The First Civilizations - Baby's First Year

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Name Date Class READING ESSENTIALS AND STUDY GUIDE 1-3 The First Empires For use with pages 26–30 Key Terms province: political districts (page 28) caravan: group of traveling merchants (page 30) astronomer: person who studies heavenly bodies (page 30) Drawing From Experience Suppose you were elected class president? How would you use your power? In the last section, you learned how early civilizations handled the need to organize their growing populations. In this section, you will learn how two empires—the Assyrians and the Chaldeans—used power to focus on different aspects of their rule. Organizing Your Thoughts Use the following chart to note characteristics of the Assyrian and Chaldean Empires. Use details from the text to help you. Assyrians Chaldeans military 1. 4. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. government 2. 5. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. other contributions 3. 6. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 13
Name Date Class READING ESSENTIALS AND STUDY GUIDE 1-3 (continued) The Assyrians (page 27) Assyria’s military power and well-organized government helped it build a vast empire in Mesopotamia by 650 B.C. About 1,000 years after Hammurabi, a new empire arose—the Assyrians. They lived near the Tigris River in fertile valleys. Outsiders liked the area, so the Assyrians built an army to defend their land. Around 900 B.C., they began taking over the rest of Mesopotamia. Why Were the Assyrians So Strong? The Assyrian army was well organized. Its core group was made up of foot soldiers armed with spears and daggers. Other soldiers used their bow-and-arrow skills. Chariot riders and horsemen completed the Assyrian army. The army was the first to use iron weapons. Iron had been used for tools but was too soft for weapons. Then a people called the Hittites made iron stronger. They heated iron ore, hammered it, and then cooled it rapidly. The Assyrians learned this technique and made iron weapons. The Assyrians were ferocious warriors. To attack cities, they tunneled under walls or climbed over them on ladders. They used tree trunks as battering rams to knock down city gates. Once they captured a city, the Assyrians carried away its people and goods and set the city afire. The Assyrians punished anyone who resisted their rule. They drove people from their lands, brought in new settlers, and forced them to pay taxes. A Well-Organized Government Assyrians needed strength to rule their large empire. By about 650 B.C., the Assyrian empire stretched east from the Persian Gulf to the Nile River in the west. Nineveh, on the Tigris River, was the capital. Assyrian kings divided the empire into provinces, or political districts. They chose officials to govern each province. These officials collected taxes and enforced laws. 14 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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