Conservation Resources Report - Land Information New Zealand

Crown Pastoral Land 

Tenure Review 

Lease name : CROWN ROCK 

Lease number : PO 124 

Conservation Resources Report 

As part of the process of Tenure Review, advice on significant inherent 

values within the pastoral lease is provided by Department of 

Conservation officials in the form of a Conservation Resources Report. 

This report is the result of outdoor survey and inspection. It is a key piece 

of information for the development of a preliminary consultation 

document. 

Note: Plans which form part of the Conservation Resources Report are 

published separately. 

These documents are all released under the Official information Act 

1982. 

August 10

RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT 

2009 ADDENDUM TO 

DOC CONSERVATION RESOURCES REPORT ON 

TENURE REVIEW OF CROWN ROCK 

PASTORAL LEASE 

PAL 14-04-124 

UNDER PART 2 OF THE CROWN PASTORAL LAND 

ACT 1998 

DOCDM-447342 Crown Rock CRR Addendum 2009.doc 1


TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PART 1 3 

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 3 

1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................................. 3 

PART 2 4 

INHERENT VALUES: DESCRIPTION OF CONSERVATION RESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT OF 

SIGNIFICANCE................................................................................................................................................... 4 

2.1 Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ).......................................................................................... 4 

2.1.1 Significance of LENZ..................................................................................................................... 5 

2.2 Vegetation ................................................................................................................................................ 6 

2.2.1 Significance of Vegetation............................................................................................................ 21 

2.2.2 Problem Plants.............................................................................................................................. 21 

2.3 Invertebrates........................................................................................................................................... 22 

2.4 Legal access ........................................................................................................................................... 25 

PART 3 26 

OTHER RELEVANT MATTERS & PLANS.................................................................................................. 26 

3.1 Consultation ........................................................................................................................................... 26 

3.2 District Plan............................................................................................................................................ 26 

3.3 New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy........................................................................................................ 26 

3.4 Protecting Our Places ............................................................................................................................. 27 

3.5 Ecological Sustainability and Carbon Storage ....................................................................................... 27 

PART 4 29 

ATTACHMENTS............................................................................................................................................... 29 

4.1 Additional Information........................................................................................................................... 29 

4.1.1 References..................................................................................................................................... 29 

4.2 Maps....................................................................................................................................................... 30 

4.3 Appendices............................................................................................................................................. 30 



PART 1 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Background 

Crown Rock was originally inspected in November 1998. Early tenure review surveys were 

generally not as comprehensive as those that are undertaken today and the use of additional tools 

(e.g. LENZ and structured SIVs Guidelines) are now available to assist with assessment of 

ecological patterns and values present. A re-inspection therefore presented the opportunity to 

both examine the original proposed designations and to consider any major deficiencies in the 

original proposal. 

The re-inspection of the pastoral lease (PL) was undertaken on 16-17 February 2009, for the 

purpose of determining if changes were required to the initial Conservation Resources Report 

(CRR), which was based on information derived from the original inspection carried out on 10- 

11 November 1998. 

The re-inspection team consisted of Tony Perrett (High Country Tenure Review Manager), Eric 

Edwards (Technical Support, Biodiversity Assets - invertebrates), Brian Rance (Technical 

Support, Biodiversity Assets - vegetation), Tim Whittaker (High Country Tenure Review 

Conservation Officer), Brian Murphy (Murihiku Area Office - Programme Manager 

Recreation/Historic). 

It is important to note that the original assessment and recommendations were done over ten 

years ago. However, all the original proposed designations have been reconfirmed as retaining 

significant natural heritage and the recommendations made in this report improve and 

compliment these. This addendum document is to be read in conjunction with and as an addition 

to the original CRR. 

The original DOC recommendations relating to the 1998 CRR recommended protection by way 

of return to full Crown ownership of the SIVs located in the upper parts of Top Falkans and 

Crown Rock blocks. Progress on negotiations failed to materialise in part due to the 

impracticality of erecting new boundary fencing, ie contour fencing at this high altitude with its 

attendant high risk of repeat snow damage. A different approach is required to progress 

negotiations and the new DOC recommendations have been designed to achieve this and also to 

take account of new government high country policy whilst meeting the tenure review objectives 

for tenure review as contained in the Crown Pastoral Land Act. 

Additional areas have also been identified as containing significant inherent values, based on the 

application of the current version of the SIVs Guidelines. In particular the significance of 

riparian beech forest remnants in McPhersons block was noted by DOC. 



PART 2 

INHERENT VALUES: DESCRIPTION OF CONSERVATION 

RESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 

The following description and assessment of inherent values is to be read in conjunction with the 

original CRR. 

2.1 Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ) 

There are two databases that have been used to assess biodiversity protection (Walker et al 2003). 

1. Environmental distinctiveness has been assessed through the Land Environments of New 

Zealand (LENZ). This is a classification of New Zealand landscapes using a 

comprehensive set of climate, landform and soil variables chosen for their roles in driving 

geographic variation in biological patterns (Leathwick et al 2002 & 2003). It is presented 

at four levels of detail containing 20, 100, 200 or 500 environments nationally. The most 

detailed is called LENZ Level IV. 

2. The area of unprotected indigenous cover in threatened land environments has been 

identified in the national land cover database (LCDB). 

From the above databases, spatial data depicting indigenous cover and legal protection were 

overlaid on LENZ Level IV environments to identify biodiversity that is most vulnerable (most 

likely to be lost). This provides a measure for: 

a. percentages legally protected and; 

b. percentages of remaining indigenous cover 

Based on these two criteria, five categories of threatened environments have been used to identify 

environments containing indigenous biodiversity at most risk of loss. They are classified as 

follows: 

1. Acutely threatened: 30% indigenous cover remaining and 30% indigenous cover remaining and 10-20% protected 

6. No Threat: >30% indigenous cover remaining and >20% protected 



Table 1: Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ) Units on Crown Rock PL 

Threat 

Category 

Level 4 

LENZ 

Unit 

% 

Indigenous 

vegetation 

cover 

remaining 

nationally 

%Protected 

nationally for 

conservation 

purposes 

Indigenous 

Vegetation 

Cover 

Change 

Nationally 

1997-2002 

Approximate Area 

on Lease (ha) 

At Risk Q4.3a 23 8 Decrease 1036.26 

Critically 

Underprotect 

ed 

Q2.1a 38 9 Decrease 93.66 

Underprotected Q1.1c 91 18 No change 214.47 

Q3.3c 90 17 Decrease 801.17 

Q4.1c 52 20 Decrease 0.54 

No Threat Q1.1a 98 25 No change 126.76 

Category Q1.1d 85 35 No change 1200.35 

Q1.2a 99 37 No change 160.36 

Q3.1a 67 36 No change 21.32 

Q3.3a 97 26 No change 21.05 

2.1.1 Significance of LENZ 

Attributing significance to LENZ units, while a useful exercise must be treated with caution. 

Work is currently underway to improve the accuracy of underlying spatial data. For example, 

soils data is being upgraded, as median patch size for polygons sourced from the Land Resource 

Inventory is currently between 10,000 and 100,000 hectares, while at Level IV resolution, LENZ 

units cover areas as small as 10 hectares. Also underway, albeit as lesser priority, is ongoing 

work relating to continuous improvements of the underlying classification process which 

generates LENZ units. 

Crown Rock PL has the following land environments that are significant because the indigenous 

vegetation has largely been removed, and/or little of the environment is represented in lands 

protected primarily for conservation purposes. 

• 28 % of the property has Level IV LENZ Units that have 20-30% of its land area still in 

indigenous cover. This includes one ‘At Risk’ Unit Q4.3a. 

• 3 % of the property has Level IV LENZ Units that have 30% of their land area still in 

indigenous cover and 30% of its land area still in 

indigenous cover and >20% protected. These include five ‘No Threat’ Units Q1.1a, 

Q1.1d, Q1.2a, Q3.1a and Q3.3a. 



Where indigenous cover remains within these threatened LENZ units, it attains significance for 

tenure review. 

LENZ Map and LENZ Units for Crown Rock PL are attached as Appendix 2 . Please note the 

areas on the LENZ map are approximate only. 

2.2 Vegetation 

The field work undertaken during the recent inspection concentrated on the areas of indigenous 

vegetation which occur primarily at mid and high altitudes. During the field inspections a sound 

overview of the vegetation on the property was obtained. This overview was adequate to 

describe the vegetation communities present, the vegetation patterns, the flora and inherent 

values of the property. 

Ecological Setting 

Crown Rock PL lies on the eastern side of the central portion of the Umbrella Mountains. This 

area lies centrally within the Umbrella Ecological District (ED). The Umbrella ED is 

characterized by having a block-faulted landscape with extensive upland plateaux. Its climate is 

of cool temperate, with an annual rainfall from 500-1500, with snow lie for several weeks in the 

higher areas (McEwan, 1987). 

The original vegetation of the Umbrella ED has been postulated in the Southland Protection 

Strategy (Harding, 1999), see table 2. The original vegetation below treeline (c. 1000m) would 

have been dominated by beech forest. Above treeline it would have been dominated by a 

mixture of sub-alpine shrubland, shrub-tussockland and snow tussockland, with some red 

tussockland, flushes and other wetlands, snowbanks, fellfields, rock faces, rock tors and 

associated rubblefields. Seven of the eight major ecosystems originally occurring on Crown 

Rock PL are still present on the property. 



Table 2: Ecosystem analysis Umbrella Ecological District 

Ecosystem type Original 

extent 

(% of 

ED) 

Proportion 

of original 

extent 

remaining 

(%) 

Proportion 

of original 

extent 

protected 

(%) 

Montane toutouwai-mixed beech 

forest 

40 30 19 65 

Montane titipounamu-silver beech 35 

forest 

5 5 40 

Montane 

colluvium 

mixed shrubland on 2 5


Unit 1: Stronach Hill to Crown Rock 

This Unit includes the northern faces of the Umbrella Range. The block extends from Archies 

Spur in the south north to the boundary with Whitcoomb PL. The unit includes the upper part of 

Gorge Creek. A notable feature of this unit is the abundant slump topography. 

