From Starafjall to Starling Hill - Scottish Place-Name Society

4.4.3 Lexical features ……………………………………. 73
4.5. Conclusion ……………………………………........ 73
5. Place name elements …………………………………… 75
5.1 Names and the lexicon …………………………….. 75
5.2 Celtic loans in ON names ………………………….. 75
5.3 Old Scandinavian and Old Norse ………………….. 76
5.4 Old Norse and Scots ……………………………….. 77
5.5 Common place-name elements …………………… 79
5.6 From onomasticon to lexicon? …………………….. 91
6. The name material ……………………………………... 93
6.1 Habitation names …………………………………... 93
6.2 Non-habitation names …………………………....... 159
7. Name formation ............................................................... 265
7.1 Formation language ................................................... 265
7.1.1 Norse formations ....................................................... 267
7.1.2 Scots formations ........................................................ 269
7.1.3 Uncertain formation language ……………………... 272
7.2 Analogy in place name-formation …………………. 274
7.2.1 Name transfer …………………………………........ 275
7.2.2 Transfer of name elements? ……………………….. 280
7.2.3 Contents analogy …………………………………... 281
7.2.4 Fashion names ……………………………………... 282
7.2.5 Preferred generics …………………………………. 282
7.3. Stereotypy in colonial place-names? …………........ 285
7.3.1. Personal names as specifics ……………………….. 285
7.3.2. Nicolaisen’s study from Sanday and N. Ronaldsay... 287
7.3.3 Evidence of the West Mainland material …………. 287
8. Structural features observed in the place-name mat.… 291
8.1. Phonology ………………………………………….. 291
8.1.1. Vowels ……………………………………………... 292
8.1.2. Consonants ………………………………………… 298
8.1.3 Conclusions ………………………………………... 310
8.2. Morphology ………………………………………... 314
8.2.1 Word-final vowels -o, -y and -a……………………. 316
8.2.2 Word-final consonants …………………………...... 321
8.2.3 Weakening and loss of case morphology in specifics 325
8.2.4 Recent changes of morphological form …………… 327
-4 -