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9 2 ] T H E E L E M E N T S O F S T Y L E linking verb A verb that joins the subject of a sen tence to its complement. Professor Chapman is a philoso phy teacher. They were ecstatic. loose sentence A sentence that begins with the main idea and then attaches modifiers, qualifiers, and additional details: He was determined to succeed, with or without the promotion he was hoping for and in spite of the difficulties he was confronting at every turn. main clause An independent clause, which can stand alone as a grammatically complete sentence. Grammarians quibble. modal auxiliaries Any of the verbs that combine with the main verb to express necessity (must), obligation (should), permission (may), probability (might), possibility (could), ability (can), or tentativeness (would). Mary might wash the car. modifier A word or phrase that qualifies, describes, or limits the meaning of a word, phrase, or clause. Frayed rib bon, dancing flowers, worldly wisdom. nominative pronoun A pronoun that functions as a subject or a subject complement: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, who. nonrestrictive modifier A phrase or clause that does not limit or restrict the essential meaning of the element it modifies. My youngest niece, who lives in Ann Arbor, is a magazine editor. noun A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns have a plural form and a possessive form. Carol; the park; the cup; democracy. number A feature of nouns, pronouns, and a few verbs, referring to singular or plural. A subject and its cor responding verb must be consistent in number; a pronoun should agree in number with its antecedent. A solo flute plays; two oboes join in.
GLOSSARY [93 object The noun or pronoun that completes a prepo sitional phrase or the meaning of a transitive verb. (See also direct object, indirect object, and preposition.) Frost offered his audience a poetic performance they would likely never forget. participial phrase A present or past participle with accompanying modifiers, objects, or complements. The buzzards, circling with sinister determination, squawked loudly. participle A verbal that functions as an adjective. Pres ent participles end in -ing (brimming); past participles typ ically end in -d or -ed (injured) or -en (broken) but may appear in other forms (brought, been, gone). periodic sentence A sentence diat expresses the main idea at the end. With or without their parents' consent, and whether or not they receive the assignment relocation they requested, they are determined to get married. phrase A group of related words that functions as a unit but lacks a subject, a verb, or both. Without the re sources to continue. possessive The case of nouns and pronouns that indi cates ownership or possession (Harold's, ours, mine). predicate The verb and its related words in a clause or sentence. The predicate expresses what the subject does, experiences, or is. Birchfly. The partygoers celebrated wild ly for a long time. preposition A word that relates its object (a noun, pronoun, or -ing verb form) to another word in the sen tence. She is the leader o/our group. We opened the door by picking the lock. She went out the window. prepositional phrase A group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and any of the object's modifiers. Georgia on my mind.
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v i ] C O N T E N T S 11. A partici
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Foreword by Roger Angell The first
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II Elementary Principles of Composi
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P R I N C I P L E S O F C O M P O S
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