Vowels in the Languages of the World - Linguistics
Vowels in the Languages of the World - Linguistics
Vowels in the Languages of the World - Linguistics
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<strong>Vowels</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Languages</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>World</strong><br />
• We earlier looked at a classification <strong>of</strong> vowels us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
parameters based on labels referr<strong>in</strong>g to articulation -<br />
height & backness <strong>of</strong> tongue body and lip position.<br />
• In practice, most vowel description is based on auditory<br />
evaluation or on acoustic measurement.<br />
• The standard IPA vowel chart provides reference po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
for a primarily auditory comparison <strong>of</strong> vowel qualities.<br />
* Many thanks to Ian Maddieson who shared his teach<strong>in</strong>g materials<br />
with me. These slides are adapted from his with m<strong>in</strong>or changes.
The reference system for vowels is based on <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong><br />
Card<strong>in</strong>al <strong>Vowels</strong><br />
(CV’s), devised by Daniel Jones (1881-1967)<br />
• Jones proposed a set <strong>of</strong> 8 reference vowels.<br />
• Two “anchor po<strong>in</strong>ts” - <strong>the</strong> highest, frontest possible vowel (Card<strong>in</strong>al Vowel<br />
1) and <strong>the</strong> lowest, backest possible vowel Card<strong>in</strong>al Vowel 5). The 6<br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Card<strong>in</strong>al <strong>Vowels</strong> are distributed at equal auditory <strong>in</strong>tervals - 3<br />
along <strong>the</strong> front limit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> notional vowel space (CV's 2-4) and 3 along <strong>the</strong><br />
back (CV's 6-8)<br />
• In practice <strong>the</strong>re is an implicit third anchor vowel - <strong>the</strong> highest, backest,<br />
most rounded vowel possible; also <strong>the</strong> three back CV's above CV 5 have<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g degrees <strong>of</strong> round<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• A set <strong>of</strong> Secondary Card<strong>in</strong>al <strong>Vowels</strong> with <strong>the</strong> same tongue positions but<br />
opposite values <strong>of</strong> lip round<strong>in</strong>g are also proposed, so that front rounded and<br />
back unrounded vowels can be referenced. Note that <strong>the</strong>re are no Central<br />
CV's.
Card<strong>in</strong>al <strong>Vowels</strong> recorded by Jones <strong>in</strong> 1965 when he was 75.<br />
(Audio clips from: http://www.let.uu.nl/~audiufon/)<br />
Frontness/Backness<br />
Front Central Back<br />
1 i<br />
u<br />
2<br />
3<br />
e<br />
E<br />
8 High<br />
7 Higher Mid<br />
6 Lower Mid<br />
4 a A 5 Low<br />
Primary card<strong>in</strong>al vowels with ris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tonation<br />
o<br />
O<br />
Height
The Secondary Card<strong>in</strong>al <strong>Vowels</strong> are reference vowels with<br />
opposite lip position.<br />
Front Central Back<br />
9 y<br />
¨<br />
10<br />
P<br />
11<br />
{<br />
16 High<br />
15 Higher Mid<br />
14 Lower Mid<br />
12 ” Å 13 Low<br />
The secondary card<strong>in</strong>al vowels<br />
Ø<br />
ø
The choice <strong>of</strong> 8 vowels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Primary Card<strong>in</strong>al Vowel system was<br />
probably strongly <strong>in</strong>fluenced by <strong>the</strong> vowel system <strong>of</strong> late 19th/early 20th<br />
century French which <strong>in</strong>cluded 8 vowels somewhat similar to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
(plus three front rounded vowels, and four nasalized vowels).<br />
Jones was a teacher <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> phonetics <strong>of</strong> French, and <strong>the</strong> French<br />
phonetician Paul Passy was <strong>the</strong> President <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> International Phonetic<br />
Association when <strong>the</strong> system was adopted by <strong>the</strong> IPA as its framework<br />
for vowel classification).<br />
1 [i] lit [li] “bed”<br />
2 [e] les [le] “<strong>the</strong> (pl.)”<br />
3 [E] lait [lE] “milk”<br />
4 [a] la [la] “<strong>the</strong> (f. sg)”<br />
5 [A] lache [lAS] “loose”<br />
6 [O] loque [lOk] “rag”<br />
7 [o] lot [lo] “lot, share”<br />
8 [u] loup [lu] “wolf”
Us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>al Vowel system<br />
• The primary and secondary card<strong>in</strong>al vowel categories<br />
provide a suitable framework for comparison for many<br />
languages (e.g. a vowel close to CV 1; a vowel a little<br />
lower and more retracted than CV 2, a vowel halfway<br />
between CV 8 and CV 9, etc.).<br />
• Note that <strong>the</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>al <strong>Vowels</strong> are not <strong>the</strong> vowels <strong>of</strong> any<br />
language but reference po<strong>in</strong>ts for <strong>the</strong> comparison <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
vowel qualities <strong>of</strong> particular languages<br />
• But vowels belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> broad categories <strong>of</strong> which<br />
<strong>the</strong> CV’s are prototypes are found <strong>in</strong> many languages.
