system build cuboid with wood 03 balloon frame construction ...

LECTURE HANDOUT 1.3
SYSTEM
BUILD CUBOID WITH WOOD 03
BALLOON FRAME CONSTRUCTION
PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION
PANEL CONSTRUCTION

03
SYSTEM
Build Cuboid With Wood 03
Difference : Material size, Material hierarchy, Joint
Balloon framing, the immediate ancestor of the wood-framing
methods used throughout North America today, was developed in
the mid-19th century through the integration of two industrialized
technologies:
1. the milling of standardized dimensions of lumber
2. the mechanical production of nails.
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What are the difference between this photo and next photo?
BALLOON FRAME SYSTEM

Inner View and Modern Function of Garage
Units of 2X8 Stud Grade
GEOMETRY
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MATERIAL
SECTION DIMENSION
In the Americas, two-bys (24s, 26s, 28s, 2x10s, and 212s) are
common lumber sizes used in modern construction.
LENGTH
In the United States the standard lengths of lumber are 6, 8, 10, 12,
14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 feet (24 feet equals to 7.3 m).
They are the basic building block for such common structures as
balloon-frame or platform-frame housing.
Dimensional lumber made from softwood is typically used for
construction.
Traditionally In North America, 24
or 26 studs are typically placed 16
inches (400 mm) from each other's
centre, but sometimes also at 12
inches (300 mm) or 24 inches (600
mm).
Column
Beam
Header
Section and Plan View
Black arrow showing the possible Cantilevers in joist directions.

1. Posts > storey height
2. Normally with nail connections
3. Bracing by means of planks.
4. Floor joists connected to sides
Pin joint
3
CONNECTION

CHARACTER
True wood joint
BALLOON FRAME CONSTRUCTION
TIMBER STUD CONSTRUCTION
This timber stud construction is nailed
together on site and usually extends over two
or more stories.
The system is also characterized by a great
degree of design freedom regarding plan
layout, volume and positioning of
openings.
In Europe, timber stud construction is the
equivalent of the American balloon frame.
there is less standardization and
connections are not limited to nailing as in the
balloon frame --- tenons and halving joints
are also used.
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BALLOON FRAME CONSTRUCTION
TIMBER STUD CONSTRUCTION
The balloon frame system widespread in
America consists of closely spaced squared
sections of standard size lumbers.
(based on 24 or 26 dimensional In North
America or a 28 inch in Europe)
When, as a result of a structural analysis,
larger cross-sections are called for, these are
made by simply nailing several smaller
squared sections together.
The simplicity of the system, in which
additional members are often simply nailed to
the main framework as required, enables
rapid erection with unskilled labor, despite
minimum prefabrication.
Bird Cage - Type 1

Bird Cage - Type 2 Bird Cage - Type 3
PLATFORM FRAME SYSTEM CHARACTER
PLATFORM FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
Once popular when long lumber was
plentiful, balloon framing has been largely
replaced by platform framing.
Platform frame construction is a further
development of timber stud construction.
It is distinguished by a high degree of
prefabrication.
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PLATFORM FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
The load-bearing elements consist of
storey-high pre-assembled frames of
squared sections braced by flat cladding
panels or diagonal boards.
Platform frame construction is based on a
small module, although the spacing can be
varied as required, e.g. depending on the
thermal insulation used (mats or loose fill).
The individual load-bearing ribs are
assembled in the workshops and
transported to the building site as selfcontained
elements. On site they are only
erected and clad if necessary.

PLATFORM FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
Platform frame construction is straightforward
and economic because it uses
identical timber sections wherever possible,
which thanks to their small size are easy and
cheap to produce.
The simple nailed and screwed
connections are another advantage of this
system.
The tectonic structure of platform frame
construction is based on the principle of
stacking stories one upon the other.
The advantage of this form of construction is
its versatility because it can respond to many
different design specifications.
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COMPONENT
In platform frame construction, the
elements are stacked storey by
storey.

CONNECTION
CONSTRUCTION EXAMPLE
ground floor joist and platform
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JOINT
http://home.olemiss.edu/~djr/pages/gallery/framing.html
ground floor platform
1 st floor wall panels prepared
V
ground floor joist

1 st floor wall panel and joist 1 st floor platform
2 nd floor wall panel 2 nd floor wall panel
Roof platform and roof
beams
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GEOMETRY

Cantilevers possible in joist directions.
Column
Sole plate
Header
Beam
COMPARISON
BALLOON FRAME and PLATFORM FRAME
PLATFORM FRAME BALLOON FRAME
FIRST FLOOR FRAMING
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1. Storey height Posts
2. Normally with nailed connections
3. Bracing by means of planks
4. Floors laid on top
ROOF FRAMING TREATMENT

PLATFORM FRAME BALLOON FRAME
1 plates
band joist
2 plates
Floor joists connected by band joist.
2 plates at the bottom of the band
joist
1 plate on the top
FLOOR TREATMENT
lodger
Floor joists sit on the top of
the lodger
On-situ assembly of prefabricated components in the platform framing
Bird House - Panel
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PANEL CONSTRUCTION
CHARACTER

