The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms ... - Clark University

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6 Manfred Binder et al. Perturbation level 5% 25% 15% 15% Weighting regime ∗ EP EP EP WP Runs × iterations 20 × 200 20 × 200 20 × 200 10 × 200 Best tree overall 29821 29820 29819 50092 No. times found 8 1 25 2 In n runs (run nos.) 1 (3 a ) 1(17 a ) 3(2 a ,3,13) 2(1,6 a ) Runtime in h 270 396 322 2259 Trees < 29838 found in 17 h, 6 min 29 min 1 h, 8 min n/a Best tree found in 38 h, 21 min 325 h, 45 min 28 h, 11 min 197 h, 39 min CI 0.149 0.149 0.149 0.146 RI 0.610 0.611 0.611 0.621 ∗ EP = equally weighted parsimony, WP = six-parameter weighted parsimony; a Illustrated in Fig. 2. Table 1 Performance of Parsimony Ratchet analyses of the full dataset with different levels of perturbation ambiguously aligned and were excluded from analyses (nuclsu: 83 positions; mt-lsu: 20 positions). The same alignment was used for the analyses of the core dataset (142 OTUs) and full dataset (656 OTUs). Analyses of the core dataset With only the 142 core species included, the nuc-rDNA partition had 534 variable positions and 831 parsimony-informative positions, and the mt-rDNA partition had 120 variable positions and 501 parsimony-informative positions. There were no positively conflicting clades in the independent bootstrap analyses of the nuclear and mitochondrial regions that were supported with bootstrap values greater than 90% in both partitions, so the data were combined without pruning taxa or sequences. The most strongly supported conflict involved Stephanospora caroticolor, which was supported as a member of the euagarics clade (nuc-rDNA, bootstrap = 72%) or athelioid clade (mt-rDNA, bootstrap = 87%). Parsimony analysis of the combined core dataset resulted in 97 equally most parsimonious trees (MPTs; 14 204 steps, CI = 0.234, RI = 0.498). The eight major clades of Homobasidiomycetes proposed by Hibbett & Thorn (2001), and the athelioid clade and the corticioid clade of K.-H. Larsson et al. (2004) were recovered as monophyletic groups in all MPTs, but the ‘backbone’ phylogeny was weakly supported (Fig. 1). The bolete clade, the russuloid clade, the cantharelloid clade, the gomphoid-phalloid clade and the thelephoroid clade received the highest bootstrap values (85–99%). The corticioid clade was moderately supported by 72%, while the hymenochaetoid clade (65%), the euagarics clade (59%), the athelioid clade (54%) and the polyporoid clade (54%) were weakly supported. The phlebioid clade and core polyporoid clade were supported at 91% and 95%, respectively. The placement of Gloeophyllum sepiarium (the only representative of the Gloeophyllum clade in this analysis) was unresolved. Jaapia argillacea was placed as the sister group to the bolete clade plus the athelioid clade and the euagarics clade (bootstrap = 62%). There were no representatives of the trechisporoid clade in the core dataset. Two-step heuristic analyses of the full dataset With all 656 OTUs included, the dataset had 2399 variable positions and 1732 parsimony-informative positions. The first step of the analysis produced 10 trees (29 864 steps, CI = 0.149, RI = 0.610), which were used as input trees for TBR branchswapping in the second step. Ten thousand shorter trees (29 838 steps, CI = 0.148, RI = 0.611) were found in the second step of the analysis, which was aborted after 307 hours. Several of the major clades that were resolved in the core dataset analysis collapsed in the strict consensus of all trees, including the euagarics clade, the hymenochaetoid clade, the cantharelloid clade and the polyporoid clade. Bootstrap support > 50% was received for the bolete clade (93%), the gomphoidphalloid clade (69%), the corticioid clade (81%), the Gloeophyllum clade (54%), the thelephoroid clade (97%) and the trechisporoid clade (69%). The trechisporoid clade was nested within the polyporoid clade in 86% of the trees. In the other 14% of the trees, however, it was placed as the sister group of the hymenochaetoid clade. The position of Jaapia argillacea was again resolved as the sister group to the bolete clade, the athelioid clade and the euagarics clade. Equally weighted PR analyses of the full dataset A series of PR analyses was performed with 5%, 15% and 25% of the characters perturbed (reweighted) (Table 1). PR analyses T2 were characterised in terms of the minimum length of the trees; the number of minimum length trees; the number of individual runs that recovered minimum length trees; overall runtime; and the time required to find trees equal in length to the trees from the two-step heuristic search. In all PR analyses, the best tree(s) were found at relatively low frequency. The analysis with 15% of the characters perturbed had the best results, finding 25 shortest trees (29 819 steps, CI = 0.149, RI = 0.611; i.e. 19 steps shorter than the shortest trees found with the two-step heuristic search) that were recovered in three different runs (Fig. 2, Tables 1–2). In contrast, the analysis with 5% of the characters perturbed found eight trees of 29 821 steps in one run, and the analysis with 25% of the characters perturbed found one tree of 29 820 steps in one run. An increase in the