Additional vowel symbols?<br />
• The card<strong>in</strong>al vowel system does not <strong>in</strong>clude any central<br />
vowel prototypes - additional symbols (and auditory<br />
types) are required for <strong>the</strong>se.<br />
• Separate phonetic symbols are also useful for some<br />
frequently encountered or ‘politically important’ vowel<br />
sounds that are different from card<strong>in</strong>al qualities.<br />
• Each symbol represents vowels produced <strong>in</strong> a particular<br />
area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘vowel space’.
Vowel symbols <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> International Phonetic Alphabet<br />
The canonical height/backness value for each symbol is shown by <strong>the</strong><br />
position <strong>of</strong> a dot on <strong>the</strong> chart; <strong>the</strong> symbol to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dot represents an<br />
unrounded vowel at<br />
that position, <strong>the</strong><br />
symbol on <strong>the</strong> right a<br />
rounded vowel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
same height and<br />
backness. Note <strong>the</strong><br />
omission a symbol for<br />
a low central vowel.<br />
The 8 dots on <strong>the</strong> front<br />
and back l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
chart are <strong>the</strong> CV<br />
positions.
Low central vowels are <strong>the</strong> most common <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world’s languages.<br />
Because no specific IPA symbol is provided for <strong>the</strong>ir transcription, one <strong>of</strong><br />
those with ‘nearby’<br />
values must be used to<br />
represent <strong>the</strong>m - any <strong>of</strong><br />
[a], [A] or [å] may be<br />
used.<br />
The usual practice is to<br />
use [a] for <strong>the</strong> low<br />
central vowel and<br />
symbolize a low front<br />
unrounded vowel as<br />
[a] us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ‘front<strong>in</strong>g’<br />
diacritic if <strong>the</strong><br />
dist<strong>in</strong>ction is needed.<br />
[œ] can also be used<br />
for <strong>the</strong> low front vowel<br />
where necessary.<br />
a<br />
a
Front vowels<br />
i High front unrounded<br />
y High front rounded<br />
I Lowered high front unrounded<br />
Y Lowered high front rounded<br />
e Higher mid front unrounded<br />
P Higher mid front rounded<br />
E Lower mid front unrounded<br />
{ Lower mid front rounded<br />
œ Raised low front unrounded<br />
a Low front unrounded<br />
(IPA value <strong>of</strong> symbol)<br />
” Low front rounded<br />
a<br />
a<br />
Recommended usage<br />
a Low front unrounded<br />
a Low central unrounded
Front vowels<br />
i High front unrounded - English beat [bit]<br />
y High front rounded - French su [sy] "knew"<br />
I Lowered high front unrounded - English bit [bIt]<br />
Y Lowered high front rounded - German Hütten ["hYtn`] "huts"<br />
e Higher mid front unrounded - French ses [se] "his/her/its, pl"<br />
P Higher mid front rounded - French peu [pP] "(a) little"<br />
E Lower mid front unrounded - German Bett [bEt] "bed"<br />
{ Lower mid front rounded - German Goe<strong>the</strong> ["g{t´]<br />
œ Raised low front unrounded - English flash [flœS]<br />
a Low front unrounded - Sou<strong>the</strong>rn US English light [lat]<br />
” Low front rounded - not reported <strong>in</strong> any natural language.
