The Woody Plant Seed Manual - University of Rhode Island

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The Woody Plant Seed Manual Agriculture Handbook 727
Page 1: United States Department of Agricul
Page 5 and 6: The U.S. Department of Agriculture
Page 7 and 8: Dedication This handbook on the see
Page 10 and 11: The first comprehensive handbook on
Page 12 and 13: Many difficult editorial problems d
Page 14 and 15: Part 2 Specific Handling Methods an
Page 16 and 17: Part 1 Principles and General Metho
Page 18 and 19: 1 Introduction Seeds are the princi
Page 20 and 21: 1 In tropical species, the time per
Page 22 and 23: 1 effects (Schmidtling 1983). Most
Page 24 and 25: 1 cones) without calyx, corolla, st
Page 26 and 27: 1 ers (1987) reported that pollen o
Page 28 and 29: 1 In most species, the perisperm, c
Page 30 and 31: 1 Table 3—Chapter 1, Seed Biology
Page 36 and 37: 1 as well. It can be found on larch
Page 38 and 39: 1 (Barnett 1979). Cone weight is es
Page 40 and 41: 1 must be overcome by germination-p
Page 42 and 43: 1 Variation in Dormancy As noted ea
Page 44 and 45: 1 The key to seed response to light
Page 46 and 47: 1 Adams L. 1955. Pine squirrels red
Page 48 and 49: 1 Hackett WP. 1985. Juvenility, mat
Page 50 and 51: 1 Pitel JA, Cheliak WM, Wang BSP. 1
Page 52 and 53:
1 38 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
Page 54 and 55:
2 Introduction In this chapter, rea
Page 56 and 57:
2 wind-pollinated species. The majo
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2 that they have little value as ti
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2 its new environment by virtue of
Page 62 and 63:
2 given time is evidence that this
Page 64 and 65:
2 Figure 8—Chapter 2, Genetic Imp
Page 66 and 67:
2 The USDA Forest Service has estab
Page 68 and 69:
2 Tree breeding techniques must be
Page 70 and 71:
2 Lafarge T, Lewis R, McConnell JL.
Page 72 and 73:
3 Introduction Most forest trees an
Page 74 and 75:
3 Figure 3—Chapter 3, seed Harves
Page 76 and 77:
3 FLOTATION PROCEDURE The flotation
Page 78 and 79:
3 Figure 6—Chapter 3, Seed Harves
Page 80 and 81:
3 Lot identity. Maintaining the ide
Page 82 and 83:
3 Species vary considerably in tole
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3 the air by cooling with an air co
Page 86 and 87:
3 Because wet de-winging presents m
Page 88 and 89:
3 Figure 26—Chapter 3, Seed Harve
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3 tering a hole. As a result, the l
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Page 94 and 95:
3 Conveying seeds. Moving seeds in
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
4 Introduction In the simplest form
Page 102 and 103:
4 Table 3—Chapter 4, Storage of S
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4 make it difficult for a true equi
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4 seeds, with their active metaboli
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4 If the period of storage will be
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
5 Introduction Seed testing is the
Page 114 and 115:
5 This amount is different for each
Page 116 and 117:
5 Figure 10—Chapter 5, Seed Testi
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5 or plastic with impressions drill
Page 120 and 121:
5 Machines for watering include aut
Page 122 and 123:
5 The cold test is done by planting
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5 grow in order to produce a normal
Page 126 and 127:
5 seeds that failed to germinate. E
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5 is of great value in a bareroot n
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Page 132 and 133:
6 Introduction Seed certification i
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6 Pacific Northwest An organized ef
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6 material from the Southeast did n
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6 Tree seed certification in the So
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7 Introduction Plant propagation is
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7 Figure 3—Chapter 7, Nursery Pra
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7 operating costs vary with the typ
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7 Table 2—Chapter 7, Nursery Prac
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7 Figure 8—Chapter 7, Nursery Pra
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7 Figure 11—Chapter 7, Nursery Pr
Page 152 and 153:
7 reforestation sequence. Tiny fibr
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Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
7 and chemically. Hand-weeding and
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Growth habit, occurrence, and use.