This unit is further broken down into three sub-units for the purposes of vegetation description. 

These sub-units are the summit ridge, the Umbrella faces and Archies Spur. 

Sub-unit: Summit Ridge 

This sub-unit represents the highest portion of the property, extending from 1150-1334m. The 

vegetation includes fellfields, herbfields, rock outcrops, rocky areas and snow tussockland 

communities. The vegetation present at a particular site is largely dependent upon the altitude, 

aspect and exposure. 

Fellfields: 

This community generally occurs on the most exposed sites. The vegetation cover and 

composition varies and is largely dependent upon the exposure of the site. The ground cover 

contains an abundance of rock and gravel. The vegetation of this community is composed of 

much blue tussock (Poa colensoi), the herbs Anisotome flexuosa, Celmisia densiflora and C. 

brevifolia, the prostrate shrubs Kelleria villosa, Gaultheria nubicola and Leucopogon fraseri, the 

dwarf woodrush Luzula pumila, the moss Rachomitrium lanuginosum, other bryophytes and 

lichens. Other plant species recorded include the speargrass - Aciphylla lecomtei, edelweiss 

(Leucogenes grandiceps), the willow herb - Epilobium tasmanicum, and the button daisy – 

Leptinella pectinata var. willcoxii, the prostrate shrubs snowberry (Gaultheria depressa var. 

novae-zelandiae) and Chionohebe densiflora, the clubmoss – Lycopodium fastigiatum and other 

species. 

Rock outcrops: 

These are a prominent feature of the summit ridge. They vary considerably in size and plant 

habitat. Characteristic species found include the herbs Anisotome flexuosa, Aciphylla lecomtei, 

edelweiss, Celmisia laricifolia, Pachycladon novae-zelandiae and Ourisia caespitosa, the shrubs 

Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium, Gaultheria crassa, Leucopogon fraseri and Coprosma 

fowerakeri, the grasses Koeleria novo-zelandiae, blue tussock and Rytidosperma setifolia as well 

as other species. 

Snow tussockland: 

This community is more extensive in the other sub-units and is therefore described in more detail 

in those sub-units. 

Sub-unit: Archies Spur 

Archies Spur was identified as a Recommended Area for Protection (RAP) in the Umbrella ED 

Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP) survey report (Dickinson, 1988). The values 

described in that report are still present and the descriptions are still relevant. This sub-unit 

extends between the fence on the upper slope above Sandy Creek over Archies Spur north to 

include the major gully north of Archies Spur (containing a major stand of beech forest). 



South faces 

The southern (shady) faces of Archies Spur are dominated by snow tussockland, however they 

are characterized by extensive rock faces and associated rubblefields, with localized flushes. 

Burnt snow tussockland: 

There are some recently burnt areas on the lower slope, on shady faces above the 4wd drive 

track. This burnt area is relatively localised, however it is regenerating strongly, but will take 

some time to recover fully. This community has much pasture grass (browntop, sweet vernal, 

Yorkshire fog), with a light cover (c.10% cover) of short stature narrow-leaved snow tussock 

(Chionochloa rigida) with much rock and a rich diversity of other native species including 

mosses, herbs including the daisy - Celmisia prorepens, the biddibid - Acaena profundeincisa, 

Lobelia angulata, the harebell - Wahlenbergia albomarginata, the pennywort - Hydrocotyle 

novae zelandiae ssp., ever lasting daisies (Helichrysum filicaule and Anaphalioides bellidioides), 

Maori onion (Bulbinella angustifolia), prickly shield fern (Polystichum vestitum), thousand 

leaved fern (Hypolepis millefolium), little hard fern (Blechnum penna-marina) and snowberry. 


The condition of snow tussockland varies within the sub-unit. At lower altitude and on sunny 

aspects the snow tussockland tends to be more modified. However un-burnt narrow-leaved snow 

tussockland on shady faces remains in good condition with a strong cover of healthy narrowleaved 

snow tussock (c. 50% cover). The area sampled had much of the daisy Celmisia 

prorepens (up to 25%, average 15%), pasture grasses (10%) and rock (5%). Also present are the 

species found in the burnt area along with the shrubs cottonwood (Ozothamnus vauvilliersii) and 

Hebe anomala; herbs gentian - Gentianella bellidifolia, daisy – Dolichoglottis lyallii and 

plantain - Plantago lanigera; and clubmoss Lycopodium fastigiatum. On damp sites the herbs 

Psychrophila obtusa, Celmisia sp. “gracilenta rhizomatous”, Anisotome aromatica var. 

flabellifolia and Ourisia caespitosa; and the sedge Schoenus pauciflorus are all common. 

Boulderfields: 

This community is a distinctive feature of the shady faces of Archies Spur. The community is 

relatively widespread, being derived from the extensive rock faces. The community generally 

has a cover dominated by rock (> 50% cover) with much Coprosma dumosa (< 25%). Other 

species found include the shrubs Brachyglottis revoluta, porcupine shrub (Melicytus alpinus), 

Gaultheria crassa, Myrsine nummularia, Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium, inaka (D. longifolium), 

Hebe odora and Pimelea poppelwellii; grasses blue tussock, narrow-leaved snow tussock and 

Trisetum lepidum; the speargrass Aciphylla scott-thomsonii and hook grass Uncinia purpurata. 

Rock faces: 

The extensive and impressive rock faces characterize Archies Spur. These have a rich flora 

associated. This flora includes the shrubs Helichrysum intermedium, D. rosmarinifolium, inaka, 

Coprosma dumosa, Gaultheria crassa and Parahebe lyallii; the herbs Anisotome haastii, A. 

flexuosa, Aciphylla lecomtei, edelweiss, Celmisia prorepens, C. lyallii, C. semicordata, 

Dolichoglottis lyallii, Ourisia caespitosa and Colobanthus buchananii; and the filmy fern 

Hymenophyllum villosum. 



North Faces 

The northern (sunny) faces of Archies Spur are also dominated by tussockland, with snow 

tussockland at higher altitudes and short tussockland at lower altitudes. The northern faces also 

contain extensive rock faces, especially at lower and mid altitudes. A feature of the sub-unit is 

the diversity of woody communities, including a range of shrublands and beech forest. Minor 

communities that add further diversity include rubblefields and flushes/seepages. 


This community was not examined in detail. As a consequence of being on the sunny face it has 

suffered more from historic burning and stock impacts. Despite this greater level of disturbance 

there are extensive areas of good condition narrow-leaved snow tussock at higher altitude. 

Generally the snow tussockland extends down to c.900m, below which fescue tussock (Festuca 

novae-zelandiae) and pasture grasses become dominant. 

One site that was studied was at the head of the basin of the stream on the north side of Archies 

Spur. This snow tussockland was dominated by narrow-leaved snow tussock (30-80+%, average 

50% cover), with much Celmisia prorepens (10-30%, average 15%), cottonwood (5-10%) and 

blue tussock (3-5%). Other components of this snow tussockland include the shrubs Coprosma 

cheesemanii, C. perpusilla, Brachyglottis revoluta, Hebe odora and snowberry; the herb 

Brachyglottis bellidioides; and Maori onion. In gullies there tends to be more shrubs, along with 

the lily - Astelia nervosa, the grass - Poa kirkii and native anemone - Anemone tenuicaulis. On 

damp sites Maori onion, Schoenus pauciflorus, Coprosma perpusilla, Psychrophila obtusa and 

Anisotome aromatica var. flabellifolia become more common. 

Coprosma dumosa – cottonwood shrubland: 

This shrubland was located in the upper basin of the stream on the north side of Archies Spur. 

The community was not examined in detail however it was observed to be dominated by 

Coprosma dumosa and cottonwood. Other prominent components of this shrubland include 

Brachyglottis revoluta, Hebe odora, Coprosma cheesemanii and narrow-leaved snow tussock. 

Gorge: 

This gorge is located along the stream on the north side of Archies Spur. The gorge has provided 

a refuge from both fire and stock impacts. Although limited in extent this community is of 

botanical interest. The community that occurs on the steep slopes includes the shrubs - inaka, D. 

rosmarinifolium, Coprosma dumosa, C. serrulata, C. cheesemanii, Gaultheria crassa, Hebe 

odora, Brachyglottis revoluta and mountain ribbonwood (Hoheria glabrata); the herbs Aciphylla 

glaucescens, A. scott-thomsonii, A. sp. “lomondii”, A. lecomtei and Dolichoglottis lyallii; the 

ferns – mountain kiokio (Blechnum montanum), prickly shield fern, thousand-leaved fern; 

mountain flax (Phormium cookianum), narrow-leaved snow tussock and lily – Astelia fragrans. 

In addition there are incised side gullies near the top of the beech forest. These have a similar 

species composition with the addition of occasional silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii). 



Forest fringe: 

Above the upper slopes of the beech forest are areas of regenerating shrubland. These areas 

contain much pasture grass (especially in stock camp areas), prickly shield fern, cottonwood and 

thousand-leaved fern. Also present are Hebe odora, inaka, Brachyglottis revoluta, mountain flax 

and narrow-leaved snow tussock. 

Forest: 

There is a tongue of forest along the stream on the north side of Archies Spur. This is one of the 

best forest stands on the PL. The forest is dominated by tall (c. 20m high) silver beech. Locally 

(especially at lower altitudes) mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides) is found. 

Understory shrubs are scattered, but include Coprosma dumosa, C. cuneata and Olearia 

arborescens. The ground cover includes bryophytes, the ferns hard fern (Blechnum procerum), 

Hymenophyllum multifidum, prickly shield fern and Grammitis sp.; the herbs – biddibid (Acaena 

anserinifolia), Brachyglottis southlandicus, Lagenifera strangulata, Schizeilema trifoliolatum 

and willow herb – Epilobium pedunculare, the sedges Uncinia filiformis, U. clavata and Isolepis 

habra; and the lily - Astelia fragrans. 

