system build cuboid with wood 02 timber frame construction

LECTURE HANDOUT 1.2
SYSTEM
BUILD CUBOID WITH WOOD 02
TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION

Rigid joint
02
SYSTEM
Build Cuboid With Wood 02
Diagonal bracing
Triangular joint
Dense elements
Stabilization Types
TIMBER FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
Rigid Infill
Stressed skin
1
Parallelogram transformation
How to stabilize such a square Frame?
Element Part Whole
QUESTIONS FROM LAST
?

ENVELOPE
Expression From Skeleton and In-fill
Can this be called as Log Construction?
If not, what is the name of this system?
TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
This traditional method of building with timber,
seldom used today, is based on a relatively small
module with diagonal braces in the plane of the
walls.
The load-bearing and separating functions are
united in the same plane within the wall. Assembly
of the individual pieces takes place on site storey
by storey.
The spacing between the vertical members
depends on the load-bearing capacity of the
timber sections, which prior to industrialization,
were cut to size with simple means (saw, axes).
Vertical loads are transferred directly via the
contact faces between the various timber
members.
2
Interior
CHARACTER
TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Mortise and Tenon Joint Used for Connection
The individual connections are not highly
stressed and can be in the form of true wood
joints (e.g. tenons, lap joints).
As the cross-sections of the members are not
derived from a structural analysis, in older timberframe
buildings they tend to be too large and
hence uneconomic, or are an inevitable
consequence of the usually considerable
weakening of the cross-section at the joints.
The infill panels of historical timber-frame
buildings are usually of cob, wattle and daub or
clay bricks, with masonry and render in later
buildings. Material being used as a filling between
the exposed structural timbers.
This system is also called as HALF-TIMBERED
FRAMING.

MATERIAL
Infill Material Options
Cob
Cob, cobb or clom is a building material consisting of clay, sand,
straw, water, and earth, similar to adobe. Cob is fireproof, resistant
to seismic activity, and inexpensive.
Infill Material Options
Clay brick
Masonry and Render
3
This traditional method of building with
timber is based on a small module
with diagonal braces in the plane of
the walls. So raw materials with various
length and diameter can be used
properly.
Infill Material Options
Wattle and Daub,
Wattle and daub is a composite building material used for making
walls, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is
daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination
of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw.
Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6000 years, and is still
an important construction material in many parts of the world.
CONNECTION

true wood joints
Usually, Tenon does not fill mortise height.
And tenon width is slightly less than mortise width.
TERMINOLOGY AND CUT-AWAY VIEW JOINT
4
MORTICE AND TENON JOINT
A joint where a rectangular cavity
known as a MORTICE (b) is
formed in a piece of timber, stone,
or other material, to receive the
reduced end of similar size or
TENON (a) from another piece.
The joint is often secured with
wedges, dowels or steel plates.
Paring a trench outside
the line
Fix the tenon with a peg
Top view of
rail, shoulders
under cut
Making Process of Mortise and Tenon Joint
End Variation
Peg Variation
Position Variation
Sawing the
tenon
shoulder
Boring the tenon peg hole
closer to the tenon shoulder

Normally for beam and post connection
Shouldered Mortise and Tenon Joint Angled Mortise and Tenon Joint
Pegs indicating the positions of
tenon joints of an arm chair
making.
5
The mortise and tenon joint
In furniture
The mortise and tenon joint for
connecting circular members at right
angles requires the tenon member
to have curved shoulders that fit
onto the mortised member
The mortise and tenon joint in Post and Beam Connection

6
GEOMETRY
An System illustration
of a Typical Timber
Frame Construction Timber Frame Used for multi-story building.

Timber Frame Used for free plan
COMPONENT, JOINT
AND CONSTRUCTION
7
Timber Frame Used For Bridge Construction.

EXPRESSION
A Whole Volume:
Similar color between skeleton and infill materials.
9
6
3
2
Surface Pattern Emphasized:
Different color between skeleton and infill materials.
Difference - module with braces
1
4
5
1 Basic frame with true
wood joint;
2 Diagonal strut bracing at
corner position prevents
frame racking;
3 A rigid-jointed frame
outline the opening, with
the aid of Triangle wood
pieces.
4 Bottom strut linking the
columns to form the
completed frame.
5 Interwoven rods placed
(laths or twigs) as a
reinforcement.
6 Plastered with mud or
clay, In-fill panel formed.

Difference - module with braces Difference - module with braces
Difference - module with braces
curvature
number
change
Hybrid
Difference - module with braces
diagonal corner element infill skin
10
Scale Issue:
Which building looks taller/bigger, left or right?
TIMBER FRAMING IN MODERN TIME

The benefits of timber framing in modern time
(for after-class reading)
The use of timber framing in buildings may offer various aesthetic and
structural benefits, as the timber frame lends itself to open plan
designs and allows for complete enclosure in effective insulation for
energy efficiency.
One aid in speeding up assembly on site is pre-fitting the frame,
usually in bent or wall sections that are laid out on the shop floor. This
can assure a correct fit and with pre-drilling for the pegs it speeds the
site process.
Disadvantages (for after-class reading)
Because the structure is made from wood, it inherits any
disadvantages wood may exhibit as an engineering material. Some
possible disadvantages include:
The possibility of infestation by insects like termites, or by other pest
animals such as rats.
Various types of rot in both wet and dry conditions, the latter of which
is specifically called dry rot.
Modern Joint
11
The benefits of timber framing in modern time
(for after-class reading)
Quite literally in 2-3 days an average size timber frame home can be
erected and within a week to 2 weeks after that the shell of the house
is ready for "drying in", which is to say ready for windows,
mechanical, and roofing.
(The shell in modern time would be with SIP or Structural Insulated
Panels.)
The timber frame can give the home owner the ability to make a
creative statement through the use of design and specialty touches
like carvings of favorite quotes and incorporating timbers from
heirloom or ancient structures.
Disadvantages (for after-class reading)
Wood burns more readily than some other materials, making timber
frame buildings somewhat more susceptible to fire damage, although
this idea is not universally accepted.
(Since the cross-sectional dimensions of many structural members
exceed 15 cm 15 cm (6" 6"), timber frame structures benefit from
the unique properties of large timbers, which char on the outside
forming an insulated layer that protects the rest of the beam from
burning. )
Many older timber frame buildings, especially those built before the
1950’s, are more vulnerable to damage during an earthquake. Many
design improvements were made in the latter half of the 20 th century
that improve the earthquake resistance of this type of structure.
Modern Application With
Insulated In-fill Panels

QUESTION FOR NEXT
12
What are the differences between this image and image on the next page?
THE END