquid lime sulfur applied when buds show
1/4–1/2 inch green will kill inoculum that has overwintered. If applied
later, however, lime sulfur can damage the plants.
Fire blight Fire blight on raspberry is caused by the same bacterial species (Erwinia
amylovora) that causes fire blight on apple and pear. However, the
strains that infect apple and pear will not infect raspberry and vice
versa. Infected canes become blackened as though scorched by fire and
33

34
bend over to form a “shepherd’s crook”. Blighted flowers and immature
fruits are brown to black and shriveled. Pruning out infections may help
reduce the spread of fire blight. Make cuts at least 12 inches below the
lowest visible symptoms. Sterilize tools by immersing them for 30
seconds in a solution of 1 part household bleach plus 9 parts water. Fire
blight has been observed throughout the state and on most of the
popular cultivars including Boyne, Heritage, and Latham.
Viral diseases Several different diseases caused by viruses have been reported in
Wisconsin. There are no chemical controls to treat these diseases, so
sanitation and managing the nematodes and insects that carry the
diseases are essential. The nematode Xiphinema 34mericana spreads
tomato ringspot virus, the cause of crumbly berry. If soil samples test
positive for this nematode, soil should be fumigated (see above) the fall
before spring planting. Viral diseases can be avoided by purchasing
virus-free stock from a reputable nursery and planting raspberries at
least 500 feet away from existing wild or old cultivated raspberries.
Phytophthora root rot Several species of Phytophthora, a soilborne, fungus-like organism, cause
root rot of raspberry. Above-ground symptoms include weak, stunted
canes; small, off-color leaves; or complete decline and death of canes.
Roots, crowns, and the lower portion of canes are rotted and typically
reddish-brown. Planting in well-drained soil is the most important
cultural practice for preventing Phytophthora diseases. Planting on
raised beds or installing drainage tile will improve water movement
from roots. The cultivars Titan and Hilton are highly susceptible;
Festival, Heritage, Reveille, and Taylor are moderately to highly
susceptible; and Latham is relatively resistant.
Rust diseases Late leaf rust occurs on red and purple raspberries but not on black
raspberries or blackberries. The fungus that causes late leaf rust spends
part of its life cycle on white spruce. In early summer, spores are
released from spruce trees and carried by wind to raspberry leaves.
Spores produced on raspberry leaves can re-infect raspberry late into
the season. Orange rust is potentially more devastating than late leaf
rust. However, it does not affect red raspberry. The orange rust fungus
becomes systemic in the plant and greatly reduces vigor and crop yield.

Raspberry Insect Management
Several insect and mite pests can attack Wisconsin raspberry plantings.
Most of these pests do not occur every year or in every location, but
they do show up on occasion. The occurrence of native and escaped
wild brambles in the state offers ideal food and habitat for all pests
that attack raspberries, and when large populations build up on these
wild plants, they readily invade cultivated plantings. Eliminating wild
brambles and unproductive plantings within 1,000 ft of the cultivated
canes will greatly reduce insect attack. In isolated areas it may be
possible to grow raspberries for several years without noticeable insect
damage, and some growers do not regularly use insecticides. However,
in most locations it will be necessary to control some insect pests
almost every year for maximum productivity.
Some occasional minor raspberry pests, such as cane maggot and tree
crickets, are not specifically covered in the spray table. A routine spray
program usually eliminates these minor pest problems, but occasional
specific controls may be necessary. Growers should inspect their
plantings frequently for early detection of potential pest problems.
INSECTICIDE UPDATE United Phosphorous, Inc. (UPI) registered the active ingredient
acetamiprid on raspberry under the trade name Assail. This product is in
the neonicotinoid insecticide class. Two formulations are registered: 30
SG which is a 30% active ingredient soluble granule and 70 WP which is
a 70% active ingredient wettable powder. On raspberry these products
are registered for the control of tarnished plant bug, aphids, thrips,
leafhoppers, and Japanese beetle. Both have a 12 hour restricted entry
interval (REI) and a 1 day preharvest interval (PHI). The 1 day PHI means
that you must suspend picking for at least 24 hours if an application is
necessary during harvest. See table 9 for application rates.
Dow AgroSciences has registered a chemically modified and more
insecticidally active product in its line of spinosyn insecticides.
Spinetoram carries the trade name Delegate on raspberry. It is a 25%
WG (water-dispersible granules) formulation. It is registered for
controlling leafrollers, loopers, raspberry fruitworm, and raspberry
sawfly. It has a 4 hour restricted entry interval (REI) and a 1 day
preharvest interval (PHI). The short PHI may be useful when pests move
into the crop during harvest since picking would be halted for only one
day. For best results, use this product when larvae are very young, so
monitor pest activity regularly to detect newly developing infestations.
Refer to table 9 for application rates. Delegate will likely replace
spinosad (SpinTor) in conventional production systems, but the organic
certified formulation of spinosad, called Entrust, will remain available.
FMC suspended its registration of Capture (bifenthrin) on raspberry, but
the same active ingredient is still available under the trade name
Brigade. The two formulations available for use are WSB (a 10% active
ingredient water soluble bag formulation) and 2 EC (2 lb/gal
emulsifiable concentrate). The water soluble bags are designed to be
added to the spray tank intact, and it is against labeling to open them.
Each bag contains 0.5 lb of formulated Brigade, enough to treat one
acre at the low label rate and one half acre at the maximum label rate. If
you have less than one half acre of raspberries the 2 EC formulation
may be a better option than the WSB formulation. Brigade is a
restricted use insecticide.
35

