Foreword - CCS HAU, Hisar

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Mixed crops In multiple cropping, two or more crops are often grown together—at once, overlapping, or serially during the season. One way to relate yield ( y ) to pest attack is to express the different crops (a and b) in terms of the pure stand of one crop (a) on the same area— a land equivalent ratio (LER) (Zandstra et a1 1981): If different crops are grown for different periods of time, an area time equivalent ratio is useful (Hiebsch 1978). That brings in the proportion and time each crop occupies an area in the total crop pattern. The effect of pests on yield is measured by the same techniques as in single rops, with and without pests, etc. Missing plants and plant interaction and compensation The distribution of a pest attack in a field affects the relationship between yield and attack. In a spaced-out attack with missing plants unattacked plants next to a missing or attacked plant usually yield more than if all are unattacked, due to the removal of competition for light, water, or nutrients. The compensation depends on the degree of competition resulting from plant spacing, weeds, and growing conditions. Often, some pest attack can be tolerated without loss of yield. If attacked or missing plants occur in large groups however, compensation cannot occur. Yield falls rapidly with a rise in infestation. Compensation can be measured by examining the yield of an unattacked plant surrounded by different arrangements of attacked plants—for example, groups of five (pentads) of potato plants (Killick 1979) or in cylinders of influence around tobacco plants attacked by cutworm (Shaw 1980). The effect of missing plants is seen in the hyperbolic relationship between plant weight and population, the 3/2 thinning rule (Solbrig 1980), and the simple model of Hardwick and Andrews (1983). The difference between actual and expected yield of attacked potatoes has been used to show how well different plants can compensate for attack (Adams and Lapwood 1983). Different causes of loss interact so much and yield response is so variable, one is really dealing with a response surface. Multivariate methods are the only accurate way to look at all the factors involved. Ecology and weed science are providing some answers (Begon and Mortimer 1986). Distribution of loss The statistical distribution of crop loss over a wide area in both space and time is obviously related to pest distribution. Distributions are often nonrandom, either because climate or crops often occur in aggregated groups or because they occur at regular intervals. If the distribution were known, it would be easier to predict crop losses and the need for pesticides. Tanner (1962) found similar loss distribution curves when the summed frequency of losses as percentages of total loss were plotted against multiples of the average loss. Curves can be linearized by taking logs. In this way, the actual and expected curves can be compared to explain why differences in loss distribution exist (e.g. because of different sowing times [Walker 1965]). SUGGESTED READING Adams J M (1964). A review of the literature concerning losses in cereals and pulses since 1964. Trop. Sci. 19 : 1-28. Ahrens C, Cramer H H, Mock M, Peschel H (1983). Economic aspects of crop losses. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Plant Prot. Brighton, 1 : 65-73. 31
Bardner R, Fletcher K E (1974). Insect infestations and their effects on growth and yield of field crops. Bull. ent. Res. 64 : 141-160. Chiarappa L, ed. (1971). Crop Loss Assessment Methods : FAO Manual on the Evaluation and Prevention of Losses by Pests, Diseases, Weeds. Food and Agriculture Organization and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Slough, UK. 123 p. FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization (1977) Analysis of an FAO survey of post-harvest crop losses in developing countries. Rep. AGPP: MISC./27. Rome, Italy. 147 p. Harris P (1974). Possible explanations of plant yield increases following insect damage. Agroecosystems. 1 : 219-225. Headley J C (1972b). The economics of agricultural pest control. Ann. Rev. Ent. 17 : 273. Khosla R K (1977). Techniques for assessment of losses due to pests and diseases of rice. Indian J. agric. Sci. 47 : 171-174. Mumford J D, Norton G A (1984). Economics of decision-making in pest management. Ann. Rev. Ent. 29 : 157-174. Mumford J D, Norton G A (1987). Economics of integrated pest management. Pages 191- 200. In : Crop Loss Assessment and Pest Management. P. S. Teng, ed. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota. Norton G A (1976b). Pest control decision-making, an overview. Ann. appl. Biol. 84 : 444- 447. Pedigo L, Hutchins S H, Highley L G. Economic injury levels in theory and practice. Pimentel D, ed. (1981) Pest Management in Agriculture. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Pinstrup-Andersen P, de Londoño N, Infante M (1976). A suggested procedure for estimating yield and production losses in crops. PANS. 22 : 359-365. Reed W (1983). Crop losses caused by insect pests in the developing world. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Plant Prot. Brighton. 1 : 74-79. Stem V M (1973). Economic thresholds. Ann. Rev. Ent. 18 : 258-280. Walker P T (1977). Crop losses : some relations between infestation, cost of control and yield in pest management. Environ. Entomol. 5 : 891-900. Walker P T (1983a). The assessment of crop losses in cereals. Insect Sci. Applic. 4 : 97-104. 32
Page 3 and 4: Vice-Chancellor CCS Haryana Agricul
Page 5 and 6: Prof. & Head Department of Entomolo
Page 7 and 8: 18. DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF MACRO AN
Page 9 and 10: nutrients unavailable to the plants
Page 11 and 12: Reception) service provides access
Page 13 and 14: INSECT' NOMENCLATURE, IDENTIFICATIO
Page 15 and 16: The junior homonym is always reject
Page 17 and 18: The biological classification may b
Page 19 and 20: wings (in length and width) or grea
Page 21 and 22: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO DIAGNOSING
Page 23 and 24: insects is often seen by uneven or
Page 25 and 26: Faint yellow speckling of leaves ma
Page 27 and 28: on roots as in wireworms, weevil gr
Page 29 and 30: METHODS OF ESTIMATING CROP LOSSES D
Page 31 and 32: Exclusion of pests, or reduction of
Page 33 and 34: So from the above example, if the g
Page 35 and 36: The system is plastic and dynamic.