58 85 50 changes 52 95 Phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms of mushroom-forming fungi 7 72 52 Polyporus melanopus Polyporus varius 79 * Polyporus tuberaster 92 Datronia mollis Polyporus squamosus * 99 Cryptoporus volvatus 56 Fomes fomentarius Daedaleopsis confragosa 55 Polyporus arcularius Ganoderma australe Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 100 82 Physalacria inflata Wolfiporia cocos Junghuhnia subundata 87 Lenzites betulina Dentocorticium sulphurellum Tyromyces chioneus Laetiporus sulphureus Sparassis spathulata core polyporoid clade Fomitopsis pinicola 87 99 Oligoporus lacteus Oligoporus leucomallelus Oligoporus balsameus 54 97 65 Oligoporus rennyi Amylocystis lapponica Auriporia aurea Dacryobolus sudans Antrodia carbonica 100 99 Abortiporus biennis Podoscypha petalodes Panus rudis Albatrellus syringae Steccherinum fimbriatum “residual” polyporoid clade Meripilus giganteus “Athelia epiphylla”? 99 Ceriporia viridans 100 59 Gloeoporus taxicola 100 Ceriporiopsis subvermispora Phlebia albomellea Ceriporia purpurea “Lindtneria trachyspora” Phlebiopsis gigantea 91 Bjerkandera adusta Phanerochaete chrysosporium 54 Phlebia radiata Pulcherricium caeruleum Candelabrochaete africana 82 92 100 100 Asterostroma andinum Scytinostroma aluta Peniophora nuda Scytinostroma renisporum Amylostereum laevigatum Echinodontium tinctorium * 100 Russula compacta Russula exalbicans Clavicorona pyxidata Auriscalpium vulgare Lentinellus omphalodes 68 * 96 89 100 66 Dentipellis separans Laxitextum bicolor Hericium coralloides Bondarzewia berkeleyi Bondarzewia montana Xenasma rimicola 90 100 Heterobasidion annosum Albatrellus skamanius Polyporoletus sublividus 72 55 100 98 Acanthophysium cerrusatum Stereum hirsutum Gloeocystidiellum leucoxanthum Dendrocorticium roseocarneum Laetisaria fuciformis Galzinia incrustans corticioid clade Gloeophyllum sepiarium Gloeophyllum clade 62 80 55 100 Cyphellopsis anomala Lachnella villosa Halocyphina villosa Nia vibrissa Favolaschia intermedia * 65 98 58 Schizophyllum commune 100 Physalacria bambusae Physalacria maipoensis Gloiocephala aquatica Chondrostereum purpureum Henningsomyces candidus 96 Typhula phacorrhiza Inocybe sp. Stropharia rugosoannulata 51 * 100 Laccaria amethystina Laccaria pumila Amanita muscaria Cortinarius iodes 59 60 100 63 89 Agaricus bisporus Lycoperdon sp. Entoloma strictius Pluteus sp. Limnoperdon incarnatum Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus tuberregium 51 90 Humidicutis marginata 62 62 99 54 53 91 96 100 Hygrophorus sordidus Athelia arachnoidea 100 “Hyphoderma praetermissum”? athelioid clade Stephanospora caroticolor Plicaturopsis crispa 100 99 Boletus satanas Phylloporus rhodoxanthus 94 Paragyrodon sphaerosporus 100 Calostoma cinnabarinum Scleroderma citrinum 97 Chroogomphus vinicolor 69 Gomphidius glutinosus 100 98 Suillus cavipes Suillus sinuspaulianus Rhizopogon subcaerulescens Serpula himantioides Tapinella atrotomentosa Tapinella panuoides 100 Coniophora arida 87 98 Coniophora puteana Jaapia argillacea Sarcodon imbricatus Thelephora sp. thelephoroid clade Bankera fuligineo-alba Jaapia 65 100 * 95 Phellinus gilvus 86 * Phellinus igniarius Coltricia perennis Repetobasidium mirificium hymenochaetoid clade Resinicium meridionalis Hyphodontia alutaria 100 Gautieria otthii Gomphus floccosus Ramaria stricta gomphoid-phalloid clade Sphaerobolus stellatus 67 100 85 Sistotrema eximum Botryobasidium isabellinum Botryobasidium subcoronatum Ceratobasidium sp. GEL5602 Hydnum repandum Cantharellus tubaeformis cantharelloid clade Auricularia auricula-judae Dacrymyces chrysospermus Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships of Homobasidiomycetes based on parsimony analysis of the combined core data set with 142 species. One of 97 equally parsimonious trees. Bootstrap values greater than 50% are indicated above branches. Nodes marked with asterisks collapse in the strict consensus tree. Names of resupinate taxa are written in bold type. Species names in quotation marks followed by question marks indicate mislabelled isolates. Antrodia clade phlebioid clade russuloid clade polyporoid clade bolete clade core euagarics clade euagarics clade
Page 1 and 2: Systematics and Biodiversity 3 (2):
Page 3 and 4: the results of diverse molecular ph
Page 5: keeping 10 trees per replicate) wer
Page 9 and 10: Run no. Topology Iteration no. 2a A
Page 11 and 12: Six-parameter weighting increased t
Page 13 and 14: To compare results of the present s
Page 15 and 16: B bootstrap 65-79% 80-89% 90-100% 5
Page 17 and 18: Phylogenetic distribution of resupi
Page 27 and 28: chiastic (first meiotic spindle is
Page 29 and 30: Polyporaceae sensu Donk (1964), and
Page 31 and 32: produces a brown rot, all of which
Page 33 and 34: et al., 2001). Several recent studi
Page 35 and 36: mosses (as well as wood), which sug
Page 37 and 38: supported Oberwinkler’s (1977) su
Page 39 and 40: and its many gasteroid derivatives.
Page 41 and 42: analyses of large datasets are comp
Page 43 and 44: Basidiomycotina) with special regar
Page 45: SELOSSE,M.A.,BAUER,R.&MOYERSOEN, B.

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