The Woody Plant Seed Manual - University of Rhode Island

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Part 1 Principles and General Methods of Producing and Handling Seeds
Introduction 4 Flowering Plants 4 Reproductive Cycles 4 Flowering 4 Initiation 5 Phenology 5 Influencing factors 6 Temperature 6 Light 6 Moisture 6 Nutrition 7 Physiology 7 Manipulation of flowering 7 Juvenile Phase 7 Mature Phase 7 Structure and Development 8 Pollination 10 Pollen grain development 10 Pollen dispersal 11 Pollen viability and flower receptivity 11 Pollination in angiosperms 11 Pollination in gymnosperms 12 Fertilization 12 Reproductive Abnormalities 12 Polyembryony 12 Parthenocarpy 12 Agamospermy 13 Fruit and Seed Development 13 Morphological Development 13 Angiosperms 13 Gymnosperms 14 Physiological Development 16 Moisture content 16 Stored food reserves 17 Hormones 18 Factors That Influence Seed Production 20 Physiological factors 20 Weather 20 Biotic factor 20 Chapter 1 Seed Biology Franklin T. Bonner Dr. Bonner is a scientist emeritus at the USDA Forest Service’s Southern Research Station, Mississippi State, Mississippi Contents Insects 20 Pathogens 21 Birds 22 Mammals 22 Maturity and Dispersal 23 Indices of maturity 23 Physical 23 Chemical 24 Shedding and dispersal 24 Dormancy 25 Types of Dormancy 25 Seedcoat (or external) dormancy 25 Embryo (or internal) dormancy 25 Morphological dormancy 26 Combined dormancy 26 Double dormacy 26 Secondary dormancy 26 Overcoming Dormancy 26 Seedcoat dormancy 26 Cold water soak 26 Hot water soak 26 Hot wire 26 Acid treatment 27 Mechanical treatments 27 Internal dormancy 27 Stratification (chilling) 27 Incubation and stratification 27 Chemical treatment 27 Combined treatments 27 Variation in Dormacy 28 Germination 28 Environmental Factors 28 Moisture 28 Temperature 29 Light 29 Aeration 30 Biochemical Changes 30 Physical Development 31 References 32 Chapter 1: Seed biology • 3 1
Page 1 and 2: United States Department of Agricul
Page 4 and 5: Cover photo The scientific names fo
Page 6 and 7: Rebecca G. Nisley editorial coordin
Page 8: Introduction v How to Use This Book
Page 11 and 12: ecame the primary nomenclature reso
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Seed Biology Franklin T.
Page 15: Libocedrus (see Calocedrus) 313 Lig
Page 19 and 20: varied among species, ranging from
Page 21 and 22: There are other effects of moisture
Page 23 and 24: and Kirkman 1990). The flowers of m
Page 25 and 26: Pollen grains of trees are extremel
Page 27 and 28: common in forest species but has be
Page 29 and 30: Table 2—Chapter 1, Seed Biology:
Page 31 and 32: Figure 6—Chapter 1, Seed Biology:
Page 33 and 34: Figure 9—Chapter 1, Seed Biology:
Page 35 and 36: D. Don), ponderosa, digger (P. sabi
Page 37 and 38: significant. Fowells and Schubert (
Page 39 and 40: closed or only partly open, and see
Page 41 and 42: seedcoats (Sandif 1988; Stubsgaard
Page 43 and 44: Table 10—Chapter 1, Seed Biology:
Page 45 and 46: (Bouvier-Durand and others 1984; Sa
Page 47 and 48: Carl CM, Snow AG. 1971. Maturation
Page 49 and 50: Martin GC, Dennis FG Jr, MacMillan
Page 51 and 52: Vázquez-Yanes C, Orozco-Segovia A,
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Genetic Improvement of Fo
Page 55 and 56: also replicated on different sites
Page 57 and 58: The Genetic Code The physical basis
Page 59 and 60: have been operating for a number of
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3—Chapter 2, Genetic Impro
Page 63 and 64: dictates locations that cause a maj
Page 65 and 66: In the Western United States, seed
Page 67 and 68:
The Pacific Northwest Tree improvem
Page 69 and 70:
Abbott JE. 1974. Introgressive hybr
Page 71 and 72:
Introduction 58 Harvesting 58 Plann
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Figure 1—Chapter 3, Seed Harvesti
Page 75 and 76:
drop. This delay provides some marg
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Seed Acquisition Seed harvesting ca
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appearance could be due to the gene
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Those seeds that can be dried are r
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Figure 14—Chapter 3, Seed Harvest
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tightly they press against the shel
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However, before the wing is removed
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machine is determined by the speed
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large amount of pitch. The pitch pa
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damaged seedcoats. The seeds are pl
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Figure 40—Chapter 3, Seed Harvest
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Aldous JR. 1972. Nursery practice.