Page 164 and 165:
Table 1—Abies, fir: nomenclature
Page 166 and 167:
seeds or grafts have been establish
Page 168 and 169:
finely ground needles on open cuts;
Page 170 and 171:
hybrids between grand and white fir
Page 172 and 173:
cultural and ornamental varieties o
Page 174 and 175:
Table 3—Abies, fir: phenology of
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 3—Abies, fir: mature femal
Page 178 and 179:
Figure 8—Abies alba, European sil
Page 180 and 181:
inbreeding depression of 3-year hei
Page 182 and 183:
developing male strobili (Bess 1946
Page 184 and 185:
Table 6—Abies, fir: cone and seed
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 13—Abies procera, noble fi
Page 188 and 189:
Table 7—Abies, fir: cone drying s
Page 190 and 191:
Table 8—Abies, fir: cone measurem
Page 192 and 193:
Table 10—Abies, fir: nursery prac
Page 194 and 195:
extensive fungal and bacterial mold
Page 196 and 197:
Figure 18—Abies, fir: schematic c
Page 198 and 199:
Fir seedling production in Canadian
Page 200 and 201:
Abbott HG. 1962. Tree seed preferen
Page 202 and 203:
Ebell LF, Schmidt RL. 1964. Meteoro
Page 204 and 205:
Hamrick JL, Libby WJ. 1972. Variati
Page 206 and 207:
Kulhavy DL, Schenk JA. 1976. Cone a
Page 208 and 209:
Owens JN, Molder M. 1977b. Sexual r
Page 210 and 211:
Sjoberg NE. 1974. The Styroblock co
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Table 2— Acacia, acacia: phenolog
Page 216 and 217:
Neal MC. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii
Page 218 and 219:
Table 2—Acer, maple: height, seed
Page 220 and 221:
Johnson 1992; Sipe and Linnerooth 1
Page 222 and 223:
Most studies of seed production are
Page 224 and 225:
Figure 3—Acer platanoides, Norway
Page 226 and 227:
Table 6—Acer, maple: germination
Page 228 and 229:
Fischer WC, comp. 1990. The Fire Ef
Page 230 and 231:
Other common names. jumbie-bead Occ
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Table 2—Aesculus, buckeye: phenol
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 3—Aesculus californica, Ca
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 2—Ailanthus altissima, ail
Page 240 and 241:
Fabaceae—Pea family Albizia Duraz
Page 242 and 243:
depth, in loose, moist soil under f
Page 244 and 245:
used to speed germination. In early
Page 246 and 247:
Table 1—Alnus, alder: nomenclatur
Page 248 and 249:
Table 2—Alnus, alder: phenology o
Page 250 and 251:
Table 4—Alnus, alder: yield data
Page 252 and 253:
Under cool temperatures similar to
Page 254 and 255:
Dreesen DR, Harrington JT. 1997. Pr
Page 256 and 257:
Asteraceae—Aster family Ambrosia
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 3—Amelachier sanguinea, ro
Page 262 and 263:
Acharya SN, Chu SB, Hermesh R. 1989
Page 264 and 265:
Table 2—Amorpha, amorpha: height
Page 266 and 267:
germination paper. Light is require
Page 268 and 269:
Growth habit, occurrence, and uses.
Page 270 and 271:
the pulp and empty seeds to float o
Page 272 and 273:
Araucariaceae—Araucaria family Ar
Page 274 and 275:
Table 2—Araucaria, araucaria: phe
Page 276 and 277:
Ericaceae—Heath family Arbutus me
Page 278 and 279:
seedlings died back at least once,
Page 280 and 281:
acceptance as a versatile groundcov
Page 282 and 283:
viability (Keeley and Hays 1976). T
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Table 3—Aronia, chokeberry: cold
Page 288 and 289:
Table 1—Artemisia, sagebrush: dis
Page 290 and 291:
snowcover in the field, whereas tho
Page 292 and 293:
success, perhaps through re-inocula
Page 294 and 295:
Growth habit and use. Of the 9 spec
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
likely that other widely distribute
Page 300 and 301:
Table 2—Atriplex, saltbush: fruit
Page 302 and 303:
Figure 4—Atriplex canescens, four
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Figure 1—Baccharis angustifolia,
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Table 3—Bauhinia, bauhinia: seed
Page 312 and 313:
Ikram 1975; Kostalova and others 19
Page 314 and 315:
Table 3—Berberis, barberry: seed
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Table 1—Betula, birch: nomenclatu
Page 320 and 321:
Table 3—Betula, birch: height, se
Page 322 and 323:
Table 6—Betula, birch: germinatio
Page 324 and 325:
Other common names. French-mulberry
Page 326 and 327:
Cupressaceae—Cypress family Caloc
Page 328 and 329:
facilitate drying and opening. They
Page 330 and 331:
Figure 4—Calocedrus decurrens, in
Page 332 and 333:
Bignoniaceae—Trumpet-creeper fami
Page 334 and 335:
Fabaceae—Pea family Caragana arbo
Page 336 and 337:
Cram WH. 1956. Research. In: 1956 s
Page 338 and 339:
Figure 2—Carnegiea giganteus, sag
Page 340 and 341:
Figure 1—Carpenteria californica,
Page 342 and 343:
1991; Krüssmann 1984). This cultiv
Page 344 and 345:
Table 4—Carpinus, hornbeam: strat
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Table 3—Carya, hickory: height, s
Page 350 and 351:
Goff WD, Brasher LR, McGuire JA. 19
Page 352 and 353:
Table 2—Castanea, chestnut: heigh
Page 354 and 355:
Little EL, Jr. 1979. Checklist of U
Page 356 and 357:
Figure 1—Casuarina cunninghamiana
Page 358 and 359:
Bignoniaceae—Trumpet-creeper fami
Page 360 and 361:
Table 2—Catalpa, catalpa: seed da
Page 362 and 363:
Table 1—Ceanothus, ceanothus: nom
Page 364 and 365:
Table 2—Ceanothus, ceanothus: phe
Page 366 and 367:
Table 4—Ceanothus, ceanothus: pre
Page 368 and 369:
• Monterey ceanothus—C. cuneatu
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
and it has a membranous, broad wing
Page 374 and 375:
Figure 4—Cedrus libani, cedar of
Page 376 and 377:
Celastraceae—Bittersweet family C
Page 378 and 379:
Figure 4—Celastrus scandens, Amer
Page 380 and 381:
Figure 1—Celtis, hackberry: fruit
Page 382 and 383:
Rubiaceae—Madder family Cephalant
Page 384 and 385:
Growth habit. Ceratonia siliqua L.
