Tunnel and shaft solutions brochure - Humes

Tunnel and shaft solutions 

Issue 2

Contents 

Segmental tunnel linings 3 

Applications 3 

Product range 3 

Features and benefits 3 

Joint and connection details 4 

Circle joints 4 

Cross joints 5 

Innovative features 6 

Caulking grooves and sealing grooves 6 

Grout socket assembly 6 

Packings 6 

Special rings 6 

Tunnel construction methods 6 

Segmental and one piece shafts 7 



Cost savings 8 

Safer work environment 8 

Minimal environmental impact 8 

Innovative design 8 


Construction methods 9 

Caisson method 9 

Underpin method 10 

Combination of the caisson and 

underpin methods 

11 

Typical ring configuration 12 

One piece shafts 12 

Segmental shafts 14 

3-pin precast arches 19 




Arch system components 21 

Box culverts 22 



Jacking pipes 23 

The jacking technique (microtunnelling) 23 

Benefits of pipe jacking 24 

Technical 24 

Safety 24 

Economic 24 

Environmental 24 

Steel reinforced concrete pipes (SRCP) 25 

Benefits of reinforced concrete jacking pipes 25 

Fixed steel collar pipes 26 

Loose steel collar pipes 31 

Selection of jacking pipes 32 

Vitrified clay pipes 35 



Connection to standard pipes and 

access chambers 

40 

Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP) 42 



Backfilling 43 

Precast solutions 44 

Contact information 45

2 Tunnel and shaft solutions

Segmental tunnel linings 

Humes’ trapezoidal segments use the latest technology 

to deliver a smooth bore, single pass tunnel, which can 

withstand the increasing demands of modern tunnel 

boring machines and poor ground conditions. 

Applications 

• Utility tunnels 

• Traffic tunnels (road and rail) 

• Water pipelines 

• Desalination structures 

• Escape tunnels 

Product range 

Humes produces segmental linings measuring 

2 m to 5.3 m (internal) diameter. Other sizes may be 

produced on request (refer to Table 1 below). 

Table 1 – Segmental tunnel linings details 

Internal 

diameter 

(m) 

External 

diameter 

(m) 

Maximum 

segment width 

(mm) 

Minimum 

segment width 

(mm) 

Weight per 

segment 

(kg) 

Ring 

weight 

(tonnes) 

Bolts per ring 

No. x dia. x length 

(mm) 

2.07 2.43 1,010 990 520 3.10 12 x M16 x 295 

2.44 2.80 1,007 993 600 3.60 12 x M16 x 355 

2.85 3.21 1,007.5 992.5 700 4.19 12 x M16 x 365 

2.90 3.26 1,005 995 710 4.27 12 x M16 x 365 

3.00 3.35 1,210.5 1,189.5 856 5.13 12 x M16 x 365 

3.35 3.71 1,010 1,000 820 4.89 12 x M16 x 400 

3.38 3.84 1,083 1,051 1,200 6.80 12 x M20 x 490 

3.84 4.24 1,015 985 1,040 6.20 12 x M20 x 410 

5.30 5.80 1,522 1,478 2,090 16.67 12 x M20 x 440 

Note: 

These specifications and details may change, please contact Humes for confirmation. 

Features and benefits 

Humes offer segmental tunnel linings in partnership with Buchan Concrete Solutions Limited (UK). 

• Cost effective installation. 

- Non-ferrous self locking, self-aligning connectors 

reduce internal bolt recesses. 

- Segments are provided with a fast coarse thread 

plastic grout socket assembly at the centroid for 

lifting and grouting. 

- Segments are designed to be machine handled with 

a rotating arm erector. 

• Three segment types for curved or straight 

construction. Curved alignments are easily 

accommodated by altering the ring orientation (refer 

to Figure 6 on page 6). 

• Single pass finish for permanent structures. 

• The elimination of cruciform joints. 

• The trapezoidal joint arrangement assists with a good 

ring build and helps maintain the ring shape prior 

to grouting. 

Tunnel and shaft solutions 3 

Tunnel and shaft solutions

Joint and connection details 

Circle joints 

A self-locking plastic connector provides a robust joint 

fixing for tunnel linings. 

The connector is manufactured from a high strength 

durable plastic. It combines the advantages of a bolted 

connection with the speed, economy and alignment 

characteristics of a dowel. 

The system has been developed in conjunction with 

major tunnelling contractors and is suitable for use in 

traditional open face shields or with the latest full face 

tunnel boring machines. 

The self-locking connector offers many benefits: 

• The dowels allow a very fast ring erection sequence. 

• They are designed to reduce lipping between segments. 

Figure 1 – Circle joint detail 

4 Tunnel and shaft solutions 

High strength dowel 

giving self alignment and 

good shear connection 

• The system is tolerant of a dirty environment and 

allows for the initial misalignment of segments to 

compensate for tapered joints and gaskets. 

• Highly durable connection with no corrodible parts. 

• The rigid dowel action of the coupler re-aligns the 

segment and minimises the stepping of joints. 

• Self-locking and self-aligning. 

• No circle joint pockets to fill, thus reducing 

finishing time. 

• Suitable for use with all types of sealing systems, 

including Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) 

compression gaskets and hydrophilic seals. 

• Does not induce bursting forces in the concrete. 

• Fully compatible with elastic compression gasket. The 

elastic performance of the connection compliments 

the behaviour of the gasket, which means that it can 

be used with a stiff gasket and copes with varying 

joint gap. 

Movable plastic 

anchors allow segment 

to be located when 

imperfectly aligned 

Threaded screw 

connection which 

allows a push fit 

Shield ram thrust

Figure 2 – Circle joint connector interaction 

Load (KN) 

25 

22.5 

20 

17.5 

15 

12.5 

10 

7.5 

Elevation on ring 

5 

2.5 

Cross joints 

1 No Plastic grout/Lifting socket 

External diameter 

Internal diameter 

Water pressure 

Cross joint connections are made by passing a curved 

M16 threaded bolt through a pocket in each segment. 

The bolts are made for grade 8.8 steel and have a 

nominal ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 800 N/mm2 (or Mpa) and a nominal yield strength of 640 N/mm2 (or Mpa). The segments are cast with bolt hole recesses 

designed to accommodate gel impregnated grommets. 

All raw materials comply with current Australian 

standards. Manufacturing is carried out in 

accordance with the requirements of our quality 

management system. 

Gasket compression 

30o 60o 1000 (Nominal) 

30 o 

30 o 

60 o 15 o 

Stiff EPDM gasket compression characteristic 

0 

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 

A resultant joint gap of 1.5 mm @ equilibrium. 

Gasket sealing performance remains unaffected. 

Joint gap (mm) 

Joint gap 

Self-locking plastic connector extension characteristic 

Self-locking 

plastic 

connector 

extension 

Figure 3 – Cross joint detail 

Sealing groove 

Inner face of typical segment Typical cross joint detail 

Bituminous packing 

to all longitudinal joints 

Caulking groove 

Figure 4 – Curved bolts used for cross joints 

Buclock connectors 

Typical circle joint detail 

12 no. equally spaced 

Radiused bolt 

Sealing groove Curved bolt 

Caulking groove 



Right: 

Attaching a grout 

plug to a grout/ 

lifting socket 

Innovative features 

Caulking grooves and sealing grooves 

All segments are cast with caulking grooves on the 

circumferential and longitudinal sides. Sealing grooves 

for either hydrophilic strip or elastomeric compression 

gaskets can be incorporated at the time of casting. 

Grout socket assembly 

Each segment is fitted with a plastic grout socket 

assembly which includes a non-return valve. The socket is 

used to inject grout to permanently secure the rings. 

Packings 

Bituminous felt packing of 3 mm nominal thickness 

should be used on all longitudinal joints and can be 

supplied if required. Circumferential packings made from 

3 mm bituminous felt or 3 mm or 6 mm timber can also 

be supplied if required. 

Special rings 

The rings currently available have a taper across one 

axis. Non standard tapers can be manufactured to the 

purchaser’s specific requirements. 

Tunnel construction methods 

The rings consist of three different segment types. 

Segments are supplied to the erector in a predetermined 

sequence dependant upon the alignment required. 

The ring orientation is altered by erecting segments in a 

different order (refer to Figure 6). 


Rings in same orientation 

for curved alignment 

Figure 5 – Grout socket assembly 

Grout/Lifting socket 

Non-return valve 

Figure 6 – Segment orientation for curved and 

straight alignments 





Rings rotated at 120o Rings rotated at 120° for 

straight alignment 

for straight alignment 

Sealing washer 

Threaded 

grout 

plug

Segmental and one piece shafts 

Applications 

Humes’ precast concrete shafts are an economical 

and safe solution for permanent and temporary 

underground structures. They are ideal for a variety of 

applications including: 

• ventilation shafts 

• escape shafts 

• launch and receival shafts for pipe jacking applications 

• storage overflow and pump stations (sewerage) 

• water harvesting and reuse. 

The shaft system suits a variety of soil conditions, and 

provides a soil and watertight solution. 

Humes offer segmental shafts in partnership with Buchan Concrete 

Solutions Limited (UK). 




Precast shafts provide installation contractors with a 

number of significant benefits over traditional shaft 

construction methods; greater installation efficiencies, 

cost benefits, and a safer work environment. Humes’ 

precast shafts also help to reduce the environmental 

impact of construction. 

Cost savings 

• Installation time is significantly reduced as excavation 

and ring placement can be on a continuous cycle. 