Sunny aspect shrublands: 

There is a range of shrubland associations on the sunny faces above the forest. 

There is shrubland along several gullies that descend down to the forest. These shrublands 

contain Coprosma rugosa, C. tayloriae, koromiko (Hebe salicifolia), mountain ribbonwood, 

mountain flax, prickly shield fern, mountain kiokio, Aciphylla glaucescens and minature toetoe 

(Chionochloa conspicua). 

The lower altitude shrublands that occur on sunny faces are generally dominated by mingimingi 

(Coprosma propinqua) and C. rugosa. Other species include C. tayloriae, corokia (Corokia 

cotoneaster), porcupine shrub, prickly shield fern and occasional emergent marbleleaf 

(Carpodetus serratus) and broadleaf (Griselinia littoralis). This association is sometimes found 

on rubblefields. 

Rock faces: 

The lower rock faces have the shrubs Olearia arborescens, Coprosma rugosa, mingimingi, 

broadleaf, marbleleaf, Hebe rakaiensis, Gaultheria crassa and manuka (Leptospermum 

scoparium); lawyer vine – Rubus schmidelioides; the herbs Brachyglottis southlandicus and 

golden speargrasss (Aciphylla aurea); and hounds tongue fern (Microsorum pustulatum). 

Flush/seepage: 

There area scattered flush/seepage wetlands on the lower slopes (above the forest). These are 

dominated by herbaceous species including Gonocarpus micranthus, Plantago triandra, 

Lagenifera petiolata, Lobelia angulata, Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae, Nertera depressa and 

Euchiton ruahinicus; cutty grass (Carex coriacea); and rushes including the native Juncus 

edgariae and exotic soft rush (J. effusus). 



Sub-unit: Umbrella Faces 

This sub-unit includes most of the Stronach Hill to Crown Rock unit. It is dominated by snow 

tussockland, but contains many flushes, seepages and other wetlands and extends down to 

include the forest along Gorge Creek. 


This is the most widespread community within the unit. Snow tussocklands are dominated by 

narrow-leaved snow tussock that extends from the summit ridge (in places) down to 900m. 

However below c. 1000m the narrow-leaved snow tussock is less dense with a corresponding 

increase in fescue tussock and pasture grasses. An exception is in the catchment north of 

Archies Spur, where good condition tussock land extends down to c. 800m on shady faces where 

it is in close proximity to the beech stand. 

Slim tussockland: 

Slim snow tussockland is restricted to a limited area on the highest slopes below Stronach Hill. 

This is the southern most distribution for slim snow tussock (Chionochloa macra) in the 

Umbrella ED. 

The uppermost altitude snow tussockland is dominated by narrow-leaved snow tussockland (c. 

50cm height and c. 25% cover), with much Celmisia prorepens (c. 20%) and blue tussock (c. 

8%). Other components of the community include browntop (Agrostis capillaris, c. 5%), the 

shrubs – snowberry (4%), Brachyglottis revoluta and cottonwood); leaf litter c. 5%), rock 2-5%), 

the clubmoss – Lycopodium fastigiatum (2%), Argyrotegium mackayi (2%), Carex wakatipu and 

other species. 

The typical snow tussockland is generally similar to that described in the Archies Spur sub-unit. 

In gullies (and on damp sites) the shrub component often increases with more cottonwood, 

Coprosma cheesemanii, Hebe odora and locally (especially at lower altitude) inaka, Hebe 

rakaiensis and mountain ribbonwood. Other species that are more common in gullies include the 

ferns prickly shield fern, mountain kiokio, and little hard fern (Blechnum penna-marina); along 

with Astelia nervosa and locally mountain flax. 

Wetlands: 

There is a great diversity of wetlands, including fens on broad gentle ridges, flushes on hill 

slopes and others associated with the slumping and gully floors. 

The largest wetland system that was surveyed was located on a broad, gentle ridge (Grid Ref 

NZMS260 F44 026 990, c. 1050m). This wetland contains a mosaic of different associations. 

The major and most distinctive of these associations are described below. 

Schoenus pauciflorus flush: 

This association is dominated by the sedge Schoenus pauciflorus with bryophytes, the herbs – 

the pennywort Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae var. montana, the buttercup Ranunculus gracilipes, 

Lobelia angulata, native gentian Gentianella bellidifolia and daisy Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous 

gracilenta”, and the grass Rytidosperma australe. 



Carex gaudichaudiana flush: 

This association is dominated by the sedge Carex gaudichaudiana with much exotic sweet 

vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). Other species include Maori onion, the sedge Carpha 

alpina along with the herbs Gentianella bellidifolia, Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta”, 

Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae var. montana, Ranunculus gracilipes, Lobelia angulata and native 

violet – Viola cunninghamii. 

Sphagnum bog: 

This association is dominated by the sphagnum moss (Sphagnum cristatum). Associated are the 

sedges Carex gaudichaudiana, Schoenus pauciflorus and Carpha alpina, along with the herbs 

Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta”, Ranunculus gracilipes, Euchiton lateralis, the sundew 

Drosera arcturi and Viola cunninghamii, the prostrate shrub Coprosma perpusilla and 

occasional hybrid red tussock (Chionochloa rubra var. cuprea x C. rigida). Locally common 

within this community is the shrub Hebe pauciramosa and daisy Celmisia glandulosa. 

Cushion bog: 

This community was localized though highly distinctive. The cushion bog was dominated by the 

comb sedge Oreobolus pectinatus (c. 75% cover), with sphagnum moss (8%), Carex 

gaudichaudiana (5%), Carpha alpina (3%), Drosera arcturi (2%), Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous 

gracilenta” (1%), sweet vernal (1%), Abrotanella caespitosa, Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae var. 

montana and Ranunculus gracilipes. 

Other wetland communities recorded include: 

Alpine bog: 

This community was recorded from Grid Ref. NZMS 260 F44 018 990 on a peaty substrate. The 

bog was dominated by the comb sedge Oreobolus pectinatus (c. 25% cover), with much narrowleaved 

snow tussock (c. 15%), Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta” (12%), Ranunculus 

gracilipes (10%), sphagnum moss (10%) and other bryophytes (6%). Other minor components 

include Dracophyllum prostratum (4%), Carex gaudichaudiana (3%), Abrotanella caespitosa 

(3%), Coprosma perpusilla (2%), Phyllachne colensoi (2%), Drosera arcturi (1%), Carex 

sinclairii (1%), Centrolepis pallida (1%), Carpha alpina and Gentianella amabilis. 

Hill slope flushes/wetlands: 

These are sometimes associated with the slump topography and in other places on hill slopes. 

The flushes are variable dependent upon hydrology, substrate, fertility, slope and other physical 

features. The flushes are naturally fertile and tend to attract stock. Flushes at lower altitudes 

have greater stock damage and have a greater proportion of exotic species associated. 

There are many areas of flush/wetland. These vary in size and composition. They are generally 

dominated by bryophytes (60-80%, average 75%), with much Schoenus pauciflorus (5-20%, 

average 10%). Also common are several herb species including Ranunculus gracilipes (1-10%), 

Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta” (1-5%), Plantago unibracteata (1-5%), Viola 

cunninghamii (+-2%), Rununculus cheesemanii (+-2%), Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae var. 



montana and Lobelia angulata. Other species include Carex gaudichaudiana, C. hectorii and 

Hebe pauciramosa. 

Streamside wetland: 

This wetland community was recorded from relatively flat areas adjacent to a stream (sampled at 

Grid Ref. NZMS 260 F44 019 990. This community was dominated by bryophytes (c. 85% 

cover), with cutty grass (5%), Psychrophila obtusa (3%), Schoenus pauciflorus (2%), Plantago 

unibracteata (2%), Ranunculus gracilipes (1%), Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae var. montana 

(1%) and other species. 

Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium shrubland: 

This shrubland community was scattered across upper slopes of the block though mainly on 

southerly aspects. They are often associated with the crest of slump areas and boulderfields and 

rock outcrops. An example associated with a slump crest was dominated by narrow-leaved snow 

tussock (25% cover), Celmisia prorepens (18%), D. rosmarinifolium (15%), blue tussock (8%), 

Brachyglottis revoluta (6%) and leaf litter (5%). Associated components of the community 

include rock (4%), Gaultheria crassa (3%), snowberry (2%), Lycopodium fastigiatum (2%), 

sweet vernal (2%), Hebe odora (1%), Dolichoglottis lyallii (1%), Ourisia caespitosa (1%) and 


A second example sampled was on a boulderfield. This community was dominated by D. 

rosmarinifolium (25% cover), rock (25%), Brachyglottis revoluta (18%), narrow-leaved snow 

tussock (8%) and blue tussock (6%). Other associated species include Celmisia brevifolia (4%), 

lichen (3%), Celmisia laricifolia (2%), snowberry (2%), bryophytes (2%), little hard fern (1%), 

prickly shield fern, Aciphylla scott-thomsonii, A. lecomtei, Dracophyllum prostratum and other 

species. 

Unit 2: Falkans Faces 

This unit includes the southern faces of the Umbrella Range from the Falkan Faces south to Trig 

D and the boundary with Hukarere PL. The unit includes the upper catchment of Sandy Creek 

and Archies Creek. The vegetation within this unit is dominated by snow tussockland extending 

from the summit down to mid altitudes with modified tussock land below grading into pasture. 

Also present are localized areas of fellfield, wetland and shrubland. 

Fellfields: 

The fellfields are similar to those previously described in the Stronach Hill to Crown Rock unit. 

However within the Falkan Faces unit they are less extensive due to the lower altitude of the 

summit. 

