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The Woody Plant Seed Manual - University of Rhode Island
The Woody Plant Seed Manual - University of Rhode Island
The Woody Plant Seed Manual - University of Rhode Island
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<strong>The</strong><br />
<strong>Woody</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong><br />
<strong>Seed</strong><br />
<strong>Manual</strong><br />
Agriculture<br />
Handbook<br />
727
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Woody</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Seed</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> Agriculture Handbook 727
- Page 1: United States Department of Agricul
- Page 5 and 6: The U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Page 7 and 8: Dedication This handbook on the see
- Page 10 and 11: The first comprehensive handbook on
- Page 12 and 13: Many difficult editorial problems d
- Page 14 and 15: Part 2 Specific Handling Methods an
- Page 16 and 17: Part 1 Principles and General Metho
- Page 18 and 19: 1 Introduction Seeds are the princi
- Page 20 and 21: 1 In tropical species, the time per
- Page 22 and 23: 1 effects (Schmidtling 1983). Most
- Page 24 and 25: 1 cones) without calyx, corolla, st
- Page 26 and 27: 1 ers (1987) reported that pollen o
- Page 28 and 29: 1 In most species, the perisperm, c
- Page 30 and 31: 1 Table 3—Chapter 1, Seed Biology
- Page 32 and 33: 1 Table 4—Chapter 1, Seed Biology
- Page 34 and 35: 1 Table 5—Chapter 1, Seed Biology
- Page 36 and 37: 1 as well. It can be found on larch
- Page 38 and 39: 1 (Barnett 1979). Cone weight is es
- Page 40 and 41: 1 must be overcome by germination-p
- Page 42 and 43: 1 Variation in Dormancy As noted ea
- Page 44 and 45: 1 The key to seed response to light
- Page 46 and 47: 1 Adams L. 1955. Pine squirrels red
- Page 48 and 49: 1 Hackett WP. 1985. Juvenility, mat
- Page 50 and 51: 1 Pitel JA, Cheliak WM, Wang BSP. 1
- Page 52 and 53:
1 38 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
- Page 54 and 55:
2 Introduction In this chapter, rea
- Page 56 and 57:
2 wind-pollinated species. The majo
- Page 58 and 59:
2 that they have little value as ti
- Page 60 and 61:
2 its new environment by virtue of
- Page 62 and 63:
2 given time is evidence that this
- Page 64 and 65:
2 Figure 8—Chapter 2, Genetic Imp
- Page 66 and 67:
2 The USDA Forest Service has estab
- Page 68 and 69:
2 Tree breeding techniques must be
- Page 70 and 71:
2 Lafarge T, Lewis R, McConnell JL.
- Page 72 and 73:
3 Introduction Most forest trees an
- Page 74 and 75:
3 Figure 3—Chapter 3, seed Harves
- Page 76 and 77:
3 FLOTATION PROCEDURE The flotation
- Page 78 and 79:
3 Figure 6—Chapter 3, Seed Harves
- Page 80 and 81:
3 Lot identity. Maintaining the ide
- Page 82 and 83:
3 Species vary considerably in tole
- Page 84 and 85:
3 the air by cooling with an air co
- Page 86 and 87:
3 Because wet de-winging presents m
- Page 88 and 89:
3 Figure 26—Chapter 3, Seed Harve
- Page 90 and 91:
3 tering a hole. As a result, the l
- Page 92 and 93:
3 Figure 36—Chapter 3, Seed Harve
- Page 94 and 95:
3 Conveying seeds. Moving seeds in
- Page 96 and 97:
3 Figure 41—Chapter 3, Seed Harve
- Page 98 and 99:
3 84 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
- Page 100 and 101:
4 Introduction In the simplest form
- Page 102 and 103:
4 Table 3—Chapter 4, Storage of S
- Page 104 and 105:
4 make it difficult for a true equi
- Page 106 and 107:
4 seeds, with their active metaboli
- Page 108 and 109:
4 If the period of storage will be
- Page 110 and 111:
4 96 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
- Page 112 and 113:
5 Introduction Seed testing is the
- Page 114 and 115:
5 This amount is different for each
- Page 116 and 117:
5 Figure 10—Chapter 5, Seed Testi
- Page 118 and 119:
5 or plastic with impressions drill
- Page 120 and 121:
5 Machines for watering include aut
- Page 122 and 123:
5 The cold test is done by planting
- Page 124 and 125:
5 grow in order to produce a normal
- Page 126 and 127:
5 seeds that failed to germinate. E
- Page 128 and 129:
5 is of great value in a bareroot n
- Page 130 and 131:
5 116 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
- Page 132 and 133:
6 Introduction Seed certification i
- Page 134 and 135:
6 Pacific Northwest An organized ef
- Page 136 and 137:
6 material from the Southeast did n
- Page 138 and 139:
6 Tree seed certification in the So
- Page 140 and 141:
7 Introduction Plant propagation is
- Page 142 and 143:
7 Figure 3—Chapter 7, Nursery Pra
- Page 144 and 145:
7 operating costs vary with the typ
- Page 146 and 147:
7 Table 2—Chapter 7, Nursery Prac
- Page 148 and 149:
