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<strong>Hybrid</strong> <strong>rice</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>India</strong><br />
Dr A S Hariprasad<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cipal Scientist<br />
Directorate of Rice Research<br />
Hyderabd-50030
Rice In <strong>India</strong><br />
• A Staple food crop that holds the key for<br />
food security (43%)<br />
• Occupies 44 M. ha (22% of cropped area)<br />
• Annual production of 99 M t<br />
• A source of livelihood for millions<br />
• Earns foreign exchange of Rs.12000 crores<br />
Rice is life for <strong>India</strong>ns
HYBRID RICE RESEARCH<br />
Systematic, goal oriented program <strong>in</strong>itiated by the ICAR<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1989, <strong>in</strong> collaboration with IRRI, through a national<br />
network.<br />
UNDP/FAO supported the program dur<strong>in</strong>g 1991-2002<br />
MRF support to fill the critical gaps s<strong>in</strong>ce 1996<br />
ICAR supported the programme under National<br />
Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) till 2005<br />
No fund<strong>in</strong>g support from 2005-09
Karjat<br />
National <strong>Hybrid</strong> Rice<br />
Research Network<br />
Delhi, Pantnagar, Faizabad, Karnal,<br />
Kapurthala<br />
DRR, Hyderabad<br />
SRC & CC<br />
Mandya, Maruteru, Coimbatore<br />
Cuttack, Ch<strong>in</strong>sur<br />
ah
Effective L<strong>in</strong>kages<br />
IRRI UNDP<br />
MRF<br />
Seed Production<br />
Network<br />
ICAR<br />
Research<br />
Network<br />
FAO<br />
Technology Transfer<br />
Network
<strong>Hybrid</strong> Rice breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Approaches<br />
Three l<strong>in</strong>e or CMS system<br />
Two L<strong>in</strong>e or EGMS System<br />
One L<strong>in</strong>e or Apomixis
Steps <strong>in</strong> <strong>Hybrid</strong> Rice Development<br />
Test Cross Nursery<br />
Re-test Cross Nursery<br />
Observational Yield Trials<br />
Station Trials<br />
National Trials
Evaluation of <strong>Hybrid</strong>s<br />
IHRT<br />
AVT-1<br />
AVT-2<br />
Release
Evaluation of <strong>Hybrid</strong>s<br />
• Total hybrids evaluated : 2000<br />
• <strong>Hybrid</strong>s Released : 43<br />
• Public Sector hybrids : 28<br />
• Private Sector hybrids : 15<br />
• Central Releases : 20<br />
• State Releases : 23
<strong>Hybrid</strong> Released by CVRC<br />
Public Sector Private Sector<br />
KRH-2 PHB-71 (Pioneer) PA 6201 (Pro-Agro)<br />
Pusa RH-10 PA 6129 (Pro Agro) PA 6444 (Pro Agro)<br />
DRRH-2 RH-204 (Parry Monsanto) Ganga (Paras Co.)<br />
Sahyadri-4 Suruchi (Mahyco) JKRH-401 (JK Agri.)<br />
DRRH-3 GK 5003 (Ganga Kaveri) DRH 775 (Metahelix)<br />
HRI 157 (Pro Agro) PAC 835 (Advanta)<br />
PAC 837 (Advanta) NK-5251 (Syngenta)<br />
US 312 (Seed Works)
Popular hybrids grown <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Country<br />
KRH-2 PHB-71<br />
Pusa RH 10 Sahyadri<br />
PA-6201 JKRH-401<br />
PA- 6444<br />
In addition to these released hybrids 30-40<br />
truthfully labeled hybrids from private sector<br />
are be<strong>in</strong>g cultivated <strong>in</strong> the country.