Central vowels<br />
È High central unrounded<br />
Ë High central rounded<br />
Higher mid central unrounded<br />
∏ Higher mid central rounded<br />
´ Mid central unrounded<br />
‰ Lower mid central unrounded<br />
Lower mid central rounded<br />
å Raised low central unrounded<br />
Recommended usage<br />
a Low central unrounded<br />
a<br />
a
Central vowels<br />
Central vowels<br />
È High central unrounded - Amharic [mÈn] "what"<br />
Ë High central rounded -Norwegian butt [bËt] "blunt"<br />
Higher mid central unrounded - (can be used for 'high schwas')<br />
∏ Higher mid central rounded - not known<br />
´ Mid central unrounded - unstressed vowel <strong>of</strong> English s<strong>of</strong>a<br />
‰ Lower mid central unrounded - British English heard<br />
Lower mid central rounded - no known example<br />
å Raised low central unrounded - English hut<br />
Recommended usage<br />
a Low central unrounded - much American English hot
Back vowels<br />
u High back rounded<br />
¨ High back unrounded<br />
U Lowered high back rounded<br />
o Higher high back rounded<br />
Ø Higher mid back unrounded<br />
O Lower mid back rounded<br />
ø Lower mid back unrounded<br />
A Low back unrounded<br />
Å Low back rounded<br />
a<br />
a
Back vowels<br />
u High back rounded - French sou [su] "penny"<br />
¨ High back unrounded - Vietnamese [t¨] "fourth"<br />
U Lowered high back rounded - English push<br />
o Higher high back rounded - French eau [o] "water"<br />
Ø Higher mid back unrounded - Vietnamese [tØ] "fourth"<br />
O Lower mid back rounded - Vietnamese [tO] "large"<br />
ø Lower mid back unrounded - Vietnamese [tø] "fourth"<br />
A Low back unrounded - British English barred [bAd]<br />
Å Low back rounded - British English cot [cÅt]
Although <strong>the</strong> labels for vowel characteristics seem to refer<br />
to articulatory positions, it is mostly auditory impression<br />
which underlies <strong>the</strong> description.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce auditory impressions are based on acoustic<br />
characteristics, a description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> acoustic properties <strong>of</strong><br />
vowels is not only <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> itself but also expla<strong>in</strong>s<br />
much <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> judgments <strong>of</strong> degrees <strong>of</strong> similarity or<br />
difference between one vowel and ano<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
Practice produc<strong>in</strong>g slowly chang<strong>in</strong>g articulatory position<br />
from one ‘known’ vowel to ano<strong>the</strong>r, not<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediate sounds produced.
Vowel Nasalization<br />
• <strong>Vowels</strong> are most <strong>of</strong>ten oral but may be nasalized<br />
• Nasalization commonly occurs <strong>in</strong> vowels next to nasal<br />
consonants, but can be a contrastive property <strong>in</strong> vowel<br />
systems, e.g.. <strong>in</strong> French, H<strong>in</strong>di, Navajo (transcription is a<br />
tilde over <strong>the</strong> vowel symbol a), o), E), etc.)<br />
French nasalized vowels<br />
A) sA) sans ‘without’<br />
O) sO) son ‘his, hers’ (m sg.)<br />
E) sE) sa<strong>in</strong>t ‘sa<strong>in</strong>t’<br />
bÂE) brun ‘brown’
Voiceless vowels<br />
• <strong>Vowels</strong> are most <strong>of</strong>ten modally voiced, but also occur<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r laryngeal sett<strong>in</strong>gs (voiceless, breathy voiced,<br />
glottalized or creaky voice).<br />
• Voiceless vowels are <strong>of</strong>ten variants <strong>of</strong> voiced vowels <strong>in</strong><br />
particular positions, e.g. Japanese high vowels /i, ¨/ are<br />
usually voiceless [i9 ¨9] when between two voiceless<br />
consonants (especially sibilants)<br />
• /h/ <strong>in</strong> English can be transcribed as a voiceless vowel.<br />
i9 [i9it] heat<br />
u9 [u9ut] hoot<br />
A9 [A9At] hot