Table 9. Spray schedule for raspberries
When to spray Problem Treatment a Formulation Rate/acre Remarks
BUD BREAK
(new shoots showing
1/4–1/2 inch green)
36
anthracnose
cane blight
spur blight
Phytophthora
root rot
PREBLOOM Diseases
(blossom buds showing;
new canes 6–10 inches tall)
anthracnose,
cane blight,
spur blight
rust diseases,
powdery mildew
Insects
copper hydroxide 24% F 2.66 pt
35% DF 1.5–3.0 lb
copper sulfate 53% WP 4.0–5.0 lb
lime sulfur see remarks
Bud break is the most important spray for these
diseases. Thorough coverage is essential; apply in
enough water to thoroughly wet canes. Sprays
applied after shoots are longer than 3/4 inch may
burn foliage.
Apply lime sulfur at a ratio of 10 gal/100 gal spray
solution or 10–20 gal/a.
fosetyl-aluminum 80WDG 5.0 lb Use enough water to wet foliage but no more than
100 gal/a. Apply after bud break and repeat at 45-
to 60-day intervals for up four applications. Do not
apply within 60 days of harvest.
mefenoxam Gold EC 0.25 pt/1,000
ft of row
Gold GR 5.0 lb/1,000
ft of row
Apply in 3-ft bands over rows. See label for details.
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations and rates vary. See product labels.
azoxystrobin F 6.0–15.5 fl oz
Captevate 3.5 lb
copper hydroxide 35% DF 1.5–3.0 lb
copper sulfate 53% WP 4.0 lb
Pristine 18.5–23.0 oz
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz
pyraclostrobin EG 14.0 oz
azoxystrobin F 6.0–15.5 fl oz
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz
Cover new growth thoroughly. Some cultivars may
be sensitive to copper; discontinue use if plant
injury occurs.
Begin applications when disease first appears and
repeat at 10–14 day intervals. Do not apply more
than 10 oz/a per year.
cane borers Remove and destroy infested canes.
leafrollers *bifenthrin WSB 8.0-16.0 oz
2EC 3.2–6.4 fl oz
carbaryl b 80S 1.25–2.5 lb
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt
*diazinon 50WP 2.0 lb
4EC 2.0 pt
*esfenvalerate Asana XL 4.8–9.6 fl oz
spinetoram WG 3.0-6.0 oz
spinosad Entrust 1.25–2.0 oz
SpinTor 4.0–6.0 fl oz
2SC
tebufenozide 2F 16.0 fl oz
raspberry crown
borer
*bifenthrin WSB 16.0 oz
2EC 6.4 oz
raspberry fruitworm *diazinon 50WP 2.0 lb
4EC 2.0 pt
spinetoram WG 3.0-6.0 oz
spinosad Entrust 1.25–2.0 oz
SpinTor 4.0–6.0 fl oz
2SC
*Esfenvalerate is a bee repellant—do not use within 7
days before bloom.
Apply a drench of at least 100 gal/acre. Brigade
labels recommend at least 200-400 gals/acre as a
drench for controlling raspberry crown borer. If
applying a prebloom drench, it is prohibited to also
apply a prebloom foliar application of any
*bifenthrin product. Crown borer treatment can also
be made in the fall.