Most adaptable high yield<strong>in</strong>g hybrids<br />
KRH-2<br />
PA 6444 PHB-71
First aromatic <strong>rice</strong> hybrid
<strong>Hybrid</strong> with medium slender gra<strong>in</strong> type<br />
DRRH-3<br />
Year DFF Yield Advantage (%)<br />
(kg/ha) over BPT 5204<br />
2005 103 5739 18<br />
2006 101 5539 20<br />
2007 98 6051 30<br />
Mean 101 5776 23<br />
DRRH-3<br />
BPT-5204
Promis<strong>in</strong>g hybrids identified <strong>in</strong> Multilocational trials<br />
(3 seasons; 125 locations)<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
Mean Yield<br />
(t/ha)<br />
Yield Adv<br />
(t/ha)<br />
KRH-2 5.52 0.92<br />
PHB-71 5.35 0.73<br />
Sahyadri 5.29 0.67<br />
PA-6201 5.20 0.58<br />
NSD-2 5.17 0.56
1600<br />
1400<br />
1200<br />
1000<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
0<br />
Area under <strong>Hybrid</strong> Rice ('000 ha)<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Enhancement of heterosis-<br />
different approaches<br />
Improvement of parental l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Exploitation of <strong>in</strong>ter sub- specific<br />
heterosis<br />
Two l<strong>in</strong>e breed<strong>in</strong>g
Development of Restorers<br />
Cross Number of l<strong>in</strong>es Freq. of R<br />
(%)<br />
Developed Tested<br />
R x R 350 150 63<br />
R x R x R 160 105 58<br />
R x PR 480 250 41<br />
R x (PR x R) 140 90 52<br />
R x (PR x PR) 135 80 39<br />
Promis<strong>in</strong>g R-l<strong>in</strong>e
Type of<br />
cross<br />
Development of ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ers<br />
Number of l<strong>in</strong>es Freq.<br />
Developed Tested<br />
of B (%)<br />
B 1 x B 2 405 200 65<br />
B 1 x PM 150 75 40<br />
B 1x(B 2xB 3) 135 60 56<br />
B 1x(PM x B 2) 120 70 48<br />
B 1x(PM 1<br />
xPM 2)<br />
115 55 41<br />
B 1 x PM//PM 126 40 35<br />
Promis<strong>in</strong>g B-l<strong>in</strong>e
Ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>er<br />
L<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Development of CMS l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
CMS<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Days to<br />
maturity<br />
Stigma<br />
Exsertion (%)<br />
Out cross<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(%) on<br />
A l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
B l<strong>in</strong>e A L<strong>in</strong>e<br />
MI. 15-1-8-1-3 DRR 4A 126 32 84 62<br />
MI. 15-4-3-1-1-4 DRR 5A 132 30 86 65<br />
MI. 15-5-5-2-3 DRR 6A 140 36 79 59<br />
MI. 15-5-3-5-2 DRR 7A 145 25 90 68<br />
SC 5 113-1 DRR 8A 131 24 80 57<br />
MI. 15-1-10-1-1 DRR 9A 132 34 85 69
High Stigma exsertion <strong>in</strong> new CMS l<strong>in</strong>es
Gene pools developed<br />
Population No. of l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Restorer Population<br />
Added Developed<br />
DRCP 101 12 125<br />
DRCP 102 10 115<br />
DRCP 103 14 110<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>er population<br />
DRCP 104 08 70<br />
DRCP 105 10 90<br />
DRCP 104 08 70
Magnitude of heterosis <strong>in</strong> Rice<br />
Indica x japonica<br />
Indica x javanica<br />
japonica x javanica<br />
<strong>in</strong>dica x <strong>in</strong>dica<br />
japonica x japonica
Why two-l<strong>in</strong>e breed<strong>in</strong>g?<br />
• An alternative to three-l<strong>in</strong>e system—to exploit hybrid<br />
vigour (Yuan, 1998).<br />
• Risk <strong>in</strong> excessive dependence on s<strong>in</strong>gle source of<br />
CMS WA based.<br />
• Seed Production most difficult and laborious.<br />
• Parental l<strong>in</strong>e development/improvement-most<br />
cumbersome.<br />
25
TGMS and two-l<strong>in</strong>e hybrid<br />
Based on the<br />
discovery of<br />
P(T)GMS mutant<br />
Male sterility<br />
controlled by 1 or 2<br />
pairs of recessive<br />
gene(s)<br />
Temperature<br />
high<br />
low<br />
Sterile<br />
F1 Seed<br />
Production<br />
Partial Sterility<br />
Fertile<br />
S-l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Multiplication<br />
Reproductive Upper Limit<br />