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Introduction 86 Factors Affecting L
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Table 1—Chapter 4, Storage of See
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drates and very little lipid. Even
Page 105 and 106:
Table 7—Chapter 4, Storage of See
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 4—Chapter 4, Storage of Se
Page 109 and 110:
Barnett JP,Vozzo JA. 1985. Viabilit
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 5 Seed Testing Robert P. Ka
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1—Chapter 5, Seed Testing:
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gain or lose moisture in exchange w
Page 117 and 118:
lot. “Inert matter” is all othe
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The germination test is conducted o
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A species that does not require pre
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daily germination increases with ea
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X-Radiography X-radiography is very
Page 127 and 128:
seedling in a cell drops to .01, bu
Page 129 and 130:
Anderson HW, Wilson BC. 1966. Impro
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Introduction 118 Certification in A
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 2—Chapter 6, Certification
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(which varied only slightly from th
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seeds must receive a derogation (sp
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Introduction 126 Terminology 126 Th
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Figure 2—Chapter 7, Nursery Pract
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Genetic Considerations Most seedlin
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Table 1—Chapter 7, Nursery Practi
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wheel with clips to place the trans
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Soil Management and Seedbed Prepara
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Bareroot nurseries apply mineral nu
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Figure 14—Chapter 7, Nursery Prac
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1 seed per cavity. Although expensi
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Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Part II Specific Handling Methods a
Page 163 and 164:
A Table 1—Abies, fir: nomenclatur
Page 165 and 166:
A Table 1—Abies, fir: nomenclatur
Page 167 and 168:
A 9 species—Pacific silver, balsa
Page 169 and 170:
A Table 2—Abies, fir: schematic o
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A their validity is questionable (F
Page 173 and 174:
A Guatemala have been reported (Agu
Page 175 and 176:
A Thinning promoted fruiting in 150
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A Figure 5—Abies, fir: mature see
Page 179 and 180:
A ber on the south side of the tree
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A Table 4—Abies, fir: insects aff
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A vigor (Laacke 1990a&b) and produc
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A detachment indicates that they ha
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A need turning at least once each d
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A The IDS (incubating-drying-separa
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A Table 9—Abies, fir: experiences
Page 193 and 194:
A Table 10—Abies, fir: nursery pr
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A dried to 35% and refrigerated for
Page 197 and 198:
A 1988). Tetrazolium test results o
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A 1989). Pesticide use changes over
Page 201 and 202:
A Bergsten U. 1993. Removal of dead
Page 203 and 204:
A Franklin JF. 1965. An exploratory
Page 205 and 206:
A Irmak A. 1961. The seed-fall of f
Page 207 and 208:
A MacLean DW. 1960. Some aspects of
Page 209 and 210:
A Roe EI. 1948b. Balsam fir seed: i
Page 211 and 212:
A Tulstrup NP. 1952. Skovfrø: nogl
Page 213 and 214:
A Table 1—Acacia, acacia: nomencl
Page 215 and 216:
A Table 4—Acacia, accacia: preger
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A Growth habit, occurrence, and use
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A found to be highly skewed to male
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A stands due to tree distribution a
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A the forest floor for at least 3 t
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A Table 5—Acer, maple: warm and c
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A Sometimes maple seedlings are lar
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A Van Gelderen DM, De Jong PC, Oter
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A Nursery practice. Although there
Page 233 and 234:
A flower spikes are 15 to 20 cm tal
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A tures at 5 °C for about 120 days
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A Synonyms. Toxicodendron altissimu
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A Feret PP. 1985. Ailanthus: variat
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A Table 2—Albizia, albizia: pheno
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A Synonyms. Aleurites javanica Gand
Page 245 and 246:
A Growth habit and occurrence. Alde
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A Table 1—Alnus, alder: nomenclat
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A Figure 2—Alnus, alder: nuts (se
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A Table 5—Alnus, alder: stratific
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A and early growth in the nursery (
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A Pojar J, MacKinnon A, comps. & ed
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A als by Kay and others (1988) refe
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A Table 2—Amelanchier, serviceber
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A tions (Acharya and others 1989).
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A Figure 2—Amorpha canescens, lea
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A be taken when lifting, as the roo
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A 1981). A distinguishing character
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A Figure 4—Aralia nudicaulis, wil
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A to 27 years old and are about 20
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A should be treated with a fungicid
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A Figure 2—Arbutus menziesii, Pac
Page 279 and 280:
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A may be checked in the field by cu
Page 283 and 284:
A Keeley JE. 1995. Seed germination
Page 285 and 286:
A Table 2—Aronia, chokeberry: phe
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
A the exterior of the pericarp may
Page 291 and 292:
A others 1959; Wilson 1982) probabl
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A Wagstaff FJ, Welch BL. 1991. Seed
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A soundness are as follows (Bonner
Page 297 and 298:
A Table 1—Atriplex, saltbush: eco
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A Figure 2—Atriplex semibaccata,A
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A ole walls may also be weakened by
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A Gerard JB. 1978. Factors affectin
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B Table 1—Baccharis, baccharis: n
Page 307 and 308:
B Table 3 —Baccharis, baccharis:
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B Table 2—Bauhinia, bauhinia: flo
Page 311 and 312:
B Berberidaceae—Barberry family G
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B Table 2—Berberis, barberry: phe
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B Ahrendt T. 1961. Berberis and Mah
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B Table 1—Betula, birch: nomencla
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B Figure 1—Betula, birch: ripe fe
Page 321 and 322:
B Table 5—Betula, birch: germinat
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B References Ahlgren CE.1957. Pheno
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C seeds sink in water, and the pulp
Page 327 and 328:
C the winter and early spring...”
