A Framework for Physical Activity as a Complex and ...
A Framework for Physical Activity as a Complex and ...
A Framework for Physical Activity as a Complex and ...
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A <strong>Framework</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong> <strong>as</strong> a<br />
<strong>Complex</strong> <strong>and</strong> Multidimensional Behavior<br />
Kelley K. Pettee Gabriel<br />
University of Tex<strong>as</strong> Health Science Center<br />
James R. Morrow, Jr.<br />
University of North Tex<strong>as</strong>
OBJECTIVES<br />
o PA Self-Report Methods: „Hit <strong>and</strong> Miss‟<br />
o Conceptual <strong>Framework</strong>: PA<br />
o Revisiting Definitions<br />
o Considerations: Selecting Self-report Methods<br />
2
BACKGROUND<br />
o Research Link: PA <strong>and</strong> Health Outcomes<br />
o PA Incorporated: Design <strong>and</strong> Implementation<br />
o Need: Accurate Quantification of PA<br />
o Lack of „Gold St<strong>and</strong>ard‟ Me<strong>as</strong>ure(s)<br />
o Relevant Construct Confusion<br />
3
SELF-REPORT HIT AND “MISS”<br />
• Misconstrue<br />
• Miscount<br />
• Misstate<br />
• Misjudge<br />
• Misplace<br />
• Misprint<br />
• Misdescribe<br />
• Misguide<br />
• Misin<strong>for</strong>m<br />
• Misinterpret<br />
• Misname<br />
• Misrepresent<br />
• Mischoose<br />
• Mischief<br />
Individual-Level<br />
• Miscommunication<br />
Population-Level<br />
• Misunderst<strong>and</strong><br />
•<br />
•<br />
Misread<br />
• Mistake<br />
Surveillance<br />
Misreport<br />
• Mislead<br />
• Missay<br />
• Miscode<br />
• Misquote<br />
• Misidentify<br />
• Miscue<br />
• Mischievous<br />
4
FRAMEWORK<br />
5
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK<br />
HUMAN MOVEMENT<br />
Sedentary<br />
Behavior<br />
Human<br />
Movement<br />
Physiological<br />
Attributes<br />
Energy Expenditure<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> Fitness<br />
6
Leisure<br />
Occupational/School<br />
Household/Caretaking/Domestic<br />
Sitting<br />
Media Use<br />
Non-Occupational<br />
School<br />
Computer Use<br />
Sleeping<br />
Occupation/School<br />
Driving<br />
Riding<br />
Sitting<br />
Transportation<br />
Discretionary<br />
Non<br />
Discretionary<br />
Human Movement<br />
<strong>Framework</strong><br />
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
Sedentary<br />
Behavior<br />
Human<br />
Movement<br />
Attributes<br />
Energy<br />
Expenditure<br />
<strong>Physical</strong><br />
Fitness<br />
Metabolic<br />
Rate<br />
B<strong>as</strong>al<br />
Resting<br />
Thermic Effect of Food<br />
PA Related EE<br />
Cardiorespiratory<br />
Fitness<br />
Strength<br />
Muscular<br />
Fitness<br />
Body<br />
Composition<br />
Flexibility<br />
Balance <strong>and</strong><br />
Coordination<br />
Endurance<br />
7
Bouchard <strong>and</strong> Shephard,1994.<br />
BOUCHARD AND SHEPHARD<br />
8
LaMonte & Ainsworth, MSSE, June 2001.<br />
LAMONTE <strong>and</strong> AINSWORTH<br />
9
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY<br />
MODEL COMPARISON<br />
Bouchard & Shephard<br />
1994<br />
LaMonte & Ainsworth<br />
2001<br />
Pettee Gabriel & Morrow<br />
2010<br />
Main Construct Health-Related Fitness Movement Movement<br />
Sedentary Behavior No No Yes<br />
Relationship between<br />
Behavior & Attributes<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
Sedentary<br />
Behavior<br />
No No Yes<br />
Human<br />
Movement<br />
Physiological<br />
Attributes<br />
Energy Expenditure<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> Fitness<br />
10
DEFINITIONS<br />
11
DEFINITIONS<br />
12
DEFINITIONS<br />
Page 20<br />
Page 21<br />
13
DEFINITIONS<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> activity is defined <strong>as</strong> any bodily movement produced by skeletal<br />
muscles that results in energy expenditure above resting level<br />
(C<strong>as</strong>persen et al., 1985).<br />