Snow tussocklands: 

This is the most extensive indigenous vegetation remaining in this unit. Relatively intact snow 

tussocklands extends down to c. 900m. The most intact snow tussocklands are at upper altitudes 

and on shady aspects. An area of snow tussockland was sampled at Grid Ref. NZMS 260 F44 

016 983. This snow tussockland was dominated by narrow-leaved snow tussock (35-75%, 

average 55% cover), with much blue tussock (2-10%, average 6%), Coprosma cheesemanii (3- 

6%, average 5%), bryophytes (c.5%), snowberry (2-6%, 4%) and leaf litter. Other minor 



components include cottonwood (3%), Schoenus pauciflorus (3%), Lycopodium fastigiatum 

(2%), Forstera sedifolia (2%), Celmisia prorepens (2%), Ranunculus ensyii (1%), Anisotome 

aromatica var. flabellifolia (1%), Coprosma perpusilla, Anemone tenuicaulis and other species. 

Wetlands: 

There are scattered flushes/seepages on the hill slopes, however they are less common than in the 

Stronach Hill to Crown Rock unit. They are generally similar to those found in the Stronach Hill 

to Crown Rock unit. 

Shrublands: 

There are limited areas of shrubland within this unit. A gully south of Sandy Creek on a north 

aspect, above a farm track (Grid Ref NZMS 260 F44 013 965, c. 750m) was surveyed. This 

tributary of Sandy Creek has a remnant of forest-shrubland associated with rocky gorge areas 

that form fire refuges. The community contains a range of plants including the woody species 

mountain ribbonwood and koromiko, mountain kiokio and prickly shield fern along with silver 

beech, broadleaf, tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata), Coprosma rugosa, C. tayloriae, minimingi, 

inaka, Olearia arborescens, false beech (Gaultheria antipoda); the vines - lawyer vine Rubus 

cissoides and pohuehue (Muehlenbeckia australis); the ferns mountain kiokio and prickly shield 

fern (both common), hounds tongue fern and bracken (Pteridium esculentum); mountain flax, 

miniature toeotoe, glaucous speargrass (all common), narrow-leaved snow tussock and Astelia 

nervosa. This site is notable for the presence of the threatened willow herb, Epilobium pictum 

(status – Nationally endangered). 

Below the track the shrubland is more confined to the stream margins and is less diverse. Here 

the shrubland is dominated by mingimingi, with some Coprosma rugosa and occasional 

koromiko, mountain ribbonwood, broadleaf, mountain flax and other species. 

Associated with Sandy Creek are scattered pockets of silver beech, with much prickly shield fern 

above on the north side. However the adjacent sunny faces are more modified, consisting of 

mainly of pasture species with some short tussock and scattered shrubs. 

Unit 3: Stronach Range 

This unit is the catchment of Camping Creek and includes the upper portion of Sandy Spur and 

Stronach Range. This unit contains a cap of snow tussock with areas of wetland and associated 

red tussock on the broad, gentle, upper Sandy Spur. A feature of the vegetation is the remnant 

stands of beech forest along Camping Creek and its tributaries. A feature of the topography is the 

extensive slump topography. 


As is typical, the condition of the snow tussockland increases with altitude. An area sampled 

was at a relatively low altitude (c. 950m), with a level of modification by stock and exotic 

species. At this site the snow tussockland was dominated by browntop (c. 45% cover), narrowleaved 

snow tussock (c. 25%), blue tussock (8%), Celmisia densiflora (6%), Gaultheria 

macrostigma (5%) and snowberry (4%). Other minor associated species include ever-lasing 

daisy (Anaphalioides bellidioides, 2%), bryophytes (1%), Lycopodium fasigiatum (1%), catsear 



(Hyochaeris radicata, 1%), Plantago lanigera (1%), Dolichoglottis lyallii, Maori onion, and 

Schoenus pauciflorus. 

Wetlands: 

There was a range of wetlands present. Again these occur on a range of landform including 

broad, gentle ridges, hill slopes and associated with slumps. One of the largest wetland systems 

was located on the broad, gentle, upper Sandy Spur (Grid Ref NZMS 260 F43 050 003, c. 

970m). 

Cushion bog: 

Cushion bogs are localised but highly distinctive wetland systems. A couple of different cushion 

bogs were sampled. The first cushion bog was dominated by the comb sedge Oreobolus 

pectinatus (c. 65% cover), with much red tussock (20%) and sphagnum moss (5%). Other 

associated species include Coprosma perpusilla (1-5%, average 2%), Carex gaudichaudiana 

(1%), Carpha alpina (1%), Abrotanella caespitosa (1%), Drosera arcturi, Celmisia sp. 

“rhizomatous gracilenta” and other species. 

A second cushion bog consisted of comb sedge Oreobolus pectinatus (c. 72% cover), with much 

Carpha alpina (12%) and bryophytes (10%). Other associated species include Schoenus 

pauciflorus (4%), Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta”, C. glandulosa, Drosera arcturi, 

Gentianella amabilis and other species. 

Sphagnum – herb bog: 

This wetland is dominated by sphagnum moss (65% cover), with much Ranunculus gracilipes 

(8%) and Carpha alpina (8%). Other associated species include Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous 

gracilenta” (4%), Abrotanella caespitosa (3%), Viola cunninghamii (3%), Hydrocotyle novaezelandiae 

var. montana (2%), liverwort (1%), Oreobolus pectinatus, Plantago unibracteata, 

Carex gaudichaudiana, Psychrophila obtuse and other species. 

Red tussockland: 

This red tussockland is a fen community found around the cushion bog (first example described 

above). The tussockland is dominated by red tussock (25-50%, average 35%), with much 

sphagnum moss (c. 15-20%), Coprosma perpusilla (8%), Oreobolus pectinatus (5%) and 

Abrotanella caespitosa (5%). Other associated species include Carex gaudichaudiana (3%), 

Carpha alpina (2%), Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta” (2%), other bryophytes (2%), 

Gaultheria macrostigma (1%), Maori onion (1%), Oreobolus strictus, Drosera arcturi, 

Lycopodium fasigiatum, Phyllachne colensoi, Gonocarpus aggregatus, Ranunculus gracilipes, 

little hard fern and other species. 

A second example was sampled on the upper section of Sandy Spur (Grid Ref NZMS 260 F43 

050 001). This tussockland was dominated by bryophytes (30% cover), sphagnum moss (20%), 

red tussock (15%), Coprosma perpusilla (8%), Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta” (6%) and 

Carpha alpina (5%). Other components of this tussockland include Ranunculus gracilipes (4%), 

Abrotanella caespitosa (3%), Carex gaudichaudiana (2%), Gaultheria macrostigma (2%), 

Celmisia glandulosa (1%), Phyllachne colensoi, Oreobolus pectinatus, Drosera arcturi, 

Gentianella amabilis and other species. 



Flushes/wetlands: 

As in the Stronach Hill to Crown Rock unit, these are common and variable dependent upon 

local site influences. Hill slope flushes are generally dominated by bryophytes. A number of 

sites were sampled. 

One example that was at lower altitude with some stock damage was composed of mainly 

bryophytes (70% cover), with Ranunculus gracilipes (8%), Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous 

gracilenta” (6%), Maori onion (3%), sweet vernal (3%), Oreobolus pectinatus (2%), Euchiton 

lateralis (2%), Carpha alpina (1%), Schoenus pauciflorus (1%), cutty grass (1%), and several 


A second example consisted of bryophytes (75% cover), with Carex sinclairii (15%), 

Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae var. montana (3%), bog stichwort (Stellaria alsine, 3%), Plantago 

unibracteata (1%), Maori onion, liverwort and other species. 

A third example was in a slump depression. This wetland was also dominated by bryophytes, 

with some sedges - Carex gaudichaudiana, Schoenus pauciflorus and Isolepis aucklandicus; the 

grass – Rytidosperma australe and sweet vernal; and a rich diversity of herbs including Euchiton 

lateralis, Viola cunninghamii, Lobelia angulata, Plantago unibracteata, Hydrocotyle novaezelandiae 

var. montana, Epilobium komarovianum, Celmisia sp. “rhizomatous gracilenta”, 

Ranunculus foliosus, R. gracilipes, Gentianella bellidifolia, and Craspedia spp. Also found but 

with a local distribution were Celmisia glandulosa and Abrotanella caespitosa. 

Sphagnum bog: 

This was located on a flat area above the forest. The bog was dominated by sphagnum moss (c. 

75% cover), with much cutty grass (20%). Other associated species include Carex 

gaudichaudiana (2%), spike rush (Eleocharis acuta, 1%), sweet vernal (1%), soft rush (Juncus 

effusus), jointed rush (J. articulatus), Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae var. montana, Maori onion 

and odd-leaved orchid (Aporostylis bifolia). 

Beech forest: 

The beech forest is dominated by silver beech. The understory is sparse, containing scattered 

Coprosma dumosa, weeping mapou (Myrsine divaricata), occasional Coprosma rhamnoides, C. 

pseudocuneata, three finger (Pseudopanax colensoi var. ternatus) and Hall’s totara (Podocarpus 

hallii). The ground cover includes the ferns - prickly shield fern, water fern (Histiopteris 

incisa)(both locally dense), little hard fern and filmy fern Hymenophyllum multifidum; the herbs 

Viola filicaulis, Lagenifera strangulata, Epilobium pedunculare, Nertera villosa, groundsel 

Senecio wairauensis and nettle Urtica incisa; hook grass Uncinia clavata and spider orchid 

Nematocerus trilobum. 

Rock outcrops and associated boulderfields: 

There is an extensive rock out crop system with associated boulderfields located on the east side 

of the lower portion of Camping Creek Valley. The vegetation is similar to that found on the 

north side of Archies Spur, however it has been more disturbed. 



Unit 4: Pomahaka Faces 

This unit is the remainder of the PL not included in units 1-3. This is the most developed part of 

the PL, with most having been cultivated or top-dressed and oversown. There are limited 

remnants of indigenous vegetation within this block. These remnants are generally associated 

with water watercourses, rocky areas or steep slopes. The block includes the Pomahaka faces, 

east side of Stronach Range and lower port of the Sandy Creek catchment. 