Critical Sterility Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
Critical Fertility Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
Reproductive Lower Limit<br />
Model of Sterility / Fertility Expression for TGMS Rice
<strong>Hybrid</strong> Resistant Tolerant<br />
KRH-1 - Blast<br />
DRRH-1 Blast<br />
KRH-2* Blast, -<br />
Sheath rot<br />
Sahyadri - BLB<br />
NSD-2* Blast, BLB, Sheath rot<br />
PHB-71* - Blast, BLB, BPH<br />
PA-6201 Blast BPH<br />
HRI-120* Blast, BLB, Sheath rot, BPH,<br />
(6444) WBPH Gall midge<br />
Pusa RH-10* BLB, BPH<br />
RH-204* BPH, WBPH<br />
* <strong>Hybrid</strong>s hav<strong>in</strong>g multiple resistance
<strong>Hybrid</strong> <strong>rice</strong> Seed Production
<strong>Hybrid</strong> Rice Seed Production package<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong> seed production<br />
activity generates<br />
additional employment<br />
of 65 person days/ha<br />
and most of them are<br />
women.<br />
Activity<br />
Seed Rate<br />
Nursery<br />
Row ratio<br />
Number of<br />
seedl<strong>in</strong>gs/hi<br />
Spac<strong>in</strong>g<br />
GA 3<br />
Application<br />
Supplement<br />
ary<br />
poll<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
Rogu<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Seed yield<br />
Seed Parent : 15 kg/ha Pollen Parent : 6 kg/ha<br />
Sparse seedl<strong>in</strong>g (30 g/m2 ) to ensure multi tillered (4-5)<br />
seedl<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> 25 days<br />
2B : 8A for CMS multiplication<br />
2R : 10 A for hybrid seed production<br />
2 seedl<strong>in</strong>gs/hill for seed parent<br />
3 seedl<strong>in</strong>gs/hill for pollen parent<br />
Male : Male – 30 cm; Male : Female – 20 cm<br />
Female : Female – 15 cm ; Plant : Plant – 15 cm<br />
45-60 g/ha <strong>in</strong> 500 lit of water at 5% head<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> two<br />
split doses on consecutive days<br />
Two-three times a day at peak anthesis dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
flower<strong>in</strong>g phase<br />
Twice dur<strong>in</strong>g vegetative phase based on morphological<br />
characters<br />
1.5-2.0 t/ha<br />
Particulars
Southern Region<br />
Region<br />
Eastern<br />
UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgar<br />
h, Punjab and Haryana<br />
North-western and western<br />
Region<br />
Approximate area : 13,00,000 ha<br />
Percentage<br />
80<br />
15<br />
05
Expected area coverage under hybrid<br />
Year<br />
Area (m.<br />
hectare)<br />
<strong>rice</strong><br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong> seed<br />
required (‘000 t)<br />
Area required for<br />
hybrid seed<br />
production (‘000 ha)<br />
2007 1.1 17 11<br />
2008 1.4 21 14<br />
2009 2.0 30 20<br />
2010 2.5 37.5 25<br />
2011 3.0 45 30
Others (4)<br />
Maharashtra (8) Karnataka (8)<br />
AP Karimnagar<br />
& Warangal (80)<br />
Seed produced (Region wise)
<strong>Hybrid</strong> <strong>rice</strong> seed produced (2009)<br />
public<br />
3.2%<br />
private<br />
96.8%
Private sector seed companies with more than 100<br />
hectares of seed production (2009)<br />
1. Pro-Agro (Bayer Bio science) 19. PHB Biogene (Pioneer)<br />
2. Mahyco 20. Advanta <strong>India</strong><br />
3. Bioseed 21. Nath Seed Company<br />
4. Syngenta 22. Zuari Seeds Ltd.<br />
5. Ganga Kaveri Seed 23. Indo-American Seed<br />
6. Monsanto (<strong>India</strong>) Ltd. 24. Nuzuveedu Seeds<br />
7. J.K. Agri. Genetics Ltd. 25. Vikkis Agro-Tech Ltd.<br />
8. Nature’s Great Seed International Ltd. 26. Kaveri Seeds<br />
9. Shakti Seeds (P) Ltd. 27. Manisha Agri Biotech (P) Ltd.<br />
10. U.S. Agri-Genetics 28. Kanakadurga Seeds<br />
11. Hygene Seed Technologies 29. Vibha Agro-Tech. Ltd.<br />
12. Agro Seed Company 30. Star Agro-Tech Company<br />
13. Seed Tech Company 31. Chand <strong>Hybrid</strong> Seed Company<br />
14. Roh<strong>in</strong>i Seeds (P) Ltd. 32. EG Technologies<br />
15. Rallis <strong>Hybrid</strong> Seeds 33. Kesari Seeds<br />
16. Siri Seeds 34. Sriram Seeds<br />
17. A.P. Quality Seeds 35. Dhanya Seeds<br />