Health Enhancing <strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong> is any <strong>for</strong>m of activity that benefits health.<br />
Health Enhancing <strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong> is any <strong>for</strong>m of physical activity that benefits health <strong>and</strong> fitness<br />
without undue harm or risk (Foster, 2000). This can be all daily activities <strong>and</strong> can, but does not<br />
necessarily, include sports. Not all physical activity is beneficial <strong>for</strong> health (Hagströmer, 2007). To be<br />
beneficial <strong>for</strong> health, physical activity should be ‘moderate’ or ‘vigorous’:<br />
Moderate-intensity physical activity raises the heart-beat <strong>and</strong> leaves the person feeling warm <strong>and</strong><br />
slightly out of breath. It incre<strong>as</strong>es the body’s metabolism to 3-6 times the resting level (3-6 MET ’s)<br />
(Cavill et al., 2006). Brisk walking, <strong>for</strong> example, h<strong>as</strong> an equivalent of 4.5 MET’s (Ainsworth et al.,<br />
2000).<br />
Vigorous-intensity physical activities enable people to work up a sweat <strong>and</strong> become out of breath.<br />
They usually involve sports or exercise, like running or f<strong>as</strong>t cycling. They raise the metabolism to at<br />
le<strong>as</strong>t six times its resting level.<br />
EUPHIX:EU Public Health In<strong>for</strong>mation & Knowledge System , version 1.11, 17 December 2009<br />
14
WHAT‟S MISSING?<br />
o Recognition that PA is a <strong>Complex</strong> Behavior<br />
o Sedentary Behavior<br />
o PA in Context of Other Constructs of HM<br />
o Appropriate Use of Me<strong>as</strong>urement Tool(s)<br />
15
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
Sedentary<br />
Sedentary: Behavior that<br />
produces little to no human<br />
movement resulting in minimal<br />
(or no) physiological gain.<br />
Conceptual <strong>Framework</strong><br />
Human Movement<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong>: The behavior<br />
that drives human movement<br />
which results in physiological<br />
attributes including incre<strong>as</strong>ed<br />
Behavior<br />
physical activity-related energy<br />
Human<br />
expenditure <strong>and</strong> improved<br />
physical fitness.<br />
Movement<br />
Physiological<br />
Attributes<br />
Health Enhancing PA: <strong>Activity</strong><br />
that, when added to the lightintensity<br />
Energy activities Expenditure of daily life,<br />
produces health benefits.<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> Fitness<br />
16
FRAMEWORK COMPONENTS<br />
17
Human<br />
Movement<br />
PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES<br />
Physiological<br />
Attributes<br />
Energy Expenditure<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> Fitness<br />
Metabolic Rate<br />
Thermic Effect of Food<br />
PA Related EE<br />
Direct<br />
B<strong>as</strong>al<br />
Resting<br />
Cardiorespiratory<br />
Me<strong>as</strong>ures Strength<br />
Muscular Fitness<br />
Body Composition<br />
Flexibility<br />
Balance <strong>and</strong> Coordination<br />
Endurance<br />
18
Leisure<br />
Occupational/School<br />
Household/Caretaking/Domestic<br />
Transportation<br />
Sitting<br />
Non-Occupational &<br />
School Computer Use<br />
Media Use<br />
Sleeping<br />
Occupation/School<br />
Driving<br />
Riding<br />
Sitting<br />
Frequency<br />
Intensity<br />
Duration<br />
Frequency<br />
Duration<br />
Behavior<br />
Discretionary<br />
Non-Discretionary<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
Sedentary<br />
Behavior<br />
Human<br />
Movement<br />
19
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DOMAINS<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
Household<br />
Leisure<br />
Occupational<br />
School<br />
Caretaking<br />
Domestic<br />
Transportation<br />
20
Leisure<br />
Household/Caretaking/Domestic<br />
Transportation<br />
Sitting<br />
Non-Occupational &<br />
School Computer Use<br />
Media Use<br />
Sleeping<br />
Occupation/School<br />
Driving<br />
