Cinchona officinalis L (Peruvian bark), Rubiaceae ... - AaronsWorld

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percolation, as explained under Tincturae, and make 20 fluid ounces of tincture. This tincture is generally known as Huxham’s tincture of bark. Prof. King preferred brandy as the menstruum. TINCTURA ANTIPERIODICA (N. F.), Antiperiodic tincture, Warburg’s tincture.—I. Without aloes. Rhubarb, thirty-six grammes (36 Gm.) [1 oz. av., 118 grs.]; angelica seed, thirty-six grammes (36 Gm.) [1 oz. av., 118 grs]; elecampane, eighteen grammes (18 Gm.) [278 grs.]; saffron, eighteen grammes (18 Gm.) [278 grs.]; fennel, eighteen grammes (18 Gm.) [278 grs.]; gentian, nine grammes (9 Gm.) [139 grs.]; zedoary root, nine grammes (9 Gm.) [139 grs.]; cubeb, nine grammes (9 Gm.) [139 grs.]; myrrh, nine grammes (9 Gm.) [139 grs.]; white agaric, nine grammes (9 Gm.) [139 grs.]; camphor, nine grammes (9 Gm.) [139 grs.]; quinine sulphate, one hundred grammes (100 Gm.) [3 ozs. av., 231 grs.]; diluted alcohol (U. S. P.), a sufficient quantity to make five thousand cubic centimeters (5000 Cc.) [169 fl, 33]. Reduce the fibrous vegetable drugs to a coarse (No. 20) powder, mix this with the myrrh and camphor, previously powdered, and digest the whole, during 12 hours, in a suitable, well-covered vessel, with forty-two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (4250 Cc.) [143 fl, 140] of diluted alcohol, on a water-bath, avoiding, as much as possible, any loss of alcohol by evaporation. Then strain off the liquid with pressure, dissolve the quinine sulphate in the strained liquid, with a gentle heat, if necessary, filter, and pass enough diluted alcohol, first through the strainer and then through the filter to make the product measure five thousand cubic centimeters (5000 Cc.) [169 fl, 33]. Each fluid ounce contains 10 grains of quinine sulphate. Note.—This preparation, made without aloes, is intended to serve as a stock tincture, from which the regular ’Warburg’s Tincture’ is to be made, when required. ’Warburg’s Tincture without Aloes’ is also often prescribed or asked for, and in this case the above preparation is to be dispensed. The original formula directed by Dr. Warburg, contained the old Confectio Damocratis as one of the ingredients. The latter is a very complex preparation, many of the constituents being unobtainable at the present day. It has, therefore, been omitted. II. With aloes.—Extract of aloes (U. S. P.), seventeen and one-half grammes (17.5 Gm.) [270 grs.]; antiperiodic tincture, without aloes, one thousand cubic centimeters (1000 Cc.) [33 fl, 391]. Dissolve the extract in the tincture. Note.—When ’Warburg’s Tincture, without any further specification, is ordered, this preparation (containing aloes) is to be dispensed”—(Nat. Form.). 5 Other Viewpoints 5.1 Discussions in Historical Texts A Modern Herbal by M. Grieve Peruvian bark was introduced to Europe in 1640, but the plant producing it was not known to botanists till 1737; a few years later it was renamed Cinchona after the Countess of Chinchon, who first made the bark known in Europe for its medicinal qualities. The history of Cinchona and its many vicissitudes affords a striking illustration of the importance of Government aid in establishing such an industry. It was known and used by the Jesuits very early in its history, but was first advertized for sale in England by James Thompson in 1658, and was made official in the London Pharmacopoeia of 1677. 10
A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy. by Lucius E. Sayre, B.S. Ph. M., 1917. 532. Cinchona.Cinchona Peruvian Bark The dried bark of Cincho’na Ledgeriana Moens (more), Cincho’na calisa’ya Weddell (more), Cinchona officinalis Linn (more), and of hybrids of these with other species of Cinchona, yielding, when assayed, not less than 6 per cent. of cinchona alkaloids. SOURCE VARIETIES, HISTORY, ETC.The genus Cinchona is composed of over three dozen species, but few furnish the commercial barks. It is well known that the original source of the drug is South America (10 N. lat. to 19 S. lat., from about 3000 to 12,000 feet above sealevel), the area of the growth of the various species being confined exclusively to the Andes, chiefly on the eastern face of the Cordillerasoccasionally on the western face, which is covered by forests. The best known varieties from South America were the dark brown Loxa bark and the pale yellow-gray Huanuco. The cinchonas seldom form an entire forest, but rather groups interspersed among treeferns, gigantic climbers, bamboos, etc., sometimes growing separately in exposed situations, but under peculiar climatic conditions, such as a great humidity of atmosphere and a mean temperature of about 62. Shade seems to favor the development of alkaloids. Dymock calls attention to the fact that ”the north or shaded side of a tree has a richer bark than that on the south side,” a fact which explains the success of the ”mossing system.” (There are four methods of collecting or harvesting the bark: (1) By taking it in longitudinal strips from the standing tree and leaving the bark to renew over the exposed wood; (2) by scraping and shaving off the bark; (3) by coppicing; and (4) by uprooting. The first is most in use . . . The trees are barked preferably in the rainy season, when the bark ”lifts” or is more easily removed from the wood. The coolie inserts the point of a knife in the tree as far as he can reach and draws it down, making an incision in the bark straight to the ground; he then makes another cut parallel to the first, about an inch and a half distant and, loosening the bark with the back of the knife, the strip or ribbon is taken off. If the operation is performed carefully and the cambium cells are not broken, a new layer of bark will be formed in place of that which is taken away. The tree is then covered with moss, grass, or leaves, bound on by strings of fiber. All this is done to foster the growth of the new bark (renewed bark) from the cambium and to thicken the untouched layers of natural bark, which is now termed mossed bark.Pharmacographia Indica.) Cultivated trees in recent years have been the chief source of the commercial barks. To some extent the cultivation has been carried on in South America, but great success has attended the persevering efforts of the Dutch Government and the Government of British India. Extensive plantations of cinchona are now flourishing, to the extent of several million trees of the more important species, on the Neilgherry Hills and in the valleys of the Himalaya in British Sikkin. The tree is also cultivated in Ceylon, Java, Jamaica (Blue Mountains), and other countries. VARIETIES.There are about twenty varieties of cinchona barks, and it is a very difficult matter to distinguish them, since they have been and are now changed so much by grafting and crossing. The varieties generally used and best known are: C. succirubra Pavon, C. calisaya Weddell, C. ledgeriana Moens, C. lancifolia Mutis (more), and C. officinalis Hooker. The success of the Dutch planters of Java has been so pronounced that the greater portion of cinchona bark comes from this place, leading varieties being ledgeriana and succirubra bark. In Java 11
Page 1 and 2: Cinchona officinalis L (Peruvian ba
Page 3 and 4: ¯ Antimicrobial ¯ Bitter digestiv
Page 5 and 6: Acute malaria, adult: 0.5-1 ml (pos
Page 7 and 8: 2.13 Drug Interactions Quinine and
Page 9: arrhythmias, as QT prolongation was
Page 13 and 14: and when treated with chlorine wate
Page 15: 7 Contributors Primary author: Eric

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