Page 386 and 387:
Alexander RR, Shepperd WD. 1974. Ce
Page 388 and 389:
Table 2—Cercis, redbud: growth ha
Page 390 and 391:
Three pretreatments have proven sat
Page 392 and 393:
Redbud seedlings are also produced
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Figure 2—Cercocarpus montanus, tr
Page 398 and 399:
Rosaceae—Rose family Chamaebatia
Page 400 and 401:
Rosaceae—Rose family Chamaebatiar
Page 402 and 403:
Fernbush germination has received l
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Table 3—Chamaecyparis, white-ceda
Page 408 and 409:
Table 5—Chamaecyparis, white-ceda
Page 410 and 411:
Nursery field practice and seedling
Page 412 and 413:
1968). They have 5-parted calyxes,
Page 414 and 415:
Oleaceae—Olive family Chionanthus
Page 416 and 417:
Barton LV. 1961. Seed preservation
Page 418 and 419:
Use. The light, fairly hard, and st
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Figure 1—Chrysothamnus, rabbitbru
Page 424 and 425:
Tetrazolium viability testing of ra
Page 426 and 427:
Fabaceae—Pea family Cladrastis ke
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Table 2—Clematis, clematis: pheno
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
allowed to dry until they split. Se
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 2—Coleogyne ramosissima, b
Page 438 and 439:
Beatley JC. 1974. Phenological even
Page 440 and 441:
Figure 1—Colutea arborescens, com
Page 442 and 443:
Table 1—Cornus, dogwood: nomencla
Page 444 and 445:
Figure 3—Cornus florida, flowerin
Page 446 and 447:
Adams J. 1927. The germination of t
Page 448 and 449:
Table 2—Corylus, hazel: phenology
Page 450 and 451:
Table 4—Corylus, hazel: germinati
Page 452 and 453:
Figure 1—Cotinus obovatus, Americ
Page 454 and 455:
LHBH [Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium
Page 456 and 457:
development (Krüssmann 1986; LHBH
Page 458 and 459:
Duration of effective pretreatments
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Table 1—Crataegus, hawthorn: nome
Page 464 and 465:
Table 2—Crataegus, hawthorn: phen
Page 466 and 467:
Table 3—Crataegus, hawthorn: seed
Page 468 and 469:
(1998) and Hartmann and others (200
Page 470 and 471:
Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Crypto
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Table 2—Cupressus, cypress: growt
Page 476 and 477:
Figure 3—Cupressus arizonica,Ariz
Page 478 and 479:
AOSA [Association of Official Seed
Page 480 and 481:
Figure 1—Cytisus scoparius, Scotc
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 2—Delonix regia, flamboyan
Page 484 and 485:
pitted, hard, brittle testa. The se
Page 486 and 487:
Flowering and fruiting. Male and fe
Page 488 and 489:
species have a strong taproot (figu
Page 490 and 491:
Annual height growth varies conside
Page 492 and 493:
Table 1—Dirca palustris, eastern
Page 494 and 495:
Alban DH, Perala DA, Jurgensen MF,
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 3— Ebenopsis ebano,Texas-e
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 1—Elaeagnus angustifolia,
Page 500 and 501:
Table 5—Elaeagnus, elaeagnus: ger
Page 502 and 503:
Figure 2— Encelia farinosa, britt
Page 504 and 505:
Figure 2—Enterolobium cyclocarpum
Page 506 and 507:
1976). The genetic basis for sex di
Page 508 and 509:
Other common names. mayflower, grou
Page 510 and 511:
Asteraceae—Aster family Ericameri
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Figure 1—Eriogonum fasciculatum,
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 3—Eriogonum fasciculatum,
Page 518 and 519:
Table 1—Eucalyptus, eucalyptus: n
Page 520 and 521:
1955; Krugman 1974). There is no en
Page 522 and 523:
Table 5—Eucalyptus, eucalyptus: s
Page 524 and 525:
Seedling care. Germination is epige
Page 526 and 527:
Celastraceae—Bittersweet family E
Page 528 and 529:
Table 3—Euonymus, euonymus: pheno
Page 530 and 531:
Table 7—Euonymus, euonymus: strat
Page 532 and 533:
Nikolaeva MG. 1967. Fiziologiya glu
Page 534 and 535:
Figure 1—Fagus grandifolia, Ameri
Page 536 and 537:
the same 3 to 5 °C (Suszka 1975).