Riding<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> fitness often<br />
Occupational/School<br />
inferred with physical<br />
activity <strong>as</strong>sessment<br />
Sitting<br />
BEHAVIOR<br />
Discretionary<br />
Non-Discretionary<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
<strong>Physical</strong><br />
inactivity<br />
is not the<br />
inverse of<br />
physical<br />
activity<br />
Sedentary<br />
Behavior<br />
Human<br />
Movement<br />
21
Leisure<br />
Occupational/School<br />
Household/Caretaking/Domestic<br />
Transportation<br />
Sitting<br />
Non-Occupational &<br />
School computer use<br />
Media Use<br />
Sleeping<br />
Occupation/School<br />
Driving<br />
Riding<br />
Sitting<br />
BEHAVIOR<br />
Perceived<br />
Discretionary<br />
Behavior<br />
Non-Discretionary<br />
<strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong><br />
Sedentary<br />
Behavior<br />
Human<br />
Movement<br />
22
CONSIDERATIONS<br />
23
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES<br />
<strong>Physical</strong><br />
<strong>Activity</strong><br />
<strong>Activity</strong><br />
Characteristics<br />
Study<br />
Characteristics<br />
Population/Sample<br />
Characteristics<br />
Instrument<br />
Characteristics<br />
24
Study<br />
Characteristics<br />
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES<br />
STUDY CHARACTERISTICS<br />
Budget<br />
Staff Resources<br />
Study Design<br />
Population<br />
Sample Size<br />
Study Objectives<br />
Outcomes <strong>and</strong> Confounders<br />
Geographical Location/Se<strong>as</strong>onality<br />
Temperature, Precipitation, Daylight Hours<br />
25
Population<br />
Characteristics<br />
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES<br />
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS<br />
Age<br />
Gender<br />
Race<br />
Ethnicity<br />
Primary Language<br />
Cultural Norms<br />
Socio-Economic Status<br />
Educational Attainment<br />
Health Status<br />
Cognition<br />
Disability Status<br />
Functional Ability<br />
26
Instrument<br />
Characteristics<br />
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES<br />
INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> v Intensity Specific<br />
Psychometric Properties<br />
Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity<br />
Me<strong>as</strong>ured Constructs<br />
Relevant to Study Population <strong>and</strong> Outcomes<br />
Mode of Administration<br />
Interviewer, Self, Computer/Electronic<br />
Recall Time Frame<br />
Specific, Historical, Usual<br />
27
<strong>Activity</strong><br />
Characteristics<br />
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES<br />
ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS<br />
Aerobic (BRFSS)<br />
Moderate (BRFSS)<br />
Vigorous (BRFSS)<br />
Walking (BRFSS)<br />
Sedentary (NHANES)<br />
Muscular Strengthening (HP2010)<br />
Flexibility (HP2010)<br />
Balance & Coordination<br />
Sports (YBRS)<br />
28
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES<br />
<strong>Physical</strong><br />
<strong>Activity</strong><br />
<strong>Activity</strong><br />
Characteristics<br />
Study<br />
Characteristics<br />
Population/Sample<br />
Characteristics<br />
Instrument<br />
Characteristics<br />
29
HUMAN MOVEMENT FRAMEWORK<br />
A <strong>Complex</strong> <strong>and</strong> Multidimensional Behavior<br />
with a Simple Message<br />
THINK<br />
o Assessing Component(s) of Human Movement v Me<strong>as</strong>uring the Whole of<br />
Human Movement <strong>and</strong> the Possible Implications.<br />
o Consider what <strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong> Connotes to the Health Outcomes of the<br />
General Population.<br />
o Consider what <strong>Physical</strong> <strong>Activity</strong> Denotes to the Researcher or Health<br />
Practitioner.<br />
30
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
Anne-Lorraine T. Woolsey<br />
University of North Tex<strong>as</strong><br />
31
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