• The precast concrete segments provide a one-pass 

finished shaft, so no further concrete work is required 

to finish the structure. 

• There is no requirement for specialist labour and a 

small team should be capable of managing the entire 

installation process. 

Safer work environment 

Humes’ precast shafts enable contractors to provide a 

safer environment for their workers: 

• The majority of work can be carried out above ground 

(caisson method). 

• Overhead services hazards are minimised as no large 

cranes are required. 

• The system has a built-in safety barrier created by the 

installation of the top ring. 

Minimal environmental impact 

An efficient design means shafts have minimal impact 

on project sites and the surrounding environment: 

• Noise and ground vibration are virtually eliminated as 

no hammering is required. 

• The excavation and site storage areas are minimal, as 

the precast units are relatively compact at less than 

2.5 m wide. 

• Shaft installation does not require the use of water or 

wet concrete (except for the base and collar). 


Innovative design 

• The shaft can be installed accurately due to the 

high degree of control over the rate and direction 

of installation. 

• No bracing is required due to its structurally efficient 

circular shape. The shaft gains structural stability from 

the surrounding soil so tie-backs or ring-beams are not 

required to support the segments. 

• Suited to a variety of soil conditions. 

• Extensive diameter range with full range of 

ancillary products. 

• A soil and watertight solution. 

• A unique external fixing is used to join the segments, 

eliminating the need for specialist trades, like welders, 

on site. 

Product range 

Humes is proud to announce the expansion of our range 

of precast concrete shafts; we now offer the following 

sizes in one piece and segmental shafts: 

• 2.4 m one piece shaft 

• 3 m one piece shaft 

• 3.6 m one piece shaft 

• 4.5 m segmental shaft 

• 6 m segmental shaft 






• Sizes up to 25 m are also available, please contact 

Humes for availability.

Construction methods 

There are three techniques available to install a precast 

concrete segmental shaft. These are the caisson method, 

underpin method and the last method is a combination 

of the two. The design of caisson and underpin shafts 

requires specialist skills and should be executed by a 

designer experienced with these construction methods. 

Caisson method 

The caisson method is generally used in softer soils with 

or without the presence of ground water. Caisson are 

either installed as a ‘wet caisson’ where the water level 

inside the caisson is slightly higher than the external 

ground water level, or as a ‘dry caisson’ where the inside 

of the caisson is open to the atmosphere. In the caisson 

method, the precast concrete elements are erected at 

the surface and are then lowered into the ground whilst 

excavation progresses. 

There are a number of common features unique 

to Humes' caisson shaft systems which facilitate 

installation. These are: 

• In-situ cast concrete collars 

These collars act as a guide ring to keep the caisson 

shaft vertical and, in larger diameter shafts, resist the 

force from the hydraulic jacks. 

• Hydraulic jacks (gallows) 

These are installed to both steer the shaft and to add 

to the vertical force in addition to the self weight 

of the shaft lining (generally not required for one 

piece rings). 

• Excavation should be slightly larger in diameter than 

the precast concrete shaft 

The annulus between the shaft and the excavated 

ground should be filled with suitable fluid (usually 

bentonite with additives as required to suit the ground 

conditions) which acts both as a lubricant but also 

supports the ground during installation. 

• The bottom/choker ring is wider than the standard 

ring and the same diameter as the excavation 

The choker ring is designed to provide a seal diameter 

between the shaft and excavated ground so that the 

fluid in the annulus above the ring is retained. The 

choker segments are also designed to bolt the steel 

cutting edge to the shaft and connect the underpin 

segment. Refer to combination method on page 11. 

• A steel cutting edge underneath the 

bottom/choker ring 

The steel cutting edge literally cuts through the 

ground. An additional function is that it acts 

as a stiffener. 

• All caisson units are provided with grout sockets 

This allows the exterior annulus to be filled with a 

cementitious grout at completion of the installation. 


Top: 

Caisson method of 

shaft installation 

showing hydraulic 

jacks (gallows) 

Bottom: 

Bottom/choker 

ring with steel 

cutting edge 


Top: 

Underpin method 

of shaft installation 

Bottom: 

Segment lifting 

frame for underpin 

method 

Underpin method 

The underpin method can be used in self supported soil 

where caisson installation is not possible. In this method, 

the precast concrete elements are progressively installed 

at the base of the excavation. Segmental rings are built 

and the annulus between their outside perimeter and 

the excavated ground is immediately grouted. 

The recommended installation procedure is as follows: 

• Secure the first installed ring by casting a concrete 

collar around it prior to excavating underneath 

to construct the next ring. Shear connection may 

be required. 

• Always excavate, install and grout one ring at a time. 

This reduces the risk of overloading the upper rings 

which could pull down the whole ring build, due to 

lack of ground friction. 

• Excavation of the next ring below can commence once 

the grout reaches it recommended strength. 

• The underpin segments are designed to be installed 

using a specialised handling/lifting frame. The 

segment will be secured into the frame via the plastic 

grout socket assembly. If you wish to hire a frame, 

contact Humes for assistance. 


Combination of the caisson and 

underpin methods 

A combination of both methods can be used if the 

soil condition varies. Installation commences with 

the caisson method (using a special choker ring) and 

then shifts to the underpin method when the hard 

soil ground is reached. 

A special choker/transition ring must be used to enable 

the shift to the underpin construction method. The 

choker/transition rings are wider than the standard 

caisson rings allowing the connection of underpin rings 

below this ring as required. 

With some ground conditions it may be necessary or 

cost effective to stop the caisson at a certain depth. 

After grouting the exterior annulus, it may be possible 

to remove the cutting edge and then continue the shaft 

construction using the underpin method. 

Figure 7 – Combination method details 

Caisson rings 

Choker ring 

Underpin rings 

Tie rod 

Double eye bolt 


Right: 

Combination 

method of shaft 

installation 


Typical ring configuration 

One piece shafts 

One piece caisson units are ideally suited for construction 

of sewage pump station wet wells, access chambers for 

large diameter pipelines and jacking launch or receival 

shafts for small diameter microtunnelling. One piece 

shafts can be supplied in a range of diameters but 

standard sizes are as detailed in Table 2 below. 

Table 2 – Standard one piece caisson units* 

Nominal 

diameter 

(DN) 

Internal 

diameter 

(mm) 

External 

diameter 

(mm) 

Height of 

standard units 

(mm)* 

Mass of standard 

units 

(tonnes) 

Number of tie 

rod couplers 

2,400 2,374 2,782 1,000 4.3 6 

3,000 3,060 3,460 1,000 5.2 8 

3,600 3,600 4,000 1,000 6.0 9 

Note: 

* Dimensions are subject to change. Contact Humes for confirmation. 

Figure 8 – One piece shaft used in a pump station application 

Vertical tie rod 


Cutting edge 

Detail – Panelled ring with recesses


Horizontal joints between one piece caisson units are 

sealed with both a hydrophilic rubber seal near the 

external surface and a butyl mastic rubber seal near the 

internal surface. For temporary installations, a single 

butyl mastic seal is likely to be sufficient. In addition, 

units come complete with a groove on the inside face 

which allows caulking of the internal surface. 

Horizontal joints between one piece caisson rings are 

connected with vertical tie rods that are mainly provided 

for temporary loads during installation. These rods are 

normally made from galvanised steel. For permanent 

installations, it is recommended that approximately half 

of these rods and couplers be replaced with stainless 

steel so that the hydrophilic seal is confined during the 

life of the structure. 

Special units 

Special units include the following: 

• Panelled rings which include recesses, are designed 

to provide a shear connection between the precast 

concrete shaft and an in-situ cast concrete plug, 

installed to prevent flotation. Either single or multiple 

panelled rings are particularly effective for wet 

caissons where the connection plug will be cast prior 

to de-watering. 

• Rings with corrosion protection linings (either High 

Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Plastiline® - Polyvinyl 

Chloride (PVC)) for added corrosion resistance. 

• Soft eye rings are applied to small diameter 

(DN600 or less) microtunnelling applications. Rings 

can be provided with either reduced or no steel 

reinforcement at pipe penetrations. 

• Cover slabs incorporating openings and/or lids as 

required. The joint and connection details for the 

standard rings are included with these cover slabs. 


Left: 

One piece shaft 

Right: 

Cover slab 


Segmental shafts 

Where shaft diameters exceed the size of the one piece 

ring '3.60 m ID', the segmental shaft system comes 

into its own so that shafts of almost any diameter 

can be constructed. 

A ring consists of a series of ordinary segments which 

have four edges that are perpendicular to each other 

and two tapered segments (left and right) which have 

one tapered end which allows for closing of the ring 

by simply lowering the last (tapered right) segment 

into position. 

Number of segments per ring varies depending on the 

shaft diameter (refer to Table 3 below). 

Table 3 – Standard segmental shaft details 

Internal 

diameter 

(m) 

External 

diameter 

(m) 

Height 

(m) 

Segments per ring 

Ordinary Tapered 

Mass per ring 

(tonnes) 

Mass per 

segment 

(kg) 

4.50 4.90 1.00 5 2 7.36 1,050 

6.00 6.45 1.00 7 2 10.78 1,200 

7.50 7.95 1.00 8 2 13.37 1,340 

9.00 9.50 1.00 12 2 17.80 1,270 

10.50 11.00 1.00 12 2 25.40 1,820 

12.50 13.15 1.00 14 2 32.80 2,050 

15.00 15.75 1.00 16 2 44.50 2,500 

Note: 

Diameters up to 25 m are also available, contact Humes for availability. 