Page 538 and 539:
Rosaceae—Rose family Fallugia par
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 4—Fallugia paradoxa,Apache
Page 542 and 543:
Germination. In Hawaii, good germin
Page 544 and 545:
Table 1—Frangula, buckthorn: nome
Page 546 and 547:
Figure 3—Frangula californica, Ca
Page 548 and 549:
Theaceae—Tea family Franklinia al
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Figure 2—Fraxinus, ash: single sa
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 4—Fraxinus nigra, black as
Page 556 and 557:
Aldhous JR. 1972. Nursery practice.
Page 558 and 559:
Figure 2—Fremontodendron californ
Page 560 and 561:
Growth habit and occurrence. The ge
Page 562 and 563:
Figure 2—Garrya wrightii, Wright
Page 564 and 565:
prominent niche than their Pacific
Page 566 and 567:
Table 3—Gaultheria, wintergreen:
Page 568 and 569:
Seeds of wintergreen appear to have
Page 570 and 571:
Ericaceae—Heath family Gaylussaci
Page 572 and 573:
Other common names. maidenhair-tree
Page 574 and 575:
Hatano K, Kano T. 1952. A brief rep
Page 576 and 577:
The seeds are close to the same siz
Page 578 and 579:
Theaceae—Tea family Gordonia lasi
Page 580 and 581:
Chenopodiaceae—Goosefoot family G
Page 582 and 583:
hygroscopic bracts absorb water rap
Page 584 and 585:
son, during which time they develop
Page 586 and 587:
Proteaceae—Protea family Greville
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Kruse WH. 1970. Temperature and moi
Page 592 and 593:
Figure 2—Gymnocladus dioicus, Ken
Page 594 and 595:
Figure 2—Halesia carolina, Caroli
Page 596 and 597:
Figure 2—Hamamelis virginiana, wi
Page 598 and 599:
Rosaceae—Rose family Heteromeles
Page 600 and 601:
Emery DE. 1988. Seed propagation of
Page 602 and 603:
Figure 2—Hippophae rhamnoides, co
Page 604 and 605:
Rosaceae—Rose family Holodiscus (
Page 606 and 607:
Figure 2—Holodiscus discolor, cre
Page 608 and 609:
Other common names. jutaby, cuapino
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Table 3—Ilex, holly: height, seed
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Figure 3—Juglans cinera, butternu
Page 618 and 619:
Pregermination treatment. Seeds of
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Figure 1—Juniperus, juniper: stro
Page 624 and 625:
Table 4—Juniperus, juniper: seed
Page 626 and 627:
the seedlings may change color due
Page 628 and 629:
Ericaceae—Heath family Kalmia lat
Page 630 and 631:
Figure 3—Kalmia latifolia, mounta
Page 632 and 633:
Pregermination treatments. Under na
Page 634 and 635:
virescens), has resulted from this
Page 636 and 637:
Baylan GA. 1972. Prostrate summer c
Page 638 and 639:
magnetic field of 100 gauss for 4.3
Page 640 and 641:
Figure 1—Krascheninnikovia lanata
Page 642 and 643:
Although the International Code of
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
Allen DH. 1994. Personal communicat
Page 648 and 649:
Geographic races and hybrids. Vario
Page 650 and 651:
Occurrence. The larches—Larix P.
