Strawberry and Raspberry Pest Management in Wisconsin
Strawberry and Raspberry Pest Management in Wisconsin
Strawberry and Raspberry Pest Management in Wisconsin
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A1934<br />
<strong>Strawberry</strong> & <strong>Raspberry</strong><br />
<strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong><br />
2009<br />
Dan Mahr<br />
Patricia McManus<br />
Brian R. Smith<br />
Jed Colquhoun<br />
Roger Flash<strong>in</strong>ski
Contents<br />
<strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pest</strong>icides, 1<br />
Integrated <strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong>, 1<br />
Federal <strong>Pest</strong>icide-Use Law, 1<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong>’s Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Certification Program, 1<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong> <strong>Pest</strong>icide Laws <strong>and</strong> Regulations, 2<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icides <strong>and</strong> Community Right-to-Know, 3<br />
Worker Protection St<strong>and</strong>ard (WPS) for Agricultural <strong>Pest</strong>icides, 3<br />
Oral Notification <strong>and</strong> Post<strong>in</strong>g, 4<br />
Restricted Entry Interval (REI), 4<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Tolerance Levels, 4<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Toxicity, 6<br />
Human Poison<strong>in</strong>g, 7<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Safety, 8<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Accidents, 8<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Drift, 9<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icides <strong>and</strong> Groundwater, 10<br />
Calibrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Pest</strong>icide Equipment, 10<br />
Clean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Pest</strong>icide Sprayers, 11<br />
Prepar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Pest</strong>icide Sprayers for Storage, 11<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Disposal, 12<br />
A F<strong>in</strong>al Word, 13<br />
<strong>Strawberry</strong> Disease <strong>Management</strong>, 15<br />
Fungicide Update, 15<br />
Cultivar Selection <strong>and</strong> Cultural Practices, 16<br />
Preplant Soil Fumigation, 17<br />
Disease Notes, 17<br />
<strong>Strawberry</strong> Insect <strong>Management</strong>, 19<br />
Insecticide Update, 19<br />
Insect Notes, 19<br />
<strong>Strawberry</strong> Weed <strong>Management</strong>, 25<br />
Herbicide Use, 26<br />
<strong>Raspberry</strong> Disease <strong>Management</strong>, 32<br />
Fungicide Update, 32<br />
Preplant Soil Fumigation, 33<br />
Fungicide Resistance, 33<br />
Disease Notes, 33<br />
<strong>Raspberry</strong> Insect <strong>Management</strong>, 35<br />
Insecticide Update, 35<br />
<strong>Raspberry</strong> Weed <strong>Management</strong>, 39<br />
Herbicide Use, 39<br />
Spray record sheet, 43<br />
IN THE EVENT OF A PESTICIDE EMERGENCY, REFER TO PAGES 6–8<br />
Not all berry pests will be present or economically important <strong>in</strong> your plant<strong>in</strong>g every year.<br />
Use the enclosed schedules as a guide <strong>in</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g your own pest control program to fit<br />
your specific needs for the 2009 season.<br />
It is important to keep careful records of chemicals used, strengths, amounts applied,<br />
weather conditions, <strong>and</strong> application dates. These records will be useful when plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
your future pest management practices.<br />
Recommendations <strong>in</strong> this publication expire December 31, 2009.
INTEGRATED PEST<br />
MANAGEMENT<br />
FEDERAL<br />
PESTICIDE-USE LAW<br />
WISCONSIN’S TRAINING AND<br />
CERTIFICATION PROGRAM<br />
<strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pest</strong>icides<br />
Controll<strong>in</strong>g a pest is only part of a total pest management program.<br />
<strong>Pest</strong> control is a corrective measure; you use pesticides or some other<br />
control method to reduce a damag<strong>in</strong>g (or potentially damag<strong>in</strong>g) pest<br />
population. <strong>Pest</strong> management, however, <strong>in</strong>cludes preventative<br />
measures as well.<br />
The primary goal of your pest management program is to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><br />
pest damage at an acceptable level. Eradication of pests is rarely<br />
possible <strong>and</strong> rarely feasible. In fact, our attempts at eradication may<br />
create more problems than they solve (pesticide resistance, secondary<br />
pest outbreaks, etc.). <strong>Pest</strong>icides are vital, effective tools for agriculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> for the production of our nation’s food <strong>and</strong> fiber, but they aren’t a<br />
cure-all for all of our pest problems. Rather, they must be viewed <strong>in</strong> the<br />
context of a total pest management program.<br />
Integrated <strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong> (IPM) is the coord<strong>in</strong>ated use of multiple<br />
pest control methods. By becom<strong>in</strong>g familiar with the crop, the pest, <strong>and</strong><br />
all available control tactics, you can develop <strong>and</strong> implement a sound<br />
IPM program that will help you apply pesticides only when necessary.<br />
When Congress amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, <strong>and</strong><br />
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) <strong>in</strong> 1972, it <strong>in</strong>cluded a m<strong>and</strong>ate for the<br />
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to evaluate all new <strong>and</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
pesticide products for potential harm they may cause. It also made it<br />
illegal to use, except as provided by FIFRA, any pesticide <strong>in</strong> a manner<br />
<strong>in</strong>consistent with its label<strong>in</strong>g. Deviations from the label not recognized<br />
by FIFRA are a violation of the law.<br />
The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 strengthens the system<br />
that regulates pesticide residues on food. Recogniz<strong>in</strong>g that pesticide<br />
residues are present <strong>in</strong> more sources than just food, the FQPA sets<br />
limits on the total exposure from residues found <strong>in</strong> food, dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g<br />
water, <strong>and</strong> nondietary sources (such as household, l<strong>and</strong>scape, <strong>and</strong> pet<br />
uses). As a result, the more uses a particular pesticide has, the greater<br />
the chance its total exposure will be met <strong>and</strong>, thus, some or all of its<br />
uses will be canceled.<br />
If, dur<strong>in</strong>g the pesticide registration process, the EPA f<strong>in</strong>ds a product to<br />
generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>jury to the applicator, it will be classified as restricted-use.<br />
Because restricted-use products can be used only by certified<br />
applicators, the FIFRA amendments also called for each state to develop<br />
a program for tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> certify<strong>in</strong>g pesticide applicators. The<br />
certification program is designed to ensure that users of restricted-use<br />
products are properly qualified to h<strong>and</strong>le <strong>and</strong> apply these materials<br />
safely <strong>and</strong> efficiently. A current list of restricted-use pesticides<br />
registered for use <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> may be downloaded from the <strong>Pest</strong>icide<br />
Applicator Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g web site (ipcm.wisc.edu/pat).<br />
In Wiscons<strong>in</strong>, responsibility for tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g lies with the University of<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Extension’s <strong>Pest</strong>icide Applicator Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g (PAT) program,<br />
while actual certification is the responsibility of the Wiscons<strong>in</strong><br />
Department of Agriculture, Trade, <strong>and</strong> Consumer Protection (WDATCP).<br />
The Wiscons<strong>in</strong> <strong>Pest</strong>icide Law requires that all commercial applicators for<br />
hire participate <strong>in</strong> the tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> certification process if they <strong>in</strong>tend to<br />
use any pesticide <strong>in</strong> the state of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>, whether or not it is<br />
1
2<br />
WISCONSIN PESTICIDE LAWS<br />
AND REGULATIONS<br />
restricted-use.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce 1977, the PAT program has tra<strong>in</strong>ed over 201,000 Wiscons<strong>in</strong><br />
applicators <strong>in</strong> the safe h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g of pesticides. The tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g prepares the<br />
applicators for the written certification exam adm<strong>in</strong>istered by the<br />
WDATCP, which enforces Wiscons<strong>in</strong>’s pesticide regulations.<br />
The selection, use, <strong>and</strong> potential risks of pesticides vary depend<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
the method of application <strong>and</strong> what it is you want to protect from<br />
pests. Therefore, there is a separate tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g manual <strong>and</strong> certification<br />
exam for 21 pest control categories, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g categories for:<br />
agricultural producers, the agricultural <strong>in</strong>dustry (10 categories), <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
around commercial <strong>and</strong> residential build<strong>in</strong>gs (6 categories), <strong>in</strong> right-ofway<br />
<strong>and</strong> surface waters (3 categories), <strong>and</strong> preserv<strong>in</strong>g wood.<br />
Certification is valid for 5 years, after which you can recertify by pass<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a new exam that is based on a revised tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g manual.<br />
The regulated community—<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g pesticide manufacturers, dealers,<br />
<strong>and</strong> applicators—strongly support tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> certification as a way to<br />
protect people <strong>and</strong> the environment while ensur<strong>in</strong>g that pesticides<br />
rema<strong>in</strong> an option <strong>in</strong> pest management. Nearly 75% of applicators<br />
surveyed at live tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g sessions said that they have already adopted<br />
or plan to adopt all 24 pesticide use practices listed on the survey as a<br />
direct result of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>’s tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g effort, <strong>and</strong> of the rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
applicators, over 90% said that they plan to adopt at least one<br />
additional use practice. We encourage all applicators to take advantage<br />
of the tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> certification process, whether or not you use<br />
restricted-use pesticides. For more <strong>in</strong>formation about the Wiscons<strong>in</strong><br />
PAT program, contact your county Extension agent or go to their web<br />
site at ipcm.wisc.edu/pat. For <strong>in</strong>formation on Wiscons<strong>in</strong>’s licens<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
certification program, visit datcp.state.wi.us <strong>and</strong> search for “pesticide<br />
certification.”<br />
Operat<strong>in</strong>g under the provisions of the Wiscons<strong>in</strong> <strong>Pest</strong>icide Law <strong>and</strong><br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istrative Rule, Chapter ATCP 29 (Register, May 1998), the WDATCP<br />
has primary responsibility for pesticide use <strong>and</strong> control <strong>in</strong> the state. The<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) has responsibility<br />
for pesticide use <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g “waters of the state,” the control of birds <strong>and</strong><br />
mammals, <strong>and</strong> pesticide <strong>and</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>er disposal. The Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Division<br />
of Emergency <strong>Management</strong> (WDEM) has responsibility for help<strong>in</strong>g<br />
communities evaluate their preparedness for respond<strong>in</strong>g to accidental<br />
releases of hazardous compounds, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g pesticides, under Title III of<br />
SARA. The Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Department of Transportation (WDOT) has<br />
responsibility for regulat<strong>in</strong>g the transportation of pesticides listed as<br />
hazardous materials (shipp<strong>in</strong>g papers, vehicle placard<strong>in</strong>g, etc.) <strong>and</strong> for<br />
issu<strong>in</strong>g commercial driver’s licenses. It is your responsibility to become<br />
familiar with all pert<strong>in</strong>ent laws <strong>and</strong> regulations affect<strong>in</strong>g pesticide use<br />
<strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>.
PESTICIDES AND COMMUNITY<br />
RIGHT-TO-KNOW<br />
WORKER PROTECTION<br />
STANDARD (WPS) FOR<br />
AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES<br />
To help communities evaluate their preparedness for respond<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
chemical spills, Congress passed the Emergency Plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
Community Right-to-Know Act. This law is part of a much larger<br />
legislation called the Superfund Amendments <strong>and</strong> Reauthorization Act<br />
(SARA) <strong>and</strong> is often referred to as Title III of SARA. Title III sets forth<br />
requirements for report<strong>in</strong>g of hazardous substances stored <strong>in</strong> the<br />
community <strong>and</strong> for develop<strong>in</strong>g an emergency response plan.<br />
The first step <strong>in</strong> emergency plann<strong>in</strong>g is to know which chemicals can<br />
cause health problems <strong>and</strong> environmental damage if accidentally<br />
released. The EPA prepared a list of such chemicals <strong>and</strong> called them<br />
extremely hazardous substances. These substances are subject to<br />
emergency plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> the threshold plann<strong>in</strong>g quantity, the smallest<br />
amount of a substance which must be reported. Some of the chemicals<br />
listed are commonly used <strong>in</strong> agricultural production (see table 1).<br />
Table 1. Examples of agricultural chemicals subject to Title III of SARA<br />
Active <strong>in</strong>gredient<br />
Trade name<br />
Threshold plann<strong>in</strong>g quantity<br />
(lb or gal of product)<br />
dimethoate Dimethoate 4EC 125 gal<br />
endosulfan Thiodan 50W 20 lb<br />
paraquat Gramoxone Inteon 5 gal<br />
A complete list of EPA’s extremely hazardous substances is available<br />
from the Local Emergency Plann<strong>in</strong>g Committee <strong>in</strong> your county or from<br />
this EPA web site: www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/epcra.<br />
Any facility, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g farms, that produces, uses, or stores any of these<br />
substances <strong>in</strong> a quantity at or greater than their threshold plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
quantity must notify the WDEM <strong>and</strong> their Local Emergency Plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Committee (LEPC) that it is subject to the emergency plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
notification requirements of Title III of SARA.<br />
In addition to emergency plann<strong>in</strong>g notification, agricultural service<br />
bus<strong>in</strong>esses with one or more employees are subject to two community<br />
right-to-know report<strong>in</strong>g requirements: submission of material safety<br />
data sheets (MSDS) <strong>and</strong> submission of Tier II <strong>in</strong>ventory forms. Tier II<br />
forms request specific <strong>in</strong>formation on each hazardous chemical stored<br />
at or above its threshold.<br />
The federal Worker Protection St<strong>and</strong>ard (WPS) for Agricultural <strong>Pest</strong>icides<br />
took effect January 1, 1995. Its purpose is to reduce the risk of employee<br />
exposure to pesticides. You are subject to the WPS if you have at least<br />
one employee who is <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the production of agricultural plants<br />
<strong>in</strong> a nursery, greenhouse, forest, or farm<strong>in</strong>g operation.<br />
The WPS requires employers to do the follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
• Display pesticide safety <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong> a central location.<br />
• Tra<strong>in</strong> uncertified workers <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>lers on general pesticide safety<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>ciples.<br />
• Provide personal protective cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> equipment to employees.<br />
• Provide a decontam<strong>in</strong>ation site (water, soap, towels, <strong>and</strong> coveralls).<br />
• Provide transportation to an emergency medical facility for<br />
employees who are poisoned or <strong>in</strong>jured by pesticide exposure.<br />
• Provide notification to employees about pesticide applications (see<br />
below).<br />
3
4<br />
ORAL NOTIFICATION<br />
AND POSTING<br />
RESTRICTED ENTRY INTERVAL<br />
(REI)<br />
PESTICIDE<br />
TOLERANCE LEVELS<br />
For more <strong>in</strong>formation about the WPS <strong>and</strong> the tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g requirements for<br />
uncertified workers <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>lers, download the revised 2005 edition of<br />
EPA’s How To Comply manual (www.epa.gov/agriculture/twor.html).<br />
The WPS requires employers to give notice of pesticide applications to<br />
all workers who will be <strong>in</strong> a treated area or walk with<strong>in</strong> 1⁄4 mile of a<br />
treated area dur<strong>in</strong>g the pesticide application or dur<strong>in</strong>g the restricted<br />
entry <strong>in</strong>terval (described below). Notification may either be oral<br />
warn<strong>in</strong>gs or post<strong>in</strong>g of warn<strong>in</strong>g signs at entrances to treated sites; both<br />
are necessary if the label requires dual (oral <strong>and</strong> post<strong>in</strong>g) notification. A<br />
current list of dual-notice pesticides registered for use <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> may<br />
be downloaded from ipcm.wisc.edu/pat.<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong>’s ATCP 29 post<strong>in</strong>g rule is designed to protect the general<br />
public as well as workers. Thus, it requires post<strong>in</strong>g of areas treated with<br />
pesticides hav<strong>in</strong>g a dual notification statement or, for nonagricultural<br />
pesticide applications, if the label prescribes a restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval<br />
for that particular application. Refer to On-Farm Post<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>Pest</strong>icide-<br />
Treated Sites <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> for a flow chart guid<strong>in</strong>g users through a series<br />
of questions to determ<strong>in</strong>e when post<strong>in</strong>g of treated sites is needed,<br />
what warn<strong>in</strong>g sign to use, <strong>and</strong> where the sign should be located. It also<br />
covers the separate post<strong>in</strong>g requirements for chemigation treatments.<br />
This publication is available from your county Extension office or it<br />
may be downloaded from the <strong>Pest</strong>icide Applicator Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g web site<br />
(ipcm.wisc.edu/pat).<br />
There are separate post<strong>in</strong>g requirements for applications <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
chemigation.<br />
A restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval (REI) is the length of time that must expire<br />
after pesticide application before people can safely enter the treated<br />
site without us<strong>in</strong>g personal protective equipment. <strong>Pest</strong>icide residues on<br />
a treated crop or <strong>in</strong> a treated area may pose a significant hazard to<br />
workers or others who enter the area after treatment. Therefore, nearly<br />
all pesticides affected by the WPS (see above) have an REI. Check the<br />
Agricultural Use Requirements section on the label for the specific<br />
restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval for your product. These <strong>in</strong>tervals must be<br />
strictly observed.<br />
In Public Law 518, the Food <strong>and</strong> Drug Adm<strong>in</strong>istration (FDA), a division of<br />
the U.S. Department of Health <strong>and</strong> Human Services, warns “Food<br />
shipments bear<strong>in</strong>g residues of pesticide chemicals <strong>in</strong> excess of<br />
established tolerances will be contrab<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> subject to seizures as<br />
adulterated.” This applies to both raw <strong>and</strong> processed foods.<br />
The amount of pesticide residue <strong>in</strong> or on a food material at harvest<br />
must fall <strong>in</strong>to established tolerances, expressed <strong>in</strong> parts per million<br />
(ppm). The actual amount of pesticide chemical found <strong>in</strong> a food at<br />
harvest depends <strong>in</strong> part on the amount applied to the crop <strong>and</strong> the<br />
length of time s<strong>in</strong>ce the last application. Therefore, growers are<br />
responsible for strictly follow<strong>in</strong>g label <strong>in</strong>formation with regard to<br />
maximum spray dosage <strong>and</strong> the <strong>in</strong>terval between the f<strong>in</strong>al pesticide<br />
application <strong>and</strong> harvest. The FDA advises pesticide users to follow<br />
directions on recently registered labels, so they don’t exceed the<br />
residue tolerances for the specific materials. Use table 3 as a guide to<br />
the <strong>in</strong>terval between the last pesticide application <strong>and</strong> harvest. The<br />
preharvest <strong>in</strong>tervals refer to pesticide use on cranberries only; other<br />
crops may have different <strong>in</strong>tervals. The pesticide label also lists this<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation.