7 Figure 8—Chapter 7, Nursery Pra
- Page 150 and 151:
7 Figure 11—Chapter 7, Nursery Pr
- Page 152 and 153:
7 reforestation sequence. Tiny fibr
- Page 154 and 155:
7 Figure 15—Chapter 7, Nursery Pr
- Page 156 and 157:
7 Figure 17—Chapter 7, Nursery Pr
- Page 158 and 159:
7 and chemically. Hand-weeding and
- Page 160 and 161:
7 146 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
- Page 162 and 163:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 164 and 165:
Table 1—Abies, fir: nomenclature
- Page 166 and 167:
seeds or grafts have been establish
- Page 168 and 169:
finely ground needles on open cuts;
- Page 170 and 171:
hybrids between grand and white fir
- Page 172 and 173:
cultural and ornamental varieties o
- Page 174 and 175:
Table 3—Abies, fir: phenology of
- Page 176 and 177:
Figure 3—Abies, fir: mature femal
- Page 178 and 179:
Figure 8—Abies alba, European sil
- Page 180 and 181:
inbreeding depression of 3-year hei
- Page 182 and 183:
developing male strobili (Bess 1946
- Page 184 and 185:
Table 6—Abies, fir: cone and seed
- Page 186 and 187:
Figure 13—Abies procera, noble fi
- Page 188 and 189:
Table 7—Abies, fir: cone drying s
- Page 190 and 191:
Table 8—Abies, fir: cone measurem
- Page 192 and 193:
Table 10—Abies, fir: nursery prac
- Page 194 and 195:
extensive fungal and bacterial mold
- Page 196 and 197:
Figure 18—Abies, fir: schematic c
- Page 198 and 199:
Fir seedling production in Canadian
- Page 200 and 201:
Abbott HG. 1962. Tree seed preferen
- Page 202 and 203:
Ebell LF, Schmidt RL. 1964. Meteoro
- Page 204 and 205:
Hamrick JL, Libby WJ. 1972. Variati
- Page 206 and 207:
Kulhavy DL, Schenk JA. 1976. Cone a
- Page 208 and 209:
Owens JN, Molder M. 1977b. Sexual r
- Page 210 and 211:
Sjoberg NE. 1974. The Styroblock co
- Page 212 and 213:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 214 and 215:
Table 2— Acacia, acacia: phenolog
- Page 216 and 217:
Neal MC. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii
- Page 218 and 219:
Table 2—Acer, maple: height, seed
- Page 220 and 221:
Johnson 1992; Sipe and Linnerooth 1
- Page 222 and 223:
Most studies of seed production are
- Page 224 and 225:
Figure 3—Acer platanoides, Norway
- Page 226 and 227:
Table 6—Acer, maple: germination
- Page 228 and 229:
Fischer WC, comp. 1990. The Fire Ef
- Page 230 and 231:
Other common names. jumbie-bead Occ
- Page 232 and 233:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 234 and 235:
Table 2—Aesculus, buckeye: phenol
- Page 236 and 237:
Figure 3—Aesculus californica, Ca
- Page 238 and 239:
Figure 2—Ailanthus altissima, ail
- Page 240 and 241:
Fabaceae—Pea family Albizia Duraz
- Page 242 and 243:
depth, in loose, moist soil under f
- Page 244 and 245:
used to speed germination. In early
- Page 246 and 247:
Table 1—Alnus, alder: nomenclatur
- Page 248 and 249:
Table 2—Alnus, alder: phenology o
- Page 250 and 251:
Table 4—Alnus, alder: yield data
- Page 252 and 253:
Under cool temperatures similar to
- Page 254 and 255:
Dreesen DR, Harrington JT. 1997. Pr
- Page 256 and 257:
Asteraceae—Aster family Ambrosia
- Page 258 and 259:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 260 and 261:
Figure 3—Amelachier sanguinea, ro
- Page 262 and 263:
Acharya SN, Chu SB, Hermesh R. 1989
- Page 264 and 265:
Table 2—Amorpha, amorpha: height
- Page 266 and 267:
germination paper. Light is require
- Page 268 and 269:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 270 and 271:
the pulp and empty seeds to float o
- Page 272 and 273:
Araucariaceae—Araucaria family Ar
- Page 274 and 275:
Table 2—Araucaria, araucaria: phe
- Page 276 and 277:
Ericaceae—Heath family Arbutus me
- Page 278 and 279:
seedlings died back at least once,
- Page 280 and 281:
acceptance as a versatile groundcov
- Page 282 and 283:
viability (Keeley and Hays 1976). T
- Page 284 and 285:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 286 and 287:
Table 3—Aronia, chokeberry: cold
- Page 288 and 289:
Table 1—Artemisia, sagebrush: dis
- Page 290 and 291:
snowcover in the field, whereas tho
- Page 292 and 293:
success, perhaps through re-inocula
- Page 294 and 295:
Growth habit and use. Of the 9 spec
- Page 296 and 297:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 298 and 299:
likely that other widely distribute
- Page 300 and 301:
Table 2—Atriplex, saltbush: fruit
- Page 302 and 303:
Figure 4—Atriplex canescens, four
- Page 304 and 305:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 306 and 307:
Figure 1—Baccharis angustifolia,
- Page 308 and 309:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 310 and 311:
Table 3—Bauhinia, bauhinia: seed
- Page 312 and 313:
Ikram 1975; Kostalova and others 19
- Page 314 and 315:
Table 3—Berberis, barberry: seed
