The First Civilizations - Baby's First Year

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Name Date Class READING ESSENTIALS AND STUDY GUIDE 1-2 Mesopotamian Civilization For use with pages 16–23 Key Terms civilization: complex societies (page 17) irrigation: man-made way of watering crops (page 18) city-state: city and its surrounding lands (page 19) artisan: skilled worker (page 20) cuneiform: ancient Sumerian form of writing (page 20) scribe: record keeper (page 20) empire: group of lands under one ruler (page 23) Drawing From Experience Doing a school project with a partner can be pretty simple. But what happens when you add a third, fourth— or tenth person to the group? Without structure and organization, things could get complicated. In the last section, you learned why bands of people once roamed the land—and what enabled them to finally settle down. In this section, you will learn how early civilizations handled the need to organize their growing populations. Organizing Your Thoughts Use the following sequence chart to track the development of Mesopotamian civilization. Use details from the text to help you fill in the boxes. Mesopotamia where: 1. climate: 2. farmers: 3. Sumer government: 4. gods: 5. rulers: 6. classes: 7. 7
Name Date Class READING ESSENTIALS AND STUDY GUIDE 1-2 (continued) Mesopotamia’s Civilization (page 17) Civilization in Mesopotamia began in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Over thousands of years, some of the early farming villages developed into civilizations. Civilizations are complex societies. They have cities with different social groups and organized governments. Civilizations have art, religion, and a writing system. Why Were River Valleys Important? The first civilizations arose in river valleys. Near rivers, farming conditions were good. Rivers helped people travel and made trade easier. As cities grew, they needed organization. People formed governments. Leaders took charge of food supplies, planned building projects, made laws, and formed armies. People did not worry so much about meeting basic needs. They developed religion and the arts. They invented ways of writing and created calendars. The Rise of Sumer The earliest-known civilization arose in the Middle East on a flat plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It was called Mesopotamia, which is Greek for “the land between the rivers.” Mesopotamia’s climate was hot and dry. The rivers often flooded and left behind rich soil. However, flooding was unpredictable. It might flood one year, but not the next. Over time, farmers built dams and channels to control floods. They also built walls, waterways, and ditches to bring water to their fields. This way of watering crops is called irrigation. By 3000 B.C., many cities had formed in southern Mesopotamia in a region called Sumer. 8 Cradle of Civilization writing: 8. writers: 9. science: 10. math: 11. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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The First Civilizations - Baby's First Year

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