Table 2. Examples of pesticides with restricted entry <strong>and</strong> preharvest <strong>in</strong>tervals<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval (PHI) a <strong>and</strong> limitations<br />
Common name Trade name Restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval Strawberries Raspberries<br />
2,4-D am<strong>in</strong>e several 48 hours — NR<br />
abamect<strong>in</strong> Agri-mek 12 hours 3 days NR<br />
acetamiprid Assail 12 hours 1 day 1 day<br />
acifluorfen Ultra Blazer 48 hours 120 days NR<br />
azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> Abound 4 hours 0 0<br />
bifenthr<strong>in</strong> Brigade 12 hours 0 3 days<br />
captan Captan 50WP, 80WP 24 hours 0 NR<br />
captan + fenhexamid Captevate 24 hours (strawberries)<br />
72 hours (raspberries)<br />
0 3 days<br />
carbaryl Sev<strong>in</strong> when dry 1 day 7 days<br />
chlorpyrifos Lorsban 24 hours 21 days (for prebloom use only) NR<br />
clethodim Select Max 24 hours 4 days nonbear<strong>in</strong>g plants only<br />
copper various varies, see label exempt b exempt b<br />
cyprod<strong>in</strong>il Switch 12 hours 0 NR<br />
DCPA Dacthal 12 hours 45 days NR<br />
diaz<strong>in</strong>on D•z•n Diaz<strong>in</strong>on 14G 12–24 hours c 5 days 7 days<br />
dichlobenil Casoron 12 hours NR —<br />
disulfoton Di-Syston 24 hours nonbear<strong>in</strong>g plants only NR<br />
dod<strong>in</strong>e Syllit 48 hours 14 days NR<br />
endosulfan Phaser, Thiodan 24 hours 4 days (not more than<br />
twice dur<strong>in</strong>g fruit<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
NR<br />
esfenvalerate Asana 12 hours NR 7 days<br />
fenbutat<strong>in</strong>-oxide Vendex 24 hours 1 day NR<br />
fenhexamid Elevate 12 hours 0 0<br />
fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> Danitol 24 hours 2 days NR<br />
fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade DX 12 hours 365 days 365 days<br />
fludioxonil Switch 12 hours 0 NR<br />
flumioxaz<strong>in</strong> Chateau 12 hours — NR<br />
fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um Aliette 12 hours 0 60 days<br />
imidacloprid Admire 2F<br />
12 hours<br />
14 days<br />
—<br />
Provado 1.6F<br />
12 hours<br />
7 days<br />
—<br />
iprodione Rovral 24 hours not after first fruit<strong>in</strong>g flower 0<br />
malathion 12 hours 3 days 1 day<br />
mefenoxam Ridomil Gold 48 hours 0 45 days<br />
methoxyfenozide Intrepid 4 hours 3 days NR<br />
myclobutanil Rally 24 hours 0 0<br />
napropamide Devr<strong>in</strong>ol 24 hours — —<br />
norflurazon Solicam 12 hours NR 60 days<br />
paraquat Gramoxone 24 hours 21 days —<br />
pendimethal<strong>in</strong> Prowl H2O 24 hours 35 days NR<br />
phosphorous acid various 4 hours 0 0<br />
propargite Omite-CR 3 days nonbear<strong>in</strong>g plants only NR<br />
propiconazole d Orbit, Propimax 24 hours 0 30 days<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> Cabrio 24 hours 0 0<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong><br />
+ boscalid<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 12 hours 0 0<br />
pyrethr<strong>in</strong>s when dry 0 0<br />
pyrimethanil Scala 12 hours 1 NR<br />
sethoxydim Poast 12 hours 7 days 45 days<br />
(cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
5
Table 2. Examples of pesticides with restricted entry <strong>and</strong> preharvest <strong>in</strong>tervals (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval (PHI) a <strong>and</strong> limitations<br />
Common name Trade name Restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval Strawberries Raspberries<br />
simaz<strong>in</strong>e Pr<strong>in</strong>cep 4L 12 hours NR —<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram Radiant, Delegate 4 hours 1 day 1 day<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad Entrust, Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor 4 hours 1 day 1 day<br />
sulfur various 24 hours 0 0<br />
tebufenozide Confirm 4 hours NR 14 days<br />
thiophanate-methyl Tops<strong>in</strong>-M 12 hours 1 day NR<br />
triflumizole Procure 12 hours 1 day NR<br />
Abbreviations: NR = not registered for use on this crop; PH = post harvest use only.<br />
a Days between f<strong>in</strong>al spray <strong>and</strong> harvest<br />
b Exempt from tolerance—Fixed copper materials are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance when applied to grow<strong>in</strong>g crops <strong>in</strong> accordance with<br />
good agricultural practice. Under USDA label<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation, all fixed (basic) copper fungicides labeled for use on strawberries or raspberries may be<br />
used on a “no time limitation” basis. But we suggest these copper materials not be used after the berries start to ripen.<br />
c Restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval varies with manufacturer; check the label.<br />
d Orbit is registered on both raspberry <strong>and</strong> strawberry; Propimax is registered only on raspberry <strong>and</strong> other cane- <strong>and</strong> bushberries.<br />
6<br />
PESTICIDE TOXICITY There are four common ways <strong>in</strong> which pesticides enter the human<br />
body—through the sk<strong>in</strong> (dermal), the mouth (oral), the lungs<br />
(<strong>in</strong>halation), <strong>and</strong> the eyes. Absorption through the sk<strong>in</strong> is the most<br />
common route of poison<strong>in</strong>g of agricultural workers.<br />
Perhaps the greatest hazard for the applicator is <strong>in</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> mix<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the pesticide concentrate, which presents a significant risk of exposure<br />
to the chemical <strong>in</strong> its most toxic form. Although hazards associated<br />
with the actual application are frequently much less severe, they can<br />
still be substantial, especially if there is significant drift or if appropriate<br />
precautions are ignored. A pesticide may be toxic as a result of<br />
exposure to a s<strong>in</strong>gle dose (acute toxicity) or as a result of repeated<br />
exposures over time (chronic toxicity).<br />
Acute toxicities are normally expressed as the amount of pesticide<br />
required to kill 50% of a population of test animals (usually rats or<br />
rabbits). For oral <strong>and</strong> dermal exposure, this is referred to as the LD 50 or<br />
“lethal dose to 50%” <strong>in</strong> milligrams of toxicant per kilogram of body<br />
weight (mg/kg). For <strong>in</strong>halation exposure, it is expressed as the LC 50 or<br />
“lethal concentration to 50%” <strong>in</strong> parts per million (ppm) of toxicant <strong>in</strong> the<br />
total volume of air when the toxicant is a gas or vapor, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> milligrams<br />
per liter (mg/l) of air or water when the toxicant is a dust or mist.<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icides with greater acute toxicities have lower LD 50 <strong>and</strong>/or LC 50<br />
values; that is, it takes less of the chemical to kill 50% of the test<br />
population.<br />
Labels <strong>in</strong>dicate the relative level of acute toxicity through the use of<br />
signal words <strong>and</strong> symbols that reflect general categories of toxicity (see<br />
table 3). The toxicity category is assigned on the basis of the highest<br />
measured toxicity, be it oral, dermal, or <strong>in</strong>halation; effects on the eyes<br />
<strong>and</strong> external <strong>in</strong>jury to the sk<strong>in</strong> are also considered.
Table 3. Toxicity categories of pesticides<br />
Toxicity category<br />
I II III IV<br />
High<br />
Moderate<br />
Slight<br />
Low<br />
Measure of toxicity<br />
toxicity<br />
toxicity<br />
toxicity<br />
toxicity<br />
Oral LD50 (mg/kg) 0–50 50–500 500–5,000 >5,000<br />
Dermal LD 50 (mg/kg) 0–200 200–2,000 2,000–20,000 >20,000<br />
Inhalation LC 50<br />
gas/vapor (ppm)<br />
dust/mist (mg/l)<br />
0–200<br />
0–0.2<br />
200–2,000<br />
0.2–2<br />
Eye effects corrosive irritation for<br />
7 days<br />
2,000–20,000<br />
2–20<br />
irritation for<br />
20,000<br />
>20<br />
none<br />
mild<br />
irritation<br />
Signal word DANGER a WARNING CAUTION CAUTION<br />
mg/kg = milligrams per kilogram < = less than<br />
ppm = parts per million > = greater than<br />
mg/l = milligrams per liter<br />
a Products assigned to Category I due to oral, <strong>in</strong>halation, or dermal toxicity (as dist<strong>in</strong>ct from eye <strong>and</strong> sk<strong>in</strong><br />
local effects) also must have the word “poison” <strong>and</strong> the “skull <strong>and</strong> crossbones” symbol on the label.<br />
HUMAN POISONING <strong>Pest</strong>icide poison<strong>in</strong>g. The effects of organophosphate <strong>and</strong> carbamate<br />
poison<strong>in</strong>g are rapid. Poison<strong>in</strong>g must be recognized early for effective<br />
treatment. Early symptoms are usually a headache, feel<strong>in</strong>g of weakness,<br />
blurred vision, excessive perspiration, <strong>and</strong> nausea. Abdom<strong>in</strong>al cramps,<br />
vomit<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> excessive salivation may set <strong>in</strong> with, or without, diarrhea.<br />
The throat <strong>and</strong> chest will feel constricted <strong>and</strong> breath<strong>in</strong>g will be difficult.<br />
In mild cases of poison<strong>in</strong>g, some of these symptoms may be absent.<br />
In case of human poison<strong>in</strong>g. Call a doctor at once if you suspect<br />
organophosphate or carbamate poison<strong>in</strong>g. If symptoms develop <strong>and</strong><br />
the patient is conscious, give two atrop<strong>in</strong>e tablets (1/100 gra<strong>in</strong>s each)<br />
immediately. Move the <strong>in</strong>dividual from the area of exposure. Remove<br />
contam<strong>in</strong>ated cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> wash sk<strong>in</strong> with plenty of soap <strong>and</strong> water to<br />
remove all traces of the chemical. If chemical is swallowed, <strong>in</strong>duce<br />
vomit<strong>in</strong>g by giv<strong>in</strong>g warm soapy water. Avoid all further exposure to<br />
phosphate or carbamate <strong>in</strong>secticides. Victims are very susceptible to<br />
even small exposures until blood <strong>and</strong> tissue chol<strong>in</strong>esterase regenerate.<br />
Atrop<strong>in</strong>e is not an antidote for all pesticides. If there is any doubt, read<br />
the pesticide label before act<strong>in</strong>g. Each pesticide has treatment<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation on the label. Beg<strong>in</strong> this treatment as soon as possible. Take<br />
the victim to professional medical help immediately. Take along a copy<br />
of the pesticide label, or at least the chemical <strong>and</strong> common names of<br />
the active <strong>in</strong>gredient(s) <strong>and</strong> the name <strong>and</strong> address of the manufacturer.<br />
A medical emergency phone number often is listed on the pesticide<br />
label. The product’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a more<br />
technical document than the label, <strong>and</strong> it often conta<strong>in</strong>s additional<br />
treatment <strong>in</strong>structions for the attend<strong>in</strong>g medical professional.<br />
Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222). You may call the Poison<br />
Control Center at any hour for <strong>in</strong>formation regard<strong>in</strong>g proper treatment<br />
of pesticide poison<strong>in</strong>g. While other hospitals <strong>and</strong> medical facilities may<br />
have some <strong>in</strong>formation, the Poison Control Center has the most<br />
complete <strong>and</strong> current files <strong>and</strong> their personnel are specifically tra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
to deal with poison cases.<br />
7
8<br />
Most labels also list a phone number that you (or medical personnel)<br />
can call for specific <strong>in</strong>formation on poison<strong>in</strong>g (or other accidents)<br />
<strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g that particular product.<br />
PESTICIDE SAFETY Before you h<strong>and</strong>le pesticides, stop <strong>and</strong> read the label. Labels conta<strong>in</strong><br />
human safety precaution statements <strong>and</strong> list the specific personal<br />
protective cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> equipment that you need to wear. Some of the<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g may be label requirements; others are commonsense<br />
guidel<strong>in</strong>es that will help m<strong>in</strong>imize pesticide exposure to you, your<br />
coworkers, your family, <strong>and</strong> neighbors.<br />
• Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long trousers, shoes, <strong>and</strong> socks when<br />
h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g pesticides.<br />
• Wear coveralls (fabric or chemical-resistant) over your work clothes<br />
for an added layer of protection.<br />
• Unless the label states otherwise, always wear chemical-resistant<br />
gloves whenever you work with pesticides.<br />
• Wear chemical-resistant footwear, gloves, eyewear, <strong>and</strong> respirator (if<br />
the label requires one) when mix<strong>in</strong>g, load<strong>in</strong>g, or apply<strong>in</strong>g pesticides.<br />
• If you wear fabric coveralls, also wear a chemical-resistant apron<br />
when mix<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g pesticides.<br />
• St<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the crossw<strong>in</strong>d when mix<strong>in</strong>g or load<strong>in</strong>g pesticides.<br />
• Never apply pesticides when there is the likelihood of significant<br />
drift.<br />
• Never leave a spray tank conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g pesticide unattended.<br />
• Avoid back-siphon<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the water source.<br />
• Never eat, dr<strong>in</strong>k, or smoke when h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g pesticides.<br />
• Wash h<strong>and</strong>s thoroughly after h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g pesticides.<br />
• If you splash pesticide on yourself, remove contam<strong>in</strong>ated cloth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
immediately <strong>and</strong> wash yourself thoroughly.<br />
• Wash contam<strong>in</strong>ated clothes separately from other household<br />
laundry.<br />
• Keep pesticides <strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al conta<strong>in</strong>ers.<br />
• Store <strong>and</strong> lock pesticides out of the reach of children.<br />
• Observe restricted entry <strong>in</strong>tervals on a treated crop or area.<br />
PESTICIDE ACCIDENTS <strong>Pest</strong>icide spills. Regardless of the magnitude of a spill, the objectives of<br />
a proper response are the same—you must control the spill, you must<br />
conta<strong>in</strong> it, <strong>and</strong> you must clean it up. A thorough knowledge of<br />
appropriate procedures will allow you to m<strong>in</strong>imize the potential for<br />
adverse effects.<br />
Spills of any compound need to be reported to the WDNR. However,<br />
you do NOT need to report the spill if it is completely conf<strong>in</strong>ed with<strong>in</strong><br />
an impervious secondary conta<strong>in</strong>ment, <strong>and</strong> the spilled amount can be<br />
recovered with no discharge to the environment. On the other h<strong>and</strong>, a<br />
spill of any amount is reportable if it occurred outside of secondary<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>ment <strong>and</strong> it caused, or threatens to cause, adverse effects on<br />
human health or the environment (e.g., back siphon<strong>in</strong>g). The spill is<br />
exempt from the WDNR report<strong>in</strong>g requirements if you deem the spill<br />
will not cause, or threaten to cause, such adverse effects, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
amount spilled would cover less than 1 acre if applied at labeled rates<br />
<strong>and</strong>, if a SARA pesticide, is less than the reportable quantity.
Reportable spills <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g SARA substances (see “<strong>Pest</strong>icides <strong>and</strong><br />
Community Right-to-Know,” above) are also to be reported to the<br />
WDEM <strong>and</strong> to your LEPC. To simplify emergency notification<br />
requirements to state agencies, call the WDEM spill hotl<strong>in</strong>e (1-800-943-<br />
0003, 24-hour number) whenever a spill of any compound occurs.<br />
Call<strong>in</strong>g this hotl<strong>in</strong>e will not, however, remove your responsibility of<br />
notify<strong>in</strong>g your LEPC.<br />
Spills of some compounds may require that you notify federal<br />
authorities by call<strong>in</strong>g the National Response Center (1-800-424-8802).<br />
Your call to the WDEM spill hotl<strong>in</strong>e should provide you with assistance<br />
<strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g whether federal authorities need to be notified.<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide fires. In the event of a fire, call the fire department <strong>and</strong> clear<br />
all personnel from the area to a safe distance upw<strong>in</strong>d from smoke <strong>and</strong><br />
fumes. Isolate the entire area. Always <strong>in</strong>form the fire department of the<br />
nature of the pesticides <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>and</strong> of any specific <strong>in</strong>formation that<br />
may help them <strong>in</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g the fire <strong>and</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g themselves <strong>and</strong><br />
others from <strong>in</strong>jury. For <strong>in</strong>formation on cleanup <strong>and</strong> decontam<strong>in</strong>ation,<br />
contact the WDEM <strong>and</strong> the pesticide manufacturer(s).<br />
Livestock poison<strong>in</strong>g. When you suspect animal poison<strong>in</strong>g by pesticides,<br />
first call your veter<strong>in</strong>arian. If the cause of poison<strong>in</strong>g cannot be<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed, call the WDATCP’s Animal Toxic Response Team at 608-224-<br />
4500.<br />
Wildlife poison<strong>in</strong>g or water contam<strong>in</strong>ation. Contact the WDNR district<br />
office. District offices are located <strong>in</strong> Spooner, Rh<strong>in</strong>el<strong>and</strong>er, Eau Claire,<br />
Green Bay, Milwaukee, <strong>and</strong> Fitchburg.<br />
PESTICIDE DRIFT It is impossible to totally elim<strong>in</strong>ate pesticide drift. Drift occurs because<br />
of unforeseen w<strong>in</strong>d variations <strong>and</strong> other factors, many of which are<br />
beyond the applicator’s control. People liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> areas subject to<br />
pesticide drift worry about the acute <strong>and</strong> chronic effects of exposure to<br />
pesticides. State rules govern<strong>in</strong>g pesticide drift attempt to strike a<br />
balance between the <strong>in</strong>tended benefits of pesticide use <strong>and</strong> the<br />
potential risks to those exposed to pesticide drift.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to state law, people liv<strong>in</strong>g adjacent to l<strong>and</strong> that is aerially<br />
sprayed with pesticides can request to be notified at least 24 hours<br />
before application. Beekeepers also are entitled to notification of<br />
applications that occur with<strong>in</strong> a 1.5-mile radius of their honey-bee<br />
colonies. Both ground <strong>and</strong> aerial pesticide applications are subject to<br />
advance notification requirements to beekeepers who request such<br />
notification.<br />
For ground applications, you can m<strong>in</strong>imize drift by follow<strong>in</strong>g these<br />
recommendations:<br />
• Follow all label precautions for specific drift-reduction measures.<br />
• Spray when w<strong>in</strong>d speed is low.<br />
• Use the maximum nozzle orifice without sacrific<strong>in</strong>g pest control<br />
activity.<br />
• Keep pressure at the lowest sett<strong>in</strong>g possible without distort<strong>in</strong>g<br />
spray pattern <strong>and</strong> distribution.<br />
• Use drift-control agents when permitted by product label.<br />
• Consider us<strong>in</strong>g nozzles specifically designed to reduce drift.<br />
• Leave an untreated border strip next to adjacent property.<br />
9
10<br />
PESTICIDES AND<br />
GROUNDWATER<br />
CALIBRATING PESTICIDE<br />
EQUIPMENT<br />
For more <strong>in</strong>formation about drift—what it is, how it occurs, <strong>and</strong> drift<br />
management pr<strong>in</strong>ciples—ask for Manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Pest</strong>icide Drift <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>:<br />
Field Sprayers from your county Extension office. This publication also<br />
describes the critical role the pesticide applicator plays <strong>in</strong> decid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
whether to spray when arriv<strong>in</strong>g at the site.<br />
Trace amounts of pesticides are appear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> our nation’s groundwater.<br />
To m<strong>in</strong>imize further contam<strong>in</strong>ation, many pesticide labels conta<strong>in</strong><br />
precautionary statements either advis<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st or prohibit<strong>in</strong>g use <strong>in</strong><br />
areas vulnerable to groundwater contam<strong>in</strong>ation. Besides the product<br />
labels, a summary of these precautionary statements is also <strong>in</strong>cluded<br />
under “Remarks” for each pesticide <strong>in</strong> this publication.<br />
To protect our state’s water resources, Wiscons<strong>in</strong>’s Groundwater Law<br />
created two guidel<strong>in</strong>es to limit the presence of fertilizer <strong>and</strong> pesticides<br />
<strong>in</strong> groundwater: enforcement st<strong>and</strong>ards are maximum chemical levels<br />
allowed <strong>in</strong> groundwater <strong>and</strong> preventive action limits are set at a<br />
percentage of the enforcement st<strong>and</strong>ard. When contam<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
approaches preventive action limits, the responsible party must<br />
implement corrective measures to prevent further contam<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />
Through groundwater monitor<strong>in</strong>g studies, the most commonly found<br />
pesticide is atraz<strong>in</strong>e. Consequently, Wiscons<strong>in</strong> implemented Chapter<br />
ATCP 30 to help m<strong>in</strong>imize further contam<strong>in</strong>ation of our groundwater by<br />
atraz<strong>in</strong>e. Under this rule, statewide rate restrictions have been<br />
implemented <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> some geographic areas, atraz<strong>in</strong>e use is prohibited.<br />
Mix<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g pesticides. Mix<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g pesticides pose a<br />
high risk of po<strong>in</strong>t source contam<strong>in</strong>ation of ground–<strong>and</strong> surface water<br />
because of the concentration, quantity, <strong>and</strong> type of pesticides that are<br />
usually h<strong>and</strong>led at a mix<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g site. To m<strong>in</strong>imize this risk of<br />
environmental contam<strong>in</strong>ation, Wiscons<strong>in</strong> requires that certa<strong>in</strong> mix<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g sites have secondary conta<strong>in</strong>ment.<br />
Both private <strong>and</strong> commercial applicators are required to have a mix<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g pad if more than 1,500 lb of pesticide active <strong>in</strong>gredient are<br />
mixed or loaded at any one site <strong>in</strong> a calendar year, or if mix<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
load<strong>in</strong>g occurs with<strong>in</strong> 100 feet of a well or surface water. In–field<br />
mix<strong>in</strong>g is exempt from the pad requirements provided mix<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
load<strong>in</strong>g at the site of application occurs 100 feet or more from a well or<br />
surface water.<br />
Agricultural Chemical Cleanup program. Cleanup of contam<strong>in</strong>ated soil<br />
or of contam<strong>in</strong>ated groundwater itself is costly. The Agricultural<br />
Chemical Cleanup program helps ease the f<strong>in</strong>ancial burden for facilities<br />
<strong>and</strong> farms by reimburs<strong>in</strong>g them for eligible costs associated with the<br />
cleanup of sites contam<strong>in</strong>ated with pesticides or fertilizers. For more<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation, contact the WDATCP at 608-224-4518.<br />
Accurate <strong>and</strong> uniform pesticide application is basic to satisfactory pest<br />
control. Too often a grower does not know exactly how much pesticide<br />
has been used until the application is completed. This leads to<br />
substantial monetary losses due to unnecessary pesticide <strong>and</strong> labor<br />
costs, unsatisfactory pest control result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> reduced yields, <strong>and</strong> crop<br />
damage. Good pesticide application beg<strong>in</strong>s with accurate sprayer or<br />
granular applicator calibration. One method of calibration is described<br />
<strong>in</strong> the private pesticide applicator tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g manual <strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples for the Private Applicator. It also is found <strong>in</strong> the tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g manual<br />
<strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples for the Commercial Applicator: Fruit Crop <strong>Pest</strong><br />
Control.