Page 652 and 653:
Geographic races. Geographic races
Page 654 and 655:
Farmer 1991) and for subalpine and
Page 656 and 657:
Table 3—Larix, larch: height, see
Page 658 and 659:
Table 7—Larix, larch: storage con
Page 660 and 661:
Nursery practice. Larch seeds shoul
Page 662 and 663:
NBV [Nederlandsche Boschbouw Vereen
Page 664 and 665:
Zygophyllaceae—Caltrop family Lar
Page 666 and 667:
Other common names. trapper’s-tea
Page 668 and 669:
Page 670 and 671:
Pregermination treatments. A high p
Page 672 and 673:
Figure 1—Leucaena leucocephala, l
Page 674 and 675:
Ericaceae—Heath family Leucothoe
Page 676 and 677:
Page 678 and 679:
Figure 2—Ligustrum lucidum, gloss
Page 680 and 681:
Page 682 and 683:
Figure 3—Lindera benzoin, common
Page 684 and 685:
Figure 3—Liquidambar styraciflua,
Page 686 and 687:
AOSA [Association of Official Seed
Page 688 and 689:
and McGregor 1973). Although trees
Page 690 and 691:
Adams RE. 1968. Are alternating tem
Page 692 and 693:
large or larger than those of the t
Page 694 and 695:
of tanoak in northern California. I
Page 696 and 697:
Table 1—Lonicera, honeysuckle: sc
Page 698 and 699:
Table 2—Lonicera, honeysuckle: ph
Page 700 and 701:
Table 4—Lonicera, honeysuckle: st
Page 702 and 703:
Myrtaceae—Myrtle family Lophostem
Page 704 and 705:
Page 706 and 707:
Christofolini G. 1989. A serologica
Page 708 and 709:
Table 1—Lycium, wolfberry: nomenc
Page 710 and 711:
Moraceae—Mulberry family Maclura
Page 712 and 713:
Barnett JP, Burton JD. 1997. Osage-
Page 714 and 715:
Floral biology. The large, perfect
Page 716 and 717:
Table 3—Magnolia, magnolia: seed
Page 718 and 719:
Kozlowski TT. 1972. Seed biology.Vo
Page 720 and 721:
Table 2—Mahonia, Oregon-grape: oc
Page 722 and 723:
Table 4—Mahonia, Oregon-grape: se
Page 724 and 725:
Schlosser WE, Blatner KH, Zamora B.
Page 726 and 727:
Table 1— Malus, apple: nomenclatu
Page 728 and 729:
from the tree or by gathering falle
Page 730 and 731:
soil temperatures are less than 4.5
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 2—Melia azedarach L., chin
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Metase
Page 738 and 739:
Johnson LC. 1968. Crossability of M
Page 740 and 741:
Nursery practice. Seeds of many oth
Page 742 and 743:
usable for fenceposts. Other specia
Page 744 and 745:
Table 3—Morus, mulberry: height,
Page 746 and 747:
Myricaceae—Bayberry family Myrica
Page 748 and 749:
Table 2—Morella and Myrica, baybe
Page 750 and 751:
Bir RE. 1992. Growing and propagati
Page 752 and 753:
Figure 2—Nama lobbii, woolly nama
Page 754 and 755:
Figure 1—Nandina domestica, nandi
Page 756 and 757:
Aquifoliaceae—Holly family Nemopa
Page 758 and 759:
Growth habit and use. The 4 deciduo
Page 760 and 761:
to 120 days may be needed for some
Page 762 and 763:
Rosaceae—Rose family Oemleria cer
Page 764 and 765:
About 11 kg (25 lb) of seeds (clean
Page 766 and 767:
Growth habit. Olive is a member of
Page 768 and 769:
such as those grown in Crete, south
Page 770 and 771:
Fabaceae—Pea family Olneya tesota
Page 772 and 773:
Betulaceae—Birch family Ostrya vi
Page 774 and 775:
Ericaceae—Heath family Oxydendrum
Page 776 and 777:
Bailey LH. 1977. Manual of cultivat
Page 778 and 779:
Germination. Seeds of peacock-plume
Page 780 and 781:
seeds (figures 1 and 2) (Delorit an
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
nation was less than 5% in 4 tests,
Page 786 and 787:
Figure 2—Paulownia tomentosa, roy
Page 788 and 789:
Flowering and fruiting. Penstemon f
Page 790 and 791:
species with seeds that require chi
Page 792 and 793:
Figure 2—Peraphyllum ramosissimum
Page 794 and 795:
Lauraceae—Laurel family Persea bo
Page 796 and 797:
Rutaceae—Rue family Phellodendron
Page 798 and 799:
Hoag DG. 1965. Trees and shrubs of
Page 800 and 801:
Service 1937). Quail (Callipepla sp
Page 802 and 803:
Mock orange is easily propagated fr
Page 804 and 805:
Table 1—Physocarpus, ninebark: no
Page 806 and 807:
Page 808 and 809:
sites but do thrive on slightly aci
Page 810 and 811:
ight purple, or crimson male strobi
Page 812 and 813:
ole, nitrogen fertilization, and ro
Page 814 and 815:
the pine siskin and the pine grosbe
Page 816 and 817:
on the material surrounding the see
Page 818 and 819:
Fowler DP, Mullin RE. 1977. Upland-
Page 820 and 821:
Synonym. Andromeda floribunda Pursh
Page 822 and 823:
Page 824 and 825:
Table 1— Pinus, pine: nomenclatur
Page 827 and 828:
P Table 2 —Pinus, pine: mature tr
Page 829 and 830:
P sources on different islands diff
Page 831 and 832:
P Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
Page 833 and 834:
P plantations (Callaham and Liddico
Page 835 and 836:
P that of the planting site general
Page 837 and 838:
P Table 3—Pinus, pine: phenology
Page 839 and 840:
P Table 4—Pinus, pine: cone ripen
Page 841 and 842:
P Figure 3—Pinus ponderosa, ponde
Page 843 and 844:
P Table 6—Pinus, pine: cone proce
Page 845 and 846:
P nal heating, mold development, an
Page 847 and 848:
P Table 8—Pinus, pine: cone and s
Page 849 and 850:
P Table 10—Pinus, pine: seed germ
Page 851 and 852:
p Table 10—Pinus, pine: seed germ
Page 853 and 854:
P Table 11—Pinus, pine: nursery p
Page 855 and 856:
P All pines can be vegetatively pro
Page 857 and 858:
P Griffin JR. 1962. Intraspecific v
Page 859 and 860:
P Niebling CR, Conkle MT. 1990. Div
Page 861 and 862:
P Fabaceae—Pea family Pithecellob
Page 863 and 864:
P Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 865 and 866:
P lessened when the operation is ca
Page 867 and 868:
P Synonym. Thuja orientalis L., T.
