Apple Production Manual, Roots of Peace, Nov. 2008

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3.1.4 Tube In case of conical fruit, the outlines from the base of the sepals turn in on a curved line inwards - towards the core, forming a cone. These curves are generally made inward, but occasionally they are seen outwards. When funnel-shaped, the outlines are seen in a hollow cavity like the stem of a funnel. 3.1.5 Carpals Source: M. Cranshaw (2005) 3.1.6 Eye This is the core of the apple fruit. Usually the fruit contains five carpals, each one of them with 1 to 3 seeds. Its shape can be round, ovate, obovate or elliptical. The sepals are commonly called the eye of the apple. When the fruit develops, the segments from the original calyx stay and gradually assume various directions. When the fruit matures, the segments take four distinct forms. When the segments are reflexed or recurved, it is known as the divergent form. When the segments are erected and pointed, the form is erect convergent. Flat convergent is formed when the segments are closing over the eye without overlapping each other. When the segments are overlapping each other, this forms a compact cone, making the eye connivent. There are other characteristics like the size of the apple, its surface or the appearance of dots. The stem can also brown or green colored and its form can be straight, curved, fleshy or knobbed. Cavity is the depression in which the stem is inserted, and may be wide, deep, shallow, regular, irregular, wavy, uneven, or folded. In a few varieties, the cavity is nearly or quite filled up, and is then termed flat. 4 Apple Classification Systems The first classification system was created by Johann Jonson in Wurtemberg, Germany (1668). Manger (Potsdam, Germany) in 1780 divided apples in eight classes (round, elliptical, ovate, cylindrical, flat, hyperbolic, parabolic and irregular), which were condensed into three main classes. 4.1 Dr. Diel’s first natural classification system (Germany, 1792) Class: Ribbed apples Order: True calvilles Order: Schlotter apples Order: Gulderlinge Class: Rose apples Page 6 of 44
Order: Fruit pointed or longish Order: Fruit globular or flat Class: Rambours Order: Core with wide cells Order: Core with narrow cells Class: Reinettes Order: One- colored reinettes Order: Red reinettes Order: Gray reinettes Order: Gold reinettes Class: Stripelings Order: Flat stripelings Order: Pointed or tapering stripelings Order: Oblong or cylindrical stripelings Order: Globular stripelings Class: Pointlings or Tapering apples Order: Oblong, cylindrical or conical pointlings Order: Sharp pointlings Class: Flat apples Order: Purely flat apples Globular flat apples The Diel’s classification is the base of all used natural classification systems. 4.2 Diel-Dochnahl classification system (Germany, 1855) Section: Pleuroidea (angular or ribbed apples) Class: Mala cydonaria (quince shaped) Order: Calvilles Order: Pseudo calvilles Class: Mala pyraria (pear shaped) Order: Tremaria (seeds loose) Rambures Section: Sphaeroidae (Spherical) Class: Mala mespilaria (medlar shaped) Order: Apiana or rose apples Reinetta (reinettes) Class: Mala malaria (perfect or pure apple shaped) Order: Striola (striped) Order: Contubernalia (storing apples) 4.3 Diel-Lucas classification system Class: Calvilles (strawberry or raspberry apples) Class: Schlotter apples Class: Gulderlings Class: Rose apples Class: Pigeons Class: Pound apples Page 7 of 44
Page 1 and 2: APPLE PRODUCTION PERENNIAL CROP SUP
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ..
Page 5: 3 Morphology Source: F. Sandor (200
Page 9 and 10: Subsection: Pale or blushed, self c
Page 11 and 12: Commonly used planting distances of
Page 13 and 14: The applied phosphorus fertilizer s
Page 15 and 16: Low fruit load Mode of action Corre
Page 17 and 18: There are a number of pests which p
Page 19 and 20: 11.1 Root stock There are many prun
Page 21 and 22: stool beds of O.3 produce few salea
Page 23 and 24: considerable experience. Therefore
Page 25 and 26: 11.3 The growing habits of apple tr
Page 27 and 28: vertically from those of the first
Page 29 and 30: The pruning technique of the young
Page 31 and 32: Source: F. Sandor (2008) Thinning
Page 33 and 34: 13 Apple Varieties Table 6: Apples
Page 35 and 36: Source: Apple pollination chart fro
Page 37 and 38: Species Variety Synonyms Origin Roo
Page 39 and 40: Species Variety Synonyms Origin Roo
Page 41 and 42: 14 References F. Gyuro: Fruit produ
Page 43 and 44: NOTES Page 43 of 44

Apple Production Manual, Roots of Peace, Nov. 2008

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