Beech forest: 

There are a few small remnants of silver-mountain beech. These are associated with streams. 

These remnants are narrow and not fenced from stock, therefore they are stock impacted with 

limited understory or regeneration. 

Incised streams: 

These are a feature of Sandy Creek and lower Gorge Creek. Remnants of indigenous vegetation 

are associated with the steeps banks and associated rock faces, where stock or fires have not 

reached. These have a diverse flora which includes the woody species - broadleaf, mountain 

ribbonwood, inaka, koromiko, Hebe rakaiensis, mingimingi, Coprosma rugosa, C. rigida, 

corokia, mountain wineberry (Arisotelia fruticosa), native broom Carmichaelia virgata, 

matagouri (Discaria toumatou) and porcupine shrub; glaucous speargrass, Gingidia montana, 

mountain flax, minature toetoe and narrow-leaved snow tussock. 

Mixed shrublands: 

This shrubland is likely to once have been widespread at lower altitude on the PL, however as a 

consquence of burning and associated land development it has become uncommon. The best 

area examined is located at Grid Ref. NZMS260 F44 059 956. This area is only c. 3ha. The 

shrubland contains Olearia fimbriata, O. lineata, mingimingi, C. rugosa, porcupine shrub, 

Muehlenbeckia complexa, Rubus schmidelioides, bracken and other species. Under the most 

dense canopy areas ground cover species found included Poa matthewsii, Acaena juvenca, 

Chaerophyllum ramosum, Epilobium nummulariifolium and others. The presence of Olearia 

fimbriata (status – Nationally vulnerable) and O. lineata (status – Declining) is notable. 

Flora 

A flora of 276 native species has been recorded from the PL (see attached list). This flora is 

considered relatively diverse and is much richer considering the highly developed nature of 

much of the PL. The flora includes 24 fern species, 65 trees and shrubs, 5 climbers and vines, 

110 herbaceous species, 30 grasses, 23 sedges, 5 orchids, 9 rushes and 5 other monocot species. 

This flora is considered highly representative of both the Umbrella Mountains and the wider 

Umbrella ED. 

The flora includes 9 nationally threatened and uncommon plants (de Lange et al., 2009) 

Aciphylla lecomtei (status – Naturally uncommon) 

Anemone tenuicaulis (status - Naturally uncommon) 

Carex lachenalii ssp. Parkeri (status - Naturally uncommon) 

Epilobium pictum (status – Nationally endangered) 



Juncus pusillus (status - Naturally uncommon) 

Olearia fimbriata (status – Nationally vulnerable) 

Olearia lineata (status – Declining) 

Pimelea poppelwellii (status - Naturally uncommon) 

Uncinia purpurata (status - Naturally uncommon) 

Of greatest significance is the presence of Epilobium pictum which has the highest threat status 

and has been recorded from very few sites within Southland or Otago. 

In addition, there are several species recorded that are uncommon within the Umbrella ED. 

These species include: trees and shrubs - Brachyglottis buchananii, B. revoluta, Coprosm 

fowerakeri, C. serrulata, Hebe propinqua, H. rakaiensis, Hoheria lyallii, Olearia bullata, 

Podocarpus hallii, Pseudopanax colensoi var. ternatus, Sophora microphylla; Herabceous 

species - Aciphylla scott-thomsonii, Anisotome haastii, Epilobium glabellum, Gingidia montana 

and Microseris scapigera; Grass – Poa kirkii. 

Notable ecological features of Crown Rock PL 

• Umbrella summit ridge – This contains rock tors and associated boulderfield that provide 

habitat for a rich diversity of plants. These features also have provided a fire refuge and 

so retain some species that have become uncommon. The summit ridge also contains 

areas of fellfield vegetation in the most exposed sites. 

• Extensive snow tussockland – There is a cap of narrow-leaved snow tussockland on the 

upper slopes of the Umbrella Mountains. This snow tussock cap extends above the 900m 

contour, up to or near the summit ridge. Despite the long history of pastoral use, the 

snow tussockland remains in good condition and retains a rich diversity of native plant 

species. These snow tussocklands are highly representative of the original alpine 

vegetation of the Umbrella ED. Particularly good examples are on the Falkan Faces. 

• Wetlands – There is an abundance and diversity of wetlands present and they form a 

characteristic feature of the PL. The wetlands vary according to topographical features, 

hydrological functioning (including water source, drainage etc), soils, fertility and other 

factors. Some wetlands are relatively large,eg.,the fen wetlands on broad upland ridges. 

Others are flushes/seepages on hill slopes or associated with depressions and hollows 

within slump topography. 

• Upland red tussockland – Upland red tussockland is associated with broad poorly drained 

ridges. The patterning of red tussockland and snow tussockland is largely a consequence 

of differences in soils, moisture, drainage, topography and other physical factors. Upland 

red tussockland is localized within the Umbrella ED and differs from the fire induced red 

tussockland of low and mid altitudes. With increased land development, red tussockland 

is becoming increasing rare within the Umbrella ED. The most extensive area is the 

upper portion of Sandy Spur. 



• Slump topography – The mid and upper slopes have abundant slump features These are 

of varying sizes and types. They make for a distinctive and characteristic landscape but 

also provide small scale topographic diversity which is reflected in the vegetation. In 

particular they have resulted in the formation of some wetlands. 

• Rock outcrops and associated boulderfields – These differ subtly from those along the 

summit ridge. These are found at lower altitude and are less exposed. They have a 

distinctive flora and serve as a refuge site for several species. Though they are relatively 

widespread the most extensive are associated with Archies Spur (on both north and south 

aspects). The rock outcrop systems are probably the best on the Umbrella Mountains, 

which is why they were identified as an RAP in the Umbrella ED PNAP survey. 

• Forest – There are several stands of forest, however they are largely confined to Gorge 

and Camping Creek catchments. They are generally narrow often being confined to steep 

gorgy areas along the streams. As a consequence of the narrow width they are generally 

stock impacted. The importance of these stands far belies their small size and fragmented 

nature. They are highly representative of the original beech forest that once dominated 

the vegetation cover of the Umbrella ED. 

• Gorgy river channels – These are a feature of the streams (especially Gorge Creek above 

the confluence with Sandy Creek). They extend down to low altitudes. As a 

consequence of the incised nature of the stream there are numerous small bluffs and steep 

rocky banks that have provided a refuge from both fires and stock. They retain a rich 

diversity of riparian vegetation. 

• Low altitude shrublands – There are very limited areas of shrubland remaining on the PL 

(as a consequence of intensive development). These remnants do contain two species of 

threatened tree daisies – Olearia fimbriata and O. lineata. 

• Strategic significance - The snow tussocklands and summit ridge communities have an 

important role in providing vegetation and landscape continuity along the Umbrella 

Range. This vegetation serves to link the extensive snow tussocklands and beech forest 

in the south (on Hukarere PL and the Leithen Bush Scenic Reserve) with extensive snow 

tussocklands, wetlands and beech forest in the north (Whitecoomb PL, Argyle PL, Gem 

Lake PL and Waikaia Bush Conservation Area). This extensive area along the Umbrella 

Mountains could form an integral part of any future Conservation Park. 

See Appendix 1 for a full list of plant species. 



2.2.1 Significance of Vegetation 

Crown Rock is a relatively highly developed PL, and areas of improved pasture dominate the 

vegetation. The improved pasture is maintained partly by a major top-dressing and over-sowing 

programme. Much of the remaining indigenous vegetation is confined to the higher parts of the 

PL. Elsewhere the indigenous vegetation consists of small remnants that are generally associated 

with stream banks, rocky areas or steep slopes. Between the initial Tenure Review survey in 

1998 and the recent survey in February 2009, there has been little change in vegetation 

condition, with possibly some recovery in some areas. 

There is a cap of relatively intact high altitude snow tussockland with associated wetlands and 

summit ridge vegetation along the Umbrella Mountains. This is the most extensive indigenous 

vegetation on the PL. This vegetation has high strategic importance linking with expansive areas 

of forest, tussockland and associated vegetation to the south (on Hukarere PL and the Leithen 

Bush Scenic Reserve) and north (Whitecoomb PL, Argyle PL, Gem Lake PL and also linking 

with Waikaia Bush Conservation Area and Glenaray PL). However below this solid cap of good 

condition indigenous vegetation the vegetation becomes more modified and the values more 

fragmented. The forest stand in the Gorge Burn and Camping Creek represents the original 

vegetation that once dominated the mid and lower altitudes of the PL. Despite a level of 

modification on the mid slopes, these slopes still maintain a range of important values including 

rock outcrops, rubblefields, shrublands and wetlands. The widespread occurrence of shrub 

species and prickly shield fern indicate the ready ability of these areas to recover and regenerate. 

It is vitally important to maintain the linkages from the summit ridge down to the forested 

gullies. 

Cattle appear to be the major stock on the PL. There is evidence of cattle throughout the PL, 

even onto the summit ridge of the Umbrella Mountains. There are stock camps associated with 

sunny faces and around some rock outcrops. Wetlands at low and mid altitudes have been 

heavily impacted by stock. The flushes are nutrient rich and so tend to attract stock especially 

cattle to them, resulting in degradation through pugging and spread of exotic plants. Many 

wetlands are relatively small so more vulnerable to modification. The maintenance and 

enhancement of wetlands is largely incompatible with the increasingly intensive farming 

practices (including heavy stocking rates and fertilizer inputs) undertaken on this PL. 

Likewise the diversity of woody vegetation is a special feature of the PL. This has been severely 

restricted by pastoral practices especially fire and grazing. If these activities continue these 

special vegetation features will continue to be suppressed. The recovery of this vegetation is 

largely incompatible with the increasingly intensive farming practices undertaken on this 

property. 