Page 869 and 870:
Page 871 and 872:
P western United States and Canada,
Page 873 and 874:
P Table 3—Populus, poplar, cotton
Page 875 and 876:
P Flowering of 24- to 36-year-old g
Page 877 and 878:
P Table 4—Populus, poplar, cotton
Page 879 and 880:
P Hellum (1973) found that balsam p
Page 881 and 882:
P density of 265 viable seeds/m 2 (
Page 883 and 884:
P ISTA [International Seed Testing
Page 885 and 886:
Page 887 and 888:
P Table 2—Prosopis, mesquite: ger
Page 889 and 890:
P Table 1—Prunus, cherry, peach,
Page 891 and 892:
P culture, (2) storing whole fruit
Page 893 and 894:
P Figure 3—Prunus persica, peach:
Page 895 and 896:
P Table 4—Prunus, cherry, peach,
Page 897 and 898:
P Removal of the endocarp by hand h
Page 899 and 900:
P To achieve germination greater th
Page 901 and 902:
P Seedlings may be planted 1 m (3 f
Page 903 and 904:
P Michalska S, Suszka B. 1980d. War
Page 905 and 906:
P canic origins at elevations from
Page 907 and 908:
P Figure 2—Pseudotsuga, Douglas-f
Page 909 and 910:
P (Brown 1983; Maxwell and Aldhous
Page 911 and 912:
P Table 5—Pseudotsuga, Douglas-fi
Page 913 and 914:
P soaked in a 1% TZ solution at 30
Page 915 and 916:
P Durzan 1993; Tabor and others 199
Page 917 and 918:
P Heit CE. 1955. The excised embryo
Page 919 and 920:
P Silen R, Osterhaus C. 1979. Reduc
Page 921 and 922:
P Figure 1—Psorothamnus, indigobu
Page 923 and 924:
P 910 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
Page 925 and 926:
P Figure 3—Ptelea trifoliata, com
Page 927 and 928:
P Figure 1—Pterocarpus macrocarpu
Page 929 and 930:
Page 931 and 932:
P 5 to 46 mg/seed with the populati
Page 933 and 934:
P others 1983; Ferguson and Basile
Page 935 and 936:
P 922 • Woody Plant Seed Manual R
Page 937 and 938:
p Table 2—Pyrus, pear: flowering
Page 939 and 940:
P Table 3—Pyrus, pear: seed prope
Page 941 and 942:
Q Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 943 and 944:
Q Table 1—Quercus, oak: nomenclat
Page 945 and 946:
Q Figure 2—Quercus rubra, norther
Page 947 and 948:
Q Table 3—Quercus, oak: seed yiel
Page 949 and 950:
Q Table 4—Quercus, oak: germinati
Page 951 and 952:
Q Cunningham TR, Wittwer RF. 1984.