Planter granular applicators can be calibrated by adjust<strong>in</strong>g the feed<br />
adjustment as suggested by the manufacturer <strong>and</strong> catch<strong>in</strong>g granules<br />
from one discharge tube or tube attachment. As rows are narrowed, the<br />
same rate per l<strong>in</strong>ear foot of row needs to be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
CLEANING PESTICIDE SPRAYERS Thorough sprayer clean<strong>in</strong>g is necessary when switch<strong>in</strong>g from one<br />
pesticide type to another. This is especially important when herbicides<br />
are applied with the same equipment as fungicides or <strong>in</strong>secticides. If<br />
you apply significant quantities of different types of pesticides, reserve<br />
one sprayer for herbicides only <strong>and</strong> another for <strong>in</strong>secticides <strong>and</strong><br />
fungicides.<br />
PREPARING PESTICIDE<br />
SPRAYERS FOR STORAGE<br />
Follow these guidel<strong>in</strong>es for clean<strong>in</strong>g spray equipment. Clean on a wash<br />
pad <strong>and</strong> apply r<strong>in</strong>sate to sites listed on label.<br />
1. Flush the sprayer tank, l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> booms thoroughly with clean<br />
water <strong>and</strong> apply the pesticide-contam<strong>in</strong>ated r<strong>in</strong>sate to sites listed on<br />
label.<br />
2. Hormone-type herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D): Fill the sprayer with sufficient<br />
water to operate add<strong>in</strong>g 1 quart household ammonia for every 25<br />
gallons of water. Circulate the ammonia solution through the<br />
sprayer system for 15 to 20 m<strong>in</strong>utes <strong>and</strong> then discharge a small<br />
amount through the boom <strong>and</strong> nozzles. Let the solution st<strong>and</strong> for<br />
several hours, preferably overnight. (Please note: household<br />
ammonia will corrode alum<strong>in</strong>um sprayer parts.)<br />
Insecticides, fungicides, <strong>and</strong> other herbicides: Fill the sprayer with<br />
sufficient water to operate add<strong>in</strong>g 1/4 to 2 lb powder detergent<br />
(liquid detergent may be substituted for powder at a rate to make a<br />
sudsy solution) for every 25 to 40 gallons of water. Circulate the<br />
detergent solution through the sprayer system for 5 to 10 m<strong>in</strong>utes<br />
<strong>and</strong> then discharge a small amount through the boom <strong>and</strong> nozzles.<br />
Let the solution st<strong>and</strong> for several hours, preferably overnight.<br />
3. Wash the tank <strong>and</strong> pump parts thoroughly by runn<strong>in</strong>g the sprayer<br />
for about 5 m<strong>in</strong>utes with the nozzles closed.<br />
4. If possible, let the clean<strong>in</strong>g solution st<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the sprayer overnight.<br />
(Please note: household ammonia will corrode alum<strong>in</strong>um sprayer<br />
parts.)<br />
5. Discharge the liquid from the tank, spray<strong>in</strong>g some through the<br />
nozzles.<br />
6. Dra<strong>in</strong> the sprayer completely <strong>and</strong> remove nozzles, screens, <strong>and</strong><br />
stra<strong>in</strong>ers.<br />
7. Scrub all accessible parts with a stiff bristle brush.<br />
8. R<strong>in</strong>se the sprayer thoroughly with clean water <strong>and</strong> reassemble.<br />
Before stor<strong>in</strong>g the sprayer at the end of the season:<br />
1. Clean the sprayer per label <strong>in</strong>structions or as specified above.<br />
2. Fill the sprayer with sufficient water to operate add<strong>in</strong>g 1 to 5 gallons<br />
of lightweight emulsifiable oil, depend<strong>in</strong>g upon the size of the tank.<br />
Circulate the oil/water solution through the sprayer system for 5 to<br />
10 m<strong>in</strong>utes.<br />
3. Flush the solution out of the spray tank <strong>and</strong> through the boom; the<br />
oil will leave a protective coat<strong>in</strong>g on the <strong>in</strong>side of the tank, pump,<br />
<strong>and</strong> plumb<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
4. Remove the nozzles, screens, <strong>and</strong> stra<strong>in</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> place them <strong>in</strong> diesel<br />
fuel or kerosene to prevent corrosion. Cover the nozzle open<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong><br />
11
12<br />
the boom to prevent dirt from enter<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
5. As an added precaution to protect pumps, pour 1 tablespoon of<br />
radiator rust–<strong>in</strong>hibitor antifreeze <strong>in</strong> each of the <strong>in</strong>let <strong>and</strong> outlet<br />
ports. Rotate the pump several revolutions to completely coat the<br />
<strong>in</strong>terior surfaces.<br />
PESTICIDE DISPOSAL It is the legal responsibility of all pesticide users to properly dispose of<br />
pesticide waste <strong>in</strong> an environmentally acceptable manner (it is illegal to<br />
bury or burn any pesticide conta<strong>in</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>). Disposal is the f<strong>in</strong>al<br />
act of safe <strong>and</strong> judicious pesticide use.<br />
Some pesticides are considered “hazardous” by the EPA. Dispos<strong>in</strong>g<br />
waste or excess result<strong>in</strong>g from use of these pesticides comes under<br />
str<strong>in</strong>gent regulations of the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA).<br />
This federal law <strong>and</strong> the accompany<strong>in</strong>g state law (NR 600) regulate<br />
generators of hazardous waste—those who need to dispose of<br />
hazardous pesticides.<br />
The simplest way to avoid becom<strong>in</strong>g a hazardous-waste generator is to<br />
triple r<strong>in</strong>se all pesticide conta<strong>in</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> apply r<strong>in</strong>sates to labeled sites. If<br />
you must generate hazardous waste, disposal procedures may differ<br />
depend<strong>in</strong>g on the volume of waste generated <strong>and</strong> its characteristics.<br />
You can reduce the amount of pesticide waste (hazardous or not) by<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g these steps:<br />
• Determ<strong>in</strong>e whether the pesticide you <strong>in</strong>tend to use is considered<br />
hazardous by the EPA. A list of these pesticides is available from your<br />
county Extension office. If listed, check for alternative pesticides that<br />
are not hazardous <strong>and</strong> will provide equivalent pest control.<br />
• Mix only the amount of pesticide needed <strong>and</strong> calibrate equipment<br />
so all solution is applied.<br />
• Attach a clean water supply to the sprayer unit so the tank can be<br />
r<strong>in</strong>sed <strong>and</strong> the r<strong>in</strong>sate applied to the labeled site while still <strong>in</strong> the<br />
field.<br />
• Triple r<strong>in</strong>se all pesticide conta<strong>in</strong>ers. Even if the pesticides were<br />
hazardous, a triple-r<strong>in</strong>sed conta<strong>in</strong>er is not hazardous waste <strong>and</strong> you<br />
can dispose of it <strong>in</strong> a sanitary l<strong>and</strong>fill.<br />
• Don’t mix hazardous waste with other pesticide waste. This will<br />
result <strong>in</strong> the entire mixture be<strong>in</strong>g considered hazardous.<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Clean Sweep program. The Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Clean Sweep program<br />
offers a way to dispose of most k<strong>in</strong>ds of pesticide waste <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
liquids, dry formulations, <strong>and</strong> hazardous pesticides. The program has<br />
two components to deal with agriculture <strong>and</strong> household pesticides.<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Clean Sweep is sponsored by WDATCP <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
counties. For details on when a site will be held <strong>in</strong> your area, check with<br />
your county Extension office or visit the WDATCP web site<br />
(datcp.state.wi.us <strong>and</strong> search for “clean sweep”).<br />
Plastic <strong>Pest</strong>icide Conta<strong>in</strong>er Recycl<strong>in</strong>g program. The best way to dispose<br />
of plastic conta<strong>in</strong>ers is to recycle them. The Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Crop Production<br />
Association (WCPA) sponsors this program <strong>and</strong> sets up collection sites<br />
throughout the state. This program accepts triple-r<strong>in</strong>sed (dirty<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>ers will not be accepted) plastic pesticide conta<strong>in</strong>ers of all sizes,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>in</strong>i-bulk tanks. Farmers must work through their dealer to<br />
recycle jugs <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>i-bulks. Check the WCPA web site<br />
(www.wicrops.org) for their summer <strong>and</strong> fall recycl<strong>in</strong>g schedules.
Please note that this recycl<strong>in</strong>g program is not a <strong>Pest</strong>icide Clean Sweep<br />
program; waste pesticides will not be accepted at conta<strong>in</strong>er collection<br />
or granulation sites.<br />
Recycl<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>in</strong>i-bulk tanks. Although m<strong>in</strong>i-bulk tanks are recycled at the<br />
same time as the smaller jugs, dealers must register with WCPA at least<br />
1 week <strong>in</strong> advance of a scheduled recycl<strong>in</strong>g date for all m<strong>in</strong>i-bulk tanks<br />
60 gallons <strong>and</strong> larger. Visit their web site or call 608-249-4070 for details<br />
<strong>and</strong> the registration form.<br />
A FINAL WORD Chemical pesticides help make disease, <strong>in</strong>sect, <strong>and</strong> weed management<br />
programs successful. However, pesticides present hazards to<br />
agricultural workers, the general public, <strong>and</strong> the environment.<br />
Therefore, they should be used wisely, safely, <strong>and</strong> only when needed.<br />
Proper crop management can lessen the need for pesticide use, because<br />
a well-ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed plant<strong>in</strong>g is less susceptible to disease, <strong>in</strong>sect, <strong>and</strong><br />
weed pests.<br />
Table 4. LD50 values of some agricultural chemicals<br />
Note: When apply<strong>in</strong>g a pesticide, always follow the directions on the<br />
pesticide label. Label <strong>in</strong>formation changes from time to time. The<br />
current pesticide label is the f<strong>in</strong>al authority for safety <strong>and</strong> legality.<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Oral LD50 a Dermal LD50 a<br />
Common name Trade name Toxicity signal word mg/kg mg/kg<br />
2,4-D am<strong>in</strong>e several Danger 300–1,200 —<br />
abamect<strong>in</strong> Agri-mek Warn<strong>in</strong>g 650 >2,000<br />
acetamiprid Assail 70 WP Caution 1,064 >2,000<br />
acetamiprid Assail 30 SG Caution 153-886 >2000<br />
azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> Abound Caution >5,000 >4,000<br />
bifenthr<strong>in</strong> Brigade Warn<strong>in</strong>g 375 >2,000<br />
captan Captan Danger >5,000 >5,000*<br />
captan + fenhaxamid Captevate Danger — —<br />
carbaryl Sev<strong>in</strong> Caution 850 4,000<br />
chlorpyrifos Lorsban Warn<strong>in</strong>g 97–276 2,000<br />
clethodim Select Warn<strong>in</strong>g 3,610 >5,000*<br />
copper ammonium carbonate Copper-Count-N Caution — —<br />
copper hydroxide various Caution, Danger — —<br />
copper sulfate various Danger, Warn<strong>in</strong>g — —<br />
cyprod<strong>in</strong>il Switch Caution >5,000 >2,000*<br />
DCPA Dacthal Caution >10,000 >10,000<br />
diaz<strong>in</strong>on D•z•n Diaz<strong>in</strong>on Warn<strong>in</strong>g 108 900<br />
dichlobenil Casoron, Norosac Caution 3,160 1,350<br />
disulfoton Di-Syston Danger: Poison 2 6<br />
diuron Karmex Warn<strong>in</strong>g 3,400 L<br />
dod<strong>in</strong>e Syllit Danger 2,330 >5,000*<br />
endosulfan Phaser, Thiodan Danger: Poison 43 130<br />
esfenvalerate Asana Warn<strong>in</strong>g 458 >2,000<br />
fenbutat<strong>in</strong>-oxide Vendex Danger 2,631 >2,000<br />
fenhexamid Elevate Caution >2,000 >2,000<br />
fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> Danitol Danger 70–164 >2,000<br />
fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade 2000 Caution 3,328 >2,420<br />
fludioxonil Switch Caution >5,000 >2,000*<br />
flumioxaz<strong>in</strong> Chateau Caution >5,000 >2,000<br />
fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um Aliette Caution 2,860 >2,000*<br />
imidacloprid Admire, Provado Caution 4,143–4,870+ >2,000<br />
malathion Caution 1,375 4,444<br />
mefenoxam Ridomil Gold Caution 1,172 >2,020*<br />
a LD50 values are based on male rats. (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Abbreviations: L = little or no reaction; S = can be severe reaction; M = mild reaction; * = rabbits; <strong>and</strong> — = unknown.<br />
13
Table 4. LD50 values of some agricultural chemicals (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
<strong>Pest</strong>icide Oral LD50 a Dermal LD50 a<br />
Common name Trade name Toxicity signal word mg/kg mg/kg<br />
methoxyfenozide Intrepid Caution >5,000 >2,000<br />
myclobutanil Rally Warn<strong>in</strong>g 1,870–2,090 >5,000*<br />
napropamide Devr<strong>in</strong>ol Caution 5,000 —<br />
norflurazon Solicam Caution 8,000 20,000<br />
oryzal<strong>in</strong> Surflan Caution >10,000 L<br />
paraquat Gramoxone Inteon Danger: Poison 310 >2,000<br />
pendimethal<strong>in</strong> Prowl H 2O Caution >5,000 >5,000<br />
phosphorous acid various Caution varies varies<br />
propargite Omite Danger 2,200 —<br />
propiconazole Propimax, Orbit Warn<strong>in</strong>g 1,310 >5,000<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> Cabrio Caution >2,000 >2,000<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> + boscalid Prist<strong>in</strong>e Caution — —<br />
pyrimethanil Scala Caution 4,505 >5,000<br />
rotenone Caution, Danger 50–75 940<br />
sethoxydim Poast Warn<strong>in</strong>g 2,676 L<br />
simaz<strong>in</strong>e Pr<strong>in</strong>cep Caution >5,000 >10,200<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram Delegate, Radiant Caution >5000 >5000<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad Entrust Caution >5,000 >2,000<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor none >5,000 >5,000<br />
sulfur Kolospray, Super Six, Magnetic Six Caution 17,000 M<br />
tebufenozide Confirm Caution >5,000 >5,000<br />
terbacil S<strong>in</strong>bar Caution 5,000–75,000 —<br />
thiophanate-methyl Tops<strong>in</strong>-M Caution >5,000 >2,000*<br />
triflumizole Procure Caution 2,230 >2,000<br />
a LD50 values are based on male rats.<br />
Abbreviations: L = little or no reaction; S = can be severe reaction; M = mild reaction; * = rabbits; <strong>and</strong> — = unknown.<br />
14
<strong>Strawberry</strong> Disease <strong>Management</strong><br />
Read product labels carefully before us<strong>in</strong>g a fungicide, even if you have<br />
used the fungicide before <strong>and</strong> are familiar with it. Reentry periods,<br />
preharvest <strong>in</strong>tervals (PHIs) <strong>and</strong> other safety <strong>in</strong>formation can change. Be<br />
aware of contradictory <strong>in</strong>formation on labels. For example, captan <strong>and</strong><br />
sulfur each has a 0-day preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval but a 24-hour reentry<br />
period. Be conservative; observe the reentry period over the PHI.<br />
Fungicides are only one component of strawberry disease<br />
management; they are not a substitute for good cultural practices (see<br />
below). Thus, it is important to become knowledgeable of the biology<br />
of the crop <strong>and</strong> its pathogens so that you can develop a disease<br />
management program that is less reliant on pesticides.<br />
FUNGICIDE UPDATE Myclobutanil fungicide previously was sold for use on fruit crops under<br />
the trade name “Nova” <strong>and</strong> now is sold under the trade name “Rally.”<br />
The formulation is identical, <strong>and</strong> use recommendations on strawberry<br />
<strong>and</strong> raspberry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g rates <strong>and</strong> tim<strong>in</strong>g, are unchanged. Growers may<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue to use exist<strong>in</strong>g Nova stocks accord<strong>in</strong>g to the label.<br />
Azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> fungicide previously was marketed to strawberry <strong>and</strong><br />
raspberry growers under the trade name “Quadris” <strong>and</strong> now is<br />
marketed as “Abound.” Exist<strong>in</strong>g stocks of Quadris may be used on<br />
strawberry <strong>and</strong> raspberry only if you hold the orig<strong>in</strong>al label list<strong>in</strong>g these crops.<br />
Quadris is still labeled <strong>and</strong> marketed for use on many vegetable crops,<br />
but newly purchased Quadris may not be used on strawberries or<br />
raspberries.<br />
Abound <strong>and</strong> Quadris both are highly toxic to certa<strong>in</strong> apple varieties,<br />
especially McIntosh <strong>and</strong> related varieties. Even a small amount of<br />
Abound or Quadris, such as spray drift or spray tank residue, is toxic to<br />
apple leaves <strong>and</strong> fruit. Therefore, these products are not recommended<br />
for berry growers who also grow apples.<br />
Orbit (propiconazole) is an older fungicide that only recently has been<br />
labeled for use on strawberry <strong>and</strong> raspberry. It is <strong>in</strong> the same class of<br />
fungicides as myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) <strong>and</strong> is labeled for control of<br />
anthracnose, leaf spot, powdery mildew, <strong>and</strong> rust. Of these diseases,<br />
anthracnose <strong>and</strong> leaf spot are common on strawberry <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Procure (triflumizole), an older fungicide, is now labeled for control of<br />
strawberry powdery mildew <strong>and</strong> is <strong>in</strong> the same fungicide class as<br />
myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) <strong>and</strong> Orbit (propiconazole).<br />
Scala (pyrimethanil) is registered on strawberry for control of gray mold.<br />
Pyrimethanil, the sole active <strong>in</strong>gredient <strong>in</strong> Scala, is a component of<br />
Switch, another fungicide effective for gray mold control.<br />
Various phosphorous acid products (also called phosphites or<br />
phosphonates) are registered on several fruit crops. These are related to<br />
fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um (Aliette), which has been used for many years to<br />
control Phytophthora pathogens of small fruits. On strawberry, these<br />
products are used either as a pre-plant dip to control red stele or they<br />
are applied to leaves, flowers, <strong>and</strong> fruit to control leather rot. These<br />
products are taken up through leaves <strong>and</strong> require thorough wett<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
foliage.<br />
Several highly effective fungicides can manage the most important<br />
diseases <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>. Many newer products are considered “reduced-<br />
15
16<br />
CULTIVAR SELECTION AND<br />
CULTURAL PRACTICES<br />
risk” because of their relatively low toxicity to humans <strong>and</strong> wildlife.<br />
However, many are at great risk of hav<strong>in</strong>g fungal pathogens develop<br />
resistance to them. Most product labels <strong>in</strong>clude recommendations for<br />
resistance management, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g limits on the number of sprays per<br />
season or number of consecutive sprays of a “resistance group.” Most<br />
labels specify a resistance group number, based on a fungicide’s mode<br />
of action <strong>and</strong> chemical class. For the purposes of resistance<br />
management, fungicides <strong>in</strong> the same resistance group are considered<br />
identical. For example, Abound is <strong>in</strong> resistance group 11. One<br />
component of Prist<strong>in</strong>e is also a group 11 fungicide. Therefore, Abound<br />
<strong>and</strong> Prist<strong>in</strong>e are equivalent <strong>in</strong> a resistance management program.<br />
One of the most effective ways to manage diseases of strawberries is by<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>g cultivars that are somewhat resistant to the most important<br />
diseases (table 5). However, even resistant cultivars can succumb to<br />
disease if the pathogen is present <strong>and</strong> conditions are favorable for<br />
disease development. Therefore, cultural practices that m<strong>in</strong>imize disease<br />
development <strong>and</strong> spread are of paramount importance <strong>in</strong> produc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
strawberries.<br />
Plant<strong>in</strong>g sites should have good water dra<strong>in</strong>age <strong>and</strong> good air dra<strong>in</strong>age<br />
<strong>and</strong> circulation. Achieve proper air dra<strong>in</strong>age by locat<strong>in</strong>g the plant<br />
somewhat above the surround<strong>in</strong>g topography, <strong>and</strong> proper air<br />
circulation by plant<strong>in</strong>g sufficiently dense w<strong>in</strong>dbreaks. W<strong>in</strong>dbreaks<br />
reduce w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>in</strong>jury <strong>and</strong> encourage maximum growth. They also allow<br />
air circulation, which promotes dry<strong>in</strong>g of leaves <strong>and</strong> fruit. This dry<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong><br />
turn, reduces disease <strong>in</strong>cidence <strong>and</strong> severity. Also manage weeds <strong>and</strong><br />
avoid excessive fertilization. (The latter can yield dense foliage.)<br />
Avoid soils with a history of strawberry root diseases (e.g., red stele or<br />
black root rot), <strong>and</strong> soils <strong>in</strong> which plants susceptible to the Verticillium<br />
fungus were planted with<strong>in</strong> the past five years. These <strong>in</strong>clude but are<br />
not limited to potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, brambles, rose,<br />
pumpk<strong>in</strong>, squash, cucumber, <strong>and</strong> melons. If pathogen-free soils cannot<br />
be avoided, soil fumigation should be considered. A s<strong>and</strong>y loam soil or<br />
a loamy s<strong>and</strong> soil with organic matter greater than 2% is ideal for<br />
general plant health <strong>and</strong> productivity. A layer of clean straw mulch will<br />
prevent fruit from <strong>in</strong>fection by soilborne pathogens <strong>and</strong> may also<br />
reduce “splash dispersal” of pathogens dur<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong>. F<strong>in</strong>ally, purchase<br />
plants certified as “virus-free” from a reputable nursery.<br />
Table 5. Disease resistance rat<strong>in</strong>gs a of strawberry cultivars based on observations <strong>in</strong><br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong><br />
Cultivar<br />
Angular<br />
leaf spot Fruit rots Leaf scorch Leaf spot<br />
Powdery<br />
mildew Red stele<br />
Verticillium<br />
wilt<br />
Annapolis VS S S S S S–VR b I–T<br />
Brunswick — T T R T R —<br />
Cabot — S T T T R S<br />
Cavendish VS T T T S R I–T<br />
Earliglow — R R S I R I<br />
Evangel<strong>in</strong>e — T R T T S S<br />
Glooscap S S T T T VS S<br />
Honeoye VS R T T T S S<br />
a VS = very susceptible; S = susceptible; I = <strong>in</strong>termediate reaction; T = tolerant (disease symptoms evident,<br />
but with little detrimental effect on the plant or yield); R = resistant (the disease does not occur on this<br />
cultivar or only to a very small degree); VR = very resistant; — = unknown or untested.<br />
b Disease reaction depends on races of the pathogen. For more <strong>in</strong>formation, contact Brian Smith<br />
(715-425-3851) or Patty McManus (608-265-2047).