2.2.2 Problem Plants 

Nil 



2.3 Invertebrates 

The inspection occurred in variable overcast and fine weather with mild breezes. Insects were 

noted or hand collected for later identification and most parts of the station were inspected from 

access tracks or in some parts by walking. 

The table 3 below shows shrubland and upland insects including 16 insect species and a 

threatened giant land snail. The habitats for the insects are shown in the table’s comments and 

include tussockland, shrubland, rock face, wetland/cushion bog, rock fell and herb field. 

Table 3: Invertebrates noted during re-inspection 19 Feburary 2009 

Family & Species Locality& Elevation Comment 

Lepidoptera -moths 

and butterflies 

Crambidae 

Diasemia marmarina trib. 

Gorge 

Creek 900 m 

Orocrambus n.sp. Sandy 

cushion (B. H. Patrick) 

Geometridae 

Spur 1100 m 

Aponotoreas insignis Archies 1080-1140 

Spur m 

Archies 1080-1140 

Asaphodes clarata 

Spur 

Asaphodes clarata trib. 

Gorge 

Creek 

Asaphodes nephelias Archies 

Spur 

Moth. Larvae eat Urtica nettles 

Moth. Known from Otago mountains. 

Inhabits cushion bog. 

m Moth. Larvae eat Ranunculus buttercup 

900 m 

1080-1140 

m Moth. Females are flightless 

Asaphodes nephelias Sandy 

Spur 1100 m 

Asaphodes prasinias trib. 

Gorge 

Creek 900 m Moth. Inhabits open shrubland/forest sites 

Notoreas perornata Archies 

Spur 1120 m Moth. Larvae eat Pimelea native daphne 

Lycaenidae 

Lycaena species trib. 

Gorge 

Creek 800 m 

Nymphalidae 

Bassaris gonerilla trib. 

Gorge 600 m 

Common copper butterfly. Larvae feed on 

Muehlenbeckia australis 

Red admiral butterfly. Larvae eat Urtica 

nettles 



Creek 

Oecophoridae 

Hieroderis polita trib. 

Gorge 

Creek 900 m Moth. Larvae eat rockface moss or lichen 

Peridae 

Peris rapae 

Satyridae 

Archies 

Spur 

trib. 

1120 m 

Argyrophenga 

Gorge 

antipodum 

Creek 900 m A tussock ringlet butterfly 

Argyrophenga 

Archies 1050-1140 

antipodum 

Spur m 

Argyrophenga 

Sandy 

antipodum 

Spur 1100 m 

Archies 1080-1140 

Argyrophenga janitae Spur 

trib. 

m A tussock ringlet butterfly 

Gorge 800 -1100 

Creek m Moth 

Gelophaula sp. 

Hemiptera -cicada 

Tibicinidae 

Kikihia angusta 

Orthoptera -weta 

Stenopelmatidae 

Hemideina maori 

Mollusca -landsnail 

Rhytidae 

Powelliphanta spedeni 

var. spedeni 

trib. 

Gorge 

Creek 600 m A grassland cicada 

Crown 

Rock 1200 m 

Archies 

Spur 1050 m 

trib. 

Gorge 

Creek 1040 m 

Mountain stone weta. Associated with 

rock fell at tors on the Station. Black 

Umbrella Range is the southern limit of 

distribution for this large weta known from 

Canterbury and Otago localities 

Spedens giant landsnail. Found only in 

northern Southland Mountains and only 

protected in a few Eyre Mountain sites, it 

has a threat classification of serious 

decline. 



Rare and threatened invertebrate species 

Two at risk invertebrates and one data deficient species were noted in table 4 below. However, 

the Umbrella Mountains and habitats represented on the PL are likely to carry many more 

naturally uncommon and rare species known elsewhere in the region and in shrublands of 

Central Otago. 

Table 4: At Risk and Data Deficient Species 

Threat Threat 

Division Category 

At Risk Gradual 

Decline 

Species Location on PL 

grand tree daisy owlet 

moth Meterana 

grandiosa 

exquisite tree daisy 

moth Meterana 

exquisita 

Speden’s giant land 

snail Powelliphanta 

spedeni var spedeni 

Data Deficient Moth Hieroderis 

polita 

Reported in the original 

survey in host Olearia tree 

daisies that remain in shrub 

site adjacent to Gorge Creek 

~400 m asl. 

Not discovered in the surveys 

but known in remnant tree 

daisy shrublands like those 

that are present on the Station 

Known between 800 -1100 m 

in the region of Archies Spur 

to Crown Rock 

Sunny rock area, tributary of 

Scrub Burn 550 m. Formerly 

known as Hieroderis ‘silver 

band’ then named in Hoare 

(2005) 

Remnant tree daisy shrubland at low altitude is fragmented throughout the region and especially 

in much of Central Otago to the north. The Pomahaka catchment includes a number of 

significant shrub patches where a suite of tree daisy dependant moth species are known. While 

shrub patches on Crown Rock are small in extent the viability for insects that feed exclusively on 

small leaved Olearia is shown by the presence of tree daisy owlet Meterana grandiosa. This 

moth has a large pink caterpillar over 35 millimetres long. 

The giant land snail Powelliphanta spedeni var spedeni has isolated populations at or a little 

above natural tree line in cool south and east facing localities from the Eyre Mountains eastward 

to Mount Benger. It is long lived and vulnerable to trampling, fire and, in some places, bird or 

rodent predation. The Crown Rock population is an important record. None of the Umbrella 

Mountains region populations are as yet protected. 



The giant land snail Powelliphanta spedeni var spedeni. 

Of note on the crest of Crown Rock are the impressive tor weta Hemideina maori which 

excavate cavities under schist slabs in contact with the soil. This outpost on the Black Umbrella 

Range is the southern most occurrence of both the species (disjunctive populations on Otago and 

Canterbury mountain tops) and genus (New Zealand). 

2.4 Legal access 

The only existing marginal strip on the PL adjoins the Pomahaka River in the form of a 

Riverbank Reserve as shown on SO2021 in terms of Section 29 of the Land Act 1924. This is a 

fixed strip and should the river have moved beyond the surveyed position then Section 24 (1) of 

the Conservation Act 1987 would apply upon disposition. 

Qualifying waterways for marginal strips created on disposition include Archies Creek, Sandy 

Creek, Gorge Creek, including tributaries either side of Flaxy block and Camping Creek. 



PART 3 

OTHER RELEVANT MATTERS & PLANS 

3.1 Consultation 

No additional comments were forthcoming from the meeting with NGO’s held in September 

2009. 

3.2 District Plan 

The PL is located within Clutha District. In general, the operative Clutha District Plan does not 

act as a trigger for the protection of tussock grasslands and smaller wetlands and forest areas such 

as those found on Crown Rock Station. It requires resource consent for clearance of areas of 

indigenous forest vegetation of 5 ha or greater in areas or wetlands 2 ha or greater. 

No consents are required for clearance of tussock grasslands. Nor are there any regional plans 

which take into account the water yield from tussock grasslands particularly during low flow 

periods and protection of soil conservation values. 

There are no significant wetlands and habitats as set out in the tables of the plan. Protection 

within the plan is limited to the control set out above. 

3.3 New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy 

The New Zealand Government is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity. In 

February 2000, Government released the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy which is a blueprint 

for managing the country’s diversity of species and habits and sets a number of goals to achieve 

this aim. Of particular relevance to tenure review, is goal three which states: 

Maintain and restore a full range of remaining natural habitats and ecosystems to a healthy 

functioning state, enhance critically scare habitats, and sustain the more modified ecosystems in 

production and urban environments, and do what is necessary to:- 

Maintain and restore viable populations of all indigenous species across their natural range and 

maintain their genetic diversity. 

The strategy outlines action plans to achieve this goal covering terrestrial and freshwater habitat 

and ecosystem protection, sympathetic management, pest management, terrestrial and freshwater 

habitat restoration, threatened terrestrial and freshwater species management, etc. 



3.4 Protecting Our Places 

In April 2007 the Ministry for the Environment produced a new policy document titled 

‘Protecting Our Places’ which was jointly launched by the Minister of Conservation and the 

Minister for the Environment. This publication introduces four national priorities for protecting 

rare and threatened native biodiversity on private land. The national priorities identify the types 

of ecosystems and habitats most in need of protection. 

The policy statement supports the government’s pledge to maintain and preserve New Zealand’s 

natural heritage. This began in 1992 when New Zealand signed the United Nations Convention 

on Biodiveristy; followed in 2000 with the release of the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy. 

The four national priorities for biodiversity protection are listed below. They are based on the 

most up to date scientific research available. 

National Priority 1: 

To protect indigenous vegetation associated with land environments, (defined by Land 

Environments of New Zealand at Level IV), that have 20 percent or less remaining in indigenous 

cover. 


To protect indigenous vegetation associated with sand dunes and wetlands; ecosystem types that 

have become uncommon due to human activity. 


To protect indigenous vegetation associated with ‘originally rare’ terrestrial ecosystem types not 

already covered by priorities 1 and 2. 


To protect habitats of acutely and chronically threatened indigenous species. 

These national priorities have relevance beyond conservation initiatives on private land. For 

example they are used to help assess applications for grants under the government funded 

Community Conservation Fund which funds conservation projects on public land by community 

groups. 

The national priorities also provide a useful measure for assessing tenure review 

recommendations and outcomes. 

3.5 Ecological Sustainability and Carbon Storage 

Sustainability 

Crown Rock contributes to a number of “ecosystem services.” Constanza et al (1997) define 

ecosystem services as flows of materials, energy, and information from natural capital stocks 



which combine with manufactured and human capital services to produce human welfare.” They 

identify 17 “services”. This pastoral lease clearly contributes to seven of these services 

excluding those of a recreation and cultural nature which are described elsewhere. 

1. Gas Regulation: 

One hectare of mixed grassland/shrubland stores about 42 tonnes of carbon versus approximately 

2t for unimproved grassland. 