- Page 316 and 317:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 318 and 319:
Table 1—Betula, birch: nomenclatu
- Page 320 and 321:
Table 3—Betula, birch: height, se
- Page 322 and 323:
Table 6—Betula, birch: germinatio
- Page 324 and 325:
Other common names. French-mulberry
- Page 326 and 327:
Cupressaceae—Cypress family Caloc
- Page 328 and 329:
facilitate drying and opening. They
- Page 330 and 331:
Figure 4—Calocedrus decurrens, in
- Page 332 and 333:
Bignoniaceae—Trumpet-creeper fami
- Page 334 and 335:
Fabaceae—Pea family Caragana arbo
- Page 336 and 337:
Cram WH. 1956. Research. In: 1956 s
- Page 338 and 339:
Figure 2—Carnegiea giganteus, sag
- Page 340 and 341:
Figure 1—Carpenteria californica,
- Page 342 and 343:
1991; Krüssmann 1984). This cultiv
- Page 344 and 345:
Table 4—Carpinus, hornbeam: strat
- Page 346 and 347:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 348 and 349:
Table 3—Carya, hickory: height, s
- Page 350 and 351:
Goff WD, Brasher LR, McGuire JA. 19
- Page 352 and 353:
Table 2—Castanea, chestnut: heigh
- Page 354 and 355:
Little EL, Jr. 1979. Checklist of U
- Page 356 and 357:
Figure 1—Casuarina cunninghamiana
- Page 358 and 359:
Bignoniaceae—Trumpet-creeper fami
- Page 360 and 361:
Table 2—Catalpa, catalpa: seed da
- Page 362 and 363:
Table 1—Ceanothus, ceanothus: nom
- Page 364 and 365:
Table 2—Ceanothus, ceanothus: phe
- Page 366 and 367:
Table 4—Ceanothus, ceanothus: pre
- Page 368 and 369:
• Monterey ceanothus—C. cuneatu
- Page 370 and 371:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 372 and 373:
and it has a membranous, broad wing
- Page 374 and 375:
Figure 4—Cedrus libani, cedar of
- Page 376 and 377:
Celastraceae—Bittersweet family C
- Page 378 and 379:
Figure 4—Celastrus scandens, Amer
- Page 380 and 381:
Figure 1—Celtis, hackberry: fruit
- Page 382 and 383:
Rubiaceae—Madder family Cephalant
- Page 384 and 385:
Growth habit. Ceratonia siliqua L.
- Page 386 and 387:
Alexander RR, Shepperd WD. 1974. Ce
- Page 388 and 389:
Table 2—Cercis, redbud: growth ha
- Page 390 and 391:
Three pretreatments have proven sat
- Page 392 and 393:
Redbud seedlings are also produced
- Page 394 and 395:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 396 and 397:
Figure 2—Cercocarpus montanus, tr
- Page 398 and 399:
Rosaceae—Rose family Chamaebatia
- Page 400 and 401:
Rosaceae—Rose family Chamaebatiar
- Page 402 and 403:
Fernbush germination has received l
- Page 404 and 405:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 406 and 407:
Table 3—Chamaecyparis, white-ceda
- Page 408 and 409:
Table 5—Chamaecyparis, white-ceda
- Page 410 and 411:
Nursery field practice and seedling
- Page 412 and 413:
1968). They have 5-parted calyxes,
- Page 414 and 415:
Oleaceae—Olive family Chionanthus
- Page 416 and 417:
Barton LV. 1961. Seed preservation
- Page 418 and 419:
Use. The light, fairly hard, and st
- Page 420 and 421:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 422 and 423:
Figure 1—Chrysothamnus, rabbitbru
- Page 424 and 425:
Tetrazolium viability testing of ra
- Page 426 and 427:
Fabaceae—Pea family Cladrastis ke
- Page 428 and 429:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 430 and 431:
Table 2—Clematis, clematis: pheno
- Page 432 and 433:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 434 and 435:
allowed to dry until they split. Se
- Page 436 and 437:
Figure 2—Coleogyne ramosissima, b
- Page 438 and 439:
Beatley JC. 1974. Phenological even
- Page 440 and 441:
Figure 1—Colutea arborescens, com
- Page 442 and 443:
Table 1—Cornus, dogwood: nomencla
- Page 444 and 445:
Figure 3—Cornus florida, flowerin
- Page 446 and 447:
Adams J. 1927. The germination of t
- Page 448 and 449:
Table 2—Corylus, hazel: phenology
- Page 450 and 451:
Table 4—Corylus, hazel: germinati
- Page 452 and 453:
Figure 1—Cotinus obovatus, Americ
- Page 454 and 455:
LHBH [Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium
- Page 456 and 457:
development (Krüssmann 1986; LHBH
- Page 458 and 459:
Duration of effective pretreatments
- Page 460 and 461:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 462 and 463:
Table 1—Crataegus, hawthorn: nome
- Page 464 and 465:
Table 2—Crataegus, hawthorn: phen
- Page 466 and 467:
Table 3—Crataegus, hawthorn: seed
- Page 468 and 469:
(1998) and Hartmann and others (200
- Page 470 and 471:
Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Crypto
- Page 472 and 473:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 474 and 475:
Table 2—Cupressus, cypress: growt
- Page 476 and 477:
Figure 3—Cupressus arizonica,Ariz
- Page 478 and 479:
AOSA [Association of Official Seed
- Page 480 and 481:
Figure 1—Cytisus scoparius, Scotc