Table 9. Spray schedule for raspberries (continued)
When to spray Problem Treatment a Formulation Rate/acre Remarks
PREBLOOM (continued) Insects
EARLY BLOOM Diseases
raspberry sawfly *diazinon 50WP 2.0 lb
4EC 2.0 pt
malathion c 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb
8F, 8EC 1.0–2.0 qt
spinetoram WG 3.0-6.0 oz
spinosad Entrust 1.25–2.0 oz
SpinTor 4.0–6.0 fl oz
2SC
(5–10% of blossoms open) gray mold Captevate 3.5 lb
fenhexamid 50WDG 1.5 lb
iprodione 50WP 1.0–2.0 lb
4F 1.0–2.0 pt
Pristine 18.5–23.0 oz
anthracnose,
cane blight,
spur blight
FULL BLOOM Diseases
AFTER BLOOM Diseases
azoxystrobin F 6.0–15.5 fl oz
copper hydroxide 35% DF 1.5–3.0 lb
copper sulfate 53% WP 4.0 lb
Pristine 18.5–23.0 oz
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz
pyraclostrobin EG 14.0 oz
powdery mildew azoxystrobin F 6.0–15.5 fl oz
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz
Pristine 18.5–23.0 oz
sulfur 81–92% WP see remarks
Insects Do not apply insecticide during bloom.
gray mold and other
fruit rots
Any of the fungicides listed for gray mold
under Early Bloom.
Insects Do not apply insecticide during bloom.
anthracnose
cane blight
spur blight
fruit rots
powdery mildew
Any of the fungicides listed for these
diseases under Early Bloom.
Any of the fungicides listed for
gray mold under Early Bloom.
Any of the fungicides listed for powdery
mildew under Early Bloom.
rust diseases azoxystrobin F 6.0–15.5 fl oz
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz
Insects
aphids
leafhoppers
thrips
acetamiprid 30 SG 2.5-5.3 oz
70 WP 1.0-2.3 oz
*diazinon 50WP 2.0 lb
4EC 2.0 pt
malathion c 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb
8F, 8EC 1.0–2.0 qt
leafrollers Any of the insecticides listed for
leafrollers under Prebloom.
mites *bifenthrin WSB 16 oz
2EC 6.4 fl oz
To avoid selecting resistant strains of fungi, use these
products judiciously (see “Fungicide Resistance”).
Captevate has a 72-hour REI.
Do not apply sulfur when temperatures exceed 85–
90°F. Caution: sulfur may injure some cultivars.
Cover sprays should be applied at approximately
14-day intervals up to harvest as needed and are
most important during cool, wet seasons.
Do not exceed four applications of either
pyraclostrobin or iprodione per year.
Captevate has a 72-hour REI.
Aphids can also be controlled with *esfenvalerate at
the rate of 4.8-9.6 fl oz/a Asana XL.
See remarks for leafrollers under Prebloom.
*Bifenthrin has a 3-day PHI.
37

Table 9. Spray schedule for raspberries (continued)
When to spray Problem Treatment a Formulation Rate/acre Remarks
DURING HARVEST Diseases
38
gray mold Any of the fungicides listed for gray mold
under Early Bloom EXCEPT Captevate.
Insects
AFTER HARVEST Diseases
(late summer or early fall) Phytophthora
root rot
See labels for preharvest intervals. Repeat
applications at 7-day intervals as needed.
Captevate has a 3-day PHI.
picnic (sap) beetles malathion c 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb Sap beetles breed in many locations outside
raspberry plantings and can build to large numbers.
Continuous invasion of the planting is likely and
control is difficult. Wait 1 day after spraying malathion
to resume harvest.
fosetyl-aluminum 80WDG 5.0 lb Use enough water to wet foliage but no more than
100 gal/a. Apply in the fall, at least 30 days before
anticipated leaf drop.
mefenoxam Gold EC 0.25 pt/1,000
ft of row
Gold GR 5.0 lb/1,000
ft of row
Apply in 3-ft bands over rows. See label for details.
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations and rates vary. See product labels.
rust diseases azoxystrobin F 6.0–15.5 fl oz
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz
Insects
aphids Any of the insecticides listed for aphids under After Bloom.
mites *bifenthrin WSB 16 oz
2EC 6.4 fl oz
raspberry crown
borer
*bifenthrin WSB 16.0 oz
2EC 6.4 fl oz
*diazinon 50WP 4.0 lb
4EC 2.0 qt
*Bifenthrin has a 3-day PHI.
Apply a drench of at least 100 gal/a before frost
enters the soil (mid-October to early November).
The *bifenthrin label recommends 200–400 gallons of
spray mixture per acre for crown borer.
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.
a On many labels, raspberry falls under the general category called “cane berries.”
b Several liquid formulations of carbaryl also are available; check the label for proper use. Carbaryl may aggravate aphid and spider mite problems.
c EC formulations of malathion also can be used. Several different EC formulations are available.
Refer to the product label to determine correct application rate.