Table 5. Disease resistance rat<strong>in</strong>gs a of strawberry cultivars based on observations <strong>in</strong><br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong> (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Cultivar<br />
Angular<br />
leaf spot Fruit rots Leaf scorch Leaf spot<br />
Powdery<br />
mildew Red stele<br />
Verticillium<br />
wilt<br />
Itasca — — R T R R —<br />
Jewel VS R R R R S S<br />
Kent VS S VS VS T S S<br />
Mesabi — T T T T R —<br />
Mira S T R R R R S<br />
Sable VS S T T S R —<br />
Seneca — T S T — S S<br />
Sparkle S S–I I S R S–R b S<br />
Tribute — T T T R VR T–R<br />
Tristar T T T T R R R<br />
Wendy S T T S T T S<br />
W<strong>in</strong>ona VS T R T T R —<br />
a VS = very susceptible; S = susceptible; I = <strong>in</strong>termediate reaction; T = tolerant (disease symptoms evident,<br />
but with little detrimental effect on the plant or yield); R = resistant (the disease does not occur on this<br />
cultivar or only to a very small degree); VR = very resistant; — = unknown or untested.<br />
b Disease reaction depends on races of the pathogen. For more <strong>in</strong>formation, contact Brian Smith<br />
(715-425-3851) or Patty McManus (608-265-2047).<br />
PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION To help ensure a productive plant<strong>in</strong>g, advanced plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
preparation of the site prior to plant<strong>in</strong>g are recommended. Although<br />
generally not recommended <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>, preplant soil fumigation may<br />
be beneficial where populations of soilborne pests are known to be<br />
high. Soil fumigants can help control soilborne fungi (e.g., Verticillium,<br />
Phytophthora), nematodes, soilborne <strong>in</strong>sects, <strong>and</strong> weeds <strong>and</strong> also<br />
encourage vigorous root growth <strong>and</strong> plant establishment. Fumigate <strong>in</strong><br />
late summer or early fall the year before plant<strong>in</strong>g. At plant<strong>in</strong>g, use<br />
pathogen-free plants obta<strong>in</strong>ed from a reputable nursery.<br />
DISEASE NOTES<br />
Note: Most fumigants are restricted-use pesticides <strong>and</strong> can be applied<br />
only by certified applicators. Custom applicators are available for hire.<br />
Angular leaf spot Angular leaf spot, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas fragariae, is a<br />
sporadic disease <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> that can severely damage foliage <strong>and</strong><br />
fruit. The disease is favored by cool, damp weather. Early symptoms on<br />
lower leaf surfaces are small water-soaked spots bordered by t<strong>in</strong>y ve<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
The spots appear dark green when viewed from above, but translucent<br />
<strong>and</strong> light green to yellow when held up to light. Under moist<br />
conditions, the spots ooze a milky substance which, upon dry<strong>in</strong>g, forms<br />
a th<strong>in</strong>, scaly film. The bacteria-laden exudate is readily spread by<br />
splash<strong>in</strong>g water, so avoid us<strong>in</strong>g spr<strong>in</strong>klers to irrigate plant<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>fected<br />
with angular leaf spot. The pathogen overw<strong>in</strong>ters <strong>in</strong> dead leaves;<br />
remov<strong>in</strong>g leaf debris from the bed after renovation will reduce<br />
<strong>in</strong>oculum for the follow<strong>in</strong>g year. Most cultivars appear susceptible to<br />
angular leaf spot; the cultivar Honeoye appears to be especially<br />
susceptible.<br />
Chemical control of bacterial diseases is <strong>in</strong>consistent. However, copper<br />
compounds (e.g., copper ammonium carbonate, copper hydroxide, <strong>and</strong><br />
copper sulfate) are the chemicals most effective aga<strong>in</strong>st angular leaf<br />
spot. If the disease was present last year, apply copper sprays as soon<br />
as growth starts <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. Additional applications at weekly<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervals may be necessary if the weather is cool <strong>and</strong> humid. Plants are<br />
17
18<br />
Leaf diseases<br />
caused by fungi<br />
particularly susceptible follow<strong>in</strong>g one or more nights of irrigation for<br />
frost control. Use copper sprays as soon as possible afterwards to<br />
prevent crop loss. Note, though, that copper can cause leaf yellow<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Discont<strong>in</strong>ue copper treatment if you observe plant damage.<br />
Leaf spot, leaf scorch, <strong>and</strong> leaf blight are caused by dist<strong>in</strong>ct fungi, <strong>and</strong><br />
each disease has dist<strong>in</strong>ct symptoms. <strong>Management</strong> recommendations,<br />
however, are similar for these diseases. If they are frequently a problem<br />
<strong>in</strong> your area, select resistant cultivars (table 5). Remove leaf debris from<br />
the site follow<strong>in</strong>g renovation to reduce <strong>in</strong>oculum for the follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
year. Several fungicides are available for controll<strong>in</strong>g leaf diseases; read<br />
the label carefully s<strong>in</strong>ce application times vary.<br />
Soilborne diseases The pathogens that cause black root rot, red stele, leather rot, <strong>and</strong><br />
Verticillium wilt are active <strong>in</strong> the soil <strong>and</strong> affect the function<strong>in</strong>g of roots<br />
<strong>and</strong> crowns. The most common symptom associated with leather rot,<br />
however, is off-color, bitter, leathery fruit; <strong>in</strong>fection occurs when fruit<br />
touch the soil or spores splash onto fruit. Soilborne diseases can be<br />
managed by comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g cultivar resistance (table 5) <strong>and</strong> sound cultural<br />
practices; plant<strong>in</strong>g on well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed sites is critical. If red stele is severe,<br />
early spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> postharvest application of Ridomil to the root zone, or<br />
foliar application of Aliette, or a phosphorous acid product, is<br />
recommended (see table 6).<br />
Gray mold<br />
(Botrytis fruit rot)<br />
Botrytis c<strong>in</strong>erea is a common fungus on many plants <strong>and</strong> can <strong>in</strong>fect<br />
strawberry flowers <strong>and</strong> fruits, especially dur<strong>in</strong>g cool, wet periods. The<br />
cultivars Honeoye, Raritan, Tribute, <strong>and</strong> Tristar are relatively tolerant;<br />
Glooscap <strong>and</strong> Kent are susceptible. Elevate, Prist<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> Switch are all<br />
very effective aga<strong>in</strong>st gray mold. Good coverage dur<strong>in</strong>g bloom is<br />
essential; if primary <strong>in</strong>fection is prevented, later sprays may not be<br />
necessary. Therefore, one spray should be made dur<strong>in</strong>g early bloom<br />
when about 5–10% of flowers open (25–50% of k<strong>in</strong>g or primary flowers<br />
open) <strong>and</strong> a second made dur<strong>in</strong>g full bloom. S<strong>in</strong>ce different cultivars<br />
vary <strong>in</strong> tim<strong>in</strong>g of bloom, treat cultivars separately. B. c<strong>in</strong>erea is prone to<br />
become fungicide resistant, so alternate or comb<strong>in</strong>e fungicides to<br />
prevent the selection of resistant pathogens (see Fungicide Update).<br />
Anthracnose fruit rot Anthracnose fruit rot, caused by various forms of the fungus<br />
Colletotrichum, is becom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly important <strong>in</strong> the United States,<br />
<strong>and</strong> severe outbreaks have occurred <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>. Symptoms are soft,<br />
tan to brown, sunken water-soaked spots on green or ripe fruit. Under<br />
humid conditions, slimy p<strong>in</strong>k spore masses sometimes develop on<br />
lesions. The disease is favored by warm <strong>and</strong> humid or ra<strong>in</strong>y weather. If<br />
anthracnose was a problem <strong>in</strong> a plant<strong>in</strong>g the previous year, fungicides<br />
should be used before symptoms appear, or immediately upon<br />
detection if the plant<strong>in</strong>g is be<strong>in</strong>g regularly <strong>and</strong> thoroughly scouted.<br />
Abound, Cabrio, Prist<strong>in</strong>e, or a mixture of Tops<strong>in</strong>-M <strong>and</strong> captan at the<br />
high end of rates permitted on the label are the most effective<br />
treatments (see table 6). However, control with fungicides has not been<br />
consistent, <strong>and</strong> fungicides will not save a crop after symptoms are<br />
widespread.
<strong>Strawberry</strong> Insect <strong>Management</strong><br />
INSECTICIDE UPDATE United Phosphorous, Inc. (UPI) has registered the active <strong>in</strong>gredient<br />
acetamiprid on strawberry under the trade name Assail. This product is<br />
<strong>in</strong> the neonicot<strong>in</strong>oid <strong>in</strong>secticide class. Two formulations are registered:<br />
30 SG which is a 30% active <strong>in</strong>gredient soluble granule <strong>and</strong> 70 WP<br />
which is a 70% active <strong>in</strong>gredient wettable powder. On strawberry these<br />
products are registered for the control of tarnished plant bug, sap<br />
beetles, thrips, aphids, leafhoppers, <strong>and</strong> spittlebugs. Both products have<br />
a 12 hour restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval (REI) <strong>and</strong> a 1 day preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval<br />
(PHI). The short PHI may be useful <strong>in</strong> those situations where <strong>in</strong>sects such<br />
as tarnished plant bug or thrips move <strong>in</strong>to the crop dur<strong>in</strong>g harvest, as<br />
pick<strong>in</strong>g would need to be stopped for only one day. Refer to table 6 for<br />
application rates.<br />
INSECT NOTES<br />
Dow AgroSciences has registered a chemically modified <strong>and</strong> more<br />
<strong>in</strong>secticidally active product <strong>in</strong> its l<strong>in</strong>e of sp<strong>in</strong>osyn <strong>in</strong>secticides.<br />
Sp<strong>in</strong>etoram carries the trade name Radiant on strawberry. It is an 11.7%<br />
SC (soluble concentrate) formulation. It is registered for controll<strong>in</strong>g<br />
armyworms, leafrollers, <strong>and</strong> thrips. It has a 4 hour restricted entry<br />
<strong>in</strong>terval (REI) <strong>and</strong> a 1 day preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval (PHI). The short PHI may be<br />
useful <strong>in</strong> those situations where thrips move <strong>in</strong>to the crop dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
harvest as pick<strong>in</strong>g would need to be stopped for only one day. Refer to<br />
table 6 for application rates. Radiant will likely replace sp<strong>in</strong>osad<br />
(Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor) <strong>in</strong> conventional production systems, but the organic certified<br />
formulation of sp<strong>in</strong>osad, called Entrust, will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be available.<br />
FMC has suspended its registration of Capture (bifenthr<strong>in</strong>) on<br />
strawberry. However, the same active <strong>in</strong>gredient is still available under<br />
the trade name Brigade WSB, which is a 10% active <strong>in</strong>gredient water<br />
soluble bag formulation. Brigade is a restricted use <strong>in</strong>secticide.<br />
Flower thrips A few Wiscons<strong>in</strong> strawberry growers experienced problems with flower<br />
thrips aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> 2007; <strong>in</strong> most cases, these were different growers than<br />
had problems the previous year. While this <strong>in</strong>sect commonly occurs <strong>in</strong><br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong>, populations are rarely large enough to cause economic<br />
<strong>in</strong>jury. The flower thrip (FT), also called eastern flower thrips, does not<br />
survive Wiscons<strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ters; it overw<strong>in</strong>ters <strong>in</strong> the Gulf States <strong>and</strong> the<br />
southeastern United States <strong>and</strong> moves northward each spr<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
prevail<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>ds. Depend<strong>in</strong>g on spr<strong>in</strong>g conditions <strong>in</strong> its overw<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
area, sometimes populations can grow to enormous levels. Then,<br />
depend<strong>in</strong>g on the tim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> specific direction of w<strong>in</strong>ds associated<br />
with spr<strong>in</strong>g warm fronts, thrips migrate <strong>in</strong>to the northeastern United<br />
States. Although Wiscons<strong>in</strong> always receives some spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>flux, rarely<br />
do prolonged prevail<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>ds carry these <strong>in</strong>sects <strong>in</strong>to the Upper<br />
Midwest <strong>in</strong> large numbers like we saw <strong>in</strong> 2006.<br />
Thrips are t<strong>in</strong>y, slender <strong>in</strong>sects, only a couple millimeters long. FT, which<br />
is yellowish to orange <strong>in</strong> color, feeds on hundreds of types of trees,<br />
shrubs, <strong>and</strong> herbaceous plants. It prefers pollen <strong>and</strong> flower parts, but<br />
will feed on foliage of some plants. It damages strawberry by feed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on the yellow center of the flower, which will become the surface of the<br />
fruit after poll<strong>in</strong>ation. Thrips have rasp<strong>in</strong>g mouthparts which they use<br />
to abrade the surface of the flower, scarr<strong>in</strong>g it. Feed<strong>in</strong>g by a few thrips<br />
won’t cause noticeable <strong>in</strong>jury. But when there are many per flower, the<br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g fruit turns off-color (orangish or bronze-colored <strong>in</strong>stead of<br />
19
20<br />
white) <strong>and</strong> mature fruit can be off-color, small, <strong>and</strong> of poor quality.<br />
Start monitor<strong>in</strong>g for FT when the first flowers open. Tap opened<br />
flowers <strong>in</strong>to a white or dark-colored shallow bowl; the disturbed thrips<br />
will fall <strong>in</strong>to the bowl <strong>and</strong> can be counted. Count the number of thrips<br />
from 10 flowers from each of five areas <strong>in</strong> each field (total of 50 flowers<br />
per field). Do this weekly until most flowers have set. Published action<br />
thresholds are not research based, but have been derived from careful<br />
observation. Most commonly, the recommended threshold is about an<br />
average of 10 thrips per flower, though conservative thresholds as low<br />
as two thrips have been published.<br />
FT is significantly controlled with prebloom applications of <strong>in</strong>secticides<br />
targeted for strawberry bud weevil (“clipper”) <strong>and</strong> tarnished plant bug.<br />
Sp<strong>in</strong>osad, sp<strong>in</strong>etoram, <strong>and</strong> acetamiprid are all registered for controll<strong>in</strong>g<br />
FT <strong>and</strong> all have a 1-day preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval, mean<strong>in</strong>g that it would be<br />
necessary to suspend pick<strong>in</strong>g for only one day if treatment was needed<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g the harvest period. Control FT as early as possible, preferably<br />
before 10% of the plants are <strong>in</strong> flower, to avoid kill<strong>in</strong>g poll<strong>in</strong>ators.<br />
We still don’t know whether or not FT will become a pervasive problem<br />
<strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> strawberries. As this <strong>in</strong>sect is an annual immigrant to the<br />
state, <strong>in</strong> most years, population levels will probably be below the<br />
economic <strong>in</strong>jury level. However, annual scout<strong>in</strong>g of strawberries for this<br />
pest will allow quick action those occasional times when populations<br />
are larger than normal.<br />
Tarnished plant bug Tarnished plant bug (TPB) cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be the most important <strong>in</strong>sect<br />
problem fac<strong>in</strong>g Wiscons<strong>in</strong> strawberry growers. TPB is a suck<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>sect<br />
that feeds on the flower <strong>and</strong> young develop<strong>in</strong>g fruit. The result<strong>in</strong>g<br />
berry is stunted <strong>and</strong> has a concentration of seeds at the tip. Damage is<br />
similar to frost <strong>in</strong>jury. Tarnished plant bug occurs <strong>in</strong> the field before the<br />
start of the blossom period <strong>and</strong> can be found throughout the year. The<br />
most damag<strong>in</strong>g period is from blossom through the early growth of<br />
the berry. TPB should be monitored prior to the start of bloom, <strong>and</strong><br />
aga<strong>in</strong> after the <strong>in</strong>itial fruit have started to develop.<br />
Action thresholds (economic <strong>in</strong>jury levels) for control of TPB have been<br />
developed; these are based on weekly pest monitor<strong>in</strong>g. TPB monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
is done <strong>in</strong> two ways. Start<strong>in</strong>g with first flower bud formation, use an<br />
<strong>in</strong>sect sweep net to sample for adults. Make five sets of 20 sweeps each<br />
per field. Treatment is advised if samples average more than four TPB<br />
per 20 sweeps (a total of at least 20 per 100 sweeps). The second<br />
method of sampl<strong>in</strong>g is used once the flower bud stems have<br />
elongated, but before flowers start to open. Tap flower bud clusters<br />
over a white pan or tray. Sample 100 clusters per field (such as 10<br />
clusters <strong>in</strong> 10 locations, or 20 clusters <strong>in</strong> 5 locations r<strong>and</strong>omly chosen<br />
throughout the field). This method samples both adults <strong>and</strong> nymphs<br />
(the latter can be as small as 1/16-<strong>in</strong>ch). Published thresholds vary<br />
somewhat, but they range from an average of one TPB per cluster to<br />
one per four clusters. Use the more conservative threshold if you have<br />
experienced significant TPB damage <strong>in</strong> past years.<br />
Should tarnished plant bug occur at damag<strong>in</strong>g levels, most <strong>in</strong>secticides<br />
will provide at least some control. However, bifenthr<strong>in</strong>, endosulfan, <strong>and</strong><br />
fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> are the materials of choice when TPB numbers are very<br />
high.
