The First Civilizations - Baby's First Year

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Name Date Class READING ESSENTIALS AND STUDY GUIDE 1-1 Early Humans For use with pages 8–15 Key Terms historian: a person who studies and writes about the human past (page 9) archaeologist: a scientist who digs up clues about the past (page 9) artifact: a weapon, tool, or other item made by humans (page 9) fossil: traces of plants or animals that have been preserved in rock (page 9) anthropologist: a scientist who studies how humans and their societies develop (page 9) nomad: a person who regularly moves from place to place (page 10) technology: tools and methods that help humans perform tasks (page 11) domesticate: to tame plants or animals for human use (page 13) specialization: a practice in which different people focus on different jobs (page 15) Drawing From Experience You know that certain jobs—computer technician, athlete, salesperson—often require traveling from place to place. But can you imagine an entire community that moved several times a year? In this section, you will learn why bands of people once roamed the land—and what enabled them to finally settle down. Organizing Your Thoughts Use the following cause-and-effect chart to track how early humans adapted to their environment. Use details from the text to help you fill in each blank. Cause Effect 1. Because people hunted and gathered . . . ...Paleolithic 2. Fire was a life-changing ...fire provided development because . . . 3. After people learned how to ...they were able to grow food . . . 4. Because not everyone was ...some people specialized needed for farming . . . 1
Name Date Class READING ESSENTIALS AND STUDY GUIDE 1-1 (continued) Early Humans (page 9) Paleolithic people adapted to their environment and invented many tools to help them survive. History is the story of our human past. Historians study and write about what people did long ago. Historians tell us that history began when people first began to write—about 5,500 years ago. The time before this is called prehistory. This is when the human story really begins. Tools of Discovery We study the earliest people and the things they left behind. Scientists called archaeologists hunt for clues to the past by digging underground. They choose sites where humans might once have settled. Archaeologists discover artifacts, such as tools, weapons, bowls, and other things humans made. They also hunt for traces of plants or animals in rock called fossils. Another type of historian is an anthropologist. These people study how different kinds of societies developed. They look for clues to how people related to one another. Historians call the early period of human history the Stone Age. It is named for the fact that people during this time used stone to make tools and weapons. The earliest part of the Stone Age is the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. This time began about 2.5 million years ago and lasted until around 8000 B.C. Who Were the Hunter-Gatherers We know that early humans spent most of their time searching for food. They hunted animals, caught fish, ate insects, and gathered nuts, berries, fruits, grains, and plants. Because they lived off what the land provided, Paleolithic people were always on the move. They were nomads, or people who move regularly. They looked for good, rich land. They moved in bands of about 30. The group kept members safer. At each new place, people camped near a stream or other water source. Women stayed close to the campsite. 2 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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