Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg - International Journal of Research ...

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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701 Identity, Purity and Strength The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India listed the standards of clove as Foreign matter Not more than 2 per cent, Total ash Not more than 7 per cent, Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1 per cent, Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 3 per cent, Water-soluble extractive Not less than 9 per cent, Volatile oil Not less than 15 percent 11 . ETHANOPHARMACOLOGY In British Columbia, Flower of Clove is widely used in the treatment of roundworms and tapeworms in pets and pigs 12 whereas, flower bud of E. caryophyllata has been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma and various allergic disorders; as vermifuge, antibacterial agent and in toothache in China, Japan and Korea 13,14 . The flower bud is a well known food flavor for exotic food preparations and a popular remedy for headache, soar throat, dental and respiratory disorders, digestive system ailments, in traditional medicines of Australia and Asian countries 8,13,15,16 . In addition, the clove is widely used as traditional medicine for treatment of dyspepsia, gastritis and diarrhea; as antipyretic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, expectorant, antiemetic, anxiolytic, myorelaxant, analgesic, decongestant, anti-inflammatory and hypnotic 17,18,19,20 . Clove is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicines, Chinese medicines, Unani medicines of Asian countries and Western herbal medicines and considered as warm, aromatic, to fortify the kidney yang (hypochlorhydria), carminative, in toothache, as aphrodisiac and in the treatment of male sexual disorders 15,21,22 . Clove oil has been used to improve peristalsis, as anodyne, in anaesthesia and is said to be a natural anthelmintic 23,24,25,26 . Due to its frequent use in teeth problems, it is widely used as an ingredient in popular toothpastes and mouth fresheners in India 27 . Clove is broadly used in cooking, food processing, pharmacy, perfumery and cosmetics. PHARMACOLOGICAL UPDATE Several studies have been reported on clove as a potent antifungal 28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36 , antiviral (such as Herpex simplex, Hepatitis C virus) 37,38,39 , antiseptic and antibacterial effect against several bacteria including Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus etc. 25,30,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48 . Mishra and Singh has demonstrated the biphasic nature of hexane extract of flower buds on testis. The lower dose (15 mg/kg) increased testosterone production, while higher doses (30 and 60 mg/kg) caused reduction in testosterone production thereby perturbation in spermatogenesis of mice 49 . In addition, the clove is antimutagenic 50 , antiinflammatory 13 , antiulcerogenic 42,45 , antithrombotic 5 and antiparasitic 51 . The essential oil of this plant has been proved efficacious repellency on the mosquitoes Ades aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles dirus 52 , insecticidal activity on Pediculus capitis 51 as well as acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus 14 . It is also effective against Psoroptes cuniculi, a mange mite 53 and possesses anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, anesthetic and antimicrobial properties. It is commonly associated with dental caries and periodontal disease 25,39 . Sesquiterpenes, found in clove, were investigated as potent anticarcinogenic agents 9 . Eugenol, the major aromatic constituent of clove oil, has been reported to have a variety of different applications, e.g. as an antioxidant 54,55,56,57,58,59 , antimycotic 60,61 , antibacterial 62,63 , antifungal 64 , participates in photochemical reactions 65 , as insecticidal 66 , in photocytotoxicity 67 and also as an additive used in certain cigarettes 68,69 . It has been reported that eugenol at low concentration acts as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent, whereas its higher concentrations act as a pro-oxidant resulting from the enhanced generation of tissue-damaging free radicals 70,71 and it induced apoptosis of human cancer cells 72 . It also prevents the transmission of HSV-2 in a mouse model of intra vaginal HSV-2 challenge and was found to give protection in guinea pig model of HSV 73 . It has been reported that the essential oil of clove has anticonvulsive effect in tonic seizures but not in colonic seizures in mice 74 and produces a sustained increase in the mounting frequency of normal male rats and mice 21,75 . On the other hand, Eugenol, a chief constituent of clove oil, causes desquamation of the inner secretory columnar cell layer and exerts adverse effects on secretory activity of seminal vesicle 76 , spermicidal activity on ejaculated human spermatozoa 77 and possesses significant antiinflammatory activity at 0.025 mL/kg 78 . It has been reported that eugenol at various concentrations 5, 10, 50 and 100 µM exhibited a remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging potential and showed the cytotoxic effect. The IC50 values of eugenol were reported to be 700 µM in HepG2 cells; 1000 µM in Caco-2 cells and 700 µM in VH10 cells. The terpenes, beta-caryophyllene, beta-caryophyllene oxide, alpha-humulene, alphahumulene epoxide I and eugenol isolated from essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata induce glutathione S-transferase enzyme which plays a vital role in detoxification in liver and intestines 79 . It is stated that induction of glutathione Stransferase inhibits chemical carcinogens, hence these terpenes are promising anticarcinogens 9 . However, clove oil is toxic to human cells 26 . If ingested or injected in large quantity, it has been shown to cause life threatening complications, including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1470