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C Reported averages representing co
Page 331 and 332:
C McDonald PM. 1992. Estimating see
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C 10 °C is recommended for quick a
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C Figure 3—Caragana arborsecens,
Page 337 and 338:
C Cactaceae Cactus family Carnegiea
Page 339 and 340:
C Growth habit. Carpenteria (bush-a
Page 341 and 342:
C Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 343 and 344:
C Table 2—Carpinus, carpinus: phe
Page 345 and 346:
C Allen DH. 1995. Personal communic
Page 347 and 348:
C Table 2—Carya, hickory: phenolo
Page 349 and 350:
C imbibed nuts in plastic bags with
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
C is especially important if the we
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
C Nursery practice. In the nursery,
Page 359 and 360:
C Figure 1—Catalpa bignonioides,
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
C Figure 1—Ceanothus, ceanothus:
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C Table 3—Ceanothus, ceanothus: t
Page 367 and 368:
C stimulate germination. For wester
Page 369 and 370:
C Poth M, Barro SC. 1986. On the th
Page 371 and 372:
C seeds (table 2) (Dirr 1990; Farjo
Page 373 and 374:
C temperatures of 20 °C (night) an
Page 375 and 376:
C Hartmann HT, Kester DE, Davies FT
Page 377 and 378:
C Extraction and storage of seeds.
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
C Table 3—Celtis, hackberry: heig
Page 383 and 384:
C Germination tests. Buttonbush see
Page 385 and 386:
C Figure 1—Ceratonia siliqua, car
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
C Figure 1—Cercis canadensis, eas
Page 391 and 392:
C whether to dip the seeds for 15 o
Page 393 and 394:
C Jones RO, Geneve RL. 1995. Seedco
Page 395 and 396:
C ledifolius is more shrubby (or le
Page 397 and 398:
C Nursery and field practice. Curll
Page 399 and 400:
C Adams RS. 1969. How to cure mount
Page 401 and 402:
C Rosoideae). McArthur and Sanderso
Page 403 and 404:
C Kirkwood JE. 1930. Northern Rocky
Page 405 and 406:
C Table 2—Chamaecyparis, white-ce
Page 407 and 408:
C Table 4—Chamaecyparis, white-ce
Page 409 and 410:
C 396 • Woody Plant Seed Manual B
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
C zomes. Cultivation attempts often
Page 415 and 416:
C Figure 2—Chionanthus virginicus
Page 417 and 418:
C Synonyms. The 2 species of Chryso
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C Figure 3—Chrysolepsis, chinquap
Page 421 and 422:
C Table 1—Chrysothamnus, rabbitbr
Page 423 and 424:
C Table 2—Chrysothamnus, rabbitbr
Page 425 and 426:
C Anderson LC. 1986. An overview of
Page 427 and 428:
C Figure 1—Cladrastis kentukea, y
Page 429 and 430:
C Dates of flowering and fruiting a
Page 431 and 432:
C Table 5—Clematis, clematis: ger
Page 433 and 434:
C have been observed (Bir 1992b). T
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C 422 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
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C Figure 3—Coleogyne ramosissima,
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
C Table 2—Cornus, dogwood: phenol
Page 445 and 446:
C and sow them in the spring (Goodw
Page 447 and 448:
C Other common names. Filbert, haze
Page 449 and 450:
C carried out on the nature of dorm
Page 451 and 452:
C 438 • Woody Plant Seed Manual A
Page 453 and 454:
C Table 2—Cotinus, smoketree: see
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
C Table 2—Cotoneaster, cotoneaste
Page 459 and 460:
C (Shaw and others 2004). Germinati
Page 461 and 462:
C Table 1—Crataegus, hawthorn: no
Page 463 and 464:
C edible fruits in Asia, Central Am
Page 465 and 466:
C Figure 1—Crataegus, hawthorn: c
Page 467 and 468:
C recommended that if controlled se
Page 469 and 470:
C Flint HL. 1997. Landscape plants
Page 471 and 472:
C Figure 2—Cryptomeria japonica,
Page 473 and 474:
C Table 1—Cupressus, cypress: nom
Page 475 and 476:
C Table 3—Cupressus, cypress: see
Page 477 and 478:
C Table 4—Cupressus, cypress: ger
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
D Fabaceae—Pea family Delonix reg
Page 483 and 484:
D Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 485 and 486:
D Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 487 and 488:
D screen cleaner to remove trash an
Page 489 and 490:
D 476 • Woody Plant Seed Manual T
Page 491 and 492:
D anthers still contained pollen in
Page 493 and 494:
D Figure 6—Dirca palustris, easte
Page 495 and 496:
E Fabaceae—Pea family Ebenopsis e
Page 497 and 498:
E Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 499 and 500:
E Table 3—Elaeagnus, elaeagnus: h
Page 501 and 502:
E Other common names. brittlebush,
Page 503 and 504:
E Fabaceae—Pea family Enterolobiu
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
E Figure 2—Ephedra viridis,Torrey
Page 509 and 510:
E Germination tests. Germination is
Page 511 and 512:
E Germination. Parish goldenweed se
Page 513 and 514:
E Table 1— Eriogonum, wild-buckwh
Page 515 and 516:
E Table 2—Eriogonum, wild-buckwhe
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
E fall; and tallowwood eucalyptus i
Page 521 and 522:
E Table 4—Eucalyptus, eucalyptus:
Page 523 and 524:
E Table 7—Eucalyptus, eucalyptus:
Page 525 and 526:
E Geary TF, Meskimen GF, Franklin E
Page 527 and 528:
E Table 2— Euonymus, euonymus: he
Page 529 and 530:
E Figure 3—Euonymus, euonymus: se
Page 531 and 532:
E Table 8—Euonymus, euonymus: ger
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F Fagaceae—Beech family Fagus L.
