Cultural History of Charlie Vettiner Park - Louisville Metro Government

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Cultural History of Charlie Vettiner Park tools, and greater use of retouch and expedient-use tools. Middle Archaic lithic assemblages fit this model. Subsistence patterns also changed during this period of climate change. Across the Eastern North American Woodlands, Middle Archaic populations can be identified by their extensive exploitation of shellfish. Shell mounds and shell-laden horizons, in addition to the appearance of netsinkers and fishhooks in the Middle Archaic toolkit, document this change to riverine resources. In addition, mortars and pestles document the processing of mast resources such as walnuts and hickory. Diagnostic projectile point types of the Middle Archaic period include Kirk Stemmed, White Springs, Stanly, and Morrow Mountain. Additional items in a Middle Archaic assemblage might include woven fabrics, atlatls, bone and antler tools, awls, red ocher, marine shell, and copper. Burials of canine companions have been documented (Lewis and Kneberg 1958). Middle Archaic site locations are expected in rockshelters and lowlands in tributaries and main stream valleys. According to Fenton and Huser (1994), Middle Archaic sites also occur in surficial deposits along ridgetops. Based on evidence from tributaries of Floyd‘s Fork, a clustering of occupations within the same drainage is also expected. Sites containing a Middle Archaic component in Jefferson County are listed in Table 4. Table 4. Sites with Middle Archaic Component in Southern Jefferson County, Kentucky Site Site Type Watershed Diagnostics Reference 15JF143 15JF214 Miles Rockshelter (15JF671) McNeeley Lake (15JF200) Durrett Cave (15JF201) Rosenberger (15JF18) Villiers (15JF110) Spadie (15JF14) open habitation open habitation rockshelter Cedar Creek rockshelter rockshelter open habitation open habitation open habitation Pennsylvania Run Pennsylvania Run Big Sandy Granger and DiBlasi 1975 Big Sandy Granger and DiBlasi 1975 Matanzas Big Sandy II Big Sandy Merom Brewerton Salt River SN Salt River SN Big Sandy Bader et al. n.d. Granger 1985 Granger 1985 Ohio River Jefferies 1990 Ohio River Jefferies 1990 Ohio River Jefferies 1990 Late Archaic (3000 to 900 B.C.). During this period, populations increased, maintained even more permanent settlements, and developed new technologies. In the Southeastern United States, the first evidence of pottery, a fiber-tempered ware, can be attributed to Late Archaic groups. In the Falls of the Ohio region, diagnostic projectile point/knives include McWhinney, Karnak, Merom, Bottleneck, and Ledbetter. Raw materials used for these are usually poor-quality, local materials. A variety of groundstone tools have been recovered, including three-quarter grooved axes. Bone and antler tools are well represented from Late 14 | P a g e
Cultural History of Charlie Vettiner Park Archaic sites, and include atlatl hooks, fishhooks, awls, pins, and antler projectile points. The extensive trade/tribute networks that were maintained as evidenced by the recovery of steatite, copper, and marine shell at Late Archaic sites suggest stronger leadership. Social stratification is also suggested by more extensive mortuary practices, such as found at the KYANG Site (15JF267). Subsistence during the Late Archaic included oily and starchy seed crops such as lambsquarters (Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. ssp. jonesianum), sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus), and ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) (Crites 1993; Gremillion 1995; Riley et al. 1990). Squash (Cucurbita pepo ssp ovifera) also became domesticated. Within Jefferson County, archaeological evidence for the diet of Late Archaic peoples has come from sites such as Lone Hill (15JF562/15JF10), Arrowhead Farm (15JF237), and Old Clarksville (12CL1). Floral resources included mast resources such as black walnut, butternut, and hickory. Freshwater resources included Rangia sp, an introduced snail species from the lower Mississippi Valley, drumfish (Applodinotus grunniens), and catfish (Ictalarus sp.) (Janzen 1971). Late Archaic sites include a diverse range of types, including shallow, upland, lithic scatters; hillside rockshelter/cave sites; and deep middens along the major rivers (Table 5). Janzen (1977) proposed a settlement pattern of seasonal migrations between ecosystems. Granger (1988) follows this out and proposes that groups timed their migrations to be near the Ohio River for spring fish runs, used sites such as Lone Hill, KYANG, and Minor‘s Lane during the summer and fall, and, in southwestern Jefferson County, made forays into the Knobs to acquire fresh supplies of Muldraugh/Knobs chert. Janzen (1977) also proposes that Late Archaic subsistence strategies were scheduled in such a way as to enable the exploitation of several microenvironments, which thereby reduced the need for seasonal movement and led to increased sedentism. In addition to the storage pits typical of the Middle Archaic period, Late Archaic sites included features such as rock hearths and dark middens--further evidence of the decline in mobility. In southeastern Jefferson County, sites containing a Late Archaic occupation are expected within buried deposits on terraces or floodplains along Floyds Fork and Chenoweth Run. Rockshelters may also have Late Archaic occupations. Although not expected on eroded ridgetops, an ephemeral lithic scatter is possible. Table 5. Selected Sites with Late Archaic Components in Jefferson County, Kentucky Site Site Type Watershed Diagnostics Reference Miles Rockshelter (15JF671) McNeeley Lake (15JF200) Durrett Cave (15JF201) Minor‘s Lane KYANG (15JF267) Lone Hill (15JF562/15JF10) rockshelter Cedar Creek rockshelter Pennsylvania Run rockshelter Pennsylvania Run open habitation open habitation open habitation McWhinney Turkey-tail McWhinney (Rowlett, KYANG Stemmed) (n=26) Bader et al. n.d. Granger 1985 McWhinney (Rowlett) Granger 1985 McWhinney Granger 1988:168; Janzen 2008 Bader and Granger 1989; Granger 1988:168 Bader 2007; Janzen 1977, 2008 15 | P a g e
Page 1 and 2: FINAL PUBLIC REPORT CULTURAL HISTOR
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1858 G. T. Bergman Map Cultural His
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Name Date of Birth John 1783 Joseph
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