Figure 9 – Installing tapered segments to close the ring 

Tapered left 

segment 

Tapered right 

segment 

Ordinary 

segment


A unique external fixing is used to join the smooth 

segmental shaft. The strong connection bolts together 

the segments to form a ring. Subsequently, the rings 

come together to form a shaft. The system retains 

all the benefits of strength, flexibility and speed of 

erection whilst providing the client with a safer shaft 

construction system. 

• Cross joints 

Segments are connected across this joint using curved 

bolts (refer to Figure 10 below) which are installed 

from the outside for caisson installation and from the 

inside for underpin installation (see photos). 

Figure 10 – Curved bolts used for cross joints 


Top: 

Curved bolt fitting - 

caisson installation 

Bottom: 

Curved bolt 

fitting - underpin 

installation 


Top: 

Tie rod 

Bottom: 

Adjusting the 

double eye 

bolt - underpin 

installation 

• Circle joints 

Caisson segmental rings are connected using vertical 

tie rods that extend through the full length of the 

segments (refer to Figure 11 and 12). 

Underpin segmental rings are connected using a 

double eye bolt arrangement that allows the joint 

to be tightened from inside the shaft (refer to 

Figure 13 below). 

All bolts used with segmental shaft construction are 

made from galvanised steel and are only necessary 

to support the shaft during the installation. Once 

segmental shafts have been grouted into position the 

bolts are redundant. 


Figure 11 – Jointing details (caisson segment) 

Curved bolt hole recess 

Conduit for tie rod 

Figure 12 – Tie rod connection used for caisson 

installations 

Tie rods 

Hexagonal couplers 

Washer 

Gel grommets 

Tie rods 

Grout socket 

assembly 

Figure 13 – Double eye bolt used for underpin 

installations

Special units 

Special rings and/or segments can also be supplied in 

addition to the standard segmental shaft caisson rings: 

• Panelled rings 

Recesses can be included in both standard rings and 

choker rings as required. As with the one piece caisson 

rings these are intended to provide a shear connection 

between an in-situ cast plug or base slab and the 

segmental shaft. It is recommended that complete 

panelled ring(s) are installed. 

• Soft eye rings 

Standard segments are reinforced with steel reinforcing 

bars. It is possible to provide rings with some segments 

manufactured using fibre reinforcement located at 

pipes penetrations for microtunnelling applications. For 

the caisson method, a complete ring of fibre reinforced 

segments is not recommended. 

Innovative features 

• Grout socket assembly 

Each segment and ring is fitted with a plastic grout 

socket assembly which includes a non-return valve. 

The assembly is used to introduce bentonite slurry 

between the caisson ring and the soil, to lubricate and 

reduce friction force while jacking rings into the ground. 

The same socket is used to inject grout to permanently 

secure the rings. For underpin installations the socket 

is also used to secure the segment into the underpin 

lifting frame (refer to page 10). 

• Packing 

Bituminous felt packing of 3 mm nominal thickness is 

used on all longitudinal joints. The packing is designed 

to prevent direct contact between concrete surfaces 

as a result from compressed forces imposed by the 

surrounding soil. 

• Watertightness 

All shaft segments are supplied with Ethylene Propylene 

Diene Manomer (EPDM) gaskets fitted into purpose 

designed grooves cast around the full circumference of 

each segment. In addition, each segment is cast with 

caulking grooves on the internal circumferential and 

longitudinal sides to meet the specific requirements of 

the sealing system. Refer to Figures 15 and 16 on the 

following page. 

Figure 14 – Grout socket assembly 

Sealing washer 

Grout/Lifting socket 

Threaded grout plug 

Non-return valve 

Detail 


Top: 

Panelled ring 

Bottom: 

Segment packing 

and detail of 

stacking spacer 


Right: 

Ethylene Propylene 

Diene Manomer 

gasket placement 

and detail 

Figure 15 – Load deflection graph Load-deflection graph 

Load (kN/m) 

Load (kN/m) 

60 

55 

50 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

30 

TUNNEL SEGMENT GASKET TYPE JS1 

5 

10 mm offset 

30 

0 

0 1 2 3 

4 

5 6 7 8 89 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Deflection (mm) 

Figure 16 – Watertightness Water graphtightness 

graph 

10/05 

12 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

Trelleborg Bakker B.V. tel: +31 180 495 555, fax: +31 180 433 080 

0 1 2 3 4 5 

Gap (mm) 

6 7 8 9 10 

Pressure 

Pressure 

(bar) 

(bar) 

GAP 

10/05 Trelleborg Bakker B.V. tel: +31 180 495 555, fax: +31 180 433 080 


26 

10.25 

6.5 

7.5 

6.5 

Detail 

Gap 

10 mm 

offset 

26 

30 

10.25 

6.5 

7.5 

6.5

3-pin precast arches 

Humes' precast arch system is a high performance and 

cost effective tunnel solution. A large range of custom 

designed 3-pin arches have been developed which are 

ideal for a variety of complex heavy loading criteria and 

internal envelopes. 

A wide range of 3-pin arches have been used for reclaim 

tunnels in mining applications. They are designed to suit 

coal and other mineral stockpiles up to 45 metres. 

The 3-pin arch is a soil-structure interaction system 

where the backfill of the specified zone contributes to 

the load carrying capacity of the arch and becomes part 

of the structure. Its optimised geometry and the unique 

pinned joint allows it to bear and pass heavy load to 

the foundation. 

Applications 

• Reclaim tunnels 

• Conveyor tunnels 


• Underpasses 


• Designed to meet the mine’s designated design life 

and can exceed 100 years. 

• Delivered in segments to suit light cranes. 

• Require minimal maintenance since: 

- the combination of backfill and overfill protects the 

arch element 

- it has no exposed metal nor bolting system. 

• Openings for ventilation, escape accesses and intake 

valves can be easily accommodated. 

• Grades and curved tunnels can be achieved using the 

same type arch profile. 

• A unique jointing system without any overlapping, 

staggering, bolting or cast in-situ joints. 

• Self supported during installation, does not require 

scaffolding or support of backfill. 

• Easy to clean and maintain as conveyor belts can be 

attached to the internal soffit of the arch allowing 

sufficient clearance for service vehicles to pass beneath. 

• Fewer units are required for installation as most arch 

units are 1.8 m to 2.5 m wide. 

• Arches can be installed with minimum disruption to 

conveyor operation. 



Product range 

Humes 3-pin arches are custom-made to suit specific 

project requirements. They are designed to accommodate 

the defined envelope, where the function of the tunnel 

and loads are applied. 

Humes in-house design team can assist in choosing 

the most economical 3-pin arch profile (some standard 

profiles are shown in Figure 17 below). We will conduct 

both linear and non-linear 3D analysis to define 

structure suitability, an example of this is shown in 

Figure 18 below. 

Figure 17 – 3-pin arch profiles 

11,000 

10,000 

9,000 

8,000 

7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

0 

8,000 

7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

Figure 18 – 3D design analysis 


2,000 

1,000 

0 

1,000 

2,000 

3,000 

4,000 

5,000 

6,000 

7,000 

8,000

Arch system components 

A range of precast concrete products are usually provided 

as part of the arch structure along with a selection of 

retaining wall structures including: 

• precast concrete feeder chambers to fit intake valves 

• spandrel walls which run parallel to the arch, retaining 

the backfill at each end of the tunnel. They are 

designed to match the arch profile. 

• wing walls which are placed at each end of the 

spandrel wall to retain the backfill and support the 

spandrel walls. 


Top: 

Arch system with 

spandrel wall and 

wing walls 

Middle: 

Spandrel wall 

Bottom: 

Wing walls 


Top and bottom: 

Construction 

of a box culvert 

mine portal 

Opposite page: 

Jacking pipe 

Box culverts 

Humes manufactures extra large span box culverts with 

spans and leg heights up to 6 metres. For additional 

strength, prestressed units and post-tensioning are 

also available. 

A complete precast base and crown unit can be supplied 

for fast and easy installation. This will minimise the 

need for cast in-situ concrete, especially for remote 

mining sites. 

Box culverts can also be jacked underneath railways and 

roads or slid into a pre-excavated tunnel. 

Applications 

• Portal entries - provide safe ingress and egress for mine 

and construction sites 

• Conveyer tunnels 


• Railways and roads 

• Drainage for haul roads 


• Designed to withstand explosion loads and impact 

from rock that may fall from a cut face. 

• Designed to take heavy mining vehicle loads. 

• Blast doors can be fitted into units as required. 

• Custom made to suit project specific envelopes. 

• Easy to install, no backfilling or jointing of units is 

required for structure stability. 

• Can be installed to meet site grade condition. 

• Conveyor belts are easily attached to the internal 

surface of the crown. 


Jacking pipes 

Humes leads the industry and develops world class 

jacking pipes ideally suited for use with modern, closed 

faced microtunnelling systems. 

We provide a comprehensive range of both steel 

reinforced concrete and vitrified clay jacking pipes. They 

are available in a variety of sizes, classes and joint types 

to suit various applications and installation methods. 

Our jacking pipes are available in the following ranges; 

Steel reinforced concrete pipe from DN300 to DN3600 

and vitrified clay pipe from DN150 to DN1200. 

Reinforced concrete pressure pipes are designed for the 

combined effects of the external load and internal (in 

service) pressure. Australian/New Zealand Standard 

AS/NZS 4058:2007 Precast Concrete Pipes (Pressures 

and Non-Pressure) gives a minimum requirement for 

factory test pressure of 120% of working pressure in the 

pipeline. STEINZEUG KERAMO vitrified clay jacking pipes 

are manufactured and inspected in accordance with 

European Standard EN 295. 