Page 535 and 536:
F Table 3—Fagus, beech: height, s
Page 537 and 538:
F Ahuja MR. 1986. Short note: stora
Page 539 and 540:
F Figure 2—Fallugia paradoxa, Apa
Page 541 and 542:
F Synonym. Flindersia chatawaiana F
Page 543 and 544:
F 530 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
Page 545 and 546:
F Table 1—Frangula, buckthorn: no
Page 547 and 548:
F Arno SF, Hammerly RP. 1977. North
Page 549 and 550:
F Figure 2—Franklinia alatamaha,
Page 551 and 552:
F Deusen and Cunningham 1982), and
Page 553 and 554:
F Table 4—Fraxinus, ash: seed yie
Page 555 and 556:
F Table 6—Fraxinus, ash: germinat
Page 557 and 558:
F Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 559 and 560:
F because the period of germination
Page 561 and 562:
G Table 1—Garrya, silktassel: occ
Page 563 and 564:
G Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 565 and 566:
G Table 2—Gaultheria, wintergreen
Page 567 and 568:
G stratified and sown in the spring
Page 569 and 570:
G McMinn HE. 1970. An illustrated m
Page 571 and 572:
G Germination. Black huckleberry se
Page 573 and 574:
G Figure 2—Ginkgo biloba, ginkgo:
Page 575 and 576:
G Growth habit and uses. There are
Page 577 and 578:
G the acid treatment has been much
Page 579 and 580:
G Figure 3—Gordonia lasianthus, l
Page 581 and 582:
G consists of a single pistil enclo
Page 583 and 584:
G Wallace and Romney 1972; Wood and
Page 585 and 586:
G Everett RL,Tueller PT, Davis JB,
Page 587 and 588:
G Figure 1—Grevillea robusta, sil
Page 589 and 590:
G Figure 2—Gutierrezia sarothrae,
Page 591 and 592:
G Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 593 and 594:
H Other common names. opossum-wood,
Page 595 and 596:
H Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 597 and 598:
H Nursery practice. Witch-hazel see
Page 599 and 600:
H Figure 2—Heteromeles arbutifoli
Page 601 and 602:
H Other common names. Sandthorn, sw
Page 603 and 604:
H Papp L. 1982. The importance of v
Page 605 and 606:
H (Stark 1966; Sutton and Johnson 1
Page 607 and 608:
H Creambush ocean-spray can be esta
Page 609 and 610:
H Figure 2—Hymenaea courbaril, co
Page 611 and 612:
I Table 2—Ilex, holly: phenology
Page 613 and 614:
I Afanasiev M. 1942. Propagation of
Page 615 and 616:
J cultural varieties of English and
Page 617 and 618:
J often spread on the ground in the
Page 619 and 620:
J Beineke WF. 1989. Twenty years of
Page 621 and 622:
J Table 1—Juniperus, juniper: nom
Page 623 and 624:
J Table 3—Juniperus, juniper: hei
Page 625 and 626:
J Nursury practices. Juniper seeds
Page 627 and 628:
J Johnsen TN Jr, Alexander RA. 1974
Page 629 and 630:
K (Jaynes 1997). An individual shru
Page 631 and 632:
K 618 • Woody Plant Seed Manual A
Page 633 and 634:
K Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 635 and 636:
K temperature and longer in cold st
Page 637 and 638:
K Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 639 and 640:
K Synonyms. Eurotia lanata (Pursh)
Page 641 and 642:
K Table 1— Krascheninnikovia lana
Page 643 and 644:
K Pursh F. 1814. Flora Americae Sep
Page 645 and 646:
L Figure 1—Laburnum anagyroides,
Page 647 and 648:
L 634 • Woody Plant Seed Manual L
Page 649 and 650:
L Pregermination treatments and ger
Page 651 and 652:
L fall. Branching is usually pyrami
Page 653 and 654:
L The seed cones and pollen cones u
Page 655 and 656:
L Atmospheric fluorides can reduce
Page 657 and 658:
L larch seeds keep well for a year
Page 659 and 660:
L Table 8—Larix, larch: germinati
Page 661 and 662:
L Eis S, Craigdallie D. 1983. Larch
Page 663 and 664:
L Simak M. 1973. Separation of fore
Page 665 and 666:
L Figure 2—Larrea tridentata, cre
Page 667 and 668:
L Figure 1—Ledum groenlandiicum,
Page 669 and 670:
L 1980) ripens seeds a month earlie
Page 671 and 672:
L Fabaceae—Pea family Leucaena le
Page 673 and 674:
L Brewbaker JL, Plucknett DL, Gonza
Page 675 and 676:
L Figure 2—Leucothoe fontanesiana
Page 677 and 678:
L The privets are valued for landsc
Page 679 and 680:
L AFA [American Forestry Associatio
Page 681 and 682:
L Figure 1—Lindera benzoin, commo
Page 683 and 684:
L 670 • Woody Plant Seed Manual H
Page 685 and 686:
L Table 1—Liquidambar styraciflua
Page 687 and 688:
L 674 • Woody Plant Seed Manual M
Page 689 and 690:
L Table 1—Liriodendron tulipifera
Page 691 and 692:
L Fagaceae—Beech family Lithocarp
Page 693 and 694:
L spring. Seeding germinated acorns
Page 695 and 696:
L Occurrence, growth habit, and use
Page 697 and 698:
L Table 1—Lonicera, honeysuckle:
Page 699 and 700:
L Figure 2—Lonicera, honeysuckle:
Page 701 and 702:
L Bailey LH. 1949. Manual of cultiv
Page 703 and 704:
L as they have stored well in seale
Page 705 and 706:
L Figure 1—Lupinus, lupine: seeds
Page 707 and 708:
L Other common names. matrimony vin
Page 709 and 710:
L Figure 2—Lycium barbarum, matri
Page 711 and 712:
M Figure 1—Maclura pomifera, Osag
Page 713 and 714:
M The genus Magnolia comprises abou
Page 715 and 716:
M Magnolias have the most primitive
Page 717 and 718:
M Nursery practice. Sowing seeds in
Page 719 and 720:
M 706 • Woody Plant Seed Manual B
Page 721 and 722:
M Figure 2—Mahonia, Oregon-grape:
Page 723 and 724:
M the distal end, and incubating in
Page 725 and 726:
M Rosaceae—Rose family Malus Mill
Page 727 and 728:
M Table 2—Malus, apple: phenology
Page 729 and 730:
M significant impacts on both the p
Page 731 and 732:
M Meliaceae—Mahogany family Melia
Page 733 and 734:
M Menispermaceae—Moonseed family
Page 735 and 736:
M related sub-shrub, was improved b
Page 737 and 738:
M ing at room temperature. Tumbling
Page 739 and 740:
M Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 741 and 742:
M Moraceae—Mulberry family Morus
Page 743 and 744:
M Figure 2—Morus alba, white mulb
Page 745 and 746:
M Table 4—Morus, mulberry: seed y
Page 747 and 748:
M deciduous or evergreen shrubs and
Page 749 and 750:
M However, germination was reduced
Page 751 and 752:
N Hydrophyllaceae—Waterleaf famil
Page 753 and 754:
N Other common names. heavenly-bamb
Page 755 and 756:
N References Afanasiev M. 1943. Ger
Page 757 and 758:
N (Adams 1927; Schopmeyer 1974). Co
Page 759 and 760:
N Figure 1—Nyssa, tupelo: fruits
Page 761 and 762:
N Figure 4—Nyssa sylvatica, black
Page 763 and 764:
O Flowering and Fruiting. Anatomica
Page 765 and 766:
O Abrams L. 1944. Illustrated flora
Page 767 and 768:
O Figure 1—Olea europaea, olive:
Page 769 and 770:
O Table 1—Olea europaea, olive: f
Page 771 and 772:
O counts on 2 samples were 4,400 an
Page 773 and 774:
O Figure 2—Ostrya virginiana, eas
Page 775 and 776:
O Figure 1—Oxydendron arboreum, s
Page 777 and 778:
P Fabaceae—Pea family Paraseriant
Page 779 and 780:
P Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 781 and 782:
P Figure 2—Parkinsonia aculeata,
Page 783 and 784:
P Figure 1—Parthenocissus quinque
Page 785 and 786:
P Other common names. paulownia, em
Page 787 and 788:
Page 789 and 790:
P Table 3—Penstemon, penstemon, b
Page 791 and 792:
P 778 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
Page 793 and 794:
P Auger J. 1994. Viability and germ
Page 795 and 796:
P Figure 3—Persea borbonia, redba
Page 797 and 798:
P Figure 3—Phellodendron amurense
Page 799 and 800:
Page 801 and 802:
P Collection, cleaning, and storage
Page 803 and 804:
P 790 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
Page 805 and 806:
P Figure 2—Physocarpus malvaceus,
Page 807 and 808:
P Table 1—Picea, spruce: nomencla
