principles of extraction and the extraction of semivolatile organics ...

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60 principles of extraction As defined earlier, Table 2.2. Solubility in Water Solvent Solubility (%)a Isooctane 0.0002 (25 C) Heptane 0.0003 (25 C) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.0025 Cyclohexane 0.006 (25 C) Cyclopentane 0.01 Hexane 0.014 o-Dichlorobenzene 0.016 (25 C) 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 0.017 (25 C) o-Xylene 0.018 (25 C) Pentane 0.04 Chlorobenzene 0.05 Toluene 0.052 (25 C) n-Butyl chloride 0.11 Methyl isoamyl ketone 0.54 n-Butyl acetate 0.68 Ethylene dichloride 0.81 Chloroform 0.815 Dichloromethane 1.60 Methyl isobutyl ketone 1.7 Methyl t-butyl ether 4.8 Triethylamine 5.5 Methyl n-propyl ketone 5.95 Ethyl ether 6.89 n-Butyl alcohol 7.81 Isobutyl alcohol 8.5 Ethyl acetate 8.7 Propylene carbonate 17.5 (25 C) Methyl ethyl ketone 24.0 Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref. 40. Copyright 6 (2002) Honeywell Burdick & Jackson. a Solvents are arranged in order of increasing solubility in water, the maximum weight percent (w/w) of each solvent that can be dissolved in water (at 20 C unless otherwise indicated). 2.2.1. Recovery KD ¼ ½XŠ B ½XŠ A ð2:2Þ
liquid–liquid extraction Table 2.3. Solubility of Water in Each Solvent Solvent Solubility (%)a Isooctane 0.006 Pentane 0.009 Cyclohexane 0.01 Cyclopentane 0.01 Heptane 0.01 (25 C) Hexane 0.01 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 0.011 (25 C) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.020 Toluene 0.033 (25 C) Chlorobenzene 0.04 Chloroform 0.056 n-Butyl chloride 0.08 Ethylene dichloride 0.15 Dichloromethane 0.24 o-Dichlorobenzene 0.31 (25 C) n-Butyl acetate 1.2 Ethyl ether 1.26 Methyl isoamyl ketone 1.3 Methyl t-butyl ether 1.5 Methyl isobutyl ketone 1.9 (25 C) Ethyl acetate 3.3 Methyl n-propyl ketone 3.3 Triethylamine 4.6 Propylene carbonate 8.3 (25 C) Methyl ethyl ketone 10.0 Isobutyl alcohol 16.4 n-Butyl alcohol 20.07 Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref. 42. Copyright 6 (2002) Honeywell Burdick & Jackson. a Solvents are arranged in order of increasing solubility of water in each solvent, the maximum weight percent (w/w) of water that can be dissolved in the solvent (at 20 C unless otherwise indicated). Analytes distribute themselves between aqueous and organic layers according to the Nernst distribution law, where the distribution coe‰cient, KD, is equal to the analyte ratio in each phase at equilibrium. The analyte distributes itself between the two immiscible liquids according to the relative solubility in each solvent [1,38,44,45]. To determine the e¤ect of the distribution coe‰cient on an extraction, consider the following example. 61
Page 1 and 2: CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTION
Page 3 and 4: principles of extraction Henry’s
Page 5 and 6: principles of extraction Figure 2.1
Page 7 and 8: principles of extraction Nonvolatil
Page 9 and 10: principles of extraction forces bet
Page 13 and 14: Logarithm of Aqueous Solubility (mm
Page 17 and 18: where KW is the ion product of wate
Page 19 and 20: alpha 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
Page 21 and 22: liquid-liquid extraction solving ac
Page 23: Acetone Acetonitrile n-Butyl Alcoho
Page 27 and 28: Step 4. Calculate the percent of an
Page 29 and 30: additional recovery of 3.697% of th
Page 31 and 32: (a) (b) liquid-liquid extraction Fi
Page 33 and 34: liquid-liquid extraction Figure 2.1
Page 35 and 36: Step 1: Adjust aqueous sample to pH
Page 37 and 38: Fujiwara et al. [47] devised instru
Page 39 and 40: liquid-solid extraction centrate se
Page 41 and 42: liquid-solid extraction Macropore R
Page 43 and 44: solid-phase extraction The most com
Page 45 and 46: solid-phase extraction that sample
Page 47 and 48: solid-phase extraction Si O Si Si S
Page 49 and 50: solid-phase extraction meric struct
Page 51 and 52: Si O R Si O H X Si R R Si O X H X H
Page 53 and 54: solid-phase extraction ternary amin
Page 55 and 56: S i l i c a S i l i c a SO 3 − NH
Page 57 and 58: Hydrophobic inner surface solid-pha
Page 59 and 60: Monomer Print molecule Monomer Poly
Page 61 and 62: solid-phase extraction blended laye
Page 63 and 64: solid-phase extraction interact pri
Page 65 and 66: solid-phase extraction ple is a goo
Page 67 and 68: ecovery (%) 120 100 80 60 40 20 sol
Page 69 and 70: solid-phase extraction Reversed Pha
Page 71 and 72: Dependence of Desorption on Eluting
Page 73 and 74: CONDITIONING Conditioning the sorbe
Page 75 and 76:
solid-phase extraction Figure 2.45.
Page 77 and 78:
solid-phase microextraction 2.4.6.
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solid-phase microextraction KD ¼
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solid-phase microextraction nesses
Page 83 and 84:
solid-phase microextraction Table 2
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Sample Headspace Coating (a) solid-
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Mass [ng] 180 160 140 120 100 80 60
Page 89 and 90:
stir bar sorptive extraction extrac
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Recovery 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
Page 93 and 94:
stir bar sorptive extraction Howeve
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eferences than LLE. The capacity fo
Page 97 and 98:
eferences 26. E. Overton, Studien u
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eferences 69. C. W. Huck and G. K.
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eferences 114. J. Patsias and E. Pa
Page 103 and 104:
CHAPTER 3 EXTRACTION OF SEMIVOLATIL
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introduction [5]. Di¤erent extract
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Porous Thimble Sample soxhlet and a
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ultrasonic extraction for polycycli
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ultrasonic extraction (over 20 ppm)
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pressure S T L G temperature Figure
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Weight % SiO 2 in H 2 O supercritic
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supercritical fluid extraction the
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accelerated solvent extraction for
Page 121 and 122:
Solvent accelerated solvent extract
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Load Cell Fill With Solvent (0.5-1.
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Table 3.9. Solvents Recommended by
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microwave-assisted extraction a qui
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Solvent microwave-assisted extracti
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Cavity Exhausted to Chemical Fume H
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Magnetron microwave-assisted extrac
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microwave-assisted extraction Choic
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comparison of the various extractio
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93-101 1-3 84 1.5- to 2.5-g sample,
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comparison of the various extractio
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eferences 3. Book of ASTM Standards
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eferences 53. A. Hubert, K. Wenzel,
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CHAPTER 4 EXTRACTION OF VOLATILE OR
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Thermometer Screw cap Syringe Rubbe
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static headspace extraction prepara
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Peak area (counts) 12000 10000 8000
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Area A a /A is 16000 14000 12000 10
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static headspace extraction The con
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1. Dichlorodifluoromethane 2. Chlor
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dynamic headspace extraction or pur
Page 163 and 164:
dynamic headspace extraction or pur
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solid-phase microextraction made co
Page 167 and 168:
Coating Material solid-phase microe
Page 169 and 170:
solid-phase microextraction chance
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solid-phase microextraction movemen
Page 173 and 174:
1 liquid-liquid extraction with lar
Page 175 and 176:
liquid-liquid extraction with large
Page 177 and 178:
membrane extraction Feed Side Membr
Page 179 and 180:
membrane extraction cient, C the so
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membrane extraction side volume, wh
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1 2 3 membrane extraction 1. 1,1 Di
Page 185 and 186:
Benzene Toluene membrane extraction
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eferences 4.7. CONCLUSIONS There ar
Page 189:
eferences 38. P. D. Okeyo and N. H.
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