Cinchona officinalis L (Peruvian bark), Rubiaceae ... - AaronsWorld

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Figure 1: One of the original samples of C. succirubra bark sent back to England in 1861 by Richard Spruce for the Royal Kew Botanical Gardens, one of the first Europeans to successfully steal cinchona from its native habitat. His samples were ultimately the source of British plantations in India. Peruvian bark in usual doses is without adverse effects. Excessive doses cause cinchonism. 2 Basic Clinical Information 2.1 Part Used Dried bark 2.2 Taste Extremely bitter 2.3 Principal Actions ¯ Antiparasitic 2
¯ Antimicrobial ¯ Bitter digestive stimulant 2.4 Major Organ System Affinities Gastrointestinal tract 2.5 Major Indications ¯ Dyspepsia ¯ Malaria, treatment of, all types ¯ Gastrointestinal parasitic infections Cinchona, its total alkaloids, and quinine are all useful for rapid destruction of the blood form (schizont) of malaria, which leads to rapid reduction in fever. Quinine was historically used to prevent malaria, but it is not the most effective agent for this. Quinine or cinchona alone are not sufficient to completely eradicate malaria from someone’s body. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated that a combination of three or four cinchona alkaloids is either equally or more effective than quinine by itself for malaria (Borris and Schaeffer 1992; Bunnag, et al. 1989). Quinine and other alkaloids in cinchona are effective against the asexual blood form (schizonts) of all four human malaria parasites (P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale,andP. vivax), and thus can be used to treat infection with any of these. Presently it is reserved for treatment of patients with drug-resistant falciparum, cerebral malaria. It is also effective against the gametocyte forms of P. malariae and P. vivax. It is unclear if cinchona or quinine are effective at preventing malaria–they are historically reported to have some efficacy in this regard but they do not appear to kill sporozoites (malaria forms injected by mosquitoes) in vitro. Cinchona and its alkaloids have shown other antibacterial effects, notably in a recent trial by inhibiting Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri from invading human colonic epithelial cells (Wolf, et al. 2005). A similar anti-invasion property was observed with pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter agglomerans (Wolf, et al. 2006). Quinine sulfate has anti-HSV-1 cell invasion and multiplications effects in vitro (Wolf, et al. 2003). 2.6 Major Constituents Quinoline alkaloids 2.7 Energetics 2.8 Preparations and Dose Tincture: 1:3-1:5, 45% ethanol, assuming alkaline menstruum (30% ethanol and 10% vinegar can be used alternately) Tincture Doses 3
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Page 11 and 12: A Manual of Organic Materia Medica
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Page 15: 7 Contributors Primary author: Eric

Cinchona officinalis L (Peruvian bark), Rubiaceae ... - AaronsWorld

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