Table 6. Spray schedule for strawberries—BEARING BEDS<br />
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks<br />
EARLY SPRING Diseases<br />
(after uncover<strong>in</strong>g plants;<br />
diseases should be treated<br />
as leaves are exp<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g)<br />
leaf diseases:<br />
angular leaf spot<br />
(see remarks)<br />
leaf blight<br />
leaf scorch<br />
leaf spot<br />
captan 50WP 3.0–6.0 lb<br />
copper various see label<br />
dod<strong>in</strong>e 65WP 1.5–2.0 lb<br />
myclobutanil 40W 2.5–5.0 oz<br />
propiconazole EC 4.0 fl oz<br />
To control leaf diseases, start spray<strong>in</strong>g before<br />
symptoms appear on foliage.<br />
If angular leaf spot has been a problem <strong>in</strong> previous<br />
years, <strong>in</strong>clude a copper fungicide (see “Disease<br />
Notes”). Copper may cause a slight chlorosis or<br />
yellow<strong>in</strong>g of the foliage of some varieties;<br />
discont<strong>in</strong>ue use if phytotoxicity occurs.<br />
red stele mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt Apply <strong>in</strong> sufficient water to move the fungicide to<br />
the root zone.<br />
Insects<br />
PREBLOOM Insects<br />
(separation of<br />
blossom buds)<br />
aphids<br />
cyclamen mite<br />
aphids<br />
plant bugs<br />
spittlebug<br />
fosetyl alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb Apply <strong>in</strong> sufficient water to thoroughly wet foliage.<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations <strong>and</strong> rates vary. See product labels.<br />
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
3EC 1.3 qt<br />
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb<br />
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt<br />
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz<br />
70 WP 0.8-3.0 oz<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 6.4–32.0 oz<br />
carbaryl 80S 1.5–2.5 lb<br />
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb<br />
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt<br />
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
3EC 1.3 qt<br />
malathion 25WP 6.0 lb<br />
cyclamen mite endosulfan 50WP 4.0 lb<br />
3EC 2.66 qt<br />
strawberry leafroller<br />
thrips<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 6.4–32.0 oz<br />
carbaryl 80S 1.5–2.5 lb<br />
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb<br />
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt<br />
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
3EC 1.3 qt<br />
malathion 25WP 6.0 lb<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram SC 6.0-10.0 fl oz<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad Entrust 1.25–1.5 oz<br />
Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor 4.0–6.0 fl oz<br />
2SC<br />
spider mite *abamect<strong>in</strong> 0.15EC 16.0 fl oz<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 16.0–32.0 oz<br />
fenbutat<strong>in</strong> oxide 50WP 1.5–2.0 lb<br />
*fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> 2.4EC 16.0–21.3<br />
fl oz<br />
strawberry bud<br />
weevil (clipper)<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 6.4–32.0 oz<br />
chlorpyrifos 4E 1.0 qt<br />
If cyclamen mites are a problem, make a separate<br />
application of endosulfan 3EC at 2.66 qt (or 50WP at<br />
4 lb) <strong>in</strong> 400 gal spray per acre (also controls aphids,<br />
spittlebugs, <strong>and</strong> plant bugs).<br />
Two aphicide treatments <strong>in</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g before bloom<br />
<strong>and</strong> two <strong>in</strong> fall before mulch<strong>in</strong>g help control spread<br />
of strawberry viruses <strong>in</strong> new <strong>and</strong> bear<strong>in</strong>g fields.<br />
Carbaryl may aggravate aphid <strong>and</strong> spider mite<br />
problems.<br />
*Fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> can be used for control of tarnished<br />
plant bug <strong>and</strong> spittlebug at the rate of 10.67 fl oz/a.<br />
Acetamiprid may also be used for thrips control at the<br />
rate of 4.0-6.9 oz/acre (30 SG formulation) or 1.7-3.0<br />
oz/acre (70 WP formulation).<br />
If strawberry bud weevil has been a problem, two<br />
applications are suggested 10 days apart. Chlorpyrifos<br />
may be phytotoxic when applied <strong>in</strong> hot weather.<br />
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator. (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
21
Table 6. Spray schedule for strawberries—BEARING BEDS (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks<br />
EARLY BLOOM Diseases<br />
(5–10% flowers open) leaf diseases:<br />
angular leaf spot<br />
leaf blight<br />
leaf scorch<br />
leaf spot<br />
FULL BLOOM Diseases<br />
AFTER BLOOM Diseases<br />
(10–14 days after blossom<br />
period)<br />
22<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for<br />
Early Spr<strong>in</strong>g, or<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> EG 12.0–14.0 oz<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 18.5–23.0 oz<br />
anthracnose azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> F 6.0–15.5 oz<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> EG 12.0–14.0 oz<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 18.5–23.0 oz<br />
gray mold Captevate 68WDG 3.5–5.25 lb<br />
pyrimethanil SC 9.0–18.0 fl oz<br />
fenhexamid 50WDG 1.5 lb<br />
Switch 62.5 WG 11.0–14.0 oz<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 18.5–23.0 oz<br />
leaf diseases,<br />
anthracnose, <strong>and</strong><br />
gray mold<br />
anthracnose, gray<br />
mold, leaf diseases<br />
Tank mix<br />
thiophanate- 70WSB 0.75–1.0 lb<br />
methyl<br />
plus captan 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb<br />
Any of the fungicides listed<br />
for Early Bloom.<br />
leather rot fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb<br />
mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary<br />
Insects DO NOT APPLY INSECTICIDE DURING BLOOM.<br />
anthracnose<br />
gray mold<br />
leaf diseases:<br />
leaf blight, leaf<br />
scorch, leaf spot<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for<br />
Early Bloom.<br />
leather rot fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb<br />
mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary<br />
Insects<br />
aphids<br />
spittlebug<br />
whitefly<br />
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz<br />
Provado 1.6F 3.75 fl oz<br />
Myclobutanil is effective aga<strong>in</strong>st leaf diseases but not<br />
gray mold. If angular leaf spot has been a problem<br />
<strong>in</strong> previous years, <strong>in</strong>clude a copper fungicide (see<br />
“Disease Notes”).<br />
Azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> are effective aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
anthracnose but not gray mold.<br />
Bloom is the most critical time to control gray<br />
mold; pyrimethanil, fenhexamid, <strong>and</strong> Switch are the most<br />
effective fungicides, but they do not control leaf<br />
diseases. Captevate controls both gray mold <strong>and</strong> leaf<br />
diseases.<br />
See remarks for Early Bloom.<br />
Beg<strong>in</strong> foliar application between 10% bloom <strong>and</strong><br />
early fruit set. Apply <strong>in</strong> enough water to cover fruit.<br />
Repeat at 7- to 10-day <strong>in</strong>tervals as needed up to<br />
harvest. Use a shorter <strong>in</strong>terval if weather is ra<strong>in</strong>y.<br />
See the product label for details.<br />
Check table 2 on page 4 for preharvest <strong>in</strong>tervals.<br />
cutworms carbaryl bait Occasionally a localized problem.<br />
leafhoppers<br />
plant bugs<br />
spittlebug<br />
strawberry leafroller<br />
slugs<br />
snails<br />
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz<br />
70 WP 0.8-3.0 oz<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 6.4–32.0 oz<br />
*diaz<strong>in</strong>on 4E 1.5–2.0 pt<br />
50WP 1.5–2.0 lb<br />
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
3EC 1.3 qt<br />
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb<br />
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt<br />
*Bifenthr<strong>in</strong> is not registered to control leafhoppers.<br />
*Fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> can be used for control of tarnished<br />
plant bug <strong>and</strong> spittlebug at the rate of 10.67 fl oz/a.<br />
Acetamiprid is not registered to control strawberry<br />
leafroller.<br />
<strong>Strawberry</strong> leafroller may also be controlled with<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram at the rate of 6.0-10.0 fl oz/acre.<br />
metaldehyde bait formulation Baits must not contact fruit. Broadcast on soil late <strong>in</strong><br />
day when first damage is observed. See label for<br />
rate.<br />
spider mite *abamect<strong>in</strong> 0.15EC 16.0 fl oz<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 16.0–32.0 oz<br />
fenbutat<strong>in</strong> oxide 50WP 1.5–2.0 lb<br />
*fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> 2.4EC 16–21.3 fl oz<br />
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator. (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)
Table 6. Spray schedule for strawberries—BEARING BEDS (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks<br />
DURING HARVEST Diseases<br />
anthracnose<br />
gray mold<br />
Insects<br />
mosquitoes<br />
AFTER HARVEST Diseases<br />
(2 weeks after harvest or as<br />
often as needed)<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for<br />
Early Bloom.<br />
If fungicides were applied dur<strong>in</strong>g bloom, additional<br />
applications for gray mold should not be necessary<br />
at this time unless warm, wet/humid weather<br />
occurs.<br />
Do not exceed four applications of azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> or<br />
5 applications of pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> per year. Do not apply<br />
more than 56 oz/a of Switch per year.<br />
Check table 2 on page 4 for preharvest <strong>in</strong>tervals.<br />
no material registered To control mosquitoes dur<strong>in</strong>g harvest, use pyrethr<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Follow manufacturer’s directions.<br />
sap beetles acetamiprid 30 SG 4.0-6.9 oz<br />
70 WP 1.7-3.0 oz<br />
leaf diseases:<br />
angular leaf spot<br />
leaf blight<br />
leaf scorch<br />
leaf spot<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for<br />
leaf diseases dur<strong>in</strong>g Early Bloom.<br />
red stele fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb<br />
mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary<br />
Insects<br />
aphids<br />
spittlebugs<br />
whiteflies<br />
aphids<br />
strawberry leafroller<br />
acetamiprid 30 SG 1.9-6.9 oz<br />
70 WP 0.8-3.0 oz<br />
Provado 1.6F 3.75 fl oz<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 6.4–32.0 oz<br />
carbaryl 80S 1.5–2.5 lb<br />
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb<br />
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt<br />
*diaz<strong>in</strong>on 4E 1.5–2.0 pt<br />
50WP 1.5–2.0 lb<br />
endosulfan 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
3EC 1.3 qt<br />
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb<br />
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt<br />
cyclamen mite endosulfan 50WP 4.0 lb<br />
3EC 2.66 qt<br />
spider mite *abamect<strong>in</strong> 0.15EC 16.0 fl oz<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 16.0–32.0 oz<br />
fenbutat<strong>in</strong> oxide 50WP 1.5–2.0 lb<br />
*fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> 2.4EC 16–21.3 fl oz<br />
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.<br />
Apply every 7–14 days. If angular leaf spot has been<br />
a problem this grow<strong>in</strong>g season, <strong>in</strong>clude a copper<br />
fungicide (see “Disease Notes”). See additional<br />
remarks for Early Spr<strong>in</strong>g or Prebloom.<br />
See remarks under Early Spr<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Carbaryl may aggravate aphid <strong>and</strong> spider mite<br />
problems.<br />
<strong>Strawberry</strong> leafroller may also be controlled with<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram at the rate of 6.0-10.0 fl oz/acre.<br />
23
Table 7. Spray schedule for strawberries—NONBEARING BEDS<br />
When to spray Problem Treatment Formulation Rate/acre Remarks<br />
BEFORE PLANTING Diseases<br />
(especially on fields<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g sod)<br />
24<br />
nematodes (dagger,<br />
lesion, root knot)<br />
soilborne fungi<br />
(Pythium,<br />
Phytophthora,<br />
Verticillium, etc.)<br />
*methyl bromide + *chloropicr<strong>in</strong><br />
*Telone II<br />
*Telone C-17<br />
*Vapam<br />
red stele fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 2.5 lb/<br />
100 gal<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary<br />
Insects<br />
AFTER PLANTING Diseases<br />
(same time as “early spr<strong>in</strong>g”<br />
for bear<strong>in</strong>g beds; diseases<br />
should be treated as leaves<br />
are exp<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g)<br />
Use soil fumigants well ahead of plant<strong>in</strong>g. Check on current<br />
registration status before us<strong>in</strong>g any of the listed<br />
chemicals. Follow <strong>in</strong>structions <strong>and</strong><br />
recommendations on label for apply<strong>in</strong>g. Methyl<br />
bromide + chloropicr<strong>in</strong>, Vapam, <strong>and</strong> Telone C-17 help<br />
control weeds, <strong>in</strong>sects, certa<strong>in</strong> soilborne fungi, <strong>and</strong><br />
nematodes. Telone II is only effective aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
nematodes. Plant pathogen-free transplants. See<br />
comments <strong>in</strong> “Preplant Soil Fumigation.”<br />
Apply as a pre-plant dip to strawberry roots <strong>and</strong> crowns<br />
for 15–30 m<strong>in</strong>utes. Plant with<strong>in</strong> 24 hours after<br />
dipp<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
soil <strong>in</strong>sects *diaz<strong>in</strong>on 4EC 1.0 qt Apply as broadcast treatment. Mix with upper<br />
3–4 <strong>in</strong>ches of soil immediately after application. This<br />
treatment is especially necessary if fields were <strong>in</strong><br />
sod or very weedy before plow<strong>in</strong>g. If you fumigate,<br />
this treatment is not needed.<br />
leaf diseases:<br />
angular leaf spot<br />
(see remarks)<br />
leaf blight<br />
leaf scorch<br />
leaf spot<br />
captan 50WP 3.0–6.0 lb<br />
copper various see label<br />
dod<strong>in</strong>e 65WP 1.5–2.0 lb<br />
myclobutanil 40W 2.5–5.0 oz<br />
propiconazole SE 4.0 fl oz<br />
To control leaf diseases, start spray<strong>in</strong>g before<br />
symptoms appear on foliage.<br />
If angular leaf spot has been a problem <strong>in</strong> previous<br />
years, <strong>in</strong>clude a copper fungicide (see “Disease<br />
Notes”). Copper may cause a slight chlorosis or<br />
yellow<strong>in</strong>g of the foliage of some varieties;<br />
discont<strong>in</strong>ue use if phytotoxicity occurs.<br />
red stele mefenoxam Gold EC 1.0 pt Apply <strong>in</strong> sufficient water to move the fungicide <strong>in</strong>to<br />
the root zone.<br />
Insects<br />
ADD’L SPRAYS Insects<br />
(same time as sprays for<br />
bear<strong>in</strong>g beds)<br />
fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 2.5–5.0 lb Apply <strong>in</strong> sufficient water to wet foliage thoroughly.<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations <strong>and</strong> rates vary. See product labels.<br />
aphids *bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 6.4–32.0 oz<br />
endosulfan 50WP 1.0 lb<br />
3EC 1.3 qt<br />
malathion 25WP 6.0–8.0 lb<br />
8EC, 8F 1.5–2.0 pt<br />
aphids<br />
cyclamen mite<br />
leafhoppers<br />
spider mite<br />
strawberry leafroller<br />
Use one of the <strong>in</strong>secticides that would be<br />
used at the same time for bear<strong>in</strong>g<br />
beds.<br />
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.<br />
Two aphicide treatments <strong>in</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g before bloom<br />
<strong>and</strong> two <strong>in</strong> fall before mulch<strong>in</strong>g help control<br />
strawberry viruses <strong>in</strong> new <strong>and</strong> bear<strong>in</strong>g fields.<br />
If cyclamen mites are a problem, make a separate<br />
application of endosulfan 3EC at 2.66 qt/a (or 50WP<br />
at 4 lb) under high pressure <strong>and</strong> high gallonage<br />
(400 gal/a).<br />
If leafrollers are a problem, apply carbaryl at the<br />
rates listed under After Harvest.<br />
For spider mites, apply *abamect<strong>in</strong> 0.15EC at 16 fl<br />
oz/a or fenbutat<strong>in</strong>-oxide 50WP at 1.5–2.0 lb/a or<br />
*fenpropathr<strong>in</strong> 2.4EC at 16–21.3 fl oz/a.
<strong>Strawberry</strong> Weed <strong>Management</strong><br />
A successful weed management program depends on the <strong>in</strong>tegration<br />
of mechanical <strong>and</strong> chemical methods. Not all weeds that occur <strong>in</strong><br />
strawberry plant<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> are controllable with herbicides.<br />
Additionally, repeated use of the same herbicide on the same field<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g the same crop may lead to weed resistance. In these cases<br />
mechanical means such as cultivation, h<strong>and</strong> pull<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> hoe<strong>in</strong>g are<br />
necessary. Rotation of strawberries with crops that require different<br />
herbicides <strong>and</strong> cultivation practices should result <strong>in</strong> better weed<br />
management. Weeds cause a multitude of problems <strong>in</strong> strawberry<br />
production, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g—<br />
• <strong>in</strong>creased cost of irrigation <strong>and</strong> fertilizers due to <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
competition,<br />
• lowered berry yields <strong>and</strong> quality,<br />
• harvest<strong>in</strong>g is more difficult <strong>and</strong> less enjoyable for customers,<br />
• <strong>in</strong>creased difficulty implement<strong>in</strong>g nutrient management <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrated pest management,<br />
• <strong>in</strong>terference with spray applications,<br />
• act as alternate hosts for a variety of diseases, <strong>and</strong><br />
• provide a haven for undesirable <strong>in</strong>sects.<br />
Weeds <strong>and</strong> weed seeds are always present. If no control measures are<br />
taken, the size <strong>and</strong> number of weeds will always <strong>in</strong>crease as the<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g season progresses. The follow<strong>in</strong>g strategies help to effectively<br />
control weeds:<br />
• Use well-adapted, vigorous cultivars.<br />
• Plant narrower row spac<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> adjust plant densities.<br />
• Encourage rapid st<strong>and</strong> establishment.<br />
• Plan shorter crop rotations.<br />
• Use clean, weed-seed-free mulches such as rye straw.<br />
• Always scout for new weeds or “outbreaks” of common weeds <strong>in</strong><br />
your fields. Document them on a map.<br />
• Clean farm equipment between fields (an excellent practice for<br />
<strong>in</strong>sect <strong>and</strong> disease control as well).<br />
• Ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> good berry crop health.<br />
• Choose the correct herbicide for the situation. Accurately calibrate<br />
the sprayer <strong>and</strong> apply the appropriate labeled rate for the soil type<br />
<strong>and</strong> weed pressure level.<br />
• Mow or treat weeds on the field edge before they go to seed.<br />
Elim<strong>in</strong>ate perennial weeds such as quackgrass, thistles, d<strong>and</strong>elions, <strong>and</strong><br />
dock the year before plant<strong>in</strong>g strawberries by us<strong>in</strong>g smother crops;<br />
summer fallow; non-residual, systemic herbicides; <strong>and</strong> cultivated<br />
agronomic row crops. Rye, for example, is an ideal crop to plant prior to<br />
strawberries. It is sufficiently aggressive to outcompete most weeds but<br />
also has allelopathic effects to suppress emerged <strong>and</strong> germ<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g<br />
weeds. Rye used as a w<strong>in</strong>ter mulch is also desirable for strawberry<br />
culture.<br />
25
26<br />
HERBICIDE USE Before us<strong>in</strong>g an herbicide, read <strong>and</strong> follow the label directions! Herbicides are<br />
registered for use on specific crops. Use only registered materials. The<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>er label gives detailed <strong>in</strong>structions for safe use. Herbicide<br />
effectiveness depends on application rate, method, soil temperature,<br />
soil moisture, soil texture <strong>and</strong> organic matter, target weed species, <strong>and</strong><br />
ra<strong>in</strong>fall <strong>and</strong> weather conditions follow<strong>in</strong>g herbicide application.<br />
Cultivate throughout the first season <strong>and</strong> renovate after harvest <strong>in</strong><br />
subsequent seasons to reduce your herbicide needs. Growers us<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
herbicide for the first time or us<strong>in</strong>g an herbicide on a new cultivar<br />
should limit the treated area until they are familiar with the herbicide’s<br />
effectiveness <strong>and</strong> crop safety at that location. Apply herbicides with a<br />
boom sprayer <strong>and</strong> flat fan nozzles at 15–30 psi pressure. Calibrate<br />
sprayers to deliver 10–40 gal/a of f<strong>in</strong>ished spray solution unless<br />
otherwise stated on the label. Calibrate equipment at least once each<br />