2. Climate Regulation: 

Carbon storage in expanding shrublands, forest and tall tussock grasslands makes a modest 

contribution to ameliorating the current anthropogenic induced rise in atmospheric carbon 

dioxide levels. 

3. Disturbance Regulation: 

Wetland and upland bogs comprise approximately 10% of the upland catchment areas and have 

an important role in flood runoff. These same wetland areas also store water which helps to 

maintain summer flows, as does storage of water in the shallow unconfined ground water on the 

colluvium mantled slopes. These values contribute to “disturbance regulation” by damping out 

environmental fluctuation such as floods and droughts. 

4. Water Regulation/Regulation of hydrological flows: 

Crown Rock forms part of the tributary water catchment for the Pomahaka River. Tussocklands 

and wetlands on the upper parts of the property serve a vital role in regulating water flows. 

5. Water Supply Storage and Retention of Water: 

Snow tussock catchments as found in the upper parts of Crown Rock have less variable flows 

than degraded (burnt) tussock, oversown tussock or improved pasture. 

6. Erosion Control and Sediment Retention: 

Snow tussock catchments monitored for sediment yield have been shown to have very low 

sediment yields by New Zealand standards. 

7. Nutrient cycling, Storage, Internal Cycling, Processing and Acquisition of Nutrients: 

(nitrogen fixation,N,P and other elemental or nutrient cycles): 

The results of monitoring in comparable situations shown that tussock covered catchments yield 

very good water quality. 



PART 4 

ATTACHMENTS 

4.1 Additional Information 

4.1.1 References 

Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. 

Naeem, R.V. O'Neill, J. Paruelo, R. G. Raskin, P. Sutton, M. van den Belt. (1997): The 

value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387(6230):255. 

De Lange P. J., Norton D. A., Courtney S. P., Heenan P. B., , Barkla J.W. and Cameron E. 

K. Hitchmough R., Townsend A. J. (2009). Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand 

(2008 revision). New Zealand Journal of Botany, Volume 47: 61-96. 

Dickinson K. J. M. (1988). Umbrella Ecological District: Survey report for the Protected 

Natural Areas Programme. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 

Dickinson K. J. M., Mark A. F., Barrett B. I. P. and Patrick B. H. (1988). Rapid ecological 

survey, inventory and implementation: A case study from Waikaia Ecological Region, New 

Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Vol. 28: 83-156. 

Harding, M. A. (1999). Southland Protection Strategy. Nature Heritage Fund, Wellington. 

Hoare R. J. B. (2005) Hieroderis (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae), and 

overview of Oecophoridae. Fauna of New Zealand 54: 102 pages. 

Johnson P. N. & Gerbeaux P. (2004). Wetland types of New Zealand. Department of 

Conservation, Wellington. 

Leathwick, J., Wilson, G., Rutledge, D., Wardle, P., Morgan, F., Johnston, K., McLeod, M., 

Kirkpatrick, R. (2003): Land Environments of New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment. 

Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Protecting Our Places, introducing the National 

Priorities for protecting rare and threatened native biodiversity on private land. 

Mc Ewan W. M. (1987). Ecological regions and districts of New Zealand. Department of 

Conservation, Wellington. 

Patrick, B. H. (2000). Lepidoptera of small-leaved divaricating Olearia in New Zealand and 

their conservation priority. Science for Conservation 168. Department of Conservation, 

Wellington. 



4.2 Maps 

4.2.1 Values – Ecological, Marginal Strips 

Maps are attached before the appendices. 

4.3 Appendices 

1 Crown Rock Pastoral Lease – Plant Species List 

2 LENZ Map and LENZ Units for Crown Rock PL 











APPENDIX 1 

1 Crown Rock Pastoral Lease – Plant Species List 

B boulderfield 

F Forest 

Fe Fellfield 

R Rock outcropping 

S shrub 

St streamside 

T tussockland 

W wetland 

1 recorded during 11 November 1998 inspection 

2 recorded during 16-17 February 2009 inspection 

# recorded by K.J. M. Dickinson in the Umbrella Ed PNAP survey report 

Ferns 

Asplenium bulbiferum hen & chicken fern f 2 

Asplenium flabellifolium a fern s 1 2 

Asplenium flaccidum hanging spleenwort f 2 

Asplenium richardii Richard’s spleenwort r 1 2 

Blechnum chambersii a fern f 2 

Blechnum fluviatile a fern f 1 2 

Blechnum membranaceum a fern f 1 

Blechnum montanum a fern t 1 2 

Blechnum penna-marina little hard fern f,t 1 2 

Blechnum procerum hard fern f 2 

Grammitis patagonica a strap fern r 1 2? 

