An Introduction to Biomass Thermochemical Conversion - NREL

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POTENTIAL BIOMASS PRODUCTS • Potential Biomass Products • Biomass • Syngas • Hydrogen • Pyrolysis Oil – Whole or Fractionated • Hydrothermal Treatment Oils • Biomass • Solid • CH1.4O0.6 • HHV = 16 – 17 MBTU/ton (MAF) • Syngas • Major components – CO, H2 , CO2 • CO/H2 ratio set by steam rate in conditioning step, typical range 0.5 – 2 • HHV: 450-500 BTU/scf • Pyrolysis Oil • CH1.4O0.5 • Chemical composition: water (20-30%), lignin fragments (15-30%), aldehydes (10-20%), carboxylic acids (10-15%), carbohydrates (5-10%), phenols (2-5%), furfurals (2-5%), ketones (1-5%) • Other (ca.): pH - 2.5, sp.g. - 1.20, viscosity (40°C, 25% water) – 40 to 100 cp, vacuum distillation residue – up to 50% • Hydrothermal Treatment Oils • Water plus alkali at T = 300-350°C, P high enough to keep water liquid. Use of CO is option • Yield > 95% • Distillate (-500°C): 40 – 50% • Distillate Composition: Hardwood (300°C) – CH1.2O0.2 , Manure (350°C) – CH1.4O0.1 • Qualitative: long aliphatic chains, some cyclic compounds containing carbonyl groups, and a few hydroxy groups, ether linkages, and carboxylic acid groups • HHV = 28 – 34 MBTU/ton
Biomass Properties Relevant to Thermal Conversion
Page 1 and 2: An Introduction to Biomass Thermoch
Page 3 and 4: Fuels, Chemicals, Materials, Heat a
Page 5: Combustion Pyrolysis • Thermal co
Page 10 and 11: Proximate (wt% as received) Poplar
Page 12 and 13: Actual HHV (Btu/lb) 12000 10000 800
Page 14 and 15: Alfalfa stems Rice straw Wood - yar
Page 16 and 17: Stages of Combustion of Solids •D
Page 18: Combustor Types •Stoker Grate •
Page 21 and 22: Biomass Technology Stoker Boiler, W
Page 23 and 24: 1.0 Fossil Energy In Life Cycle CO2
Page 25 and 26: Electricity (cents/kWh) and Steam (
Page 27 and 28: Product High Pressure Low Pressure
Page 29 and 30: Mixed Oxygenates Conventional Flash
Page 31 and 32: 1792 and all that • Murdoch (1792
Page 33 and 34: C + CO2 = 2CO C + H2O = CO + H2 C +
Page 35 and 36: Table 2: Gas composition for fluid
Page 37 and 38: Biomass Coal Oxygen Sulfur Ash Alka
Page 39 and 40: Community Power Corporation’s Cor
Page 42 and 43: Contribution to Hydrogen Price for
Page 44 and 45: Life Cycle GWP and Energy Balance f
Page 46 and 47: CRUDE OIL CRUDE TOWER ATMOS RESID H
Page 48 and 49: Net Revenue Potential of Biorefiner
Page 50 and 51: Pyrolysis
Page 52 and 53: Mechanisms of Pyrolysis Many pathwa
Page 54 and 55: Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass • Fast
Page 56 and 57: Operational Pyrolysis Units Fluid b
Page 58 and 59:
Fluid Bed Heating Options 1 Hot wal
Page 60 and 61:
Fluid Bed Reactors Good temperature
Page 62 and 63:
CFB and Transported Beds • Good t
Page 64 and 65:
Vacuum Moving Bed Developed at Uni
Page 66 and 67:
Char Removal Char acts as a vapor c
Page 68 and 69:
Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Bio-oil is w
Page 70 and 71:
Upgrading of Bio-oils Physical Meth
Page 72 and 73:
Bio-oil Cost Different claims of th
Page 74 and 75:
Research Opportunities
Page 76 and 77:
Biomass Thermochemical Conversion P
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An Introduction to Biomass Thermochemical Conversion - NREL

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