Page 953 and 954:
R Table 1—Rhamnus, buckthorn: nom
Page 955 and 956:
R Conrad CE. 1987. Common shrubs of
Page 957 and 958:
R Table 1—Rhododendron, rhododend
Page 959 and 960:
R from white, to pink, magenta, and
Page 961 and 962:
R Figure 3—Rhododendron macrophyl
Page 963 and 964:
R from all provenances were similar
Page 965 and 966:
R Rosaceae—Rose family Rhodotypos
Page 967 and 968:
R Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 969 and 970:
R Table 2—Rhus, sumac; Toxicodend
Page 971 and 972:
R Table 3—Rhus, sumac; Malosma, l
Page 973 and 974:
R Brinkman KA. 1974. Rhus L., sumac
Page 975 and 976:
R Table 1—Ribes, currant, goosebe
Page 977 and 978:
R Table 4—Ribes, currant, goosebe
Page 979 and 980:
R Figure 4—Ribes missouriense, Mi
Page 981 and 982:
R Quick CR. 1947a. Experimental ger
Page 983 and 984:
R Table 1—Robinia, locust: nomenc
Page 985 and 986:
R Table 2—Robinia, locust: phenol
Page 987 and 988:
R Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 989 and 990:
R should either be refrigerated or
Page 991 and 992:
R above the compensating temperatur
Page 993 and 994:
R Semeniuk P, Stewart RN. 1966. Eff
Page 995 and 996:
R ers (Little and Wadsworth 1964),
Page 997 and 998:
R Growth habit, occurrence and use.
Page 999 and 1000:
R Table 2—Rubus, blackberry, rasp
Page 1001 and 1002:
R Table 3—Rubus, blackberry, rasp
Page 1003 and 1004:
R of complete fruit aggregates) and
Page 1005 and 1006:
R Figure 4—Rubus, blackberry, ras
Page 1007 and 1008:
R do not carbonize it as does sulfu
Page 1009 and 1010:
R Moore JN, Brown GR, Lundergran CA
Page 1011 and 1012:
S Figure 1—Sabal, palmetto: fruit
Page 1013 and 1014:
S Growth habit, occurrence and use.
Page 1015 and 1016:
S confirmed that hybridization occu
Page 1017 and 1018:
S Table 2—Salix, willow: seed qua
Page 1019 and 1020:
S Extraction and storage of seeds.
Page 1021 and 1022:
S ification required for complete g
Page 1023 and 1024:
S Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 1025 and 1026:
S Table 2—Salvia, sage: seed weig
Page 1027 and 1028:
S Growth habit, occurrence and use.
Page 1029 and 1030:
S Table 3—Sambucus, elder: height
Page 1031 and 1032:
S Norton CR. 1986a. Low temperature
Page 1033 and 1034:
S Figure 1—Sapindus saponaria var
Page 1035 and 1036:
S Other common name. Greasewood. Gr
Page 1037 and 1038:
S Robertson JH. 1983. Greasewood (S
Page 1039 and 1040:
S Germination. Sassafras seeds exhi
Page 1041 and 1042:
S The eradication of the larger tre
Page 1043 and 1044:
S Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Scia
Page 1045 and 1046:
S Fabaceae—Pea family Senna armat
Page 1047 and 1048:
S Taxodiaceae—Redwood family Sequ
Page 1049 and 1050:
S or 2+0 planting stock. All seedbe
Page 1051 and 1052:
S Figure 1—Sequoiadendron gigante
Page 1053 and 1054:
S Cultural treatments have been use
Page 1055 and 1056:
S Seeds should not be sown until th
Page 1057 and 1058:
S Russet buffaloberry has little or
Page 1059 and 1060:
S Borland J. 1994. Shepherdia rotun
Page 1061 and 1062:
S Longevity of seeds in storage is
Page 1063 and 1064:
S Figure 1—Simmondsia chinensis,
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
S Figure 2—Solanum dulcamara, bit
Page 1069 and 1070:
S furic acid for 10 minutes and sto
Page 1071 and 1072:
S Germination. Apparently, some of
Page 1073 and 1074:
S alcoholic beverages (Chalupa 1992
Page 1075 and 1076:
S Table 4—Sorbus, mountain-ash: f
Page 1077 and 1078:
S Mountain-ash seedlings are hardy
Page 1079 and 1080:
S Nursery practices. Germinating se
Page 1081 and 1082:
S make light and other resources mo
Page 1083 and 1084:
S Batta J. 1977. Studies of the gen
Page 1085 and 1086:
S and seeds become loose. The dried
Page 1087 and 1088:
S Table 5—Styrax japonicus, Japan
Page 1089 and 1090:
S dry quickly and are released a fe
Page 1091 and 1092:
Page 1093 and 1094:
S Extraction and storage of seeds.