Raspberry Weed Management
Effective weed management in raspberries combines cultivation,
mulches, and herbicides. Weed management is essential to reduce
competition for water, nutrients, and light during the development of
the crop. Weeds can also harbor diseases and insect pests and can
interfere with cultural practices and harvesting.
Eliminate perennial weeds such as quackgrass, thistles, and dock the
year before planting by using smother crops; summer fallow; nonresidual,
systemic herbicides; and cultivated agronomic row crops.
Not all weeds that occur in raspberry plantings in Wisconsin are
controllable with herbicides. Additionally, repeated use of the same
herbicide on the same field growing the same crop may lead to weed
resistance. In these cases mechanical means such as cultivation, pulling,
and hand hoeing are necessary. Mulches can also control annual
weeds. Both organic mulches, such as straw, leaves, sawdust, or wood
chips, and synthetic mulches, such as polyethylene, minimize weed
problems and conserve soil moisture. Young raspberry fields
established with organic mulches typically produce significantly more
canes than unmulched fields. After the establishment year, mulches
may be less beneficial for plants due to rodent problems, higher
disease incidence, and shallow rooting.
You can control weed growth between the rows by planting sod such
as Kentucky bluegrass, perennial rye, or red fescue at the time of
planting. Sod prevents many weeds from growing, and occasional
mowing slows the growth of other weeds. It also reduces dust and soil
compaction, improves field access after rain or irrigation, and. helps
maintain soil structure and organic matter levels.
After planting, shallow cultivation in the plant rows can help reduce
weed problems. Cultivation also serves to keep the rows narrow and to
eliminate excess canes. To reduce the potential for root damage, don’t
cultivate deeper than 2–3 inches. In established plantings, cultivation
should stop before harvest to avoid knocking fruit off the canes.
HERBICIDE USE Chemical weed control in established plantings is of most value in
reducing weed populations in the planting row. Growers using an
herbicide for the first time should limit the treated area until they are
familiar with the herbicide’s effectiveness and crop safety. Sprayers
should be calibrated at least each year.
Young tissue-cultured plants are much more susceptible to herbicide
damage than traditional dormant cane stock. Ideally, avoid using
herbicides on these plants before fall of the establishment year or use
the lowest labeled rates on new plants.
If you are applying herbicides only to the planting row, be sure to
calculate the actual area being sprayed and not the entire planting
area. Otherwise you will overapply, leading to plant injury or death.
Before using a herbicide, read and follow the label directions! Use only
registered materials. Table 10 lists herbicides registered for use on
raspberries in Wisconsin. Products are listed alphabetically and
represent treatment options for each period covered. Inclusion of
product names is not an endorsement of a manufacturer’s brand.
39