The jacking technique 

(microtunnelling) 

Pipe jacking is a method of tunnel construction where 

hydraulic jacks are used to thrust specially made pipes 

through the ground behind a shield machine, from 

launch shaft to receival shaft. 

The term microtunnelling is also often used to describe 

this method of pipe installation. 

Pipe jacking is used to install conduits below ground for a 

variety of applications including: 

• sewerage pipelines 

• stormwater pipelines 

• road and rail culverts 

• pressure pipelines 

• as a sleeve pipe for other utility pipelines (water, 

sewage, and electricity and communication cables) 

• pipe replacement and relining 



Benefits of pipe jacking 

Technical 

• Inherent strength of lining. 

• Smooth internal finish giving good flow characteristics. 

• No requirement for secondary lining. 

• Considerably less joints than a segmental tunnel. 

• Prevention of ground water ingress by use of pipes 

with sealed flexible joints. 

• Provision of invert channels in larger pipes to contain 

the dry weather flow of a sewer in a combined system. 

Safety 

Pipe jacking is an inherently safer method than open 

trench construction or when considering the risks 

associated with deep, large section, open excavations: 

• Major reduction in man-hours, opportunities for 

accidents to occur are less with pipe jacking. 

• In busy urban centres, trenchless operation 

will not interfere with pedestrian and motor 

traffic movements. 

• There is significant reduction in the risk of injury as a 

result of utility strikes and interface with the public. 

• Less risk of settlement. 

Figure 19 – Typical pipe jacking set up 

Crane to 

lower pipes 

into position 


Launch shaft with hydraulic jacks 

Jacking direction 

Economic 

• Less affected by weather condition 

• Less risk of settlement 

• Minimal surface disruption 

• Minimal reinstatement 

• Reduced requirement for utilities diversions in 

urban areas 

Environmental 

There are substantial environmental benefits to be 

gained by the use of pipe jacking techniques when 

compared with the traditional open trench approach: 

• Typically the trenchless method will reduce the 

quantities of incoming and outgoing materials, 

with a consequent reduction in tipping of spoil and 

quarrying of imported stone fill. This in turn leads to 

reduced vehicle movements and subsequently less 

associated disruption. 

• Minimal surface disruption and reinstatement. 

• Trenchless will not harm existing vegetation. 

• Noise, dirt and smell are minimised. 

Source: An introduction to pipe jacking and microtunelling design 

– Pipe Jacking Association UK 

Detail – Intermediate jacking station 

Trail pipe 

Rubber 

rings 


Standard pipe 

Lubrication port 

Working face with 

jacking shield 

Timber joint packer 

Lead pipe (steel can) 

Jacks 

Thrust ring 

Standard pipe 

Intermediate jacking station 

to assist longer drives Receival shaft

Steel reinforced concrete pipes 

(SRCP) 

Humes is Australia’s leading manufacturer of SRCP. 

We have a wide range of diameters, lengths and 

strengths available. Our SRCP has a proven track record 

and can be custom designed for applications such as 

drainage, sewage, water supply and irrigation. 

A milestone was achieved when Humes' DN2100, 

fixed steel collar pipes were jacked 1,030 m without 

any intermediate shafts on the Northern Pipeline 

Interconnector – Stage 2, SEQ (refer to our case study on 

this project for further details). 

Benefits of reinforced concrete jacking pipes 

Optimal strength 

Humes SRCP are manufactured and factory tested for 

quality to AS/NZS 4058:2007 "Precast concrete pipes 

(Pressure and Non-pressure)": 

• A concrete pipe is a rigid pipe system that relies 

mostly on the strength of the pipe and is only slightly 

dependent on the strength derived from the soil 

envelope. The inherent strength of concrete pipe can 

compensate for site problems not designed for, such as 

construction shortcomings and higher fill heights and 

trench depths. 

• Concrete pipes are less susceptible to damage 

during construction, and maintain their shape by 

not deflecting. 

• All concrete pipe strengths are standardised 

by AS/NZS 4058 “Precast Concrete Pipes”. Concrete 

pipes are strength-tested by the manufacturer to proof 

loads, or test loads, as nominated by the standard for 

particular diameter and class. 

• Steel reinforcement in concrete pipes adds 

significantly to their inherent strength. The steel 

reinforcement is shaped into cages by automatic cage 

welding machines. The machines ensure that the 

reinforcement cages are dimensionally correct and 

have tight enginereed tolerances. 

Durable 

Humes SRCP has a number of concrete properties that 

influence long service life. These properties are: 

• Ultimate compressive strength: Humes SRCP 

compressive strength is usually in the range of up 

to 60 MPa and above. The strength of the pipe is 

a result of the materials used in the concrete mix, 

the mix design, manufacturing techniques and the 

curing process. 

• Low water absorption, below 4%, due to the density 

and impermeability of the concrete used and 

manufacturing process. AS/NZS 4058-2007 specifies 

a maximum allowable absorption of 6% for all 

concrete pipes. 

• A low water/cement (W/C) ratio of below 0.35. The 

W/C ratio is considered a trademark for durable 

concrete pipe, particularly as high compressive 

strength is related to this criterion. 

• High alkalinity is controlled by cementitious content 

maintained by a proper mix design, material properties 

as well as the manufacturing and curing process. 

• Concrete pipe aggregates, both coarse and fine, meet 

the requirements of AS 2758. Aggregates are a key 

element in producing quality concrete and in turn, 

quality pipe. 

Source: Concrete Pipe Facts, Concrete Pipe Association of 

Australasia, www.cpaa.asn.au/concrete-pipe-facts.html 



Fixed steel collar pipes 

A wide robust range is available from DN300 to DN3000 

inclusive. They are a custom designed reinforced concrete 

jacking pipe incorporating a single wide jacking face 

including timber packers, a secure steel collar cast 

onto the pipe and a flexible watertight joint. All these 

being essential for longer pipe jacks and unstable 

ground conditions. 

Applications 

The fixed steel collar jacking pipes provides high axial 

load transfer capacity and a flexible watertight joint. This 

is the ideal jacking pipe for all stormwater, sewerage, 

sleeve pipe and jacked low pressure pipeline applications. 

Steel collar types 

Humes offer two different types of fixed steel collars: 

the S type which is fitted into pipes up to DN700 and the 

J type fitted into remaining sizes (mainly from DN800 to 

DN3000). The steel collar bands are fabricated to high 

tolerances to ensure optimum joint performance. 

Both steel collars include a water stop hydro-seal to 

prevent ingress of water between the band and the 

concrete pipe wall. 

Elastomeric seal 

The elastomeric seal is located with the corrugated 

steel collar in the S type collar band, factory secured 

internally to the steel socket band with adhesive. While, 

in the J type the seal is retained within the accurately 

formed recess on the pipe spigot. 

Both unique designs will ensure that the elastomeric seal 

remains in place in compression even if joint deflection 

occurs. The joint integrity remains intact when subjected 

to either internal or external hydraulic pressure. 

A muck ring is fitted within the J type joint; limiting the 

ingress of soil into the joint during jacking. The muck ring 

will be compressed by the end of the steel collar. 

Watertight joint – (External pressure testing) 

Humes have undertaken external pressure testing of 

deflected joints with external hydrostatic pressures up 

to 400 kPa without visible leaks. On this basis, fixed 

steel collar jacking pipes are rated for 250 kPa external 

pressure for the joint deflections shown in Figures 22 

and 23 on page 29. Humes can design pipes for higher 

external pressure ratings if required. 

Bentonite or grout injection fittings 

Pipes can be supplied with or without threaded sockets 

and plugs, which are cast into the pipe wall in locations 

to meet the project specific requirements for grout and/ 

or lubrication injection. 

Figure 20 – S type joint profile Figure 21 – J type joint profile 


Inert thermoplastic linings 

Humes are able to supply the J type steel collar jacking 

pipes complete with corrosion protection linings (either 

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Plastiline®- Polyvinyl 

Chloride (PVC)) in accordance with Water Services 

Association of Australia (WSAA) standard specification 

WSA113. These linings are a proven method of concrete 

protection against H S attack in trunk sewers. 

2 

Secondary sealing recess 

All J type steel collar jacking pipes are supplied with a 

recess on the internal pipe ends which allows for locating 

a flexible sealant, applied internally after installation, 

Table 4 – Features and benefits 

Features Benefit to asset owner Benefit to contractor 

Elastomeric seal Watertight joint 

Prevents ingress or egress of water and soil 

surrounding the pipes and allows pressure grouting 

of the excavated annulus at the completion of 

jacking (if required). 

Steel collar fixed to 

pipe with in-built 

water stop 

Corrugated collar 

recess (S type) 

Deep spigot groove 

(J type) 

Single wide 

jacking face 

Muck ring 

(J type) 

Collar material 

The designer has many options for the grade of 

steel to suit the intended design life in the installed 

environment of the pipe. Generally, mild steel is 

considered suitable for in-ground conditions and a 

non-aggressive environment. 

Permanent seal location 

The seal remains in place throughout the design 

life of the pipeline providing a long-term watertight 

structure under external groundwater pressures or 

ground movement. 

Efficient construction 

Long drives, lower construction costs and less 

disturbance to above-ground activities. 

Maintain watertight joint 

After installation the muck ring protects the rubber 

ring and the steel collar to maintain watertightness. 