18. Maruthi Seeds Company 36. Delta Seeds Company
Public-Private Partnership MOUs with<br />
Private Seed Companies<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong> Developed by<br />
MOU with no.<br />
of companies<br />
DRRH-2, DRRH-3 DRR, Hyderabad 11<br />
Pusa RH-10 IARI, New Delhi 15<br />
PSD-1 & 3 GBPUAT, Pantnagar 01<br />
CORH-3 TNAU, Coimbatore 01<br />
Ajay &<br />
Rajalakshmi<br />
CRRI, Cuttack 02<br />
KRH-2 UAS, Mandya 01<br />
Sahyadri-1 BSKKV, Karjat 01<br />
JRH-4, JRH-5 JNKV, Jabalpur 01
Resources generated from MOUs<br />
DRR<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong> Company Amount (Rs.<br />
Lakhs)<br />
DRRH-2<br />
DRRH-3<br />
Sampoorna Seeds Ltd.,<br />
CP Seeds (<strong>India</strong>) Pvt. Ltd.<br />
Bioseed Research <strong>India</strong> Pvt. Ltd.<br />
DevGen Seeds<br />
Kaveri Seeds Company Ltd<br />
IFSSA<br />
Ankur Seeds Pvt. Ltd<br />
Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd<br />
9.00 +<br />
17.00
Role of DRR <strong>in</strong> popularization of<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong> Rice Technology<br />
Seed production technology perfected<br />
9000 Front L<strong>in</strong>e Demonstrations (FLDs) were<br />
conducted through out the country to popularize the<br />
hybrid <strong>rice</strong> technology<br />
Five hundred tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
programmes were<br />
organized and more than<br />
15000 persons were<br />
tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> seed<br />
production technology
Molecular marker technology is be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
effectively <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong>to the hybrid<br />
<strong>rice</strong> breed<strong>in</strong>g programme<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong> purity test<br />
Screen<strong>in</strong>g of genotypes/varieties for Rf and<br />
WCG genes<br />
Incorporation of biotic stress resistance <strong>in</strong><br />
parental l<strong>in</strong>es of released hybrids
Detection of off-types <strong>in</strong> hybrid seed lots us<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
DNA test<br />
500<br />
250<br />
Marker (bp)<br />
Parent 1 (CMS)<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
Parent 2 (Restorer)<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
Off-type<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong><br />
Off-type<br />
<strong>Hybrid</strong>
600 bp<br />
400 bp<br />
A new multiplex marker to analyze allelic status at the wide<br />
compatibility gene locus- S5<br />
Indica Japonica Neutral<br />
M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 M<br />
M – 100 bp ladder<br />
1 – W1263<br />
2 – TKM6<br />
3 – IR36<br />
4 – IR64<br />
5 – Nipponbare<br />
6 - Akihikari<br />
7 – Koshihikari<br />
8 – Taipei309<br />
9 – Nag<strong>in</strong>a22<br />
10 – Dular<br />
11 – Ketan Nangka<br />
12 – Tetep<br />
M – 100 bp ladder<br />
The marker can clearly dist<strong>in</strong>guish WC genotypes from others………..
Major Challenges<br />
Meet<strong>in</strong>g wide range of gra<strong>in</strong> quality requirement<br />
Lack of availability of long duration hybrids for<br />
shallow lowlands and coastal areas.<br />
Marg<strong>in</strong>al heterosis which is still unattractive<br />
Lack of specific resistance to major pests &<br />
diseases.<br />
Higher seed cost
Future Research Strategies<br />
Develop<strong>in</strong>g hybrids with acceptable gra<strong>in</strong> quality<br />
Develop<strong>in</strong>g long duration hybrids for shallow lowlands<br />
and coastal areas<br />
Development of hybrids for less water and sal<strong>in</strong>e<br />
conditions<br />
Enhanc<strong>in</strong>g magnitude of heterosis<br />
Incorporat<strong>in</strong>g resistance to major pests and diseases.<br />
Ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g seed production package to reduce seed cost<br />
Intensify<strong>in</strong>g transfer of technology efforts
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