Table 10. Weed management for raspberries
40
Scythe provides only “burn-down” of weeds. It acts very quickly but is
not systemic and weeds will often regrow. It may work for spot
treatment or in controlling annual weeds in small patches. It will not
control perennial weeds. Scythe is selective only through selective
application. In raspberries Scythe can be used to burn down excessive
cane growth. Apply before canes become woody.
Timing Commercial product, rate/acre Active ingredient, rate/acre Remarks
NEW PLANTINGS—FIRST SEASON (nonbearing)
Early spring
(planting)
Control weeds mechanically and plant in a weed-free field.
Control perennial weeds the fall before planting.
Midsummer Mulch beds or use shallow cultivation, if necessary.
Fusilade DX, 1.0–1.5 pt fluazifop-P-butyl,
0.25–0.375 lb
Poast, 1.5–2.5 pt sethoxydim,
0.3–0. 5 lb
Postemergence. Do not apply closer than 1 year before
harvest. Only effective against grasses. Add either crop oil to
the extent of 1% of the spray solution or nonionic surfactant at
0.25% of final solution.
Postemergence. Do not apply closer than 45 days before
harvest. Only effective against grasses. Add surfactant
according to label directions. For maximum effectiveness,
grasses must be actively growing and annual grasses must be 3–
8 inches tall, perennial grasses 4–8 inches tall, and quackgrass
6–8 inches tall at time of application.
several formulations clethodim Postemergence. Effective only against actively growing grasses.
Rate is determined by grass species and growth stage. See the
label for details. Check label for adjuvant requirements.
Scythe, 1% or 10% solution pelargonic acid Postemergence. Selective only by selective application. Will
burn down any green tissue. Scythe is not systemic: it won't kill
most weeds, but it will burn off the sprayed foliage. Best
applied as a spot treatment or with a shielded sprayer. See the
product label for specific rate suggestions. Controls excessive
cane growth if applied before canes become woody.
Late fall Princep or Simazine,
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb
NEW PLANTINGS—SECOND SEASON (bearing)
simazine, 2.0–4.0 lb Use rate varies by soil type. Apply 2-4 lb active ingredient (ai)/a
in the spring or apply a split application of 2 lb ai/a in the
spring plus 2 lb ai/a in the fall. Apply in a minimum of 40 gallons
of water per acre. On plantings less than 6 months old, use ½ of
the above rate. Do not apply when fruit is present or illegal
residues may result. See label for maximum annual use and soil
type restrictions.
Early spring Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil 4.0 lb Preemergence. Very late fall or early spring application.
Effective on established quackgrass and dandelions. Apply
when temperatures are below 50°F. Dichlobenil is volatile and
will be lost if soil incorporation does not follow shortly after
application. Sprinkler irrigation or rainfall within hours after
application is very helpful. Effective for 6–8 weeks after
application. Suppression of cane growth may occur following
application. Use if perennial weeds (quackgrass, dock,
bindweed, dandelion) predominate; otherwise use Princep .
Devrinol
10G, 40.0 lb; or
50DF, 8.0 lb
*Gramoxone Inteon,
2.0–4.0 pt
napropamide 4.0 lb Preemergence. Apply before weeds emerge. Because this
herbicide is inactivated by sunlight (ultraviolet), the treated field
must have 1/2 inch of irrigation or rainfall or be mulched within
24 hours after treatment. This treatment should give full-season
control of most annual weeds.
*paraquat, 0.5–1.0 lb Postemergence. Directed spray only. Apply before emergence
of new canes or shoots as injury can occur. Apply as a coarse
spray to avoid crop injury. Add either crop oil concentrate or
nonionic surfactant according to label directions.
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator. (continued)