Page 809 and 810:
P (Diebel and Fechner 1988; Fechner
Page 811 and 812:
P Figure 2—Picea glauca, white sp
Page 813 and 814:
P Table 3—Picea, spruce: common c
Page 815 and 816:
P Table 4—Picea, spruce: weight o
Page 817 and 818:
P emergence rate of white spruce se
Page 819 and 820:
P Ross SD. 1992. Promotion of flowe
Page 821 and 822:
P Figure 1—Pieris floribunda, mou
Page 823 and 824:
P Table 1— Pinus, pine: nomenclat
Page 825:
P Table 1— Pinus, pine: nomenclat
Page 828 and 829:
Table 2 —Pinus, pine: mature tree
Page 830 and 831:
the 2-needle form, var. edulis. Mor
Page 832 and 833:
Pinus parviflora—Japanese white p
Page 834 and 835:
Guatemala, the var. chiapensis Mart
Page 836 and 837:
Table 3—Pinus, pine: phenology of
Page 838 and 839:
Table 4—Pinus, pine: cone ripenes
Page 840 and 841:
Figure 2A—Pinus, pine: seeds (alt
Page 842 and 843:
Table 5—Pinus, pine: specific gra
Page 844 and 845:
Table 6—Pinus, pine: cone process
Page 846 and 847:
Table 8—Pinus, pine: cone and see
Page 848 and 849:
Table 9—Pinus, pine: recommended
Page 850 and 851:
Table 10—Pinus, pine: seed germin
Page 852 and 853:
Figure 4—Pinus resinosa, red pine
Page 854 and 855:
losses to birds and rodents, and th
Page 856 and 857:
Cocozza MA. 1961. Osservazioni sul
Page 858 and 859:
Lamb GN. 1915. A calendar of the le
Page 860 and 861:
Steinhoff RJ. 1964. Taxonomy, nomen
Page 862 and 863:
Figure 2—Pithecellobium dulce, gu
Page 864 and 865:
core. The elongated embryo is surro
Page 866 and 867:
Nursery practice. Sycamores are usu
Page 868 and 869:
tained for at least 5 years. For lo
Page 870 and 871:
Table 1—Populus, poplar, cottonwo
Page 872 and 873:
Flowering and fruiting. Poplars are
Page 874 and 875:
nificant number of flowers from the
Page 876 and 877:
Figure 3—Populus balsamifera, bal
Page 878 and 879:
Table 5—Populus, poplar, cottonwo
Page 880 and 881:
Figure 6—Populus, poplar: stages
Page 882 and 883:
Andrejak GE, Barnes BV. 1969. A see
Page 884 and 885:
Tauer CG. 1995. Unpublished data. S
Page 886 and 887:
Figure 2—Prosopis juliflora, mesq
Page 888 and 889:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
Page 890 and 891:
Table 1—Prunus, cherry, peach, an
Page 892 and 893:
Page 894 and 895:
Page 896 and 897:
Tables 5—Prunus, cherry, peach, a
Page 898 and 899:
Page 900 and 901:
Figure 5—Prunus virginianna, comm
Page 902 and 903:
Crocker W. 1927. Dormancy in hybrid
Page 904 and 905:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
Page 906 and 907:
Table 2—Pseudotsuga, Douglas-fir:
Page 908 and 909:
Table 3—Pseudotsuga, Douglas-fir:
Page 910 and 911:
mended (table 4), as high heat appl
Page 912 and 913:
Ching 1959; Dumroese and others 198
Page 914 and 915:
stored at -7 to 3 °C for 9 months
Page 916 and 917:
Borno C,Taylor IEP. 1975. The effec
Page 918 and 919:
Myers JF, Howe GE. 1990. Vegetative
Page 920 and 921:
Other common names. dalea. Growth h
Page 922 and 923:
Table 2—Psorothamnus, indigobush:
Page 924 and 925:
Figure 2— Ptelea trifoliata, comm
Page 926 and 927:
Page 928 and 929:
Chudnoff M. 1984. Tropical timbers
Page 930 and 931:
Kyle and Righetti 1996; Nelson 1983
Page 932 and 933:
warm water (>10 °C), or holding im
Page 934 and 935:
McCarty EC, Price R. 1942. Growth a
Page 936 and 937:
Table 1— Pyrus, pear: nomenclatur
Page 938 and 939:
Figure 1—Pyrus, pear: fruit and s
Page 940 and 941:
Seedlings of wild native species ar
Page 942 and 943:
Figure 1— Quercus, oak: acorns of
Page 944 and 945:
Table 1—Quercus, oak: nomenclatur
Page 946 and 947:
Table 2—Quercus, oak: height, see
Page 948 and 949:
ing does not prevent sowing or prod
Page 950 and 951:
Figure 3—Quercus macrocarpa, bur
Page 952 and 953:
Page 954 and 955:
Figure 2—Rhamnus cathartica, Euro
Page 956 and 957:
Occurrence. The genus rhododendron
Page 958 and 959:
Table 1—Rhododendron, rhododendro
Page 960 and 961:
Figure 1—Rhododendron, rhododendr
Page 962 and 963:
Table 4—Rhododendron, rhododendro
Page 964 and 965:
eduction in leaf, stem, and root dr
Page 966 and 967:
Figure 2—Rhodotypos scandens, jet
Page 968 and 969:
Table 1—Rhus, sumac; Toxicodendro
Page 970 and 971:
Figure 1—Rhus, sumac: fruits of R
Page 972 and 973:
Figure 4—Rhus hirta, staghorn sum
Page 974 and 975:
Grossulariaceae—Currant family Ri
Page 976 and 977:
Table 2—Ribes, currant, gooseberr
Page 978 and 979:
empty seeds, and excess water can t
Page 980 and 981:
investigators alternated diurnal te
Page 982 and 983:
Page 984 and 985:
Figure 1—Robinia, locust: legumes
Page 986 and 987:
( 1 / 4 in) of soil, as in the nurs
Page 988 and 989:
example is the multiflora rose, a J
Page 990 and 991:
the sutures, whether with acid or t
Page 992 and 993:
The preferred method in official te
Page 994 and 995:
Arecaceae—Palm family Roystonea O
Page 996 and 997:
Collection, storage, and germinatio
Page 998 and 999:
Table 1—Rubus, blackberry, raspbe
Page 1000 and 1001:
seeds without sexual reproduction)
Page 1002 and 1003:
flowering and fruit ripening usuall
Page 1004 and 1005:
Table 5—Rubus, blackberry, raspbe
Page 1006 and 1007:
Some form of sulfuric acid treatmen
Page 1008 and 1009:
seeds have germinated and reached a
Page 1010 and 1011:
Arecaceae—Palm family Sabal Adans
Page 1012 and 1013:
Table 2—Sabal, palmetto: seed dat
Page 1014 and 1015:
Table 1—Salix, willow: nomenclatu
Page 1016 and 1017:
Booth willow, 6 to 9; pussy willow,
Page 1018 and 1019:
Table 3—Salix, willow: phenology
Page 1020 and 1021:
Table 4—Salix, willow: cleaned se
Page 1022 and 1023:
Kim KH, Zsuffa L, Kenny A, Mosseler
Page 1024 and 1025:
Figure1—Salvia sonomensis, creepi
Page 1026 and 1027:
ANPS [Arizona Native Plant Society]
Page 1028 and 1029:
Figure 1—Sambucus nigra spp. ceru
Page 1030 and 1031:
Table 5—Sambucus, elder: stratifi
Page 1032 and 1033:
Sapindaceae—Soapberry family Sapi
Page 1034 and 1035:
Afanasiev M. 1942. Propagation of t
Page 1036 and 1037:
Figure 2—Sarcobatus vermiculatus,
Page 1038 and 1039:
Synonyms. Sassafras albidum var. mo
Page 1040 and 1041:
Page 1042 and 1043:
Anderson E. 2002. Personal communic
Page 1044 and 1045:
1930; Rehder 1940; Waxman 1957). Wa
Page 1046 and 1047:
perature, 4 °C, -15 °C, and in wa
Page 1048 and 1049:
Figure 1—Sequoia sempervirens, re
Page 1050 and 1051:
Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Sequoi
Page 1052 and 1053:
Arecaceae—Palm family Serenoa rep
Page 1054 and 1055:
Figure 1—Serenoa repens, saw-palm
Page 1056 and 1057:
Page 1058 and 1059:
The seeds are orthodox and should b
Page 1060 and 1061:
Sapotaceae—Sapodilla family Sider
Page 1062 and 1063:
Simmondsiaceae—Jojoba family Simm
Page 1064 and 1065:
(Castellanos and Molina 1990). Dorm
Page 1066 and 1067:
Figure 1—Solanum dulcamara, bitte
Page 1068 and 1069:
Growth habit, occurrence and use. T
Page 1070 and 1071:
Rosaceae—Rose family Sorbaria sor
Page 1072 and 1073:
Page 1074 and 1075:
Figure 2—Sorbus, mountain-ash: tw
Page 1076 and 1077:
Table 5—Sorbus, mountain-ash: str
Page 1078 and 1079:
Bignoniaceae—Trumpet-creeper fami
Page 1080 and 1081:
Page 1082 and 1083:
ecomes straw-colored or light brown
Page 1084 and 1085:
Page 1086 and 1087:
However, recent research results in
Page 1088 and 1089:
Page 1090 and 1091:
Figure 3—Swietenia, mahogany: ger
Page 1092 and 1093:
used by birds and black bear (Ursus
Page 1094 and 1095:
22 to 30 °C for 3 to 4 months has
Page 1096 and 1097:
Page 1098 and 1099:
In common, nodding (S. reflexa C.K.