- Page 482 and 483:
Figure 2—Delonix regia, flamboyan
- Page 484 and 485:
pitted, hard, brittle testa. The se
- Page 486 and 487:
Flowering and fruiting. Male and fe
- Page 488 and 489:
species have a strong taproot (figu
- Page 490 and 491:
Annual height growth varies conside
- Page 492 and 493:
Table 1—Dirca palustris, eastern
- Page 494 and 495:
Alban DH, Perala DA, Jurgensen MF,
- Page 496 and 497:
Figure 3— Ebenopsis ebano,Texas-e
- Page 498 and 499:
Figure 1—Elaeagnus angustifolia,
- Page 500 and 501:
Table 5—Elaeagnus, elaeagnus: ger
- Page 502 and 503:
Figure 2— Encelia farinosa, britt
- Page 504 and 505:
Figure 2—Enterolobium cyclocarpum
- Page 506 and 507:
1976). The genetic basis for sex di
- Page 508 and 509:
Other common names. mayflower, grou
- Page 510 and 511:
Asteraceae—Aster family Ericameri
- Page 512 and 513:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 514 and 515:
Figure 1—Eriogonum fasciculatum,
- Page 516 and 517:
Figure 3—Eriogonum fasciculatum,
- Page 518 and 519:
Table 1—Eucalyptus, eucalyptus: n
- Page 520 and 521:
1955; Krugman 1974). There is no en
- Page 522 and 523:
Table 5—Eucalyptus, eucalyptus: s
- Page 524 and 525:
Seedling care. Germination is epige
- Page 526 and 527:
Celastraceae—Bittersweet family E
- Page 528 and 529:
Table 3—Euonymus, euonymus: pheno
- Page 530 and 531:
Table 7—Euonymus, euonymus: strat
- Page 532 and 533:
Nikolaeva MG. 1967. Fiziologiya glu
- Page 534 and 535:
Figure 1—Fagus grandifolia, Ameri
- Page 536 and 537:
the same 3 to 5 °C (Suszka 1975).
- Page 538 and 539:
Rosaceae—Rose family Fallugia par
- Page 540 and 541:
Figure 4—Fallugia paradoxa,Apache
- Page 542 and 543:
Germination. In Hawaii, good germin
- Page 544 and 545:
Table 1—Frangula, buckthorn: nome
- Page 546 and 547:
Figure 3—Frangula californica, Ca
- Page 548 and 549:
Theaceae—Tea family Franklinia al
- Page 550 and 551:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 552 and 553:
Figure 2—Fraxinus, ash: single sa
- Page 554 and 555:
Figure 4—Fraxinus nigra, black as
- Page 556 and 557:
Aldhous JR. 1972. Nursery practice.
- Page 558 and 559:
Figure 2—Fremontodendron californ
- Page 560 and 561:
Growth habit and occurrence. The ge
- Page 562 and 563:
Figure 2—Garrya wrightii, Wright
- Page 564 and 565:
prominent niche than their Pacific
- Page 566 and 567:
Table 3—Gaultheria, wintergreen:
- Page 568 and 569:
Seeds of wintergreen appear to have
- Page 570 and 571:
Ericaceae—Heath family Gaylussaci
- Page 572 and 573:
Other common names. maidenhair-tree
- Page 574 and 575:
Hatano K, Kano T. 1952. A brief rep
- Page 576 and 577:
The seeds are close to the same siz
- Page 578 and 579:
Theaceae—Tea family Gordonia lasi
- Page 580 and 581:
Chenopodiaceae—Goosefoot family G
- Page 582 and 583:
hygroscopic bracts absorb water rap
- Page 584 and 585:
son, during which time they develop
- Page 586 and 587:
Proteaceae—Protea family Greville
- Page 588 and 589:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 590 and 591:
Kruse WH. 1970. Temperature and moi
- Page 592 and 593:
Figure 2—Gymnocladus dioicus, Ken
- Page 594 and 595:
Figure 2—Halesia carolina, Caroli
- Page 596 and 597:
Figure 2—Hamamelis virginiana, wi
- Page 598 and 599:
Rosaceae—Rose family Heteromeles
- Page 600 and 601:
Emery DE. 1988. Seed propagation of
- Page 602 and 603:
Figure 2—Hippophae rhamnoides, co
- Page 604 and 605:
Rosaceae—Rose family Holodiscus (
- Page 606 and 607:
Figure 2—Holodiscus discolor, cre
- Page 608 and 609:
Other common names. jutaby, cuapino
- Page 610 and 611:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 612 and 613:
Table 3—Ilex, holly: height, seed
- Page 614 and 615:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 616 and 617:
Figure 3—Juglans cinera, butternu
- Page 618 and 619:
Pregermination treatment. Seeds of
- Page 620 and 621:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 622 and 623:
Figure 1—Juniperus, juniper: stro
- Page 624 and 625:
Table 4—Juniperus, juniper: seed
- Page 626 and 627:
the seedlings may change color due
- Page 628 and 629:
Ericaceae—Heath family Kalmia lat
- Page 630 and 631:
Figure 3—Kalmia latifolia, mounta
- Page 632 and 633:
Pregermination treatments. Under na
- Page 634 and 635:
virescens), has resulted from this
- Page 636 and 637:
Baylan GA. 1972. Prostrate summer c
- Page 638 and 639:
magnetic field of 100 gauss for 4.3
- Page 640 and 641:
Figure 1—Krascheninnikovia lanata
- Page 642 and 643:
Although the International Code of
- Page 644 and 645:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 646 and 647:
Allen DH. 1994. Personal communicat
- Page 648 and 649:
Geographic races and hybrids. Vario
- Page 650 and 651:
Occurrence. The larches—Larix P.