Grammitis poeppigiana a strap fern r 1 

Histeopteris incisa water fern f 2 

Hymenophyllum multifidum a filmy fern f 1 2 

Hymenophyllum villosum a filmy fern r 2 

Hypolepis ambiguua a fern f 2 

Hypolepis millfolium a fern b,f 1 2 

Lycopodium australianum a clubmoss r,t 1 2 

Lycopodium fastigiatum a clubmoss t 1 2 

Lycopodium scariosum a clubmoss t 1 

Phymatasorus diversifolius hounds tongue fern f,r 1 2 

Polystichum cystostegia alpine shield fern t 2 

Polystichum vestitum prickly shield fern f,s,t 1 2 

Pteridium esculentum bracken t 1 2 

Trees & shrubs 

Arisotelia fruticosa mountain wineberry s 1 2 

Brachyglottis buchananii a tree daisy f 2 

Brachyglottis revoluta a shrub daisy t 1 2 

Carpodetus serratus marbleleaf f 1 2 

Carmichaelia virgata a native broom st 1 2 



Chionohebe densiflora a prostrate shrub fe 1 

Coprosma cheesemanii a shrub t,s 1 2 

Coprosma cuneata a shrub f 2 

Coprosma dumosa a shrub b 1 2 

Coprosma fowerakeri a shrub r 1 

Coprosma propinqua mingimingi s 1 2 

Coprosma perpusilla a prostrate shrub t 1 2 

Coprosma pseudocuneata a shrub f 2 

Coprosma rhamnoides a shrub f 1 2 

Coprosma rigida a shrub s 1 

Coprosma rugosa a shrub s 1 2 

Coprosma serrulata a shrub s 2 

Coprosma tayloriae a shrub s 1 2 

Coriaria plumosa a tutu st 1 2 

Coriaria sarmentosa a tutu s 2 

Corokia cotoneaster a shrub s 1 2 

Discaria toumatou matagouri s 1 2 

Dracophyllum longifolium inaka s 1 2 

Dracophyllum prostratum a prostrate shrub w 1 

Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium a shrub t 1 2 

Fuchsia x colensoi hybrid fuchsia s 2 

Fuchsia excorticata tree fuchsia f 2 

Fuchsia perscandens climbing fuchsia s 2 

Gaultheria antipoda false beech s 1 2 

Gaultheria crassa a shrub r,s 1 2 

Gaultheria depressa var. novae-zelandiae snowberry t 1 2 

Gaultheria macrostigma a prostrate shrub t 1 2 

Gaultheria nubicola a prostrate shrub fe 1 

Griselinia littoralis broadleaf f,s 1 2 

Hebe anomala (= H. odora) a hebe t 1 2 

Hebe buchananii a hebe # 

Hebe poppelwellii? a whipcord hebe t 1 

Hebe pauciramosa a hebe w 1 2 

Hebe propinqua a whipcord hebe t 1 

Hebe rakaiensis a hebe s-st 1 2 

Hebe salicifolia koromiko s-st 1 2 

Hoheria lyallii mountain ribbonwood st,f 1 2 

Kelleria dieffenbachii a prostrate shrub t 1 2 

Kelleria laxus a prostrate shrub t 1 

Kelleria villosus a prostrate shrub t 1 2 

Leptospermum scoparium manuka s 2 

Leucopogon fraseri a prostrate shrub t 1 2 

Melicytus sp. aff. alpinus porcupine shrub r 1 2 

Myrsine divaricata weeping mapou f 1 2 

Myrsine nummularia a prostrate shrub b 1 2 

Nothofagus menziesii silver beech f 1 2 

Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides mountain beech f 1 2 

Olearia arborescens a shrub daisy s-st 1 2 

Olearia bullata a shrub daisy s 1 2 

Olearia fimbriata a tree daisy s 1 2 

Olearia lineata a tree daisy s 1 2 

Olearia nummulariifolia a shrub daisy # 

Ozothamnus vauvilliersii cottonwood t 1 2 

Parahebe lyallii a prostrate shrub st 1 2 

Pentachondra pumila a prostrate shrub t 2 

Pimelea poppelwellii a shrub t 1 



Pimelea pseudolyallii a prostrate shrub t 1 2 

Podocarpus hallii Hall’s totara f 2 

Pseudopanax colensoi var. ternatus three finger f 1 2 

Sophora microphylla kowhai s 2 

Climbers & vines 

Clematis marata a clematis s 1 

Muehlenbeckia australis pohuehue s 1 2 

Muehlenbeckia complexa a vine s 1 2 

Rubus cissoides a lawyer vine f 1 2 

Rubus schmelidioides a lawyer vine s,f 1 2 

Herbs 

Abrotanella caespitosa a herb w 1 2 

Acaena anserinifolia a biddibid s,f 1 2 

Acaena caesiiglauca a biddibid t 1 2 

Acaena juvenca a biddibid f 1 

Acaena profundiincisa a biddibid t 1 2 

Aciphylla aurea golden spear grass t 1 2 

Aciphylla glaucescens glaucous speargrass st 1 2 

Aciphylla lecomtei a speargrass r,t 1 2 

Aciphylla sp. “lomond” a speargrass t 1 2 

Aciphylla scott-thomsonii a speargrass t,s 1 2 

Anaphalioides bellidioides an ever-lasting daisy t 1 2 

Anemone tenuicaulis an anemone t 1 2 

Anisotome aromatica var. aromatica a herb t 1 2 

Anisotome aromatica var. flabellifolia a herb t 1 2 

Anisotome flexuosa a herb f 1 

Anisotome haastii a herb r 1 2 

Argyrotegium mackayi a cudweed t 1 2 

Brachyscombe radicata a daisy s 1 2 

Brachyglottis bellidioides a daisy t 2 

Brachyglottis southlandicus a daisy r 1 2 

Cardamine sp1 (wetland) a bittercress w 1 

Cardamine sp2 (shrubland) a bittercress s 1 

Celmisia brevifolia a daisy fe 1 

Celmisia densiflora (= C. prorepens) a daisy t 1 2 

Celmisia glandulosa a dasiy w 1 2 

Celmisia gracilenta a daisy t 2 

Celmisia sp. “gracilenta rhizomatous” a daisy w 1 2 

Celmisia laricifolia a daisy r 1 

Celmisia lyallii a daisy r 1 2 

Celmisia semicordata var. aurigans a daisy t 1 2 

Celmisia sessilifora a daisy t 1 

Celmisia walkeri a daisy # 

Colobanthus buchananii a herb r 1 2 

Colobanthus strictus a herb t 1 2 

Chaerophyllum colensoi a herb t 2 

Chaerophyllum ramosa a herb t 1 2 

Craspedia sp. a woolly head t 1 2 

Crassula sieberiana a herb r 1 2 

Dichondra brevifolia a creeping herb s 1 

Dolichoglottis lyallii a daisy t 1 2 

Drosera arcturi a sundew w 1 2 

Epilobium alsinoides a willowherb t 1 2 

Epilobium brunnescens a willowherb st 1 2 



Epilobium chloraefolium a willowherb t 1 2 

Epilobium glabellum a willowberb r 1 

Epilobium komarovianum a willowherb w 1 2 

Epilobium melanocaulon a willowherb st 1 

Epilobium nummularifolium a willowherb s 1 

Epilobium pedunculare a willowherb f 2 

Epilobium pernitens a willowherb w 1 

Epilobium pictum a willowherb s 2 

Epilobium porphyrium a willowherb t 1 

Epilobium pubens a willowherb r 1 

Epilobium tasmanicum a willowherb fe 1 

Epilobium tenuipes? a willowherb t 2 

Euchiton ruahinicus a cudweed t 1 2 

Euchiton lateralis a cudweed w 1 2 

Euchiton limosum a cudweed w 2 

Euchiton traversii a cudweed t 2 

Forstera sedifolia a herb t 1 2 

Forstera tenella a herb t 1 2 

Galium perpusillum a slender herb t 2 

Gentianella amabilis a gentian w 1 

Gentianella bellidifolia a gentian t 1 2 

Geranium microphyllum a geranium t 1 2 

Geum leiospermum a geum t 1 2 

Geum cockaynei a geum r 2 

Gingidia montana a herb r-st 1 2 

Gonocarpus aggregatus a herb t 1 2 

Gonocarpus micranthus a creeping herb w 2 

Gonocarpus montanus a creeping herb t 2 

Gunnera monoica a creeping herb t 1 2 

Helichrysum filicaule an ever-lasting daisy t 1 2 

Helichrysum intermedium a shrub r 1 2 

Hydrocotyle heteromeria a pennywort s 1 

Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae 

var. montana a pennywort t 1 2 

Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae 

var. novae-zelandiae a pennywort t 1 2 

Lagenifera cuneata a daisy t 1 2 

Lagenifera strangulata a daisy f 2 

Leptinella pectinata ssp. willcoxii a creeping daisy fe 1 2 

Leptinella squalida ssp. mediana a creeping daisy w 1 

Leucogenes grandiceps edlewiess r 1 2 

Lobelia angulata a creeping herb w 1 2 

Microseris scapigera a daisy w 2 

Montia fontanum a slender herb st 2 

Nertera depressa a creeping herb f 2 

Nertera villosa a creeping herb f 2 

Ourisia caespitosa a creeping herb r 2 

Oxalis exilis a native oxalis t 2 

Oxalis lactea a native oxalis t 1 2 

Pachycladon novae-zelandiae a herb r 2 

Phyllachne colensoi a cushion herb t 1 2 

Plantago lanigera a plantain t 1 2 

Plantago unibracteata a plantain w 1 2 

Psychrophila obtusa a herb w 1 2 

Ranunculus cheesemanii a buttercup w 1 

Ranunculus enysii a buttercup t 1 2 



Ranunculus foliosus a buttercup w 1 2 

Ranunculus glabrifolius a buttercup w 2 

Ranunculus gracilipes a buttercup w 1 2 

Ranunculus membranifolius a buttercup f 2 

Ranunculus multiscapus a buttercup t 1 2 

Ranunculus reflexus a buttercup f 1 2 

Raoulia glabra a mat daisy t 1 2 

Raoulia subsericea a mat daisy t 1 2 

Raoulia tenuicaulis a mat daisy t 2 

Rumex flexuosus a native dock t 1 2 

Schizeilema cockaynei a herb r 1 2 

Schizeilema trifoliolatum a herb f 2 

Scleranthus brockiei a herb t 2 

Scleranthus uniflorus a cushion herb t 1 2 

Senecio minimus fireweed f 2 

Senecio quadridentatus a groundsel r 1 

Senecio wairauensis a groundsel f 2 

Stellaria parviflora native chickweed f 1 2 

Urtica incisa a native nettle f 2 

Viola cunninghamii a native violet t 1 2 

Viola filicaulis a native violet f 1 2 

Wahlenbergia albomarginata a harebell t 1 2 

Wahlenbergia colensoi a harebell r 1 2 

Grasses 

Agrostis muscosa a dwarf grass t 1 2 

Agrostis pallescens? a grass w 2 

Agrostis petrieii a grass t 2 

Chionochloa conspicua minature toetoe st 1 2 

Chionochloa macra slim snow tussock t 1 

Chionochloa rigida narrow-leaved snow tussock t 1 2 

Chionochloa rubra var. cuprea red tussock w 1 2 

Chionochloa rubra x rigida a hybrid tussock t 2 

Deschampsia novae-zelandiae? a grass w 1 

Deyeuxia aucklandica a grass r 2 

Deyeuxia avenoides a grass r 2 

Dichelachne crinita a grass r 2 

Elymus sp. a grass t 2 

Festuca novae-zelandiae fescue tussock t 1 2 

Hierochloe recurvata holy grass t 2 

Koeleria cheesemanii a grass r 1 2 

Koeleria novozelandica a grass r 2 

Lachnagrostis sp. a grass w 1 2 

Poa breviglumis a grass t 2 

Poa cita silver tussock t 1 2 

Poa colensoi blue tussock t 1 2 

Poa kirkii? a grass t 2 

Poa matthewsii? a grass f 1 

Rytidosperme australe a bristle tussock w 2 

Rytidosperma buchananii? a bristle tussock w 2 

Rytidosperme gracile a bristle tussock t 2 

Rytidosperma setifolia a bristle tussock r 1 2 

Rytidosperme unarede? a bristle tussock r 2 

Trisetum lepidum a grass b 2 

Trisetum youngii? a grass b 2 



Sedges 

Carex breviculmis a sedge t 2 

Carex comans a sedge t 2 

Carex coriacea cutty grass w 1 2 

Carex gaudichaudiana a sedge w 1 2 

Carex hectorii (red from) a sedge t 1 2 

Carex lachenalii a sedge w 1 

Carex secta pedicelled sedge w 2 

Carex sinclairii a sedge w 1 

Carex wakatipu a sedge t 1 2 

Carpha alpina a sedge w 1 2 

Eleocharis acuta a spike rush w 1 2 

Isolepis aucklandica a dwarf sedge w 2 

Isolepis habra a slender sedge f 2 

Oreobolus impar a comb sedge t 1 

Oreobolus pectinatus a comb sedge w 1 2 

Oreobolus strictus a comb sedge w 1 2 

Schoenus pauciflorus a sedge w,t 1 2 

Uncinia clavata a hook grass f 1 

Uncinia divaricata a hook grass w 2 

Uncinia filiformis a hook grass f 2 

Uncinia fuscovaginata a hook grass t 2 

Uncinia purpurata a hook grass t 1 2 

Uncinia rubra red hook grass t 1 2 

Orchids 

Aporostylis bifolia odd leaved orchid f,w 2 

Prasophyllum colensoi leek orchid t 2 

Pterostylis banksii? a green hooded orchid F 2 

Simpliglottis cornutta an orchid f 2 

Singulargbus oblongus? a spider orchid f 2 

Rushes 

Centrolepis pallida a dwarf rush w 1 

Juncus antarcticus a dwarf sedge w 1 2 

Juncus australis a rush w 2 

Juncus gregiflorus a rush w 1 2 

Juncus novae-zelandiae a rush w 1 

Juncus pusillus a dwarf rush w 1 2 

Luzula banksiana var. migrata a woodrush r 1 2 

Luzula rufa a woodrush t 1 2 

Luzula pumila a dwarf woodrush fe 1 2 

Other monocots 

Arthopodium candidum a lily s 1 

Astelia nervosa a lily t 1 2 

Astelia nivicola a lily t 2 

Bulbinella angustifolia Maori onion t 1 2 

Phormium cookianum mountain flax t 1 2 

Exotic species 

Agrostis capillaris browntop 1 

Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal 1 

Cerastium fontanum mouse-ear chickweed 1 

Cirsium arvense Californian thistle 1 

Hieracium pilosella mouse-ear hawkweed 1 



Holcus lanatus Yorkshire fog 1 

Hypochaeris radicata catsear 1 

Juncus articulatus jointed rush 1 

Juncus effusus soft rush 1 

Rumex acetosella sheep’s sorrel 1 

Taraxicum officinale dandylion 1 

Trifolium repens white clover 1

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