Page 1100 and 1101:
Synonym. T. pentrandra Pall. Growth
Page 1102 and 1103:
Page 1104 and 1105:
at 4 °C for 90 days or until ready
Page 1106 and 1107:
Pacific yew is common east of the C
Page 1108 and 1109:
number of cleaned seeds per weight
Page 1110 and 1111:
efore they are of salable size (Har
Page 1112 and 1113:
Page 1114 and 1115:
are more difficult to germinate (Tr
Page 1116 and 1117:
poisonous to sheep, especially smoo
Page 1118 and 1119:
Malvaceae—Mallow family Thespesia
Page 1120 and 1121:
Francis JK. 1989. Thespesia grandif
Page 1122 and 1123:
The 3 Asian species listed (table 1
Page 1124 and 1125:
Figure 4—Thuja occidentalis, nort
Page 1126 and 1127:
Tiliaceae—Linden family Tilia L.
Page 1128 and 1129:
weather conditions) and lack of con
Page 1130 and 1131:
good germination for all species an
Page 1132 and 1133:
Synonyms. Toona australis Harms, Ce
Page 1134 and 1135:
Page 1136 and 1137:
then held in open storage until the
Page 1138 and 1139:
Euphorbiaceae—Spurge family Triad
Page 1140 and 1141:
Page 1142 and 1143:
can trap more than 100 pollen grain
Page 1144 and 1145:
Figure 3—Tsuga mertensiana, mount
Page 1146 and 1147:
Table 6—Tsuga, hemlock: stratific
Page 1148 and 1149:
or equal to 0.05) (Edwards and El-K
Page 1150 and 1151:
continue height growth during the s
Page 1152 and 1153:
Ruth RH. 1974. Tsuga, hemlock. In:
Page 1154 and 1155:
The mature fruit is a typical, smal
Page 1156 and 1157:
Page 1158 and 1159:
Figure 1—Ulmus, elm: samaras of U
Page 1160 and 1161:
months (Dirr and Heuser 1987). Seed
Page 1162 and 1163:
Arisumi T, Harrison JM. 1961. The g
Page 1164 and 1165:
leaves, and seeds have been sold fo
Page 1166 and 1167:
Seedling development and nursery pr
Page 1168 and 1169:
Table 1—Vaccinium, blueberry and
Page 1170 and 1171:
seeds are allowed to dry (Ballingto
Page 1172 and 1173:
Figure 3—Vaccinium corymbosum, hi
Page 1174 and 1175:
Germination. No pretreatments are u
Page 1176 and 1177:
European cranberrybush are eaten by
Page 1178 and 1179:
Table 3—Viburnum, viburnum: growt
Page 1180 and 1181:
Table 6—Viburnum, viburnum: lates
Page 1182 and 1183:
Figure 1—Vitex agnus-castus, lila
Page 1184 and 1185:
Other common names. northern fox gr
Page 1186 and 1187:
Arecaceae—Palm family Washingtoni
Page 1188 and 1189:
Growth habit and occurrence. There
Page 1190 and 1191:
Table 2—Yucca, yucca: phenology o
Page 1192 and 1193:
Seedlings should be provided with m
Page 1194 and 1195:
Figure 2—Zanthoxylum clava-hercul
Page 1196 and 1197:
Rhamnaceae—Buckthorn family Zizip
Page 1198 and 1199:
Chenopodiaceae—Goosefoot family Z
Page 1200 and 1201:
Figure 3—Zuckia brandegei, siltbu
Page 1202 and 1203:
Gray A. 1876. Grayia brandegei. Pro
Page 1204 and 1205:
Conversion Factors 1192 Glossary 11
Page 1206 and 1207:
abortive imperfectly or incompletel
Page 1208 and 1209:
fruit wall outer layer of fruits in
Page 1210 and 1211:
polygamo-monoecious species that ar
Page 1212 and 1213:
A Aceraceae—Maple family Acer L.
Page 1214 and 1215:
S Salicaceae—Willow family Populu
Page 1216 and 1217:
C Connor, Kristina F. Bauhinia Park
Page 1218 and 1219:
Schubert, T. H. Tectona Shaw, Nancy
Page 1220 and 1221:
auline blanchâtre, Alnus Australia
Page 1222 and 1223:
Carolina silverbell, Halesia carpen
Page 1224 and 1225:
Douglas-spruce, Pseudotsuga droopin
Page 1226 and 1227:
hackmatack, Larix hackmatack, Popul
Page 1228 and 1229:
Scotch Waterer lacewood, Grevillea
Page 1230 and 1231:
interior live iron jack Kellogg lau
Page 1232 and 1233:
western white western yellow Weymou
Page 1234 and 1235:
silk-oak, Grevillea silktassel, Gar
Page 1236 and 1237:
Hinds Hinds black Japanese little n
Page 1238 and 1239:
Figure 1—Cercidium floridum Figur
Page 1240 and 1241:
Figure 13—Thespesia populnea Figu
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