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701 Fulminant Hepatic Failure and Central Nervous System disorder. The lethal oral dose of clove has been reported as 3.752 g/Kg body weight 80,81 and the median lethal dose of Eugenia caryophyllata and its etheric oil were reported as 0.613 mL/kg and 0.863 mL/kg in mice respectively 82 . PHYTOCHEMISTRY Many Eugenia species were reported as a good source of polyphenols, gallic and ellagic acid derivatives 83,84 , tannins 85,86 and flavonol glycosides 1,2,86,87,88 . Eugenia caryophyllata is a rich source of essential oil. It contains 15-20% essential oil, 13% tannins, 10% fixed oil and 6-12% non-essential ether extract. Essential oil of clove is a colorless or light yellowish fluid, a distillate of dried flowers, stalks and leaves 7,89 . Several constituents of clove oil have been identified but eugenol (C10H12O2), eugenyl acetate and β-caryophyllene represent the major components of the oil. Eugenol (4-allyl-2methoxyphenol), makes up 70 to 90% by weight 90,91 , eugenol acetate (> 17%) and cariofilen (> 12%), β-caryophyllene (9%), 1,8-Cineole (0.1%), Linalool (0.2%), α-Copaene (1.2%), α- Humulene (3.5%), β-Cadinene (0.5%), Epizonarene (0.1%), α -Muurolene (0.1%), Eugenyl acetate (4.2%), δ-Cadinene (3.6%), αcopaen (1.0%), methoxy benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, carvacrol, 2-heptanone, methyl salicylate, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, phenyl propanoides, dehydrodieugenol, transconfireryl aldehyde, biflorin, kaempferol, rhamnocitrin, myricetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, oleanolic acid, thymol, cinnamaldehyde, acetyl salicylate, vanillin, and crategolic acid. It has been reported that clove also contains tannins (gallotannic acid), flavonoids (eugenin, rhamnetin, and eugenitin), triterpenoids (oleanolic acid, stigmasterol and campesterol) 6,7,9,25,39,51,53,78,92,93 . The characteristic smell and taste of clove oil is due to the presence of a wide range terpene compounds 94,95 . CONCLUSION Clove is a medicinally important drug, reported to have a variety of different applications like antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antithrombic, antipyretic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antimycotic, insecticidal, antimutagenic, antiulcerogenic etc. Eugenol is the main constituent reported to be responsible for these activities. There is a great scope for researchers to develop efficacious formulations using clove or eugenol. This review will be helpful to the future researchers for the up-to-date information on clove. REFERENCES 1. Karla S, Carretero E and Villar A. Antiinflammatory activity of leaf extracts of Eugenia jambos in rats. J Ethn Pharmacology. 1994a;43:9-11. 2. Karla S, Monica S, Emilia C and Angel V. Flavonoid glycosides from Eugenia jambos. Phytochemistry. 1994b; 37:255-8. 3. Rahhal MM. Antifungal activity of some plant oils. Alexandria Sci Exch. 1997;18: 225-30. 4. Tu H. Pharmaceutical for peptic ulcer containing FeSO4 and extracts of Eugenia caryophylla and/or liquorice extracts. Appl. 1979;77/140 (786): 3. 5. Srivastava KC and Malhotra N. Acetyl euginol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1991;42(1):73-81. 6. Chaieb K, Hajlaoui H, Zamantar T, Kahla- Nakbi AB, Rouabhia M and Mahdouani K. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzugium aromaticum L Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother Res.2007a;21:501-6. 7. Hema R, Kumaravel S and Sivasubramanian C. GC-MS study on the potentials of Syzygium aromaticum. Researcher. 2010;2(12):1-4. 8. Baytop T. Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey. 2nd ed. Nobel Medical Bookstore: İstanbul-Turkey; 1999. 9. Zheng GQ, Kenney PM and Lam LK. Sesquiterpenes from clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) as potential anticarcinogenic agents. J Nat Prod. 1992;55(7):999-1003 10. Parle M and Khanna D. Clove: A Champian Spice. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy. 2011;2(1):47-54. 11. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part-1.1;139-41. 12. Lans C, Turner N, Khan T and Brauer G. Ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat endoparasites and stomach problems in pigs and pets in British Columbia, Canada. Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;148:325-40. 13. Kim HM, Lee EH, Hong SH, Song HJ, Shin MK and Kim SH. Effect of Syzygium aromaticum extract on immediate hypersensitivity in rats. J Ethnopharmacol.1998;60:125-31. 14. Kim EH, Kim HK and Ahn YJ. Acaricidal activity of clove bud oil compounds Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1471
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