season. Uniform <strong>and</strong> controlled application is essential. As part of the<br />
calibration process, adjust boom/nozzle height <strong>in</strong> order to obta<strong>in</strong> the<br />
correct overlap of adjacent nozzle spray patterns for uniform delivery<br />
(800 nozzles should be closer to target than 600 nozzles). Clean sprayers<br />
after use to prolong equipment life.<br />
The weed management schedules <strong>in</strong> table 8 list herbicides that are<br />
registered for use on strawberries <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>. Products are listed<br />
alphabetically <strong>and</strong> represent treatment options for each period<br />
covered. The <strong>in</strong>clusion of product names is not an endorsement of a<br />
particular manufacturer’s br<strong>and</strong>.<br />
2,4-D am<strong>in</strong>e formulation There are many 2,4-D formulations on the market. Not all are labeled for<br />
use on strawberry. Exam<strong>in</strong>e the label to make sure that your<br />
formulation is labeled for use on strawberry. Make sure your supplier<br />
knows you need 2,4-D for use on strawberry <strong>and</strong> use only approved<br />
formulations. Do not use ester formulations.<br />
Chateau (flumioxaz<strong>in</strong>) Chateau is registered with a supplemental label that must be <strong>in</strong> the<br />
user’s possession at the time of application. Also, follow all directions,<br />
restrictions, <strong>and</strong> precautions on the ma<strong>in</strong> EPA registered label plus the<br />
supplemental label. Chateau is a broad-spectrum herbicide with<br />
primarily preemergent action, but with some post-emergent activity as<br />
well. Three use patterns are allowed for strawberries <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Chateau is a long-act<strong>in</strong>g herbicide that should control weeds from<br />
application through harvest. It is a good alternative to cont<strong>in</strong>ued use of<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar. Us<strong>in</strong>g Chateau <strong>in</strong> early spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> S<strong>in</strong>bar at renovation should<br />
provide season-long control. Further, Chateau <strong>and</strong> S<strong>in</strong>bar have very<br />
different modes of action so develop<strong>in</strong>g resistance is less likely.<br />
Dacthal (DCPA) On s<strong>and</strong>y soils, Dacthal provides fair to good control of annual grasses<br />
<strong>and</strong> some broadleaf species. It gives poor control of most broadleaves,<br />
particularly on heavier soils. Dacthal can be applied to young plants<br />
with little danger of crop <strong>in</strong>jury. However, soil must have been recently<br />
tilled for Dacthal to be effective.<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol (napropamide) Devr<strong>in</strong>ol is a preemergent herbicide that provides good control of<br />
many annual grasses, chickweed, pigweed, <strong>and</strong> purslane. This product is<br />
difficult to keep <strong>in</strong> suspension, so ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> good agitation <strong>in</strong> the spray<br />
tank dur<strong>in</strong>g application. Devr<strong>in</strong>ol must be watered <strong>in</strong> with<strong>in</strong> 24 hours.<br />
Fusilade (fluazifop-P-butyl),<br />
Poast (sethoxydim),<br />
Select (clethodim)<br />
Fusilade, Poast, <strong>and</strong> Select Max are effective only aga<strong>in</strong>st grass weeds.<br />
They will not control sedges or rushes even though these weeds may<br />
look like grasses or have a “grass” common name. Check the product
label for specific <strong>in</strong>structions on stage of grass development for best<br />
control. Check the label for adjuvant requirements.<br />
Gramoxone Inteon (paraquat) This restricted-use herbicide is labeled for strawberries as a directed<br />
spray for between-row application. You must use a shielded sprayer set<br />
to treat only the area between rows.<br />
Prowl H 2O<br />
(pendimethal<strong>in</strong>)<br />
Prowl H 2O is available <strong>in</strong> 2009 with a supplemental label that must be <strong>in</strong><br />
the possession of the user at the time of pesticide application. Stunt<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
reduced growth, or reduction <strong>in</strong> daughter plants may occur with this<br />
use. This herbicide controls several grass <strong>and</strong> broadleaf weeds. Read<br />
<strong>and</strong> follow all <strong>in</strong>structions <strong>and</strong> restrictions on the ma<strong>in</strong> label before<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar (terbacil) S<strong>in</strong>bar is a long-residual material on heavier soils. Repeated use on the<br />
same field may build up <strong>in</strong>jurious residues. Determ<strong>in</strong>e the appropriate<br />
rate of S<strong>in</strong>bar for your soil, crop growth stage, <strong>and</strong> cultivar comb<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
(see below). To improve long-term weed control, alternate use with<br />
different herbicides. Remember, S<strong>in</strong>bar has a 110-day preharvest<br />
<strong>in</strong>terval.<br />
Some cultivars such as Annapolis, Cavendish, <strong>and</strong> Glooscap are<br />
particularly susceptible to S<strong>in</strong>bar <strong>in</strong>jury. When treat<strong>in</strong>g new cultivars<br />
treat a small area first <strong>and</strong> evaluate for phytotoxicity before treat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the entire plant<strong>in</strong>g. Do not apply Fusilade with wett<strong>in</strong>g agents or 2,4-D<br />
with<strong>in</strong> 2 weeks of a S<strong>in</strong>bar treatment to avoid risk of severe crop <strong>in</strong>jury.<br />
While S<strong>in</strong>bar is an effective herbicide, growers should underst<strong>and</strong> that<br />
the potential for phytotoxicity exists <strong>and</strong> should take every precaution<br />
to avoid plant <strong>in</strong>jury.<br />
27
Table 8. Weed management for strawberries<br />
Tim<strong>in</strong>g Commercial product, rate/acre Active <strong>in</strong>gredient, rate/acre Remarks<br />
NONBEARING BEDS<br />
Preplant Control weeds mechanically <strong>and</strong> plant <strong>in</strong> a weed-free field.<br />
Control perennial weeds the year before plant<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Early spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(at plant<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
Late spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
28<br />
Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxaz<strong>in</strong>, 0.096 lb Preemergence. For strawberries grown on plastic only. Apply<br />
a m<strong>in</strong>imum of 30 days before transplant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> before plastic<br />
mulch is laid. This will have limited applicability <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>.<br />
You must have the supplemental label <strong>in</strong> your possession at<br />
application.<br />
Dacthal W-75, 12.0 lb DCPA, 9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied <strong>in</strong> early spr<strong>in</strong>g or late fall. Can<br />
be lightly <strong>in</strong>corporated. Most active aga<strong>in</strong>st annual grasses.<br />
Fusilade DX, 1.0–1.5 pt fluazifop-P-butyl,<br />
0.25–0.38 lb<br />
Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt pendimethal<strong>in</strong>,<br />
0.7–1.4 lb<br />
Postemergence. Apply to actively grow<strong>in</strong>g grasses before<br />
June 1. Do not apply closer than 1 year before harvest.<br />
Use rate varies by soil type. Apply as a broadcast spray to<br />
the soil surface before or after transplant<strong>in</strong>g. A second<br />
application may be made <strong>in</strong> a b<strong>and</strong> to the soil between crop<br />
rows up to 35 days before harvest. Do not concentrate the<br />
rate per acre <strong>in</strong>to the treated area <strong>and</strong> do not allow spray to<br />
contact strawberry plants. Do not exceed 6.0 pt/a per season.<br />
Do not apply post-transplant if new foliage from rootstock is<br />
exposed to spray. Stunt<strong>in</strong>g, reduced growth, or reduction <strong>in</strong><br />
daughter plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label<br />
expires on December 31, 2009.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar 80WP, 2.0–6.0 oz terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb Preemergence. Apply 2–3 oz/a immediately after<br />
transplant<strong>in</strong>g. Apply 2–6 oz/a <strong>in</strong> late summer or early fall.<br />
Individual application <strong>and</strong> maximum total annual use rates<br />
vary by soil type. See label for details. If strawberry plants<br />
are allowed to develop new foliage or are not dormant at the<br />
application time, the application must be followed by 0.5 to<br />
1.0 <strong>in</strong>ch of irrigation or ra<strong>in</strong>fall to wash the S<strong>in</strong>bar off the<br />
strawberry foliage. Otherwise, severe <strong>in</strong>jury may result.<br />
Precise calibration <strong>and</strong> application are essential or plants<br />
may be <strong>in</strong>jured. Frequent, repeated applications on longterm<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>gs are discouraged.<br />
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by direct<strong>in</strong>g spray between the rows<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow<br />
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as <strong>in</strong>jury or<br />
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three<br />
applications per year. Do not apply with<strong>in</strong> 21 days of harvest.<br />
Select Max,<br />
annual grasses:<br />
9.0–16.0 fl oz<br />
perennial grasses:<br />
12.0–16.0 fl oz<br />
clethodim,<br />
annual grasses:<br />
0.068–0.121 lb<br />
perennial grasses:<br />
0.091–0.121 lb<br />
Midsummer Cont<strong>in</strong>ue shallow cultivation.<br />
Postemergence. Effective only aga<strong>in</strong>st actively grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
grasses. Rate is determ<strong>in</strong>ed by grass species <strong>and</strong> growth<br />
stage—see the label for details. Do not exceed 16 oz <strong>in</strong> a<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle application. If needed, wait at least 14 days before<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g a second application. Always <strong>in</strong>clude nonionic<br />
surfactant at 0.25% v/v.<br />
Scythe, 1%–10% solution pelargonic acid Postemergence. Selective only by selective application. Will<br />
burn down any green tissue. Scythe is not systemic <strong>and</strong> won’t<br />
completely kill most weeds, but it will burn off the sprayed<br />
foliage. Best applied as a spot treatment or with a shielded<br />
sprayer. See the product label for specific rate suggestions.
Table 8. Weed management for strawberries (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Tim<strong>in</strong>g Commercial product, rate/acre Active <strong>in</strong>gredient, rate/acre Remarks<br />
NONBEARING BEDS (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Late fall<br />
(Oct. 15–Nov. 1)<br />
BEARING BEDS<br />
Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxaz<strong>in</strong>, 0.096 lb Apply <strong>in</strong> late fall after strawberry plants are fully dormant. This<br />
treatment should provide control through harvest the follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
year. You must have the supplemental label <strong>in</strong> your possession<br />
at application. See label for maximum annual use rate.<br />
Dacthal W-75, 8.0–12.0 lb DCPA, 6.0–9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied <strong>in</strong> early spr<strong>in</strong>g or late fall. Can<br />
be lightly <strong>in</strong>corporated with irrigation, ra<strong>in</strong>fall, or tillage. Most<br />
active aga<strong>in</strong>st annual grasses.<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol<br />
10G, 40.0 lb; or<br />
50DF, 8.0 lb<br />
napropamide, 4.0 lb Preemergence. A fall application should provide weed<br />
control until after fruit production the follow<strong>in</strong>g year. Devr<strong>in</strong>ol<br />
is <strong>in</strong>activated by sunlight (ultraviolet), so field must receive<br />
1/2 <strong>in</strong>ch of irrigation or ra<strong>in</strong>fall with<strong>in</strong> 24 hours of treatment.<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol may <strong>in</strong>hibit runner root<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by direct<strong>in</strong>g spray between the rows<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow<br />
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as <strong>in</strong>jury or<br />
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three<br />
applications per year.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar 80WP, 2.0–4.0 oz terbacil, 0.1–0.2 lb Preemergence. Individual application <strong>and</strong> maximum annual<br />
use rates vary by soil type <strong>and</strong> application tim<strong>in</strong>g. See label<br />
for details. Apply before putt<strong>in</strong>g on w<strong>in</strong>ter mulch.<br />
See comments on S<strong>in</strong>bar above.<br />
Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt pendimethal<strong>in</strong>,<br />
0.7–1.4 lb<br />
Early spr<strong>in</strong>g 2,4-D am<strong>in</strong>e 2,4-D (rate varies<br />
by label)<br />
May be applied dur<strong>in</strong>g fall or w<strong>in</strong>ter dormancy, prior to onset<br />
of new seasonal growth. Do not apply if new seasonal growth<br />
(leaves) have emerged or are exposed. Use rate varies by soil<br />
type. Do not exceed 6.0 pt/a per season. Do not apply with<strong>in</strong><br />
35 days of harvest. Stunt<strong>in</strong>g, reduced growth, or reduction <strong>in</strong><br />
daughter plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label<br />
expires December 31, 2009.<br />
Postemergence. Apply before the strawberry plants have<br />
made much new growth if d<strong>and</strong>elions are present <strong>in</strong> great<br />
numbers. Choose a nonw<strong>in</strong>dy day for this application. Use low<br />
pressure <strong>and</strong> large droplet size to m<strong>in</strong>imize herbicide drift.<br />
Temporary distortion of strawberry plants may occur.<br />
Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxaz<strong>in</strong>, 0.096 lb Preemergence. Treat <strong>in</strong> early spr<strong>in</strong>g to fully dormant strawberry<br />
plants to prevent crop <strong>in</strong>jury. Should provide control<br />
through harvest. Rotate with other chemistries at renovation.<br />
You must have the supplemental label <strong>in</strong> your possession at<br />
application. See label for maximum annual use rate.<br />
Dacthal W-75, 8.0–12.0 lb DCPA, 6.0–9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied <strong>in</strong> early spr<strong>in</strong>g or late fall. Can<br />
be lightly <strong>in</strong>corporated. Most active aga<strong>in</strong>st annual grasses.<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol<br />
10G, 40.0 lb; or<br />
50DF, 8.0 lb<br />
napropamide, 4.0 lb Preemergence. If either Devr<strong>in</strong>ol or S<strong>in</strong>bar was applied <strong>in</strong> the fall,<br />
don’t use additional herbicides <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. If neither product<br />
was applied <strong>in</strong> the fall, an application may be made<br />
immediately after mulch removal <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. Because this<br />
herbicide is <strong>in</strong>activated by sunlight (ultraviolet), the treated<br />
field must have 1/2 <strong>in</strong>ch of irrigation or ra<strong>in</strong>fall with<strong>in</strong> 24 hours<br />
after treatment. This treatment should give full-season control<br />
of most annual weeds. Runner root<strong>in</strong>g may be <strong>in</strong>hibited.<br />
29
Table 8. Weed management for strawberries (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Tim<strong>in</strong>g Commercial product, rate/acre Active <strong>in</strong>gredient, rate/acre Remarks<br />
BEARING BEDS (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Late spr<strong>in</strong>g Poast, 1.5–2.5 pt sethoxydim,<br />
0.3–0.5 lb<br />
Midsummer<br />
30<br />
Postemergence. Apply if grass weeds are numerous. Does not<br />
control broadleaf weeds. Do not apply with<strong>in</strong> 7 days of<br />
harvest. Add surfactant accord<strong>in</strong>g to label directions. For<br />
maximum effectiveness, grasses must be actively grow<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Annual grasses must be 3–8 <strong>in</strong>ches tall, perennial grasses 4–8<br />
<strong>in</strong>ches tall, <strong>and</strong> quackgrass 6–8 <strong>in</strong>ches tall at application.<br />
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by direct<strong>in</strong>g spray between the rows<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow<br />
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as <strong>in</strong>jury or<br />
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three<br />
applications per year. Do not apply with<strong>in</strong> 21 days of harvest.<br />
Select Max,<br />
annual grasses:<br />
9.0–16.0 fl oz<br />
perennial grasses:<br />
12.0–16.0 fl oz<br />
2,4-D am<strong>in</strong>e<br />
+ renovation<br />
2,4-D am<strong>in</strong>e<br />
+ renovation<br />
+ S<strong>in</strong>bar 80WP, 2.0–6.0<br />
oz<br />
renovation<br />
+ S<strong>in</strong>bar 80WP, 2.0–6.0 oz<br />
renovation<br />
+ Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt<br />
renovation<br />
+ Ultra Blazer, 0.5–1.5 pt<br />
clethodim,<br />
annual grasses:<br />
0.068–0.121 lb<br />
perennial grasses:<br />
0.091–0.121 lb<br />
2,4-D (rate varies by<br />
label) + renovation<br />
2,4-D (rate varies by<br />
label) + renovation<br />
+ terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb<br />
renovation<br />
+ terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb<br />
renovation<br />
+ pendimethal<strong>in</strong>,<br />
0.7–1.4 lb<br />
renovation +<br />
acifluorfen,<br />
0.125–0.375 lb<br />
Postemergence. Effective only aga<strong>in</strong>st actively grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
grasses. Rate is determ<strong>in</strong>ed by grass species <strong>and</strong> growth<br />
stage. See the label for details. Do not exceed 16 oz <strong>in</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />
application. If needed, wait at least 14 days before mak<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
second application. Always <strong>in</strong>clude nonionic surfactant at<br />
0.25% v/v.<br />
Apply 5–7 days before mow<strong>in</strong>g the plant<strong>in</strong>g for broadleaf<br />
weed control. Renovation is the best time to control<br />
d<strong>and</strong>elions. See comments on 2,4-D above. Apply no later<br />
than August 15.<br />
Apply 2,4-D 5–7 days before mow<strong>in</strong>g the plant<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
broadleaf weed control. Apply S<strong>in</strong>bar after mow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
renovation before new growth beg<strong>in</strong>s. Individual application<br />
<strong>and</strong> maximum annual use rates vary by soil type. See label for<br />
details. See comments on 2,4-D <strong>and</strong> S<strong>in</strong>bar above.<br />
Apply after mow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> renovation before new growth<br />
beg<strong>in</strong>s. Individual application <strong>and</strong> maximum annual use rates<br />
vary by soil type. See label for details. See comments on<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar above.<br />
May be applied to perennial strawberries after renovation<br />
when no foliage is exposed, but prior to onset of new seasonal<br />
growth. Do not apply if new seasonal growth (leaves) have<br />
emerged or are exposed. Use rate varies by soil type. Do not<br />
exceed 6.0 pt/a per season. Do not apply with<strong>in</strong> 35 days of<br />
harvest. Stunt<strong>in</strong>g, reduced growth, or reduction <strong>in</strong> daughter<br />
plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label expires<br />
December 31, 2009.<br />
For postemergence control of several broadleaf weeds <strong>in</strong><br />
perennial strawberry production. May be applied follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
bed renovation. A second application may be made when the<br />
plants are dormant dur<strong>in</strong>g late fall. See label for required<br />
additives. Do not apply the last application with<strong>in</strong> 120 days of<br />
strawberry harvest. Do not apply more than 3 pt/a per<br />
season. Restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval is 48 hours.<br />
Late fall Chateau WDG, 3 oz flumioxaz<strong>in</strong>, 0.096 lb Apply <strong>in</strong> late fall after strawberry plants are fully dormant.<br />
This treatment should provide control through harvest the<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g year. You must have the supplemental label <strong>in</strong> your<br />
possession at application. See label for maximum annual rate.<br />
Dacthal W-75, 8.0–12.0 lb DCPA, 6.0–9.0 lb Preemergence. Best applied <strong>in</strong> early spr<strong>in</strong>g or late fall. Can<br />
be lightly <strong>in</strong>corporated. Most active aga<strong>in</strong>st annual grasses.<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol<br />
10G, 40.0 lb; or<br />
50DF, 8.0 lb<br />
napropamide, 4.0 lb Preemergence. Use as <strong>in</strong>dicated under the fall application for<br />
new plant<strong>in</strong>gs. See comments on Devr<strong>in</strong>ol above.
