Foreword - CCS HAU, Hisar

wings (in length and width) or greatly elongated and ribbon-like, cross-veins in both
pairs of wings (numerous or few).
9. Lepidoptera : Mandibles (functional or non-functional);lacinia of adults (well developed
or not), galeae (haustellate or not); antennae variously modified (clavate, setaceous,
pectinate, bipectinate, filiform etc.); wing-coupling apparatus (present or absent), wings
(broad with well-developed venation or wings narrow or cleft into plumes with or without
venation or reduced venation); tympanal organ (present or absent), when present may be
in metathorax or abdomen; tibial spurs (present or absent); female (with 1 or 2 genital
openings).
10. Diptera : Ocelli(3) present, may be absent or indistinct; antennae (short or elongated),
variously modified (aristate, setaceous, plumose, pilose, stylate etc.);mandibles either
absent or modified as stylets in adults; thorax with or without v-shaped suture on
mesonotum; wing venation of fore wings (variable).
11. Hymenoptera : Abdominal attachment with thorax (broad or constricted); antennae
insertion (below eyes and below apparent clypeus or between eyes, well above the
clypeus); flageller length (very long or not abnormally long); hind margin of pronotum
(almost straight or deeply emerginate behind); wings (well developed or absent or may
be very rudimentary), wings when present with distinct venation and closed cells, fore
wings (with or without distinct pterosigma); hind femur (with or without trochantellus).
12. Coleoptera : Habitat (terrestrial or aquatic); clypeus extending or not, laterally in front
of antennal insertions; eyes not divided or completely divided into dorsal and ventral
parts; antennae variously modified (filiform, moniliform, setaceous, pectinate, serrate,
lamellate etc.); metasternum (with or without groove); shape of fore coxae (conical or
spherical), hind coxae (immovably fixed or not immovable fixed to metasternum, dividing
or not dividing the first visible abdominal sternite).
Hence it may be concluded that the first step while underlying any scientific work
pertaining to an insect pest is to know its correct identity and systematic position. When it
is correctly identified, the available information on the biology and habits of that insect, its
most vulnerable stage, the appropriate time and the most suitable method or methods to
control it can be referred to. The knowledge and understanding of the ecological facts, both
biotic and abiotic, influencing the population of an insect pest are necessary for planning
the proper strategy for controlling the pest.
No scientific programme like IPM or ecological surveys etc. could be carried out without
the most painstaking identification of all species of economic significance. Even the
experimental biologists have learnt to appreciate the necessity of sound and solid
identification. There are great numbers of genera with two, three or more very similar species.
The information on the systematic position, morphology, physiology, genetics and types of
development of insects together with the due consideration of their classification and biologies
is essential for an entomologist to apply the appropriate control measure. It is impossible to
speak of any taxon under consideration of any study or to think lucidly about it unless it is
named. Even the enforcement of the conservation laws, a knowledge of the species involved
must be had.
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