Foreword - CCS HAU, Hisar

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10. Samples arriving from distances greater than two days mailing time from a clinic should be packed tightly in a box with dry paper. 11. Mail samples early in the week to avoid the weekend layover in the post office. 12. For emergency samples or anything you suspect might be a dangerous exotic, use overnight courier services or overnight mail. Plant and Insect Sample Submissions Try to collect several specimens in different stages of development. Some identification keys we use are for adults, while other are for immature bugs. Insects submitted whole are more useful than when submitted in segments. Packing Insects Insects should be killed before shipping. Live caterpillars often pupate during shipment and beetles may eat their way out of the shipping container. Send all mature and immature insects (except butterflies and moths) in a glass vial or bottle containing ethyl or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. The vial or bottle must be properly padded in a mailing tube or other container to prevent breaking. Make sure that the cap for the vial is well secured so the alcohol doesn’t leak from within the vial during hipping. Send butterflies or moths dry in pill boxes or a similar container with tissue paper to prevent the specimen from being broken. It is often easier to identify an insect by seeing the damage it is doing to foliage, twig, fruit or other plant parts. If foliage or tender twigs are sent, they should be placed in a plastic bag and sealed. During the summer months, add a paper towel with the plant material when mailing specimens in a plastic bag. It absorbs excess moisture and helps prevent the plants from decaying and molds forming en route. Thus, plant material will remain moist and will arrive in a condition that enables analysis. Mailing leaves in paper envelopes results in their drying out so that insect damage is difficult to determine. Setting up plant health clinic (or diagnostic laboratory) The plant clinic acts as the farmer interface; the place where the farmer’s individual questions are answered and needs are met. It provides expert support, capacity building, training and diagnostics. The team works alongside local partners to train local people to become ‘plant doctors’. Then share the knowledge in surveillance and diagnostic techniques, integrated pest management, technology development, pesticide use and reduction, markets and government policy. How the plant clinics works? The clinics are made accessible to farmers by holding them on a regular basis in a prominent local meeting place, such as a market. When the farmer has a problem with a crop, he/she can bring a sample along to the plant clinic. At the clinic a trained ’plant doctor’ listens to the farmer, examines the sample, diagnoses the problem and offers a 37
suggested treatment. Treatment suggestions are affordable for farmers and use locally available resources. The correct chemicals are recommended only when necessary.With access to these services farmers can tackle pests and diseases and produce healthy crops and productive yields. With successful harvests farmers can feed and support their families. Diagnosis is not always straightforward. Sometimes plant doctors need to send samples to a laboratory (in exactly the same way that a family doctor sends samples to a hospital laboratory). Table 1. Plant health clinics around the world. Country No. Started Managed by Bangladesh 25 2004 RDA Bogra, AAS, and Shushilan Bolivia 7 early 2004 CIAT Santa Cruz, PROINPA, and UMSS DR Congo 8 March, 2006 Université Catholique du Graben, Butembo India 2 August, 2006 GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technol. Indonesia 2 October, 2007 University of North Sumatera (USU) Nicaragua 14 March, 2005 Farmer organisations, NGOs, INTA, and others. Supported by PASA II (danida) and other donors. Uganda 4 July, 2006 Socadido, SG2000, Caritas and MAAIF Vietnam 2 June, 2007 SOFRI With India planning to introduce clinics in all 40 states, the stage is set for providing poor farmers with better advice that helps them grow healthy crops with reduced risk and lower costs. SUGGESTED READING Borror, Donald J., Dwight M. DeLong and Charles A. Triplehorn.1964. An Introduction to the study of insects, p. 730-747. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. David Cook. 2005. Photographing Insects and Spiders & what we need to see for identification. Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, p1-25. Knutson, Lloyd. 1964. Preparation of specimens submitted for Identification to the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA. Bull. ent. Soc. Am. 22 : 130. Methven,K.M., Jeffords,R., Weinzierl, R.A. and McGiffen.1995. How to Collect and Preserve insects. Illinois Natural history Survey, Champaign-Urbana, pp.76. Sabrosky,CurtisW. 1971. Packing and shipping of pinned insects. Bull. ent. Soc. Am. 17 : 6-8. William H. Hoffard. 2001. How to Collect and Prepare Forest Insects, Disease Organismsa and Plant Specimens for Identification. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Area, State and Private Forestry 1720 Peachtree Road, N.W.Atlanta. 38
Page 3 and 4: Vice-Chancellor CCS Haryana Agricul
Page 5 and 6: Prof. & Head Department of Entomolo
Page 7 and 8: 18. DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF MACRO AN
Page 9 and 10: nutrients unavailable to the plants
Page 11 and 12: Reception) service provides access
Page 13 and 14: INSECT' NOMENCLATURE, IDENTIFICATIO
Page 15 and 16: The junior homonym is always reject
Page 17 and 18: The biological classification may b
Page 19 and 20: wings (in length and width) or grea
Page 21 and 22: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO DIAGNOSING
Page 23 and 24: insects is often seen by uneven or
Page 25 and 26: Faint yellow speckling of leaves ma
Page 27 and 28: on roots as in wireworms, weevil gr
Page 29 and 30: METHODS OF ESTIMATING CROP LOSSES D
Page 31 and 32: Exclusion of pests, or reduction of
Page 33 and 34: So from the above example, if the g
Page 35 and 36: The system is plastic and dynamic.