Internal joint recess Additional sealing options 

The recess is shaped to allow retention of a flexible 

sealant if secondary joint sealing is required. 

if required by the project designer for isolation of the 

joint from the pipeline environment (see Figure 21 on 

page 26). The combination of mild steel collars with internal 

joint gap sealant can provide a cost effective solution in 

certain ground conditions. 

Intermediate jacking stations 

Humes have standard designs for intermediate jacking 

stations and these include trail and lead pipes for all 

diameters DN1000 to DN2000. The arrangement of these 

pipes at the intermediate jacking station is shown in 

Figure 19 on page 24. 

Flexibility 

Allows joint rotation without damage to the 

pipe joint. 

Watertight joint 

Lubrication fluids are retained in the excavated 

annulus without loss of fluid or pressure. 

Secure system 

Steel collar will remain watertight and secured 

in place during jacking, even in variable 

ground conditions. 

Efficient jointing 

Rapid pipe jointing ensures operational efficiency in 

the jacking pit. 

Restrained seal 

Ensures that the seal remains in place during 

jointing and jacking with external pressure from 

groundwater or lubrication injection. 

Long drives 

The wide face on the pipe end enables transfer of 

high jacking forces through the centerline of the 

pipe wall enabling accurate steering and long drives. 

Maintain watertight joint 

Prevents ingress of soil into joint during jacking. 

No spalling 

Prevents spalling of inside concrete face if the packer 

is displaced during jacking. 



Optimal strength 

Humes fixed collar jacking pipes, both with S and J type 

collar, are designed with steel reinforcement placed for 

optimal strength, which combined with the strength and 

durability of Humes concrete pipes, provides an excellent 

jacking pipe. Steel reinforced concrete jacking pipes are 

capable of withstanding higher jacking loads. 

The jacking load capacity of standard pipes for a range of 

joint deflections is illustrated in Figures 22 and 23 on the 

following page. Pipes with higher jacking loads and/or 

joint deflections can be designed for specific projects. 


Jacking design and forces 

The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA) 

publication, Jacking Design Guidelines is a recommended 

guide to calculate and define jacking forces. The guide 

can be downloaded by visiting; 

www.cpaa.asn.au/CPAA-Online-Shop.html 

Jacking forces and lateral displacement off line and 

level have to be recorded at regular intervals of jacking 

distance (not exceeding 200 mm or every 90 seconds). 

Ensure that jacking forces are maintained within the 

limits specified in Figures 22 and 23 on the following 

page. If circumstances cause a jacking force/deflection 

combination outside of these limits, hold the jacking 

operation and contact Humes for assistance.

Figure 22 – S type jacking pipes deflection curves 

Maximum jacking force (tonnes) 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 

DN300 

DN350 

DN400 

Figure 23 – J type jacking pipes deflection curves 

Maximum jacking force (tonnes) 

2,500 2500 

2,250 2250 

2,000 2000 

1,750 1750 

Maximum Jacking Force (Tonnes) 

1,500 1500 

1,250 1250 

1,000 1000 

750 

500 

250 

DN800 DN900 DN1000 

Maximum joint deflection (degrees) 

DN450 

J Series Jacking Pipes 

DN500 

0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 

DN600 

DN700 

0 

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 

Maximum 

Maximum 

Joint 

joint 

Deection 

deflection 

(Degrees) 

(degrees) 

0 

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 

DN800 DN900 DN1000 DN1100 DN1200 DN1350 DN1500 DN1650 DN1800 DN2100 DN2400 DN2500 

DN2700 DN3000 

DN1100 DN1200 DN1350 DN1500 

DN1650 DN1800 DN2100 DN2400 DN2500 DN2700 DN3000 

1.20 



Table 5 – Fixed steel collar pipes dimensions, mass, jacking loads and deflections 

Nominal 

diameter 

Internal 

diameter 

'A' 

(mm) 

t 

Pw 

Pt 

C 

External 

diameter 

'B' 

(mm) 

Detail 

Wall 

thickness 

'T' 

(mm) 

D 

Effective 

length 

'L' 

(mm) 

Min. 

joint 

packer 

'Pt/Pw' 

(mm) 

Length 

'C' 

(mm) 

Steel 

collar 

ID 

'D' 

(mm) 

Thickness 

't' 

(mm) 

Pipe mass 

(kg) 

Max. 

jacking 

load 

(tonnes) 

300 300 430 65 2,400 3/40 50 412 1.5 500 100 S 

350 350 480 65 2,400 3/40 50 462 1.5 550 115 S 

400 400 540 70 2,400 3/40 50 522 1.5 660 135 S 

450 450 606 78 2,400 3/40 50 588 1.5 725 165 S 

500 500 672 86 2,400 3/40 50 654 1.5 1,000 225 S 

600 600 774 87 2,400 6/60 80 752 2 1,190 240 S 

700 700 876 88 2,400 6/60 80 854 2 1,380 280 S 

800 800 1,000 100 2,360 12/65 120 989 4 1,800 500 J 

900 900 1,110 105 2,360 12/70 120 1,099 4 2,100 500 J 

1,000 1,000 1,220 110 2,360 12/75 120 1,209 4 2,400 515 J 

1,100 1,100 1,332 116 2,360 12/80 120 1,321 4 2,800 565 J 

1,200 1,200 1,450 125 2,360 12/90 120 1,439 4 3,300 650 J 

1,350 1,350 1,626 138 2,320 16/90 160 1,611 6 4,000 755 J 

1,500 1,500 1,800 150 2,320 16/100 160 1,785 6 4,800 840 J 

1,600 1,600 1,940 170 2,985 16/110 160 1,911 8 7,500 1,020 J 

1,650 1,650 1,974 162 2,320 16/110 160 1,959 6 5,700 925 J 

1,800 1,800 2,150 175 2,320 16/125 160 2,135 6 6,700 1,050 J 

2,100 2,100 2,500 200 2,985 16/160 160 2,481 8 12,050 1,440 J 

2,400 2,374 2,783 204 2,985 16/175 175 2,759 10 12,950 1,485 J 

2,500 2,500 3,000 250 2,985 16/195 175 2,977 10 16,650 2,000 J 

2,700 2,636 3,096 230 2,985 16/175 175 3,073 10 16,150 1,900 J 

3,000 2,972 3,472 250 2,985 16/195 175 3,449 10 19,700 2,220 J 


Swiftlift® anchors 

L 

T 

A 

B 

Collar 

type

Loose steel collar pipes 

Humes offer two types of loose steel collar SRCP jacking 

pipes, butt joint and in-wall joint. They are available from 

DN300 to DN3000 (standard range DN300 to DN2100). 

The steel collar is not attached to the pipe (cast with) 

but rather is fitted onto the pipe before installation. The 

collars can be supplied by either Humes or the contractor. 

Butt joint pipes 

Butt joint jacking pipes incorporate a single wide jacking 

face. External recesses at each end of the pipe allow for a 

rolled steel collar to be located between adjacent pipes, 

providing the necessary shear connection (see Figure 24). 

• Applications 

Butt joint jacking pipes can provide a cost effective 

solution for typically short length applications 

where only limited flexibility is required and a soil or 

watertight joint is not required. This pipe is also suited 

to sleeve pipe applications for road and rail crossings 

where the annulus between the utility pipeline and 

conduit is to be filled with grout after installation. 

Refer to Table 7 – Selection of jacking pipes (page 33), 

which provides a summary of capabilities for each 

of the different types of jacking pipes for different 

requirements and applications. 

In-wall joint pipes 

In-wall joint jacking pipes are available from DN1200 

to DN3600 (standard range DN1200 to DN2100). In-wall 

joint jacking pipes incorporate a concrete socket formed 

in the wall of the pipe, a rubber ring located on the pipe 

spigot and timber packers on one or both joint faces 

(see Figure 25). 

• Applications 

In-wall joint jacking pipes are an economical viable 

alternative for typically short length applications 

where a flexible watertight joint is required, however, 

this type of joint can have limitations in jacking 

load transfer. A J type pipe should be specified in 

these situations. 

Figure 24 – Butt joint profile Figure 25 – In-wall joint profile 

Steel collar Steel collar 



Table 6 – Loose steel collar pipe range 

Nominal 

diameter 

Internal 

diameter 

Selection of jacking pipes 

In-wall joint Butt joint 

External 

diameter 

mm 

Internal 

diameter 

The most basic requirements for all jacking pipes is 

that they must be capable of supporting the excavation 

(earth and traffic loads), transferring axial load, providing 

a shear connection between adjacent pipes and joint 

flexibility that allows for each pipe to follow the path 

excavated in front of the shield. 

External 

diameter 

DN300 280 362 

DN375 363 445 

DN475 438 534 

DN525 518 616 

DN600 586 698 

DN675 653 781 

DN750 730 864 

DN825 790 946 

DN900 875 1029 

DN975 951 1,111 

DN1050 1,026 1,194 

DN1200 1,200 1,500 1,163 1,359 

DN1350 1,324 1,524 

DN1500 1,452 1,676 

DN1650 1,596 1,842 

DN1800 1,756 2,006 

DN1950 1,920 2,220 1,930 2,198 

DN2100 2,088 2,388 2,096 2,388 

Notes: 

1. Alternative internal diameters (and external diameters) may be available to suit project 

specific requirements, contact Humes for assistance. 