This slab must exhibit high
strength and rigidity in order
to achieve a structural plate
action.
One answer to such
requirements is the solid
timber panel, which consists of
cross-banded plies of sawn
timber strips.
The ribbed solid timber
panel as an example of a
black box system.
Finished sandwich elements
are delivered to site with their
internal structure no longer
visible.
PANEL CONSTRUCTION
The latest development in panel construction
is leading to a reversal of the principle of the
platform frame construction.
The load-bearing element is now a slab, no
longer a linear member.
This slab must exhibit high strength and
rigidity in order to achieve a structural plate
action. One answer to such requirements is
the solid timber panel, which consists of
cross-banded plies of sawn timber strips.
The addition of transverse ribs made from the
same material increases the buckling
resistance of such panels. Insulation is placed
between the ribs.
MATERIAL
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TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
The planar, non-directional nature of this
load-bearing slab results in structural and
architectural characteristics hitherto unknown
in timber construction. The traditional grid
or spacing of load-bearing elements is no
longer necessary. Openings can be cut
almost at random.
Single components can play a
multifunctional role, which reduces the
number of layers and hence the additive
character of the layered assembly.
If the building is to be clad with a uniform
outer leaf, this can be attached directly to the
sheathing of the wall element.
The load-bearing solid timber panel, for
example, needs no further surface finish
internally, apart from a coat of paint.

Schuler solid timber panel
Single-ply panel
3- and 5-ply panels
Ribbed panel
Box panel
Steko Blocks
a wall system
A) Steko basic
module
B) Module Structure
and grain direction
C)Wall corner detail
Steko is a rapid construction system that uses large
hollow timber blocks that simply slot together.
No glue or other fixings are needed to complete a loadbearing
wall construction.
The system enabled two people to build an attractive
house in just three days, complete with internal and
external walls, two floors, attic and roof.
http://www.greenspec.co.uk/html/products/stekko.html
Lignotrend ELEMENTS
Bresta edge-fixed elements
Different section types
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SYSTEM EXAMPLES
LIGNOTREND
A. Open both sides
B. Closed on both sides
C. Closed on one side
Wellsteg Hollow Element
School For Forest Guard
Lyss BE, 1997
Itten+Brechbüehl, Berne

INSULATION AND CLADDING - Lignotrend Lignotrend - WALL
PITCHED ROOF - Lignotrend
WALL SLAB CONNECTION
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Holes drilling
Indoor cladding
Wall blocks
Insulation layer
Outdoor
cladding
Cavity for
service
ROOF DECK - Lignotrend

DESIGN AND GEOMETRY
3. Elements as self-contained “black box” assemblies
(stable wall plates)
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CUSTOM PREFABRICATION
1. Individual project
2. Breakdown into sensible parts
CUSTOM PREFABRICATION IN PLATFORM FRAME
CONSTRUCTION:
THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Step 01: Diving a specific project into sensible “building
units” made up of wall and floor elements
Cooperation between architect, manufacturer and possibly,
engineer

Step 02: Production of elements as self-contained “black box ”
assemblies in the factory
Arrangement of linear members based on structural requirements and
insulating material format (50 x 100mm or 60 x 120 mm)
Sizing of linear members depends on thickness of integral thermal
insulation (120 ~200 mm)
Joint design (butt joints with seals or overlapping as shown here)
Step 04: Attaching the external cladding (and internal lining)
The external cladding must guarantee a circulation of air for the
underlying timber construction.
The internal lining may be chosen to suit interior design
requirements and can also conceal electric cables. There are no
services (electrics, water, gas, waste water, etc.) in the platform
frame elements themselves because otherwise they would have to
penetrate the vapour barrier.
SUMMARY
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Step 03: Delivery of elements to building site and erection
Plan: vertical butt joints nailed (for compression only) or screwed
(also for tension).
Section: stacking the elements
In order to guarantee the continuity of the vapor barrier, vertical
and horizontal butt joints must be sealed accordingly.
SYSTEM
A group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex whole.
Amercian Heritage
System is a set of entities, real or abstract, where
each entity interacts with, or is related to, at least
one other entity.
There are natural and man-made (designed)
systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent
objective. Man-made systems normally have
purpose, objectives. They are “designed to work as a
coherent entity”.
Wikipedia

TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
LOG CONSTRUCTION TIMBER STUD CONSTRUCTION
BALOON FRAME CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
DIFFERENCES on the following items
Geometry
Material and Connection
Condition and Construction
ADVANTAGE VARIATIONS on the following aspects
Load-bearing structure
Enclosure for the space
Flexibility on use
From Log to Veneer
Cut with special tool
& a precision
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PLATFORM FRAME CONSTRUCTION
PANEL CONSTRUCTION
From a tree to timber
Cut with normal tool: saw/axe
From timber to product
Lamination of various
elements
… …