Table 8. Weed management for strawberries (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Tim<strong>in</strong>g Commercial product, rate/acre Active <strong>in</strong>gredient, rate/acre Remarks<br />
BEARING BEDS (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Late fall<br />
(cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar 80WP, 2.0–6.0 oz terbacil, 0.1–0.3 lb Preemergence. Use as <strong>in</strong>dicated under the fall application for<br />
new plant<strong>in</strong>gs. Do not apply if S<strong>in</strong>bar was used at renovation.<br />
See comments on S<strong>in</strong>bar above.<br />
*Gramoxone Inteon, 2.0 pt paraquat, 0.5 lb Postemergence. Apply by direct<strong>in</strong>g spray between the rows<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g shields to prevent contact with the crop. Do not allow<br />
spray to contact strawberry plants or fruit as <strong>in</strong>jury or<br />
excessive residues may result. Do not exceed three<br />
applications per year.<br />
Prowl H 2O, 1.5–3.0 pt pendimethal<strong>in</strong>,<br />
0.7–1.4 lb<br />
*Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.<br />
May be applied dur<strong>in</strong>g fall or w<strong>in</strong>ter dormancy, prior to onset<br />
of new seasonal growth. Do not apply if new seasonal growth<br />
(leaves) have emerged or are exposed. Use rate varies by soil<br />
type. Do not exceed 6.0 pt/a per season. Do not apply with<strong>in</strong><br />
35 days of harvest. Stunt<strong>in</strong>g, reduced growth, or reduction <strong>in</strong><br />
daughter plants may occur with this use. Supplemental label<br />
expires December 31, 2009.<br />
31
32<br />
<strong>Raspberry</strong> Disease <strong>Management</strong><br />
Cane diseases, Verticillium wilt, <strong>and</strong> gray mold are the more important<br />
fungal diseases that affect raspberries <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>. Viral diseases, such<br />
as crumbly berry <strong>and</strong> mosaic, are apparently widespread <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> may be the limit<strong>in</strong>g factor for raspberry production <strong>in</strong> older<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>gs. Accurate diagnosis of a disease problem is essential before<br />
effective disease management can be implemented.<br />
Bear <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that several important diseases of raspberry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Verticillium wilt <strong>and</strong> viral diseases, cannot be controlled with<br />
fungicides. While certa<strong>in</strong> cultivars of raspberry are notably susceptible<br />
to some diseases, cultivars that are highly resistant to the most<br />
important diseases <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> have not been identified. These facts<br />
underscore the importance of sanitation <strong>and</strong> cultural practices <strong>in</strong><br />
manag<strong>in</strong>g diseases of raspberry.<br />
FUNGICIDE UPDATE In recent years there have been several changes <strong>in</strong> fungicides registered<br />
on raspberry <strong>and</strong> other brambles. Always read labels carefully to be<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> that the product formulation is registered on the type of<br />
bramble or “caneberry” crop you wish to treat.<br />
Myclobutanil fungicide previously was sold for use on fruit crops under<br />
the trade name “Nova” <strong>and</strong> now is sold under the trade name “Rally.”<br />
The formulation is identical, <strong>and</strong> use recommendations on strawberry<br />
<strong>and</strong> raspberry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g rates <strong>and</strong> tim<strong>in</strong>g, have not changed. Growers<br />
may cont<strong>in</strong>ue to use exist<strong>in</strong>g stocks of Nova accord<strong>in</strong>g to that product’s<br />
label. Myclobutanil is especially effective <strong>in</strong> controll<strong>in</strong>g rust diseases of<br />
brambles.<br />
Azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> fungicide previously was marketed to strawberry <strong>and</strong><br />
raspberry growers under the trade name “Quadris” <strong>and</strong> now is<br />
marketed as “Abound.” Exist<strong>in</strong>g stocks of Quadris may be used on<br />
strawberry <strong>and</strong> raspberry only if you hold the orig<strong>in</strong>al label list<strong>in</strong>g these crops.<br />
Quadris is still labeled <strong>and</strong> marketed for use on many vegetable crops,<br />
but newly purchased Quadris may not be used on strawberries or<br />
raspberries. Abound is effective <strong>in</strong> controll<strong>in</strong>g several diseases of<br />
raspberry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g anthracnose, spur blight, leaf spot, rusts, <strong>and</strong><br />
powdery mildew.<br />
Abound <strong>and</strong> Quadris both are highly toxic to certa<strong>in</strong> apple varieties,<br />
especially McIntosh <strong>and</strong> related varieties. Even a small amount of<br />
Abound or Quadris, such as spray drift or spray tank residue, is toxic to<br />
apple leaves <strong>and</strong> fruit. Therefore, these products are not recommended<br />
for berry growers who also grow apples.<br />
Orbit (propiconazole) is an older fungicide that only recently has been<br />
labeled for use on strawberry <strong>and</strong> raspberry. Propimax is another br<strong>and</strong><br />
of propiconazole; it is registered on raspberry <strong>and</strong> other “caneberries”<br />
<strong>and</strong> “bushberries,” but not on strawberry. Orbit <strong>and</strong> Propimax are <strong>in</strong> the<br />
same class of fungicides as myclobutanil (Nova, Rally). On raspberry<br />
these fungicides are labeled for control of Septoria leaf spot, rusts, <strong>and</strong><br />
powdery mildew.<br />
Various phosphorous acid products (also called phosphites or<br />
phosphonates) are registered on fruit crops. These are related to<br />
fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um (Aliette), which has been used to control<br />
Phytophthora pathogens of small fruits for years. On raspberry, these<br />
products are used to control Phytophthora root rot. Because these
products are taken up through leaves <strong>and</strong> then transported to roots,<br />
they require thorough wett<strong>in</strong>g of foliage.<br />
Several highly effective fungicides can manage the most important<br />
diseases <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>. Many newer products are considered “reducedrisk”<br />
because of their relatively low toxicity to humans <strong>and</strong> wildlife.<br />
However, many are also at great risk of hav<strong>in</strong>g fungal pathogens<br />
develop resistance to them. Most product labels <strong>in</strong>clude<br />
recommendations for resistance management, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g limits on the<br />
number of sprays per season or number of consecutive sprays of a<br />
“resistance group.” Most labels specify a resistance group number,<br />
based on a fungicide’s mode of action <strong>and</strong> chemical class. For the<br />
purpose of resistance management, fungicides <strong>in</strong> the same resistance<br />
group are considered identical. For example, Abound is <strong>in</strong> resistance<br />
group 11. One component of Prist<strong>in</strong>e is also a group 11 fungicide.<br />
Therefore, Abound <strong>and</strong> Prist<strong>in</strong>e are equivalent <strong>in</strong> a resistance<br />
management program.<br />
PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION Soil fumigation reduces the populations of soilborne fungi <strong>and</strong><br />
nematodes <strong>and</strong> should be considered when establish<strong>in</strong>g a plant<strong>in</strong>g if<br />
fruit or vegetable crops have previously been grown on the site. Most<br />
fumigants are restricted-use pesticides <strong>and</strong> may be applied only by<br />
certified applicators.<br />
FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Many fungicides are specific <strong>in</strong> the way they kill fungi. This specific<br />
nature is good <strong>in</strong> that non-target, beneficial microorganisms are often<br />
spared, but bad <strong>in</strong> that disease-caus<strong>in</strong>g fungi can readily develop<br />
resistance to the fungicide. To prevent the development of fungicideresistant<br />
pathogens, never use Elevate, Rovral, Nova, Cabrio, or Prist<strong>in</strong>e<br />
exclusively <strong>in</strong> a season-long program. Also, try to reduce the total<br />
number of fungicide applications . See product labels for specific<br />
recommendations on resistance management.<br />
DISEASE NOTES<br />
Gray mold<br />
(Botrytis fruit rot)<br />
Gray mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis c<strong>in</strong>erea, can cause losses <strong>in</strong> the<br />
field <strong>and</strong> limits the postharvest storage life of berries to just a few days.<br />
Cultural practices that promote rapid dry<strong>in</strong>g of plants will help prevent<br />
gray mold. The most critical time for fungicide application is dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
bloom, s<strong>in</strong>ce the fungus can <strong>in</strong>fect flowers <strong>and</strong> then rema<strong>in</strong> “dormant”<br />
until fruit ripen. Make the first application when about 5–10% of the<br />
flowers are open <strong>and</strong> a second application dur<strong>in</strong>g full bloom. If you<br />
have different cultivars that bloom at different times, treat them<br />
separately.<br />
Cane diseases Cane blight, spur blight, <strong>and</strong> anthracnose are caused by fungi that<br />
overw<strong>in</strong>ter on dead canes. Therefore, remov<strong>in</strong>g canes from the site<br />
reduces the <strong>in</strong>oculum available for the follow<strong>in</strong>g year. If this is<br />
impractical, then chopp<strong>in</strong>g canes with a flail mower will accelerate their<br />
decomposition <strong>and</strong> prevent the fungi from overw<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>in</strong>g. Cultural<br />
practices that promote air circulation <strong>and</strong> dry<strong>in</strong>g of foliage, such as<br />
narrow<strong>in</strong>g rows <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g proper cane density with<strong>in</strong> rows, will<br />
also deter these diseases. Liquid lime sulfur applied when buds show<br />
1/4–1/2 <strong>in</strong>ch green will kill <strong>in</strong>oculum that has overw<strong>in</strong>tered. If applied<br />
later, however, lime sulfur can damage the plants.<br />
Fire blight Fire blight on raspberry is caused by the same bacterial species (Erw<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
amylovora) that causes fire blight on apple <strong>and</strong> pear. However, the<br />
stra<strong>in</strong>s that <strong>in</strong>fect apple <strong>and</strong> pear will not <strong>in</strong>fect raspberry <strong>and</strong> vice<br />
versa. Infected canes become blackened as though scorched by fire <strong>and</strong><br />
33
34<br />
bend over to form a “shepherd’s crook”. Blighted flowers <strong>and</strong> immature<br />
fruits are brown to black <strong>and</strong> shriveled. Prun<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>in</strong>fections may help<br />
reduce the spread of fire blight. Make cuts at least 12 <strong>in</strong>ches below the<br />
lowest visible symptoms. Sterilize tools by immers<strong>in</strong>g them for 30<br />
seconds <strong>in</strong> a solution of 1 part household bleach plus 9 parts water. Fire<br />
blight has been observed throughout the state <strong>and</strong> on most of the<br />
popular cultivars <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Boyne, Heritage, <strong>and</strong> Latham.<br />
Viral diseases Several different diseases caused by viruses have been reported <strong>in</strong><br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong>. There are no chemical controls to treat these diseases, so<br />
sanitation <strong>and</strong> manag<strong>in</strong>g the nematodes <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>sects that carry the<br />
diseases are essential. The nematode Xiph<strong>in</strong>ema 34mericana spreads<br />
tomato r<strong>in</strong>gspot virus, the cause of crumbly berry. If soil samples test<br />
positive for this nematode, soil should be fumigated (see above) the fall<br />
before spr<strong>in</strong>g plant<strong>in</strong>g. Viral diseases can be avoided by purchas<strong>in</strong>g<br />
virus-free stock from a reputable nursery <strong>and</strong> plant<strong>in</strong>g raspberries at<br />
least 500 feet away from exist<strong>in</strong>g wild or old cultivated raspberries.<br />
Phytophthora root rot Several species of Phytophthora, a soilborne, fungus-like organism, cause<br />
root rot of raspberry. Above-ground symptoms <strong>in</strong>clude weak, stunted<br />
canes; small, off-color leaves; or complete decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> death of canes.<br />
Roots, crowns, <strong>and</strong> the lower portion of canes are rotted <strong>and</strong> typically<br />
reddish-brown. Plant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil is the most important<br />
cultural practice for prevent<strong>in</strong>g Phytophthora diseases. Plant<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
raised beds or <strong>in</strong>stall<strong>in</strong>g dra<strong>in</strong>age tile will improve water movement<br />
from roots. The cultivars Titan <strong>and</strong> Hilton are highly susceptible;<br />
Festival, Heritage, Reveille, <strong>and</strong> Taylor are moderately to highly<br />
susceptible; <strong>and</strong> Latham is relatively resistant.<br />
Rust diseases Late leaf rust occurs on red <strong>and</strong> purple raspberries but not on black<br />
raspberries or blackberries. The fungus that causes late leaf rust spends<br />
part of its life cycle on white spruce. In early summer, spores are<br />
released from spruce trees <strong>and</strong> carried by w<strong>in</strong>d to raspberry leaves.<br />
Spores produced on raspberry leaves can re-<strong>in</strong>fect raspberry late <strong>in</strong>to<br />
the season. Orange rust is potentially more devastat<strong>in</strong>g than late leaf<br />
rust. However, it does not affect red raspberry. The orange rust fungus<br />
becomes systemic <strong>in</strong> the plant <strong>and</strong> greatly reduces vigor <strong>and</strong> crop yield.
<strong>Raspberry</strong> Insect <strong>Management</strong><br />
Several <strong>in</strong>sect <strong>and</strong> mite pests can attack Wiscons<strong>in</strong> raspberry plant<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Most of these pests do not occur every year or <strong>in</strong> every location, but<br />
they do show up on occasion. The occurrence of native <strong>and</strong> escaped<br />
wild brambles <strong>in</strong> the state offers ideal food <strong>and</strong> habitat for all pests<br />
that attack raspberries, <strong>and</strong> when large populations build up on these<br />
wild plants, they readily <strong>in</strong>vade cultivated plant<strong>in</strong>gs. Elim<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g wild<br />
brambles <strong>and</strong> unproductive plant<strong>in</strong>gs with<strong>in</strong> 1,000 ft of the cultivated<br />
canes will greatly reduce <strong>in</strong>sect attack. In isolated areas it may be<br />
possible to grow raspberries for several years without noticeable <strong>in</strong>sect<br />
damage, <strong>and</strong> some growers do not regularly use <strong>in</strong>secticides. However,<br />
<strong>in</strong> most locations it will be necessary to control some <strong>in</strong>sect pests<br />
almost every year for maximum productivity.<br />
Some occasional m<strong>in</strong>or raspberry pests, such as cane maggot <strong>and</strong> tree<br />
crickets, are not specifically covered <strong>in</strong> the spray table. A rout<strong>in</strong>e spray<br />
program usually elim<strong>in</strong>ates these m<strong>in</strong>or pest problems, but occasional<br />
specific controls may be necessary. Growers should <strong>in</strong>spect their<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>gs frequently for early detection of potential pest problems.<br />
INSECTICIDE UPDATE United Phosphorous, Inc. (UPI) registered the active <strong>in</strong>gredient<br />
acetamiprid on raspberry under the trade name Assail. This product is <strong>in</strong><br />
the neonicot<strong>in</strong>oid <strong>in</strong>secticide class. Two formulations are registered: 30<br />
SG which is a 30% active <strong>in</strong>gredient soluble granule <strong>and</strong> 70 WP which is<br />
a 70% active <strong>in</strong>gredient wettable powder. On raspberry these products<br />
are registered for the control of tarnished plant bug, aphids, thrips,<br />
leafhoppers, <strong>and</strong> Japanese beetle. Both have a 12 hour restricted entry<br />
<strong>in</strong>terval (REI) <strong>and</strong> a 1 day preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval (PHI). The 1 day PHI means<br />
that you must suspend pick<strong>in</strong>g for at least 24 hours if an application is<br />
necessary dur<strong>in</strong>g harvest. See table 9 for application rates.<br />
Dow AgroSciences has registered a chemically modified <strong>and</strong> more<br />
<strong>in</strong>secticidally active product <strong>in</strong> its l<strong>in</strong>e of sp<strong>in</strong>osyn <strong>in</strong>secticides.<br />
Sp<strong>in</strong>etoram carries the trade name Delegate on raspberry. It is a 25%<br />
WG (water-dispersible granules) formulation. It is registered for<br />
controll<strong>in</strong>g leafrollers, loopers, raspberry fruitworm, <strong>and</strong> raspberry<br />
sawfly. It has a 4 hour restricted entry <strong>in</strong>terval (REI) <strong>and</strong> a 1 day<br />
preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval (PHI). The short PHI may be useful when pests move<br />
<strong>in</strong>to the crop dur<strong>in</strong>g harvest s<strong>in</strong>ce pick<strong>in</strong>g would be halted for only one<br />
day. For best results, use this product when larvae are very young, so<br />
monitor pest activity regularly to detect newly develop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>festations.<br />
Refer to table 9 for application rates. Delegate will likely replace<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad (Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor) <strong>in</strong> conventional production systems, but the organic<br />
certified formulation of sp<strong>in</strong>osad, called Entrust, will rema<strong>in</strong> available.<br />
FMC suspended its registration of Capture (bifenthr<strong>in</strong>) on raspberry, but<br />
the same active <strong>in</strong>gredient is still available under the trade name<br />
Brigade. The two formulations available for use are WSB (a 10% active<br />
<strong>in</strong>gredient water soluble bag formulation) <strong>and</strong> 2 EC (2 lb/gal<br />
emulsifiable concentrate). The water soluble bags are designed to be<br />
added to the spray tank <strong>in</strong>tact, <strong>and</strong> it is aga<strong>in</strong>st label<strong>in</strong>g to open them.<br />
Each bag conta<strong>in</strong>s 0.5 lb of formulated Brigade, enough to treat one<br />
acre at the low label rate <strong>and</strong> one half acre at the maximum label rate. If<br />
you have less than one half acre of raspberries the 2 EC formulation<br />
may be a better option than the WSB formulation. Brigade is a<br />
restricted use <strong>in</strong>secticide.<br />
35
Table 9. Spray schedule for raspberries<br />
When to spray Problem Treatment a Formulation Rate/acre Remarks<br />
BUD BREAK<br />
(new shoots show<strong>in</strong>g<br />
1/4–1/2 <strong>in</strong>ch green)<br />
36<br />
anthracnose<br />
cane blight<br />
spur blight<br />
Phytophthora<br />
root rot<br />
PREBLOOM Diseases<br />
(blossom buds show<strong>in</strong>g;<br />
new canes 6–10 <strong>in</strong>ches tall)<br />
anthracnose,<br />
cane blight,<br />
spur blight<br />
rust diseases,<br />
powdery mildew<br />
Insects<br />
copper hydroxide 24% F 2.66 pt<br />
35% DF 1.5–3.0 lb<br />
copper sulfate 53% WP 4.0–5.0 lb<br />
lime sulfur see remarks<br />
Bud break is the most important spray for these<br />
diseases. Thorough coverage is essential; apply <strong>in</strong><br />
enough water to thoroughly wet canes. Sprays<br />
applied after shoots are longer than 3/4 <strong>in</strong>ch may<br />
burn foliage.<br />
Apply lime sulfur at a ratio of 10 gal/100 gal spray<br />
solution or 10–20 gal/a.<br />
fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 5.0 lb Use enough water to wet foliage but no more than<br />
100 gal/a. Apply after bud break <strong>and</strong> repeat at 45-<br />
to 60-day <strong>in</strong>tervals for up four applications. Do not<br />
apply with<strong>in</strong> 60 days of harvest.<br />
mefenoxam Gold EC 0.25 pt/1,000<br />
ft of row<br />
Gold GR 5.0 lb/1,000<br />
ft of row<br />
Apply <strong>in</strong> 3-ft b<strong>and</strong>s over rows. See label for details.<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations <strong>and</strong> rates vary. See product labels.<br />
azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> F 6.0–15.5 fl oz<br />
Captevate 3.5 lb<br />
copper hydroxide 35% DF 1.5–3.0 lb<br />
copper sulfate 53% WP 4.0 lb<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 18.5–23.0 oz<br />
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> EG 14.0 oz<br />
azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> F 6.0–15.5 fl oz<br />
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz<br />
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz<br />
Cover new growth thoroughly. Some cultivars may<br />
be sensitive to copper; discont<strong>in</strong>ue use if plant<br />
<strong>in</strong>jury occurs.<br />
Beg<strong>in</strong> applications when disease first appears <strong>and</strong><br />
repeat at 10–14 day <strong>in</strong>tervals. Do not apply more<br />
than 10 oz/a per year.<br />
cane borers Remove <strong>and</strong> destroy <strong>in</strong>fested canes.<br />
leafrollers *bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 8.0-16.0 oz<br />
2EC 3.2–6.4 fl oz<br />
carbaryl b 80S 1.25–2.5 lb<br />
50WP 2.0–4.0 lb<br />
4F, XLR 1.0–2.0 qt<br />
*diaz<strong>in</strong>on 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
4EC 2.0 pt<br />
*esfenvalerate Asana XL 4.8–9.6 fl oz<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram WG 3.0-6.0 oz<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad Entrust 1.25–2.0 oz<br />
Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor 4.0–6.0 fl oz<br />
2SC<br />
tebufenozide 2F 16.0 fl oz<br />
raspberry crown<br />
borer<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 16.0 oz<br />
2EC 6.4 oz<br />
raspberry fruitworm *diaz<strong>in</strong>on 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
4EC 2.0 pt<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram WG 3.0-6.0 oz<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad Entrust 1.25–2.0 oz<br />
Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor 4.0–6.0 fl oz<br />
2SC<br />
*Esfenvalerate is a bee repellant—do not use with<strong>in</strong> 7<br />
days before bloom.<br />
Apply a drench of at least 100 gal/acre. Brigade<br />
labels recommend at least 200-400 gals/acre as a<br />
drench for controll<strong>in</strong>g raspberry crown borer. If<br />
apply<strong>in</strong>g a prebloom drench, it is prohibited to also<br />
apply a prebloom foliar application of any<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> product. Crown borer treatment can also<br />
be made <strong>in</strong> the fall.