- Page 652 and 653:
Geographic races. Geographic races
- Page 654 and 655:
Farmer 1991) and for subalpine and
- Page 656 and 657:
Table 3—Larix, larch: height, see
- Page 658 and 659:
Table 7—Larix, larch: storage con
- Page 660 and 661:
Nursery practice. Larch seeds shoul
- Page 662 and 663:
NBV [Nederlandsche Boschbouw Vereen
- Page 664 and 665:
Zygophyllaceae—Caltrop family Lar
- Page 666 and 667:
Other common names. trapper’s-tea
- Page 668 and 669:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 670 and 671:
Pregermination treatments. A high p
- Page 672 and 673:
Figure 1—Leucaena leucocephala, l
- Page 674 and 675:
Ericaceae—Heath family Leucothoe
- Page 676 and 677:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 678 and 679:
Figure 2—Ligustrum lucidum, gloss
- Page 680 and 681:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
- Page 682 and 683:
Figure 3—Lindera benzoin, common
- Page 684 and 685:
Figure 3—Liquidambar styraciflua,
- Page 686 and 687:
AOSA [Association of Official Seed
- Page 688 and 689:
and McGregor 1973). Although trees
- Page 690 and 691:
Adams RE. 1968. Are alternating tem
- Page 692 and 693:
large or larger than those of the t
- Page 694 and 695:
of tanoak in northern California. I
- Page 696 and 697:
Table 1—Lonicera, honeysuckle: sc
- Page 698 and 699:
Table 2—Lonicera, honeysuckle: ph
- Page 700 and 701:
Table 4—Lonicera, honeysuckle: st
- Page 702 and 703:
Myrtaceae—Myrtle family Lophostem
- Page 704 and 705:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 706 and 707:
Christofolini G. 1989. A serologica
- Page 708 and 709:
Table 1—Lycium, wolfberry: nomenc
- Page 710 and 711:
Moraceae—Mulberry family Maclura
- Page 712 and 713:
Barnett JP, Burton JD. 1997. Osage-
- Page 714 and 715:
Floral biology. The large, perfect
- Page 716 and 717:
Table 3—Magnolia, magnolia: seed
- Page 718 and 719:
Kozlowski TT. 1972. Seed biology.Vo
- Page 720 and 721:
Table 2—Mahonia, Oregon-grape: oc
- Page 722 and 723:
Table 4—Mahonia, Oregon-grape: se
- Page 724 and 725:
Schlosser WE, Blatner KH, Zamora B.
- Page 726 and 727:
Table 1— Malus, apple: nomenclatu
- Page 728 and 729:
from the tree or by gathering falle
- Page 730 and 731:
soil temperatures are less than 4.5
- Page 732 and 733:
Figure 2—Melia azedarach L., chin
- Page 734 and 735:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 736 and 737:
Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Metase
- Page 738 and 739:
Johnson LC. 1968. Crossability of M
- Page 740 and 741:
Nursery practice. Seeds of many oth
- Page 742 and 743:
usable for fenceposts. Other specia
- Page 744 and 745:
Table 3—Morus, mulberry: height,
- Page 746 and 747:
Myricaceae—Bayberry family Myrica
- Page 748 and 749:
Table 2—Morella and Myrica, baybe
- Page 750 and 751:
Bir RE. 1992. Growing and propagati
- Page 752 and 753:
Figure 2—Nama lobbii, woolly nama
- Page 754 and 755:
Figure 1—Nandina domestica, nandi
- Page 756 and 757:
Aquifoliaceae—Holly family Nemopa
- Page 758 and 759:
Growth habit and use. The 4 deciduo
- Page 760 and 761:
to 120 days may be needed for some
- Page 762 and 763:
Rosaceae—Rose family Oemleria cer
- Page 764 and 765:
About 11 kg (25 lb) of seeds (clean
- Page 766 and 767:
Growth habit. Olive is a member of
- Page 768 and 769:
such as those grown in Crete, south
- Page 770 and 771:
Fabaceae—Pea family Olneya tesota
- Page 772 and 773:
Betulaceae—Birch family Ostrya vi
- Page 774 and 775:
Ericaceae—Heath family Oxydendrum
- Page 776 and 777:
Bailey LH. 1977. Manual of cultivat
- Page 778 and 779:
Germination. Seeds of peacock-plume
- Page 780 and 781:
seeds (figures 1 and 2) (Delorit an
- Page 782 and 783:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 784 and 785:
nation was less than 5% in 4 tests,
- Page 786 and 787:
Figure 2—Paulownia tomentosa, roy
- Page 788 and 789:
Flowering and fruiting. Penstemon f
- Page 790 and 791:
species with seeds that require chi
- Page 792 and 793:
Figure 2—Peraphyllum ramosissimum
- Page 794 and 795:
Lauraceae—Laurel family Persea bo
- Page 796 and 797:
Rutaceae—Rue family Phellodendron
- Page 798 and 799:
Hoag DG. 1965. Trees and shrubs of
- Page 800 and 801:
Service 1937). Quail (Callipepla sp
- Page 802 and 803:
Mock orange is easily propagated fr
- Page 804 and 805:
Table 1—Physocarpus, ninebark: no
- Page 806 and 807:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 808 and 809:
sites but do thrive on slightly aci
- Page 810 and 811:
ight purple, or crimson male strobi
- Page 812 and 813:
ole, nitrogen fertilization, and ro
- Page 814 and 815:
the pine siskin and the pine grosbe
- Page 816 and 817:
on the material surrounding the see
- Page 818 and 819:
Fowler DP, Mullin RE. 1977. Upland-
- Page 820 and 821:
Synonym. Andromeda floribunda Pursh
- Page 822 and 823:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
- Page 824 and 825:
Table 1— Pinus, pine: nomenclatur
- Page 827 and 828:
P Table 2 —Pinus, pine: mature tr
- Page 829 and 830:
P sources on different islands diff
- Page 831 and 832:
P Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
- Page 833 and 834:
P plantations (Callaham and Liddico
- Page 835 and 836:
P that of the planting site general
- Page 837 and 838:
P Table 3—Pinus, pine: phenology
- Page 839 and 840:
P Table 4—Pinus, pine: cone ripen
- Page 841 and 842:
P Figure 3—Pinus ponderosa, ponde
- Page 843 and 844:
P Table 6—Pinus, pine: cone proce
- Page 845 and 846:
P nal heating, mold development, an
- Page 847 and 848:
P Table 8—Pinus, pine: cone and s
- Page 849 and 850:
P Table 10—Pinus, pine: seed germ
- Page 851 and 852:
p Table 10—Pinus, pine: seed germ
- Page 853 and 854:
P Table 11—Pinus, pine: nursery p
- Page 855 and 856:
P All pines can be vegetatively pro
- Page 857 and 858:
P Griffin JR. 1962. Intraspecific v
- Page 859 and 860:
P Niebling CR, Conkle MT. 1990. Div
- Page 861 and 862:
P Fabaceae—Pea family Pithecellob
- Page 863 and 864:
P Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 865 and 866:
P lessened when the operation is ca
- Page 867 and 868:
P Synonym. Thuja orientalis L., T.
- Page 869 and 870:
P Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 871 and 872:
P western United States and Canada,
- Page 873 and 874:
P Table 3—Populus, poplar, cotton
- Page 875 and 876:
P Flowering of 24- to 36-year-old g
- Page 877 and 878:
P Table 4—Populus, poplar, cotton
- Page 879 and 880:
P Hellum (1973) found that balsam p
- Page 881 and 882:
P density of 265 viable seeds/m 2 (
- Page 883 and 884:
P ISTA [International Seed Testing
- Page 885 and 886:
P Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 887 and 888:
P Table 2—Prosopis, mesquite: ger
- Page 889 and 890:
P Table 1—Prunus, cherry, peach,
- Page 891 and 892:
P culture, (2) storing whole fruit
- Page 893 and 894:
P Figure 3—Prunus persica, peach:
- Page 895 and 896:
P Table 4—Prunus, cherry, peach,
- Page 897 and 898:
P Removal of the endocarp by hand h
- Page 899 and 900:
P To achieve germination greater th
- Page 901 and 902:
P Seedlings may be planted 1 m (3 f
- Page 903 and 904:
P Michalska S, Suszka B. 1980d. War
- Page 905 and 906:
P canic origins at elevations from
- Page 907 and 908:
P Figure 2—Pseudotsuga, Douglas-f
- Page 909 and 910:
P (Brown 1983; Maxwell and Aldhous
- Page 911 and 912:
P Table 5—Pseudotsuga, Douglas-fi
- Page 913 and 914:
P soaked in a 1% TZ solution at 30
- Page 915 and 916:
P Durzan 1993; Tabor and others 199
- Page 917 and 918:
P Heit CE. 1955. The excised embryo
- Page 919 and 920:
P Silen R, Osterhaus C. 1979. Reduc
- Page 921 and 922:
P Figure 1—Psorothamnus, indigobu
- Page 923 and 924:
P 910 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
- Page 925 and 926:
P Figure 3—Ptelea trifoliata, com
- Page 927 and 928:
P Figure 1—Pterocarpus macrocarpu
- Page 929 and 930:
P Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 931 and 932:
P 5 to 46 mg/seed with the populati
- Page 933 and 934:
P others 1983; Ferguson and Basile
- Page 935 and 936:
P 922 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
- Page 937 and 938:
p Table 2—Pyrus, pear: flowering
- Page 939 and 940:
P Table 3—Pyrus, pear: seed prope
- Page 941 and 942:
Q Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 943 and 944:
Q Table 1—Quercus, oak: nomenclat
- Page 945 and 946:
Q Figure 2—Quercus rubra, norther
- Page 947 and 948:
Q Table 3—Quercus, oak: seed yiel
- Page 949 and 950:
Q Table 4—Quercus, oak: germinati
- Page 951 and 952:
Q Cunningham TR, Wittwer RF. 1984.