Page 1095 and 1096:
S Akagi ST. 1996. Personal communic
Page 1097 and 1098:
S Table 2—Syringa, lilac: phenolo
Page 1099 and 1100:
S Caprio JM, Snyder RD. 1989. Withi
Page 1101 and 1102:
T Figure 2—Tamarix chinensis, sal
Page 1103 and 1104:
T coats and projecting flanges (fig
Page 1105 and 1106:
T Growth habit. The yews—members
Page 1107 and 1108:
T bearing a single, hard, ovate see
Page 1109 and 1110:
T Germination was negligible for th
Page 1111 and 1112:
T Pilz D. 1996b. Propagation of Pac
Page 1113 and 1114:
T Figure 2—Tectona grandis, teak:
Page 1115 and 1116:
T Asteraceae—Aster family Tetrady
Page 1117 and 1118:
T Cronquist A, Holmgren AH, Holmgre
Page 1119 and 1120:
T ing trees, or they can be picked
Page 1121 and 1122:
T Cupressaceae—Cypress family Thu
Page 1123 and 1124:
T Figure 3—Thuja occidentalis, no
Page 1125 and 1126:
T Bower RC, Dunsworth BG. 1988. Pro
Page 1127 and 1128:
T Table 2—Tilia, linden: growth h
Page 1129 and 1130:
T den persist on the tree, fruit co
Page 1131 and 1132:
T previously, seeds show delayed ge
Page 1133 and 1134:
T brown, membranous winged seeds (f
Page 1135 and 1136:
T Peattie 1953). Both species were
Page 1137 and 1138:
T 98% germination. In a test of see
Page 1139 and 1140:
T ever, so sub-freezing temperature
Page 1141 and 1142:
T A series of experiments with east
Page 1143 and 1144:
T Table 3—Tsuga, hemlock: height,
Page 1145 and 1146:
T Seeds are de-winged, and wing par
Page 1147 and 1148:
T Germination tests. The Associatio
Page 1149 and 1150:
T is not recommended unless serious
Page 1151 and 1152:
T Dirr MA. 1998. Manual of woody la
Page 1153 and 1154:
U Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 1155 and 1156:
U References Balneaves JM, Zabkiewi
Page 1157 and 1158:
U whitebanded elm leafhopper, Scaph
Page 1159 and 1160:
U 1937). Elm seeds can be cleaned w
Page 1161 and 1162:
U Table 6—Ulmus, elm: germination
Page 1163 and 1164:
U Lauraceae—Laurel family Umbellu
Page 1165 and 1166:
U Figure 2—Umbellularia californi
Page 1167 and 1168:
V Occurrence, growth habit, and use
Page 1169 and 1170:
V Table 2—Vaccinium, blueberry an
Page 1171 and 1172:
V Figure 2—Vaccinium, blueberry:
Page 1173 and 1174:
V Synonyms. Aleurites fordii Hemsl.
Page 1175 and 1176:
V Growth habit, occurrence, and use
Page 1177 and 1178:
V Figure 2—Viburnum, viburnum: si
Page 1179 and 1180:
V Table 5—Viburnum, viburnum: str
Page 1181 and 1182:
V Other common names. chaste-tree,
Page 1183 and 1184:
V Bailey LH. 1949. Manual of cultiv
Page 1185 and 1186:
V 15,430/lb) at a moisture content
Page 1187 and 1188:
W Figure 2—Washingtonia filifera,
Page 1189 and 1190:
Y Flowering and fruiting. The green
Page 1191 and 1192:
Z Synonyms. Zamia angustifolia Jacq
Page 1193 and 1194:
Z Growth habit and use. Most of the
Page 1195 and 1196:
Z Table 4—Zanthoxylum, prickly-as
Page 1197 and 1198:
Z prompt germination was obtained f
Page 1199 and 1200:
Z Staminate flowers each consist of
Page 1201 and 1202:
Z Table 2—Zuckia brandegei, siltb
Page 1203 and 1204:
Z 1190 • Woody Plant Seed Manual
Page 1205 and 1206:
Metric to English To convert from T
Page 1207 and 1208:
cone 1. the dry, woody strobilus of
Page 1209 and 1210:
loculus (locule) the cell of a carp
Page 1211 and 1212:
shrub perennial woody plant branchi
Page 1213 and 1214:
Psorothamnus Rydb. Pterocarpus Jacq
Page 1215 and 1216:
A Alexander, Robert R. Yucca Anders
Page 1217 and 1218:
Matula, Colleen A. Dirca Meyer, Sus
Page 1219 and 1220:
Preferred common names are listed i
Page 1221 and 1222:
lack-snap, Gaylussacia blackberry,
Page 1223 and 1224:
iver smooth-bark swamp Texas valley
Page 1225 and 1226:
flaky Fraser golden grand great sil
Page 1227 and 1228:
Morrow mountain mountain fly orange
Page 1229 and 1230:
mayflower, Epigaea mayhaw, Crataegu
Page 1231 and 1232:
snow Syrian Ussuri wild European wi
Page 1233 and 1234:
etama palo de ray, Parkinsonia rhod
Page 1235 and 1236:
lemonade Mearns mountain prairie sc
Page 1237 and 1238:
Table of Contents Cercidium floridu
Page 1239 and 1240:
Figure 7—Pterocarpus angolensis F
Page 1241:
Figure 19—Zuckia brandegii plumme
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