2. Standard range is equivalent to load class 4 pipes. 

3. Contact Humes for in-wall joint pipes in this range. 


In addition, jacking pipes may need to prevent ingress of 

surrounding soil, groundwater, lubricants or grouts and 

provide a joint capable of withstanding internal pressure 

in sewerage or pressure pipeline applications. 

Jacking pipes must meet both the needs of the 

contractor and asset owner who is usually represented 

by the pipeline designer. Table 7 opposite provides a 

summary of the capabilities of each of our types of 

jacking pipes for different requirements and applications.

Table 7 – Selection of jacking pipes 

Stakeholder 

Jacking pipe 

requirements or 

application 

Fixed steel collar Loose steel collar 

S type J type Butt joint In-wall joint 

Asset owner Standard size class DN300 – DN700 DN800 – DN3000 DN300 – D2100 DN1200 – DN2100 

Asset 

owners and 

contractors 

Extended diameter 

range* 

Incorporation of inert 

thermoplastic lining 

External grouting Suitable for short 

lengths 

Internal pressure test 

capability (kPa)‡ 

Application of 

internal secondary 

sealants 

DN800 Up to DN3600 DN2250 – DN3000 DN2250 – DN3600 

N/A Available DN900 > Available 

Ideally suited Not suitable Limited suitability† 

90 150 § N/A 90 

N/A Suitable Not suitable Limited suitability 

Sewerage pipelines Limited suitability || Ideally suited Not suitable Suitable 

Stormwater pipelines Ideally suited Ideally suited Limited suitability Suitable 

Road and rail culverts Ideally suited Ideally suited Limited suitability Suitable 

Sleeve pipe 

applications 

Length of jacked 

pipeline (m) 

External pressure test 

capability §§ 

Ideally suited Ideally suited Limited suitability # Suitable 

0 – 50†† < DN1000: 0 – 150 

DN1000 – DN3000: 

no limit‡‡ 

0 – 50** 0 – 50 

90 250 N/A 90 

Jacking force transfer Excellent Excellent Good Moderate 

Intermediate jacking 

stations pipes 

N/A Available DN900 – 

DN3000 

To be provided by 

contractor 

Contractors Open face shields Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable 

Closed face pressure 

shields 

Lubrication along 

length of pipeline 

To be provided by 

contractor 

Ideally suited Ideally suited Not suitable Limited suitability 

N/A Ideally suited Not suitable |||| Limited suitability 

Notes: 

* Refer to Humes for availability. 

† Grout pressures need to be carefully monitored. 

‡ Test to AS/NZS 4058: 2007. 

§ Higher pressures are possible with certain diameters – refer to Humes for advice if higher pressures are required. 

|| If corrosive sewage gases are expected consider using vitrified clay jacking pipes distributed by Humes. 

# The butt joint jacking pipe is suitable for short length drives in certain soil conditions if the annulus between the concrete sleeve pipe and the product pipe is grouted. 

This grout should also flow into the annulus between the sleeve pipe and the excavated ground. 

†† Intermediate jacking stations are not available and length is mainly limited by installation equipment. Some pipe jacking contractors may be able to achieve longer 

lengths of individual drives in certain soil conditions. Refer to jacking pipe contractor for advice for longer drives. 

‡‡ The maximum length will be controlled by installation equipment rather than pipe capability. 

** Lack of joint flexibility largely controls maximum length. This could be extended in certain soil conditions. 

§§ There is no published test method for external joint testing of reinforced concrete pipes. External pressures due to lubrication or grouting can be well in excess of 

ground water pressures. 

|||| For lubrication to be effective, the annulus between the external diameter of the pipe and the excavated soil needs to be filled. The butt joint pipe may not provide an 

effective sealed joint. 



Load class 

Jacking pipes, as opposed to pipes laid in open 

excavations, are subjected to both jacking forces, 

external earth loads and life loads (permanent loads) 

and all of these have to be considered when specifying 

the pipes. 

The effect of the jacking force on the pipe barrel is 

small on account of the high compressive strength of 

the concrete. The joint, however, must be considered 

because the joint cross-section is smaller, as a rule, than 

that of the barrel and the jacking force is transferred 

eccentrically across the joint. 

The external earth load on the barrel is equal to or 

smaller than the trench load on a pipe bedded in a 

trench of same width as the excavation (i.e. the outside 

diameter of the pipe plus a margin for over-excavation). 

The jacking method of installation, therefore, is very 

efficient from an external load point of view since the 

external earth load is smaller than both trench and 

embankment load on pipes of the same diameter under 

the same height of fill. 

As such a minimum Class 4 pipe is usually recommended 

although in some short length drives a Class 3 may 

be suitable. The Class 4 pipe to Australian Standard 

AS/NZS 4058: 2007 has very similar strength 

requirements to load classes specified for jacking pipes 

in European and Japanese Standards. 

AS/NZS 4058: 2007 outlines the technique for 

determining the permanent vertical loads acting on 

pipes installed using pipe jacking. The jacking pipe 

is installed underground into undisturbed natural 

ground where the soil’s natural cohesion contributes to 

arching over the pipe. Where the calculation includes 

the effects of arching due to soil cohesion extensive soil 

investigations should be carried out to determine the 

appropriate design soil properties. 

The jacking installation results in a recommended 

bedding factor between two and three that is used to 

determine the minimum suitable pipe class required due 

to permanent loads. 


The higher value is recommended when the annulus 

between the pipe and ground is grouted. Grouting 

of this annulus with a suitable cementitious grout is 

recommended in most installations as any voids could 

create a drainage path external to the pipeline which in 

turn could lead to soil erosion, lowering of ground water 

tables and, in aggressive soil conditions, an increased risk 

of corrosion of pipe materials. 

The axial loading from the pipe jacking is not directly 

included in the selection of the pipe load class. Timber 

packers are placed between the jacking faces of the 

concrete pipes to avoid high stresses that could result 

from direct concrete to concrete contact. The axial load 

capacity of the concrete pipe is determined based on 

the minimum pipe wall thickness, concrete strength, 

properties of the timber packers and the deflections that 

can be expected at pipe joints during installation. 

The allowable jacking forces and associated maximum 

joint deflections are calculated in accordance with 

the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA) 

publication, Jacking Design Guidelines. 

Source: Jacking Design Guidelines, Concrete Pipe Association 

of Australasia. 

Jacking design and forces 

The CPAA publication, Jacking Design Guidelines, is a 

recommended guide to calculate and define jacking 

forces. The guide can be downloaded by visiting; 

www.cpaa.asn.au/CPAA-Online-Shop.html 

Jacking force and lateral displacement off line and 

level have to be recorded at regular intervals of jacking 

distance (not exceeding 200 mm or every 90 seconds). 

Ensure that jacking forces are maintained within the 

specified limits. If circumstances cause a jacking force/ 

deflection combination outside of these limits, hold the 

jacking operation and contact Humes for assistance.

Vitrified clay pipes 

Humes vitrified clay jacking pipes are manufactured by 

STEINZEUG-KERAMO (STEINZEUG Abwassersysteme 

GmbH) and inspected in accordance with the European 

standard for vitrified clay pipes, fittings and joints for 

drains and sewers - EN 295. 


Watertightness 

The joints are tested in accordance with EN 295, which 

means that they are guaranteed to be watertight at 

0.5 bar, including the angular deflections and radial 

loads specified in the standard. They are also tested 

in accordance with ZPWN 2951 and ATV A142, with 

guaranteed watertightness at 2.4 bar. Watertightness 

is also tested at an external pressure of 6 bar, which 

provides a high level of security against penetration of 

soil slurries and bentonite. 

Corrosion resistance 

Vitrified clay material is resistant to all types of chemicals 

over the entire wall thickness. The resistance of the 

vitrified clay material and seals is tested using chemicals, 

including sulphuric acid at pH 0 and NaOH at pH 14, in 

conformance with EN 295 and ZPWN 295. 

High mechanical strength 

Vitrified clay jacking pipes generally have greater wall 

thicknesses than corresponding standard vitrified clay 

sewer pipes, that results in high crown pressure ratings 

and high resistance to ground and traffic loads. 

Strength in the length direction is the most important 

factor for jacking pipes, because they must withstand the 

high jacking forces necessary to overcome the resistance 

of the cutting face and the external pipe surface. 

According to the EN 295 standard, the longitudinal 

compressive strength of the surfaces that transfer the 

force between pipe sections must be at least 75 N/mm². 

STEINZEUG-KERAMO guarantees a value of at least 

100 N/mm². That is higher than the values stated for 

other types of current jacking material. It allows very 

high jacking forces to be used, although this capability is 

only partially utilised in practice. The glazed outer surface 

of the pipe strongly reduces friction between the pipe 

and the surrounding soil. 

High abrasion resistance 

Vitrified clay has high abrasion resistance, which 

is equally true for the glaze and the rest of the 

wall. Abrasion values encountered in the tests are 

approximately 0.08 mm, which is much lower than 

the typical abrasion values of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm after 

100,000 load cycles measured using the Darmstadt test 

as specified in the EN 295 standard or the maximum 

value of 0.25 mm in the ZPWN 295 standard. Abrasion 

does not accelerate even with extended load cycles, such 

as up to 400,000, in contrast to what is often suggested 

in data sheets for competitive materials. The depth of 

abrasion remains limited to 0.3 - 0.8 mm after 400,000 

cycles. Compared with the large wall thicknesses of 

vitrified clay jacking pipes, that represents a negligible 

loss of wall thickness. 

1. ZPWN 295 is an internal manufacturer standard of 

STEINZEUG-KERAMO. 