- Page 953 and 954:
R Table 1—Rhamnus, buckthorn: nom
- Page 955 and 956:
R Conrad CE. 1987. Common shrubs of
- Page 957 and 958:
R Table 1—Rhododendron, rhododend
- Page 959 and 960:
R from white, to pink, magenta, and
- Page 961 and 962:
R Figure 3—Rhododendron macrophyl
- Page 963 and 964:
R from all provenances were similar
- Page 965 and 966:
R Rosaceae—Rose family Rhodotypos
- Page 967 and 968:
R Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 969 and 970:
R Table 2—Rhus, sumac; Toxicodend
- Page 971 and 972:
R Table 3—Rhus, sumac; Malosma, l
- Page 973 and 974:
R Brinkman KA. 1974. Rhus L., sumac
- Page 975 and 976:
R Table 1—Ribes, currant, goosebe
- Page 977 and 978:
R Table 4—Ribes, currant, goosebe
- Page 979 and 980:
R Figure 4—Ribes missouriense, Mi
- Page 981 and 982:
R Quick CR. 1947a. Experimental ger
- Page 983 and 984:
R Table 1—Robinia, locust: nomenc
- Page 985 and 986:
R Table 2—Robinia, locust: phenol
- Page 987 and 988:
R Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 989 and 990:
R should either be refrigerated or
- Page 991 and 992:
R above the compensating temperatur
- Page 993 and 994:
R Semeniuk P, Stewart RN. 1966. Eff
- Page 995 and 996:
R ers (Little and Wadsworth 1964),
- Page 997 and 998:
R Growth habit, occurrence and use.
- Page 999 and 1000:
R Table 2—Rubus, blackberry, rasp
- Page 1001 and 1002:
R Table 3—Rubus, blackberry, rasp
- Page 1003 and 1004:
R of complete fruit aggregates) and
- Page 1005 and 1006:
R Figure 4—Rubus, blackberry, ras
- Page 1007 and 1008:
R do not carbonize it as does sulfu
- Page 1009 and 1010:
R Moore JN, Brown GR, Lundergran CA
- Page 1011 and 1012:
S Figure 1—Sabal, palmetto: fruit
- Page 1013 and 1014:
S Growth habit, occurrence and use.
- Page 1015 and 1016:
S confirmed that hybridization occu
- Page 1017 and 1018:
S Table 2—Salix, willow: seed qua
- Page 1019 and 1020:
S Extraction and storage of seeds.
- Page 1021 and 1022:
S ification required for complete g
- Page 1023 and 1024:
S Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 1025 and 1026:
S Table 2—Salvia, sage: seed weig
- Page 1027 and 1028:
S Growth habit, occurrence and use.
- Page 1029 and 1030:
S Table 3—Sambucus, elder: height
- Page 1031 and 1032:
S Norton CR. 1986a. Low temperature
- Page 1033 and 1034:
S Figure 1—Sapindus saponaria var
- Page 1035 and 1036:
S Other common name. Greasewood. Gr
- Page 1037 and 1038:
S Robertson JH. 1983. Greasewood (S
- Page 1039 and 1040:
S Germination. Sassafras seeds exhi
- Page 1041 and 1042:
S The eradication of the larger tre
- Page 1043 and 1044:
S Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Scia
- Page 1045 and 1046:
S Fabaceae—Pea family Senna armat
- Page 1047 and 1048:
S Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Sequ
- Page 1049 and 1050:
S or 2+0 planting stock. All seedbe
- Page 1051 and 1052:
S Figure 1—Sequoiadendron gigante
- Page 1053 and 1054:
S Cultural treatments have been use
- Page 1055 and 1056:
S Seeds should not be sown until th
- Page 1057 and 1058:
S Russet buffaloberry has little or
- Page 1059 and 1060:
S Borland J. 1994. Shepherdia rotun
- Page 1061 and 1062:
S Longevity of seeds in storage is
- Page 1063 and 1064:
S Figure 1—Simmondsia chinensis,
- Page 1065 and 1066:
S Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 1067 and 1068:
S Figure 2—Solanum dulcamara, bit
- Page 1069 and 1070:
S furic acid for 10 minutes and sto
- Page 1071 and 1072:
S Germination. Apparently, some of
- Page 1073 and 1074:
S alcoholic beverages (Chalupa 1992
- Page 1075 and 1076:
S Table 4—Sorbus, mountain-ash: f
- Page 1077 and 1078:
S Mountain-ash seedlings are hardy
- Page 1079 and 1080:
S Nursery practices. Germinating se
- Page 1081 and 1082:
S make light and other resources mo
- Page 1083 and 1084:
S Batta J. 1977. Studies of the gen
- Page 1085 and 1086:
S and seeds become loose. The dried
- Page 1087 and 1088:
S Table 5—Styrax japonicus, Japan
- Page 1089 and 1090:
S dry quickly and are released a fe
- Page 1091 and 1092:
S Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 1093 and 1094:
S Extraction and storage of seeds.