Table 9. Spray schedule for raspberries (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
When to spray Problem Treatment a Formulation Rate/acre Remarks<br />
PREBLOOM (cont<strong>in</strong>ued) Insects<br />
EARLY BLOOM Diseases<br />
raspberry sawfly *diaz<strong>in</strong>on 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
4EC 2.0 pt<br />
malathion c 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb<br />
8F, 8EC 1.0–2.0 qt<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>etoram WG 3.0-6.0 oz<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osad Entrust 1.25–2.0 oz<br />
Sp<strong>in</strong>Tor 4.0–6.0 fl oz<br />
2SC<br />
(5–10% of blossoms open) gray mold Captevate 3.5 lb<br />
fenhexamid 50WDG 1.5 lb<br />
iprodione 50WP 1.0–2.0 lb<br />
4F 1.0–2.0 pt<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 18.5–23.0 oz<br />
anthracnose,<br />
cane blight,<br />
spur blight<br />
FULL BLOOM Diseases<br />
AFTER BLOOM Diseases<br />
azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> F 6.0–15.5 fl oz<br />
copper hydroxide 35% DF 1.5–3.0 lb<br />
copper sulfate 53% WP 4.0 lb<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 18.5–23.0 oz<br />
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> EG 14.0 oz<br />
powdery mildew azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> F 6.0–15.5 fl oz<br />
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz<br />
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e 18.5–23.0 oz<br />
sulfur 81–92% WP see remarks<br />
Insects Do not apply <strong>in</strong>secticide dur<strong>in</strong>g bloom.<br />
gray mold <strong>and</strong> other<br />
fruit rots<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for gray mold<br />
under Early Bloom.<br />
Insects Do not apply <strong>in</strong>secticide dur<strong>in</strong>g bloom.<br />
anthracnose<br />
cane blight<br />
spur blight<br />
fruit rots<br />
powdery mildew<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for these<br />
diseases under Early Bloom.<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for<br />
gray mold under Early Bloom.<br />
Any of the fungicides listed for powdery<br />
mildew under Early Bloom.<br />
rust diseases azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> F 6.0–15.5 fl oz<br />
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz<br />
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz<br />
Insects<br />
aphids<br />
leafhoppers<br />
thrips<br />
acetamiprid 30 SG 2.5-5.3 oz<br />
70 WP 1.0-2.3 oz<br />
*diaz<strong>in</strong>on 50WP 2.0 lb<br />
4EC 2.0 pt<br />
malathion c 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb<br />
8F, 8EC 1.0–2.0 qt<br />
leafrollers Any of the <strong>in</strong>secticides listed for<br />
leafrollers under Prebloom.<br />
mites *bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 16 oz<br />
2EC 6.4 fl oz<br />
To avoid select<strong>in</strong>g resistant stra<strong>in</strong>s of fungi, use these<br />
products judiciously (see “Fungicide Resistance”).<br />
Captevate has a 72-hour REI.<br />
Do not apply sulfur when temperatures exceed 85–<br />
90°F. Caution: sulfur may <strong>in</strong>jure some cultivars.<br />
Cover sprays should be applied at approximately<br />
14-day <strong>in</strong>tervals up to harvest as needed <strong>and</strong> are<br />
most important dur<strong>in</strong>g cool, wet seasons.<br />
Do not exceed four applications of either<br />
pyraclostrob<strong>in</strong> or iprodione per year.<br />
Captevate has a 72-hour REI.<br />
Aphids can also be controlled with *esfenvalerate at<br />
the rate of 4.8-9.6 fl oz/a Asana XL.<br />
See remarks for leafrollers under Prebloom.<br />
*Bifenthr<strong>in</strong> has a 3-day PHI.<br />
37
Table 9. Spray schedule for raspberries (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
When to spray Problem Treatment a Formulation Rate/acre Remarks<br />
DURING HARVEST Diseases<br />
38<br />
gray mold Any of the fungicides listed for gray mold<br />
under Early Bloom EXCEPT Captevate.<br />
Insects<br />
AFTER HARVEST Diseases<br />
(late summer or early fall) Phytophthora<br />
root rot<br />
See labels for preharvest <strong>in</strong>tervals. Repeat<br />
applications at 7-day <strong>in</strong>tervals as needed.<br />
Captevate has a 3-day PHI.<br />
picnic (sap) beetles malathion c 50WP 2.0–4.0 lb Sap beetles breed <strong>in</strong> many locations outside<br />
raspberry plant<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> can build to large numbers.<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>uous <strong>in</strong>vasion of the plant<strong>in</strong>g is likely <strong>and</strong><br />
control is difficult. Wait 1 day after spray<strong>in</strong>g malathion<br />
to resume harvest.<br />
fosetyl-alum<strong>in</strong>um 80WDG 5.0 lb Use enough water to wet foliage but no more than<br />
100 gal/a. Apply <strong>in</strong> the fall, at least 30 days before<br />
anticipated leaf drop.<br />
mefenoxam Gold EC 0.25 pt/1,000<br />
ft of row<br />
Gold GR 5.0 lb/1,000<br />
ft of row<br />
Apply <strong>in</strong> 3-ft b<strong>and</strong>s over rows. See label for details.<br />
phosphorous acid rates vary Formulations <strong>and</strong> rates vary. See product labels.<br />
rust diseases azoxystrob<strong>in</strong> F 6.0–15.5 fl oz<br />
myclobutanil 40W 1.25–2.5 oz<br />
propiconazole EC 6.0 fl oz<br />
Insects<br />
aphids Any of the <strong>in</strong>secticides listed for aphids under After Bloom.<br />
mites *bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 16 oz<br />
2EC 6.4 fl oz<br />
raspberry crown<br />
borer<br />
*bifenthr<strong>in</strong> WSB 16.0 oz<br />
2EC 6.4 fl oz<br />
*diaz<strong>in</strong>on 50WP 4.0 lb<br />
4EC 2.0 qt<br />
*Bifenthr<strong>in</strong> has a 3-day PHI.<br />
Apply a drench of at least 100 gal/a before frost<br />
enters the soil (mid-October to early November).<br />
The *bifenthr<strong>in</strong> label recommends 200–400 gallons of<br />
spray mixture per acre for crown borer.<br />
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.<br />
a On many labels, raspberry falls under the general category called “cane berries.”<br />
b Several liquid formulations of carbaryl also are available; check the label for proper use. Carbaryl may aggravate aphid <strong>and</strong> spider mite problems.<br />
c EC formulations of malathion also can be used. Several different EC formulations are available.<br />
Refer to the product label to determ<strong>in</strong>e correct application rate.
<strong>Raspberry</strong> Weed <strong>Management</strong><br />
Effective weed management <strong>in</strong> raspberries comb<strong>in</strong>es cultivation,<br />
mulches, <strong>and</strong> herbicides. Weed management is essential to reduce<br />
competition for water, nutrients, <strong>and</strong> light dur<strong>in</strong>g the development of<br />
the crop. Weeds can also harbor diseases <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>sect pests <strong>and</strong> can<br />
<strong>in</strong>terfere with cultural practices <strong>and</strong> harvest<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Elim<strong>in</strong>ate perennial weeds such as quackgrass, thistles, <strong>and</strong> dock the<br />
year before plant<strong>in</strong>g by us<strong>in</strong>g smother crops; summer fallow; nonresidual,<br />
systemic herbicides; <strong>and</strong> cultivated agronomic row crops.<br />
Not all weeds that occur <strong>in</strong> raspberry plant<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> are<br />
controllable with herbicides. Additionally, repeated use of the same<br />
herbicide on the same field grow<strong>in</strong>g the same crop may lead to weed<br />
resistance. In these cases mechanical means such as cultivation, pull<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
<strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong> hoe<strong>in</strong>g are necessary. Mulches can also control annual<br />
weeds. Both organic mulches, such as straw, leaves, sawdust, or wood<br />
chips, <strong>and</strong> synthetic mulches, such as polyethylene, m<strong>in</strong>imize weed<br />
problems <strong>and</strong> conserve soil moisture. Young raspberry fields<br />
established with organic mulches typically produce significantly more<br />
canes than unmulched fields. After the establishment year, mulches<br />
may be less beneficial for plants due to rodent problems, higher<br />
disease <strong>in</strong>cidence, <strong>and</strong> shallow root<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
You can control weed growth between the rows by plant<strong>in</strong>g sod such<br />
as Kentucky bluegrass, perennial rye, or red fescue at the time of<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>g. Sod prevents many weeds from grow<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> occasional<br />
mow<strong>in</strong>g slows the growth of other weeds. It also reduces dust <strong>and</strong> soil<br />
compaction, improves field access after ra<strong>in</strong> or irrigation, <strong>and</strong>. helps<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> soil structure <strong>and</strong> organic matter levels.<br />
After plant<strong>in</strong>g, shallow cultivation <strong>in</strong> the plant rows can help reduce<br />
weed problems. Cultivation also serves to keep the rows narrow <strong>and</strong> to<br />
elim<strong>in</strong>ate excess canes. To reduce the potential for root damage, don’t<br />
cultivate deeper than 2–3 <strong>in</strong>ches. In established plant<strong>in</strong>gs, cultivation<br />
should stop before harvest to avoid knock<strong>in</strong>g fruit off the canes.<br />
HERBICIDE USE Chemical weed control <strong>in</strong> established plant<strong>in</strong>gs is of most value <strong>in</strong><br />
reduc<strong>in</strong>g weed populations <strong>in</strong> the plant<strong>in</strong>g row. Growers us<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
herbicide for the first time should limit the treated area until they are<br />
familiar with the herbicide’s effectiveness <strong>and</strong> crop safety. Sprayers<br />
should be calibrated at least each year.<br />
Young tissue-cultured plants are much more susceptible to herbicide<br />
damage than traditional dormant cane stock. Ideally, avoid us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
herbicides on these plants before fall of the establishment year or use<br />
the lowest labeled rates on new plants.<br />
If you are apply<strong>in</strong>g herbicides only to the plant<strong>in</strong>g row, be sure to<br />
calculate the actual area be<strong>in</strong>g sprayed <strong>and</strong> not the entire plant<strong>in</strong>g<br />
area. Otherwise you will overapply, lead<strong>in</strong>g to plant <strong>in</strong>jury or death.<br />
Before us<strong>in</strong>g a herbicide, read <strong>and</strong> follow the label directions! Use only<br />
registered materials. Table 10 lists herbicides registered for use on<br />
raspberries <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>. Products are listed alphabetically <strong>and</strong><br />
represent treatment options for each period covered. Inclusion of<br />
product names is not an endorsement of a manufacturer’s br<strong>and</strong>.<br />
39
Table 10. Weed management for raspberries<br />
40<br />
Scythe provides only “burn-down” of weeds. It acts very quickly but is<br />
not systemic <strong>and</strong> weeds will often regrow. It may work for spot<br />
treatment or <strong>in</strong> controll<strong>in</strong>g annual weeds <strong>in</strong> small patches. It will not<br />
control perennial weeds. Scythe is selective only through selective<br />
application. In raspberries Scythe can be used to burn down excessive<br />
cane growth. Apply before canes become woody.<br />
Tim<strong>in</strong>g Commercial product, rate/acre Active <strong>in</strong>gredient, rate/acre Remarks<br />
NEW PLANTINGS—FIRST SEASON (nonbear<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
Early spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(plant<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
Control weeds mechanically <strong>and</strong> plant <strong>in</strong> a weed-free field.<br />
Control perennial weeds the fall before plant<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Midsummer Mulch beds or use shallow cultivation, if necessary.<br />
Fusilade DX, 1.0–1.5 pt fluazifop-P-butyl,<br />
0.25–0.375 lb<br />
Poast, 1.5–2.5 pt sethoxydim,<br />
0.3–0. 5 lb<br />
Postemergence. Do not apply closer than 1 year before<br />
harvest. Only effective aga<strong>in</strong>st grasses. Add either crop oil to<br />
the extent of 1% of the spray solution or nonionic surfactant at<br />
0.25% of f<strong>in</strong>al solution.<br />
Postemergence. Do not apply closer than 45 days before<br />
harvest. Only effective aga<strong>in</strong>st grasses. Add surfactant<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to label directions. For maximum effectiveness,<br />
grasses must be actively grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> annual grasses must be 3–<br />
8 <strong>in</strong>ches tall, perennial grasses 4–8 <strong>in</strong>ches tall, <strong>and</strong> quackgrass<br />
6–8 <strong>in</strong>ches tall at time of application.<br />
several formulations clethodim Postemergence. Effective only aga<strong>in</strong>st actively grow<strong>in</strong>g grasses.<br />
Rate is determ<strong>in</strong>ed by grass species <strong>and</strong> growth stage. See the<br />
label for details. Check label for adjuvant requirements.<br />
Scythe, 1% or 10% solution pelargonic acid Postemergence. Selective only by selective application. Will<br />
burn down any green tissue. Scythe is not systemic: it won't kill<br />
most weeds, but it will burn off the sprayed foliage. Best<br />
applied as a spot treatment or with a shielded sprayer. See the<br />
product label for specific rate suggestions. Controls excessive<br />
cane growth if applied before canes become woody.<br />
Late fall Pr<strong>in</strong>cep or Simaz<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or<br />
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb<br />
NEW PLANTINGS—SECOND SEASON (bear<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
simaz<strong>in</strong>e, 2.0–4.0 lb Use rate varies by soil type. Apply 2-4 lb active <strong>in</strong>gredient (ai)/a<br />
<strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g or apply a split application of 2 lb ai/a <strong>in</strong> the<br />
spr<strong>in</strong>g plus 2 lb ai/a <strong>in</strong> the fall. Apply <strong>in</strong> a m<strong>in</strong>imum of 40 gallons<br />
of water per acre. On plant<strong>in</strong>gs less than 6 months old, use ½ of<br />
the above rate. Do not apply when fruit is present or illegal<br />
residues may result. See label for maximum annual use <strong>and</strong> soil<br />
type restrictions.<br />
Early spr<strong>in</strong>g Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil 4.0 lb Preemergence. Very late fall or early spr<strong>in</strong>g application.<br />
Effective on established quackgrass <strong>and</strong> d<strong>and</strong>elions. Apply<br />
when temperatures are below 50°F. Dichlobenil is volatile <strong>and</strong><br />
will be lost if soil <strong>in</strong>corporation does not follow shortly after<br />
application. Spr<strong>in</strong>kler irrigation or ra<strong>in</strong>fall with<strong>in</strong> hours after<br />
application is very helpful. Effective for 6–8 weeks after<br />
application. Suppression of cane growth may occur follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
application. Use if perennial weeds (quackgrass, dock,<br />
b<strong>in</strong>dweed, d<strong>and</strong>elion) predom<strong>in</strong>ate; otherwise use Pr<strong>in</strong>cep .<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol<br />
10G, 40.0 lb; or<br />
50DF, 8.0 lb<br />
*Gramoxone Inteon,<br />
2.0–4.0 pt<br />
napropamide 4.0 lb Preemergence. Apply before weeds emerge. Because this<br />
herbicide is <strong>in</strong>activated by sunlight (ultraviolet), the treated field<br />
must have 1/2 <strong>in</strong>ch of irrigation or ra<strong>in</strong>fall or be mulched with<strong>in</strong><br />
24 hours after treatment. This treatment should give full-season<br />
control of most annual weeds.<br />
*paraquat, 0.5–1.0 lb Postemergence. Directed spray only. Apply before emergence<br />
of new canes or shoots as <strong>in</strong>jury can occur. Apply as a coarse<br />
spray to avoid crop <strong>in</strong>jury. Add either crop oil concentrate or<br />
nonionic surfactant accord<strong>in</strong>g to label directions.<br />
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator. (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)
Table 10. Weed management for raspberries (cont<strong>in</strong>ued)<br />
Tim<strong>in</strong>g Commercial product, rate/acre Active <strong>in</strong>gredient, rate/acre Remarks<br />
Early spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(cont.)<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cep or Simaz<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or<br />
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb<br />
simaz<strong>in</strong>e, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Pr<strong>in</strong>cep above.<br />
Surflan AS, 2.0–4.0 qt oryzal<strong>in</strong>, 2.0–4.0 lb Preemergence. The area treated must be weed free at<br />
treatment. Not recommended for soils with more than 5%<br />
organic matter.<br />
Midsummer Mulch beds or use shallow cultivation, if necessary.<br />
Poast, 1.0–2.0 pt sethoxydim,<br />
0.19–0.375 lb<br />
See comments on Poast above.<br />
Late fall Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil, 4.0 lb See comments on Casoron above.<br />
BEARING PLANTINGS<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol<br />
10G, 40.0 lb; or<br />
50DF, 8.0 lb<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cep or Simaz<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or<br />
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb<br />
napropamide, 4.0 lb See comments on Devr<strong>in</strong>ol above.<br />
simaz<strong>in</strong>e, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Pr<strong>in</strong>cep above.<br />
Early spr<strong>in</strong>g Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil 4.0 lb See comments on Casoron above.<br />
Devr<strong>in</strong>ol<br />
10G, 40.0 lb; or<br />
50DF, 8.0 lb<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cep or Simaz<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or<br />
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb<br />
napropamide 4.0 lb See comments on Devr<strong>in</strong>ol above.<br />
simaz<strong>in</strong>e, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Pr<strong>in</strong>cep above.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar 80WP, 1.0–2.0 lb terbacil, 0.8–1.6 lb Preemergence. A very active herbicide. Do not spray<br />
raspberry foliage or use on eroded areas where subsoil or roots<br />
are exposed. S<strong>in</strong>bar has strong residual properties. Treat only<br />
canes established for 1 year or more. Alternate use with other<br />
herbicides. Do not use more often than every other year. S<strong>in</strong>bar<br />
has a 70-day preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval.<br />
Solicam DF, 2.5–5.0 lb norflurazon, 2.0–4.0 lb Preemergence. A very active herbicide. Apply to the soil only<br />
<strong>in</strong> the dormant season. Avoid contact with canes or leaves. Will<br />
control many ungerm<strong>in</strong>ated grass <strong>and</strong> broadleaf weeds. Actual<br />
application rates depend on soil texture, see the label for<br />
details. Canes must be established at least 1 year before<br />
application. May not be used later than 1 year before<br />
replant<strong>in</strong>g. May cause temporary whiten<strong>in</strong>g (loss of pigment)<br />
with normal use, especially on coarse-textured soils. Test small<br />
areas before mak<strong>in</strong>g a general application. May be tank-mixed,<br />
see label for details. Solicam has a 60-day preharvest <strong>in</strong>terval.<br />
Surflan AS, 2.0–4.0 qt oryzal<strong>in</strong>, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Surflan above.<br />
Midsummer Mulch beds or use shallow cultivation, if necessary.<br />
Poast, 1.0–2.0 pt sethoxydim,<br />
0.19–0.375 lb<br />
See comments on Poast above.<br />
Late fall Casoron 4G, 100.0 lb dichlobenil, 4.0 lb ai See comments on Casoron above.<br />
*Gramoxone Inteon,<br />
2.0–4.0 pt<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cep 4L, 2.0–4.0 qt; or<br />
90DF, 2.2–4.4 lb<br />
*paraquat, 0.5–1.0 lb See comments on *Gramoxone Inteon above.<br />
simaz<strong>in</strong>e, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Pr<strong>in</strong>cep above.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>bar 80WP, 1.0–2.0 lb terbacil, 0.8–1.6 lb See comments on S<strong>in</strong>bar above.<br />
Solicam DF, 2.5–5.0 lb norflurazon, 2.0–4.0 lb See comments on Solicam above.<br />
* Restricted-use pesticide—can only be applied by a certified applicator.<br />
41
42<br />
ABBREVIATIONS D = dust, G = granules<br />
DF = dry flowable<br />
E or EC = emulsifiable concentrate<br />
F = flowable<br />
LC = liquid concentrate<br />
S = solution or sprayable<br />
SC = soluble concentrate<br />
WP = wettable powder<br />
WEIGHT AND MEASURE<br />
CONVERSIONS<br />
Volume <strong>and</strong> liquid measure 1 teaspoon = 5 cc<br />
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon = 15 cc<br />
2 tablespoons = 1 fluid ounce = 30 cc<br />
8 fluid ounces = 16 tablespoons = 1 cup = 237 cc<br />
2 cups = 32 tablespoons = 1 p<strong>in</strong>t = 473 cc<br />
2 p<strong>in</strong>ts = 64 tablespoons = 1 quart = 946 cc<br />
4 quarts = 256 tablespoons = 1 gallon = 3,785 cc<br />
128 fluid ounces = 1 gallon<br />
L<strong>and</strong> area measurement 1 square foot = 144 square <strong>in</strong>ches<br />
1 square yard = 9 square feet<br />
1 square rod = 272.25 square feet = 30.25 square yards<br />
1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 4,840 square yards<br />
= 160 square rods = an area of 208.7 feet square<br />
= an area 16.5 feet by 0.5 mile
SPRAY RECORD SHEET<br />
Date<br />
applied<br />
Material<br />
Rate<br />
applied<br />
Variety<br />
Comments (weather conditions, etc.)<br />
43
References to pesticide<br />
products <strong>in</strong> this publication<br />
are for your convenience<br />
<strong>and</strong> are not an endorsement<br />
of one product over other<br />
similar products.You are<br />
responsible for us<strong>in</strong>g pesticides<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to the manufacturer’s<br />
current label<br />
directions. Follow directions<br />
exactly to protect the environment<br />
<strong>and</strong> people from<br />
pesticide exposure. Failure to<br />
do so violates the law.<br />
Copyright © 2009 University of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-System Board of Regents do<strong>in</strong>g bus<strong>in</strong>ess as the division<br />
of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Extension. Send <strong>in</strong>quiries about<br />
copyright permission to: Manager, Cooperative Extension Publish<strong>in</strong>g, 432 N. Lake St., Rm. 231,<br />
Madison, WI 53706.<br />
Authors: Dan Mahr is professor of entomology, Patricia McManus is professor of plant pathology,<br />
Jed Colquhoun is associate professor of horticulture, <strong>and</strong> Roger Flash<strong>in</strong>ski is pesticide applicator<br />
education specialist <strong>in</strong> agronomy, College of Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Life Sciences, University of<br />
Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Madison <strong>and</strong> University of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Extension, Cooperative Extension. Brian R. Smith<br />
is professor of horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-River Falls <strong>and</strong><br />
University of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Extension, Cooperative Extension. Produced by Cooperative Extension<br />
Publish<strong>in</strong>g, University of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Extension.<br />
University of Wiscons<strong>in</strong>-Extension, Cooperative Extension, <strong>in</strong> cooperation with the U.S.<br />
Department of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> counties, publishes this <strong>in</strong>formation to further the purpose<br />
of the May 8 <strong>and</strong> June 30, 1914 Acts of Congress; <strong>and</strong> provides equal opportunities <strong>in</strong>employment<br />
<strong>and</strong> programm<strong>in</strong>g. If you need this material <strong>in</strong> an alternative format, contact<br />
Cooperative Extension Publish<strong>in</strong>g at 608-262-8067 or the UWEX Affirmative Action Office.<br />
This publication is available from your Wiscons<strong>in</strong> county Extension office or from Cooperative<br />
Extension Publish<strong>in</strong>g.To order, call toll-free 877-WIS-PUBS (947-7827) or visit our web site at<br />
learn<strong>in</strong>gstore.uwex.edu.<br />
A1934 <strong>Strawberry</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Raspberry</strong> <strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>in</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>—2009 R-1-09