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 1. Pest-loss relationship (Sou
Page 39 and 40: Bardner R, Fletcher K E (1974). Ins
Page 41 and 42: Describing the sampling site would
Page 43: (iii) Butterflies and moths : Kill
Page 47 and 48: and the Philippines, Thailand, Indi
Page 49 and 50: difficulty is to relate the number
Page 51 and 52: Number and size of samples Factors
Page 53 and 54: SUGGESTED READING Atwal, A.S. and S
Page 55 and 56: Economic Threshold (E.T.) : 5.3 % i
Page 57 and 58: in Gujarat (Patel, 1994), Muskmelon
Page 59 and 60: DIAGNOSITIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
Page 61 and 62: mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, pe
Page 63 and 64: aised for seed purpose. The caterpi
Page 65 and 66: against the pest. In endemic areas,
Page 67 and 68: are attacked. The grubs make large
Page 69 and 70: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF INSECT-PESTS
Page 71 and 72: Damage is caused by both nymphs and
Page 73 and 74: Ber Beetles Adoretus pallens Arrow
Page 75 and 76: 1.5 Mango fruit fly : Dacus dorsali
Page 77 and 78: Estimation of losses : Investigatio
Page 79 and 80: 7.3 Tailed mealy bug : Ferrisa virg
Page 81 and 82: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND LOSS ASSESS
Page 83 and 84: leaves. It also secrets copious qua
Page 85 and 86: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
Page 87 and 88: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF INSECT-PESTS
Page 89 and 90: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND LOSS ASSESS
Page 91 and 92: Tabel 2. Grain damage caused by lep
Page 93 and 94: extensive damage. Damage in cotton
Page 95 and 96:
DIAGNOSIS AND CROP LOSS ASSESSMENT
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF ECONOMICALLY
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viii) Lesion : It refers to the dis
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND LOSS ASSESS
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Vegetable crops like tomato, brinja
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Infected seedlings show basal swell
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covering the plant, enter the leave
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF MACRO AND MI
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Amelioration : i. Drill/place basal
Page 113 and 114:
Amelioration : i. Apply soil test b
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NUTRIENTS' DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN D
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ii. Yellowing first appears on olde
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iii. Manganese deficiency symptoms
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DIAGNOSTICS AND ASSESSMENT OF LOSSE
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Foreign Grain Beetle, Ahasverus adv
Page 125 and 126:
Angoumois Grain Moth/Grain moth, Si
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which hatch in about 20-30 days. Gr
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12. Apple fruit moth, Argyresthia c
Page 131 and 132:
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A. lycopersici - curling of leaves,
Page 135 and 136:
Table 1. Crop wise Status of Major
Page 137 and 138:
PREDICTING INSECT POPULATIONS USING
Page 139 and 140:
where, y = Size of population, r =
Page 141 and 142:
2.1.6.1 Lotka-Volterra model for co
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changes by ‘“x’. The developm
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND LOSSES CAUS
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trachea pair of the thorax of 10-da
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e due to several causes: malnutriti
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
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Pest populations and crop losses Th
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compared with that obtained from th
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
II. COWPEA AND CLUSTERBEAN a) Aphid
Page 161 and 162:
DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
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Leaf hoppers : In India, Amrasca bi
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
VI. LINSEED Linseed gall-midge, Das
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) : is a po
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Aural method : Insect infestation c
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emote sensing and active remote sen
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Spatial Resolution : spatial resolu
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workers for developing vegetation i
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USE OF ADVANCED COMPUTER TOOLS IN S
Page 183 and 184:
Adobe Premiere Adobe Premiere is a
Page 185 and 186:
List of Search Engines Worldwide Th
Page 187 and 188:
METHODOLOGY OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE ES
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Chromatography It is a process of s
Page 191 and 192:
1. Estimation of Pesticide Residues
Page 193 and 194:
3. Estimation of Multiresidues in F
Page 195 and 196:
DIAGNOSTICS AND LOSS ASSESSMENT DUE
Page 197 and 198:
Scale insect, Melanaspis Minor Tami
Page 199 and 200:
Table 2. A profile of losses in can
Page 201 and 202:
varied from 5.5 per cent in Co 419
Page 203 and 204:
Cutworms, Agrotis spp. Cutworms are
Page 205 and 206:
Assessment of losses The following
Page 207 and 208:
Saw toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephi
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF INSECT-PESTS
Page 211 and 212:
3. Thousand-grain mass (TGM) method
Page 213 and 214:
MOLECULAR MARKERS : CONCEPTS AND TH
Page 215 and 216:
cloned mRNA, and the resulting sequ
Page 217 and 218:
Under optimal conditions, approxima
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Very abundant in plants (several th
Page 221 and 222:
APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR MARKERS I
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esearch goals. Biologists have now
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Loss : A loss of 36.5 per cent in U
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central whirl of the plant. Both ny
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS UNDER CAFT TRA
Page 231:
Dr. Tarun Verma, DES (Entomology) A
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