- Page 1095 and 1096:
S Akagi ST. 1996. Personal communic
- Page 1097 and 1098:
S Table 2—Syringa, lilac: phenolo
- Page 1099 and 1100:
S Caprio JM, Snyder RD. 1989. Withi
- Page 1101 and 1102:
T Figure 2—Tamarix chinensis, sal
- Page 1103 and 1104:
T coats and projecting flanges (fig
- Page 1105 and 1106:
T Growth habit. The yews—members
- Page 1107 and 1108:
T bearing a single, hard, ovate see
- Page 1109 and 1110:
T Germination was negligible for th
- Page 1111 and 1112:
T Pilz D. 1996b. Propagation of Pac
- Page 1113 and 1114:
T Figure 2—Tectona grandis, teak:
- Page 1115 and 1116:
T Asteraceae—Aster family Tetrady
- Page 1117 and 1118:
T Cronquist A, Holmgren AH, Holmgre
- Page 1119 and 1120:
T ing trees, or they can be picked
- Page 1121 and 1122:
T Cupressaceae—Cypress family Thu
- Page 1123 and 1124:
T Figure 3—Thuja occidentalis, no
- Page 1125 and 1126:
T Bower RC, Dunsworth BG. 1988. Pro
- Page 1127 and 1128:
T Table 2—Tilia, linden: growth h
- Page 1129 and 1130:
T den persist on the tree, fruit co
- Page 1131 and 1132:
T previously, seeds show delayed ge
- Page 1133 and 1134:
T brown, membranous winged seeds (f
- Page 1135 and 1136:
T Peattie 1953). Both species were
- Page 1137 and 1138:
T 98% germination. In a test of see
- Page 1139 and 1140:
T ever, so sub-freezing temperature
- Page 1141 and 1142:
T A series of experiments with east
- Page 1143 and 1144:
T Table 3—Tsuga, hemlock: height,
- Page 1145 and 1146:
T Seeds are de-winged, and wing par
- Page 1147 and 1148:
T Germination tests. The Associatio
- Page 1149 and 1150:
T is not recommended unless serious
- Page 1151 and 1152:
T Dirr MA. 1998. Manual of woody la
- Page 1153 and 1154:
U Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 1155 and 1156:
U References Balneaves JM, Zabkiewi
- Page 1157 and 1158:
U whitebanded elm leafhopper, Scaph
- Page 1159 and 1160:
U 1937). Elm seeds can be cleaned w
- Page 1161 and 1162:
U Table 6—Ulmus, elm: germination
- Page 1163 and 1164:
U Lauraceae—Laurel family Umbellu
- Page 1165 and 1166:
U Figure 2—Umbellularia californi
- Page 1167 and 1168:
V Occurrence, growth habit, and use
- Page 1169 and 1170:
V Table 2—Vaccinium, blueberry an
- Page 1171 and 1172:
V Figure 2—Vaccinium, blueberry:
- Page 1173 and 1174:
V Synonyms. Aleurites fordii Hemsl.
- Page 1175 and 1176:
V Growth habit, occurrence, and use
- Page 1177 and 1178:
V Figure 2—Viburnum, viburnum: si
- Page 1179 and 1180:
V Table 5—Viburnum, viburnum: str
- Page 1181 and 1182:
V Other common names. chaste-tree,
- Page 1183 and 1184:
V Bailey LH. 1949. Manual of cultiv
- Page 1185 and 1186:
V 15,430/lb) at a moisture content
- Page 1187 and 1188:
W Figure 2—Washingtonia filifera,
- Page 1189 and 1190:
Y Flowering and fruiting. The green
- Page 1191 and 1192:
Z Synonyms. Zamia angustifolia Jacq
- Page 1193 and 1194:
Z Growth habit and use. Most of the
- Page 1195 and 1196:
Z Table 4—Zanthoxylum, prickly-as
- Page 1197 and 1198:
Z prompt germination was obtained f
- Page 1199 and 1200:
Z Staminate flowers each consist of
- Page 1201 and 1202:
Z Table 2—Zuckia brandegei, siltb
- Page 1203 and 1204:
Z 1190 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
- Page 1205 and 1206:
Metric to English To convert from T
- Page 1207 and 1208:
cone 1. the dry, woody strobilus of
- Page 1209 and 1210:
loculus (locule) the cell of a carp
- Page 1211 and 1212:
shrub perennial woody plant branchi
- Page 1213 and 1214:
Psorothamnus Rydb. Pterocarpus Jacq
- Page 1215 and 1216:
A Alexander, Robert R. Yucca Anders
- Page 1217 and 1218:
Matula, Colleen A. Dirca Meyer, Sus
- Page 1219 and 1220:
Preferred common names are listed i
- Page 1221 and 1222:
lack-snap, Gaylussacia blackberry,
- Page 1223 and 1224:
iver smooth-bark swamp Texas valley
- Page 1225 and 1226:
flaky Fraser golden grand great sil
- Page 1227 and 1228:
Morrow mountain mountain fly orange
- Page 1229 and 1230:
mayflower, Epigaea mayhaw, Crataegu
- Page 1231 and 1232:
snow Syrian Ussuri wild European wi
- Page 1233 and 1234:
etama palo de ray, Parkinsonia rhod
- Page 1235 and 1236:
lemonade Mearns mountain prairie sc
- Page 1237 and 1238:
Table of Contents Cercidium floridu
- Page 1239 and 1240:
Figure 7—Pterocarpus angolensis F
- Page 1241:
Figure 19—Zuckia brandegii plumme
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