Right: 

Vitrified clay jacking 

pipe installation 

Resistance to high-pressure cleaning 

The requirement included in the ZPWN 295 standard 

is met (resistance with regard to a standardised 

maintenance cleaning test at 120 bar and a deblocking 

test at 340 bar). Here again, vitrified clay scores 

considerably better than many other types of material. 

Temperature resistance 

Pipes and seals are tested at up to 70 °C. Vitrified clay 

pipes can tolerate even higher temperatures. 

Long service life 

After being properly installed, vitrified clay pipe requires 

very little maintenance. As vitrified clay scores very 

high with respect to all the requirements that must be 

imposed on sewer pipes, vitrified clay pipes have very 

long service lives. The important properties mentioned 

above do not degrade over time. This is especially true 

for jacking pipes, because they are structurally over 

dimensioned for their subsequent use and optimally 

bedded in the ground. 


Product range 

The entire range of vitrified clay jacking pipes DN200 to 

DN1200 are fitted with a stainless steel coupling which 

has a high chrome and nickel content and a relatively 

significant molybdenum content. This coupling is highly 

resistant to corrosion in aggressive soils (acids, chlorides 

and halogens). 

Two different types of stainless steel couplings are used, 

Type 1 and Type 2. 

DN200 to DN300 with Type 1 stainless steel coupling 

• The moulded elastomer seal is integrated into the ring. 

• The packing ring, which transmits the jacking force is 

made from elastomer for diameters up to DN300 and 

forms a unit with the moulded sealing ring. 

• Pipes are sawn at both ends to yield parallel end faces. 

• The spigot ends are milled. The precision ground 

spigots as for larger dimension jacking pipes permit a 

safe internal working pressure of 2.4 bar. 

• The sealing capabilities of the coupler due to its special 

design not only guarantees joint integrity, but ensures 

full protection from the ingress of matter during the 

jacking process. 

Figure 26 – Typical vitrified clay pipe jacking set up 

DN400 to DN1200 with Type 2 stainless steel coupling 

• The moulded rubber seal is integrated in a 

milled groove. 

• The packing ring, which transmits the jacking force, 

is made from particle board and is prefitted to 

the coupling. 

• Pipes are sawn and milled at both ends to yield parallel 

end faces. 

• For diameters DN600 and above a clamping 

(prestressing) ring is fitted at each spigot end. This ring 

increases the permissible jacking force and provides 

additional protection in case of poorly controlled 

steering motions during jacking or when angular 

deflections occur due to variations in soil conditions. 

• Intermediate re-usable jacking stations can be used 

with diameters of DN600 and above. This is advisable 

for long jacking distances and when jacking forces 

exceeding the specified limits are anticipated. The 

intermediate jacking stations are coupled to the spigot 

ends of the pipes and recovered in the receival pit or an 

intermediate shaft. 

The trenchless mode of construction 

At the present time two remote steered methods 

for the construction of underground sewers 

are in use. These two methods are 

described below in accordance with ATV 

bentonite suspensions are used, special sand 

removal equipment is used. The drive for the 

cutting head and for the steering cylinders are 

located in the jacking shield. In general this 



Figure 27 – Joint profiles for DN200 to DN300 pipe with Type 1 coupling 

Table 8 – Dimensions for DN200 to DN300 pipe with Type 1 coupling (refer Figure 27 above) 

DN 

Internal 

Pipe 

end 

d 1 

± 5 d 3 d M 

200 199 244 

250 250 322 

300 299 374 

+ 2 

Pipe 

dimensions Coupling 

Pipe 

body Length e d k 

276 

+ 0 

l 1 

± 1 

mm 

990 49 

- 2 - 6 - 1 

+ 0 

360 

+ 0 990 

1,990 

48 

- 1 - 6 - 0 

+ 0 

406 

+ 0 990 

1,990 

48 

- 1 -10 - 0 

+ 3 

± 1 

s k 

± 0.2 

Notes: 

1. * Permissible jacking force for automatic recording and control, safety factors 2 and 1.6. 

2. Compressive strength = 100 N/mm 2 . 

3. Bending tensile strength = 14 N/mm 2 . 

4. Supplied with wooden pressure transfer ring according to EN 312 P5. 

5. The ground spigot ends (d 3 ) are trimmed ca. 2 x 2 mm. 


l 1 

e 

d 1 

+ 3 

+ 3 

Detail 

2 

d 3 d M d k d zi 

2 

b k 

± 1.5 

s k 

d z 

± 1 

b k 

Pressure 

transfer ring 

d za 

± 0.5 

d z 

d zi 

± 0.5 


Max. 

jacking 

force* 

Min. 

crushing 

load 

Average 

weight 

kN kN/m kg/m 

267.8 1.5 103 10 241 205 350 80 60 

342.8 1.5 106 10 320 257 810 110 105 

395.8 2.0 106 10 372 309 1,000 120 125

Figure 28 – Joint profiles for DN400 to DN1200 pipe with Type 2 coupling 

Table 9 – Dimensions for DN400 to DN1200 pipe with Type 2 coupling (refer Figure 28 above) 

DN 

Bevel d m min. 45° 

l 1 

Internal 

d 1 d 3 

Pipe dimensions Coupling 

Pipe 

end Pipe body Length 

+0 

d M 

400 400 + 6 528 556 + 0 984 

- 6 - 12 1,984 

-1 

e 

l 1 

± 1 

mm 

e 

± 2 

d k 

± 1 

s k 

± 0.2 

b k 

± 1 

Pressure transfer 

ring 

d z 

± 1 

d za 

± 1 

d zi 

± 1 

Max. 

jacking 

force * 

Min. 

crushing 

load 

Average 

weight 

kN kN/m kg/m 

65 536 3 130 16 518 413 2,350 160 240 

500 498 + 7.5 632 661 + 0 1,984 65 640 3 130 16 624 513 3,000 140 295 

- 7.5 - 15 

600 599 + 9 723 766 + 0 1,981 70 731 3 143 19 713 615 3,100 120 350 

- 9 - 18 

700 695 + 12 827 870 + 0 1,981 70 837 4 143 19 816 715 3,300 140 434 

- 12 - 24 

800 792 + 12 921 970 + 0 1,981 70 931 4 143 19 911 823 3,700 128 507 

- 12 - 24 

1000 1,056 + 15 1,218 1,275 + 0 1,981 70 1,230 5 143 19 1,208 1,077 5,700 120 855 

- 15 - 30 

1200 1,249 + 18 1,408 1,475 + 0 1,981 80 1,422 6 163 19 1,397 1,277 6,400 114 990 

- 18 - 36 

Notes: 

1. * Permissible jacking force for automatic recording and control, safety factors 2 and 1.6. 

2. Compressive strength = 100 N/mm 2 . 

3. Bending tensile strength = 14 N/mm 2 . 

4. Supplied with wooden pressure transfer ring according to EN 312 P5. 

5. The ground spigot ends (d 3 ) are trimmed ca. 2 x 2 mm. 

6. For diameters DN600 and above a prestressing (clamping) ring is fitted at each spigot end. 

d 1 

Rubber seal 

d 3 d M d k d za d zi 

Prestressing ring 6 

S k 

b k 

d z 

Particle board 

Max. d m on this side 




Right: 

Milled end of 

adaptor pipe and 

socketed end of 

standard pipe 

Connection to standard pipes and 

access chambers 

Three different components are used to connect vitrified 

clay jacking pipes to standard vitrified clay pipelines and 

access chambers. 

1. Adaptor pipe for DN200 to DN600 pipes 

The adaptor pipe is used for connection of vitrified clay 

jacking pipes to open trench vitrified clay pipes normal/ 

high strength class or access chambers. They consist of 

1.0 m long jacking pipes with a coupling on one end and 

the other end milled to the external diameter of the pipe 

to which the adaptor is to be connected. 

Figure 29 – Adaptor pipe for DN200 to DN600 pipes 

b k 

d z 

Coupling type 1 or 2 

d k d 1 d 3 d M 

1,000 mm 

vitrified clay jacking pipe to a vitrified clay so 

eted pipe is provided by the use of an bush 

to equal out the different diameters. Then, w 

e = 180 mm 

Table 10 – Dimensions for adaptor pipe for DN200 to DN600 pipes (refer Figure 29 above) 

DN 

Internal 

d 1 

Pipe end 

(normal strength) 

d 3 

Pipe dimensions 

+0 

+0 

d3 -1 -1 

mm 

Figure 30 – Connection of adaptor pipe to access chamber 

Grinded on a length e = 180 mm 

Pipe end 

(high strength) Pipe body 

d M 

Length 

(mm) 

l1 ± 1 

Average weight 

(kg/piece) 

250 250 +3 299 318 360 +0 1,000 105 

-3 -6 

300 299 +5 355 376 406 +0 1,000 125 

-5 -10 

400 400 +6 486 492 556 +0 1,000 240 

-6 -12 

500 498 +7.5 581 609 661 +0 1,000 295 

-7.5 -15 

600 601 +9 687 721 766 +0 1,000 305 

-9 -18 


d 3 

of the 

jacking 

pipe 

d M 

d 3 of the 

standard vc 

pipe (normal 

or high 

strength) 

1,000 mm 

Inspection chamber with vitrified clay invert 

BKK ring 

P ring

2. M-seal and bush ring 

Another way of achieving the transition from a vitrified 

clay jacking pipe to an open trench vitrified clay socketed 

pipe of different external diameter is by using an M-seal 

and bush ring. 