Page 37: Fig. 1. Pest-loss relationship (Sou
Page 41 and 42: Describing the sampling site would
Page 43 and 44: (iii) Butterflies and moths : Kill
Page 45 and 46: suggested treatment. Treatment sugg
Page 47 and 48: and the Philippines, Thailand, Indi
Page 49 and 50: difficulty is to relate the number
Page 51 and 52: Number and size of samples Factors
Page 53 and 54: SUGGESTED READING Atwal, A.S. and S
Page 55 and 56: Economic Threshold (E.T.) : 5.3 % i
Page 57 and 58: in Gujarat (Patel, 1994), Muskmelon
Page 59 and 60: DIAGNOSITIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
Page 61 and 62: mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, pe
Page 63 and 64: aised for seed purpose. The caterpi
Page 65 and 66: against the pest. In endemic areas,
Page 67 and 68: are attacked. The grubs make large
Page 69 and 70: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF INSECT-PESTS
Page 71 and 72: Damage is caused by both nymphs and
Page 73 and 74: Ber Beetles Adoretus pallens Arrow
Page 75 and 76: 1.5 Mango fruit fly : Dacus dorsali
Page 77 and 78: Estimation of losses : Investigatio
Page 79 and 80: 7.3 Tailed mealy bug : Ferrisa virg
Page 81 and 82: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND LOSS ASSESS
Page 83 and 84: leaves. It also secrets copious qua
Page 85 and 86: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
Page 87 and 88: DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF INSECT-PESTS
Page 89 and 90:
DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND LOSS ASSESS
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Tabel 2. Grain damage caused by lep
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extensive damage. Damage in cotton
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DIAGNOSIS AND CROP LOSS ASSESSMENT
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF ECONOMICALLY
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viii) Lesion : It refers to the dis
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Vegetable crops like tomato, brinja
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Infected seedlings show basal swell
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covering the plant, enter the leave
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF MACRO AND MI
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Amelioration : i. Drill/place basal
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Amelioration : i. Apply soil test b
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NUTRIENTS' DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN D
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ii. Yellowing first appears on olde
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iii. Manganese deficiency symptoms
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DIAGNOSTICS AND ASSESSMENT OF LOSSE
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Foreign Grain Beetle, Ahasverus adv
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Angoumois Grain Moth/Grain moth, Si
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which hatch in about 20-30 days. Gr
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12. Apple fruit moth, Argyresthia c
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A. lycopersici - curling of leaves,
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Table 1. Crop wise Status of Major
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PREDICTING INSECT POPULATIONS USING
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where, y = Size of population, r =
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2.1.6.1 Lotka-Volterra model for co
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changes by ‘“x’. The developm
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND LOSSES CAUS
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trachea pair of the thorax of 10-da
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e due to several causes: malnutriti
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
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Pest populations and crop losses Th
Page 155 and 156:
compared with that obtained from th
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
II. COWPEA AND CLUSTERBEAN a) Aphid
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND ASSESSMENT
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Leaf hoppers : In India, Amrasca bi
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
VI. LINSEED Linseed gall-midge, Das
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Page 171 and 172:
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) : is a po
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Aural method : Insect infestation c
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emote sensing and active remote sen
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Spatial Resolution : spatial resolu
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workers for developing vegetation i
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USE OF ADVANCED COMPUTER TOOLS IN S
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Adobe Premiere Adobe Premiere is a
Page 185 and 186:
List of Search Engines Worldwide Th
Page 187 and 188:
METHODOLOGY OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE ES
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Chromatography It is a process of s
Page 191 and 192:
1. Estimation of Pesticide Residues
Page 193 and 194:
3. Estimation of Multiresidues in F
Page 195 and 196:
DIAGNOSTICS AND LOSS ASSESSMENT DUE
Page 197 and 198:
Scale insect, Melanaspis Minor Tami
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Table 2. A profile of losses in can
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varied from 5.5 per cent in Co 419
Page 203 and 204:
Cutworms, Agrotis spp. Cutworms are
Page 205 and 206:
Assessment of losses The following
Page 207 and 208:
Saw toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephi
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DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF INSECT-PESTS
Page 211 and 212:
3. Thousand-grain mass (TGM) method
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MOLECULAR MARKERS : CONCEPTS AND TH
Page 215 and 216:
cloned mRNA, and the resulting sequ
Page 217 and 218:
Under optimal conditions, approxima
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Very abundant in plants (several th
Page 221 and 222:
APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR MARKERS I
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esearch goals. Biologists have now
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Loss : A loss of 36.5 per cent in U
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central whirl of the plant. Both ny
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS UNDER CAFT TRA
Page 231:
Dr. Tarun Verma, DES (Entomology) A
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Foreword - CCS HAU, Hisar

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