Table 10. Weed management for raspberries (continued)
Timing Commercial product, rate/acre Active ingredient, rate/acre Remarks
Early spring
(cont.)
Princep or Simazine,
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb
simazine, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Princep above.
Surflan AS, 2.0–4.0 qt oryzalin, 2.0–4.0 lb Preemergence. The area treated must be weed free at
treatment. Not recommended for soils with more than 5%
organic matter.
Midsummer Mulch beds or use shallow cultivation, if necessary.
Poast, 1.0–2.0 pt sethoxydim,
0.19–0.375 lb
See comments on Poast above.
Late fall Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil, 4.0 lb See comments on Casoron above.
BEARING PLANTINGS
Devrinol
10G, 40.0 lb; or
50DF, 8.0 lb
Princep or Simazine,
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb
napropamide, 4.0 lb See comments on Devrinol above.
simazine, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Princep above.
Early spring Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil 4.0 lb See comments on Casoron above.
Devrinol
10G, 40.0 lb; or
50DF, 8.0 lb
Princep or Simazine,
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb
napropamide 4.0 lb See comments on Devrinol above.
simazine, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Princep above.
Sinbar 80WP, 1.0–2.0 lb terbacil, 0.8–1.6 lb Preemergence. A very active herbicide. Do not spray
raspberry foliage or use on eroded areas where subsoil or roots
are exposed. Sinbar has strong residual properties. Treat only
canes established for 1 year or more. Alternate use with other
herbicides. Do not use more often than every other year. Sinbar
has a 70-day preharvest interval.
Solicam DF, 2.5–5.0 lb norflurazon, 2.0–4.0 lb Preemergence. A very active herbicide. Apply to the soil only
in the dormant season. Avoid contact with canes or leaves. Will
control many ungerminated grass and broadleaf weeds. Actual
application rates depend on soil texture, see the label for
details. Canes must be established at least 1 year before
application. May not be used later than 1 year before
replanting. May cause temporary whitening (loss of pigment)
with normal use, especially on coarse-textured soils. Test small
areas before making a general application. May be tank-mixed,
see label for details. Solicam has a 60-day preharvest interval.
Surflan AS, 2.0–4.0 qt oryzalin, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Surflan above.
Midsummer Mulch beds or use shallow cultivation, if necessary.
Poast, 1.0–2.0 pt sethoxydim,
0.19–0.375 lb
See comments on Poast above.
Late fall Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil, 4.0 lb ai See comments on Casoron above.
*Gramoxone Inteon,
2.0–4.0 pt
Princep 4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb
*paraquat, 0.5–1.0 lb See comments on *Gramoxone Inteon above.
simazine, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Princep above.
Sinbar 80WP, 1.0–2.0 lb terbacil, 0.8–1.6 lb See comments on Sinbar above.
Solicam DF, 2.5–5.0 lb norflurazon, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Solicam above.
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.
41

42
ABBREVIATIONS D = dust, G = granules
DF = dry flowable
E or EC = emulsifiable concentrate
F = flowable
LC = liquid concentrate
S = solution or sprayable
SC = soluble concentrate
WP = wettable powder
WEIGHT AND MEASURE
CONVERSIONS
Volume and liquid measure 1 teaspoon = 5 cc
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon = 15 cc
2 tablespoons = 1 fluid ounce = 30 cc
8 fluid ounces = 16 tablespoons = 1 cup = 237 cc
2 cups = 32 tablespoons = 1 pint = 473 cc
2 pints = 64 tablespoons = 1 quart = 946 cc
4 quarts = 256 tablespoons = 1 gallon = 3,785 cc
128 fluid ounces = 1 gallon
Land area measurement 1 square foot = 144 square inches
1 square yard = 9 square feet
1 square rod = 272.25 square feet = 30.25 square yards
1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 4,840 square yards
= 160 square rods = an area of 208.7 feet square
= an area 16.5 feet by 0.5 mile

SPRAY RECORD SHEET
Date
applied
Material
Rate
applied
Variety
Comments (weather conditions, etc.)
43

References to pesticide
products in this publication
are for your convenience
and are not an endorsement
of one product over other
similar products.You are
responsible for using pesticides
according to the manufacturer’s
current label
directions. Follow directions
exactly to protect the environment
and people from
pesticide exposure. Failure to
do so violates the law.
Copyright © 2009 University of Wisconsin-System Board of Regents doing business as the division
of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension. Send inquiries about
copyright permission to: Manager, Cooperative Extension Publishing, 432 N. Lake St., Rm. 231,
Madison, WI 53706.
Authors: Dan Mahr is professor of entomology, Patricia McManus is professor of plant pathology,
Jed Colquhoun is associate professor of horticulture, and Roger Flashinski is pesticide applicator
education specialist in agronomy, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension. Brian R. Smith
is professor of horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin-River Falls and
University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension. Produced by Cooperative Extension
Publishing, University of Wisconsin-Extension.
University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension, in cooperation with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture and Wisconsin counties, publishes this information to further the purpose
of the May 8 and June 30, 1914 Acts of Congress; and provides equal opportunities inemployment
and programming. If you need this material in an alternative format, contact
Cooperative Extension Publishing at 608-262-8067 or the UWEX Affirmative Action Office.
This publication is available from your Wisconsin county Extension office or from Cooperative
Extension Publishing.To order, call toll-free 877-WIS-PUBS (947-7827) or visit our web site at
learningstore.uwex.edu.
A1934 Strawberry and Raspberry Pest Management in Wisconsin—2009 R-1-09