The bush ring is used to equal out the outside diameters 

of the two pipes. The M-seal is a metal banded flexible 

coupling providing a watertight and reliable connection 

between the jacking and trench pipes. 

3. Short length pipes 

Connection of vitrified clay jacking pipes to access 

chambers can also be achieved using short length, 

350 mm to 500 mm pipes. Three different types of short 

length pipes are available to suit various applications and 

installation methods. 

Type A – One end sawn flat and the other with a 

steel coupling. 

Type B – Both ends are sawn flat. 

Type C – One end sawn flat and one spigot end. 

An M-seal and bush ring is used to connect these three 

types together. 

Figure 32 – Short length pipes 

d k 

b k 

300 to 1399 x x x x x 

Bush types according to outside diameter differences. 

To combine with M seals. 

21 

Figure 31 – M-seal and bush ring 

Jacking pipe 

Sawn flat spigot 

Type A Type B Type C 

l 1 

d 1 

d M 

l 1 

d 1 

85 

190 

M-seal 

Standard vc pipe 

Bush ring 

d M d 1 d 2 

l 1 

e 


Left: 

M-seal with 

bush ring 


Top: 

CMP on-site 

manufacturing 

Bottom: 

CMP used in a 

culvert application 

Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP) 

Humes Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP) is a helically wound, 

lock seamed corrugated metal pipe and is available in 

pipe diameters up to 5.1 m, and wall thicknesses of 

1.6 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm and 3.5 mm. 

CMP is manufactured from Z600 galvanised grade 250 

steel in two state-of-the-art profiles TR and TRS. Both 

of these profiles have higher load bearing capacity 

than similar corrugated sinusoidal profiles with TR 

outperforming 68 x 13 and TRS outperforming both 

125 x 25 and 75 x 25. It is designed in accordance with 

Australian Standards AS 1761-1985 and AS 1762-1984 

Helical Locked Seamed Corrugated Steel Pipe. 

Applications 

• Culverts under haul/temporary roads 

• Mine and conveyor portals 

• Safe access to mines and construction sites 


• Conduit casing 

• Ventilation shafts and air flow columns 


• Large diameters and long lengths manufactured 

economically on-site minimising freight cost. 

• Large diameter pipes eliminate the high installation 

cost of multi-plate structures. 

• On-site manufacture accommodates order variations 

and additions, and frees up haul roads on mine sites. 

• Humes’ unique profiles optimise load bearing capacity. 

• Where pipes are to be joined, dedicated coupling 

bands are supplied providing a secure fit. 

• Humes’ design team ensure customer’s requirements 

are met. 

• Large diameter culverts can be laid in live condition 

(running streams). 

• Installed CMP has high load bearing capacity. 


Figure 33 – CMP profiles 

TR profile 

TRS profile

Backfilling 

CMP is a flexible pipe which replies on soil structure 

interaction to maintain its structural stability. 

Tables 11 and 12 below list the maximum cover for each 

of the CMP profiles. 

Table 11 – Maximum cover (m) for TR profile 

Nominal 

internal 

diameter 

(mm) 

Wall thickness 

(mm) 

1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 

300 ++ ++ x x 

375 ++ ++ x x 

450 ++ ++ x x 

600 ++ ++ ++ x 

750 40.5 ++ ++ x 

900 34.0 47.5 ++ x 

1,050 29.0 40.5 ++ x 

1,200 25.5 35.5 45.0 ++ 

1,350 22.5 31.5 40.0 49.0 

1,500 20.5 28.5 36.0 44.5 

1,650 18.5 26.0 33.0 40.0 

1,800 16.5 23.5 30.0 37.0 

1,950 * 20.5 27.0 34.0 

2,100 * 18.5 24.0 30.0 

2,250 * 16.5 21.5 27.0 

2,400 * * 19.0 24.5 

2,550 * * 17.0 22.0 

2,700 * * * 19.5 

2,850 * * * 17.0 

3,000 * * * 15.5 

Notes: 

• Calculations are based on base material steel thickness, 

ie without galvanising. 

• For minimum cover requirements please contact Humes 

for assistance. 

• Soil density 19 kN/m 3 . 

• * Denotes unsuitable due to flexibility factor greater than 

0.250 mm/N. 

• ++ Denotes height of fill greater than 50 m. 

• x Denotes not practical for manufacture. 

Table 12 – Maximum cover (m) for TRS profile 

Nominal 

internal 

diameter 

(mm) 

Wall thickness 

(mm) 

1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 

900 x x x x x 

1,050 x x x x x 

1,200 x x x x x 

1,350 x x x x x 

1,500 x x x x x 

1,650 x x x x x 

1,800 x x x x x 

1,950 16.5 21.5 27.5 33.0 38.5 

2,100 15.5 20.0 25.5 30.5 36.0 

2,250 14.5 18.5 23.5 28.5 33.5 

2,400 13.5 17.5 22.0 26.5 31.5 

2,550 12.5 16.5 20.5 25.0 29.5 

2,700 12.0 15.5 19.5 23.5 28.0 

2,850 11.0 14.5 18.5 22.5 26.5 

3,000 10.0 13.5 17.5 21.5 25.0 

3,300 * 11.5 15.5 18.5 22.0 

3,600 * 10.0 13.5 16.0 19.5 

3,900 * * 12.0 14.0 17.0 

4,200 * * 8.0 11.0 14.5 

4,500 * * * 9.5 12.5 

4,800 * * * * 10.5 

5,100 * * * * 9.5 

Notes: 

• Calculations are based on base material steel thickness, 

ie without galvanising. 

• For minimum cover requirements please contact Humes 

for assistance. 

• Soil density 19 kN/m 3 . 

• * Denotes unsuitable due to flexibility factor greater than 

0.250 mm/N. 

• x Denotes not practical for manufacture. 



Top: 

Precast arches 

Middle: 

HumeDeck® 

modular bridge 

system 

Bottom: 

Headwall 

Precast solutions 

Tunnel and shaft 

Access, pipe jacking and ventilation shafts 

Segmental shafts 

One piece shafts 

Mine portals and reclaim tunnels 


Box culverts 


Traffic and utility tunnels 

Segmental tunnel linings 

Steel reinforced concrete pipes – jacking 

Vitrified clay pipes – jacking 

Escape tunnels and shafts 


Box culverts 

Steel reinforced concrete pipes 


Stormwater 

Sewage transfer and storage 

Bridge and platform 

Walling 

Potable water supply 

Irrigation supply 

Traffic management 

Cable and power management 

Rail 

Livestock management 


Contact information 

National sales 1300 361 601 

humes.com.au 

info@humes.com.au 

Head Office 

18 Little Cribb St 

Milton QLD 4064 

Ph: (07) 3364 2800 

Fax: (07) 3364 2963 

Queensland 

Brisbane/Gold Coast 

Ph: (07) 3866 7100 

Fax: (07) 3866 7101 

Bundaberg 

Ph: (07) 4152 2644 

Fax: (07) 4152 5847 

Rockhampton 

Ph: (07) 4924 7900 

Fax: (07) 4924 7901 

Sunshine Coast 

Ph: (07) 5472 9700 

Fax: (07) 5472 9711 

Toowoomba 

Ph: (07) 4694 1420 

Fax: (07) 4634 3874 

Townsville 

Ph: (07) 4758 6000 

Fax: (07) 4758 6001 

New South Wales 

Canberra 

Ph: (02) 6285 5309 

Fax: (02) 6285 5334 

Grafton 

Ph: (02) 6644 7666 

Fax: (02) 6644 7313 

Kempsey 

Ph: (02) 6562 6755 

Fax: (02) 6562 4235 

Lismore 

Ph: (02) 6621 3684 

Fax: (02) 6622 1342 

Newcastle 

Ph: (02) 4032 6800 

Fax: (02) 4032 6822 

Sydney 

Ph: (02) 9832 5555 

Fax: (02) 9625 5200 

Tamworth 

Ph: (02) 6763 7300 

Fax: (02) 6763 7301 

Victoria 

Echuca 

Ph: (03) 5480 2371 

Fax: (03) 5482 3090 

Melbourne 

Ph: (03) 9360 3888 

Fax: (03) 9360 3887 

Tasmania 

Launceston 

Ph: (03) 6335 6300 

Fax: (03) 6335 6330 

South Australia 

Adelaide 

Ph: (08) 8168 4544 

Fax: (08) 8168 4549 

Western Australia 

Gnangara 

Ph: (08) 9302 8000 

Fax: (08) 9309 1625 

Perth 

Ph: (08) 9351 6999 

Fax: (08) 9351 6977 

Northern Territory 

Darwin 

Ph: (08) 8984 1600 

Fax: (08) 8984 1614

National sales 1300 361 601 

humes.com.au 

info@humes.com.au 

A Division of Holcim Australia 

This brochure supersedes all previous literature on this subject. As the specifications and details contained in this publication may change please 

check with Humes Customer Service for confirmation of current issue. This document is provided for information only. Users are advised to 

make their own determination as to the suitability of this information for their own specific circumstances. We accept no responsibility for any 

loss or damage resulting from any person acting on this information. Humes is a registered business name and a registered trademark of Holcim 

(Australia) Pty Ltd. Plastiline is a registered trademark of Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd. STEINZEUG KERAMO is a registered trademark of STEINZEUG 

Abwassersysteme GmbH. Swiftlift is a registered trademark of ITW Construction Products Australia Pty Ltd. 

© August 2012 Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd ABN 87 099 732 297

Tunnel and shaft solutions brochure - Humes

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