HISTORI.tE NATURALIS CLASSICA, LXXVII

HISTORlJE NATURALIS CLASSICA 

EDIDERUNT 

J. CRAMER ET H. K. SWANN 

TOMUS LXXVII 

A MANUAL FLORA 

OF EGYPT 

by 

R. MUSCHLER 

REPRINT 1970 

VERLAG VON J. CRAMER· 3301 LEHHE 

WHELDON & WESLEY, LTD 

CODICOTQ. HERTS. 

S·H SERVICE AGENCY, INC. 

NEW YORK, N. Y.

A Manual Flora of Egypt 

by 

Dr. 1teno Muschler 

" "_., 

Assistant at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Dahlem-Berlin; Corresponding lIIembel' 

of the "Institut Egyptien" and others. 

with a preface 

by 

Prof. Panl lscherson and Prof. Georg Schweinfnrth 

Vol. I. 

Berlin 

R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Kal'lstl'asse 11 /' 

1912.

AliBma. 25 

take.) Below the epidermis runs a single row of long, narrow, colourless, 

supporting cells (libriform cells); these are absent in some Egyptian snd 

Syrian specimens, which Magnus (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. I. (ISR3) p. 522) 

has separated as the variety Delilei. As, however, these specimens can be 

distinguished by no other character, their habit, leaf-sheaths, marginal teeth, 

flowers, fruits, and seeds conforming to those of the type, which moreover 

grows in the same area, I have following Rendle ventured to disregard the 

variety. 

7. Alismataceae. 

Marsh or water plants. Leaves basilar on 'long petioles. 

Flowering stems leafless, or rarely lea(v. Flowers in terminal 

umbells, racemes and panicles. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, 

reg!llar. Perianth when perfect of 6 segments. imbricate in 2 series, 

the' 3 outer ones membranous or herbaceous, the 3 inner larger 

and petal-like, often very fugacious. Stamens 0-9 or indefinite, 

hypogynous or slightly connected with the base of the segments, 

but when isomerous with them not usually opposite their centres; 

filaments filiform or flattened; anthers erect, with 2 parallel cells 

opening laterally in longitudinal slits. Ovary of 3--6 or many 

carpels, quite distinct or shortly connate, each tapering into a sllOti 

style or with a sessile terminal stigma; ovules 1-2 or few, erect 

from the base of the cavitv. or the funicle of the inner one 

shortly adnate to the inner angle, or numerous and parietal. In 

fruit the carpels ripen into indehiscellt nutlets, or when severalseeded 

are variously dehiscent. Seeds erect or when several ascending 

or spreading,' with a thin testa and inner membrane; no 

albnmen. Embryo either straight and of the shape of the seed, 

or more frequently horse-shoe shaped; radicle inferior. 

llarsh Or water plants, with generally a stout rhizome, radical leaves 

ulld a large, much branched infl'orescence. Genera 14, species 50 found in 

temperate and warm zones. 

A. Carpels I-seeded, indehiscent, scarcely beaked . 1. Alisma. 

H. Carpels 2-seeded, tapering into divaricate beaks 

falling off by a transverse rupture near the base 2. Damasonium. 

13. (1.) Alisma I,inli. 

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Periallth of 6 segmcnts, 3 outer 

ones membranous or almost herhaceous, 3 inner large and petallike. 

StamHIls 6. Ovules solitary in each carpel. ]

28 

Hydrocharitaceae. 

15. (1.) Halophila Thouars. 

Staminate1:l0wers: perianth simple, 3-leaved, stamens 3 alternating 

with the leaves oJ perianth; anthers sessile, extrorse, 4-(rarely 2-) 

celled. Pistillate flowers: perianth minute, 3-2-(sometimes 4-5) 

lobed; ovary bottle-shaped, with 2-5, usually 3 placentas, parietal. 

the ovules usually numerous, anatropous, ascending. Stigmas 2-5. 

(more often 3) inserted between the leaves of the pelianth, much 

longer than they, filiform, grooved at the inner face. Fruit membranous. 

Seeds usually numerous, nearly globular, the -testa easily separating. 

Embryo thick, hollowed at the tip, to receive the cotyledon from 

the sheath-like cavity of which projects the plumule. - Maline, 

submerged, perennial herbs. Leaves approximated in pairs, frondlike, 

the blade 3-nerved. Flowers sheathed by a 2-leaved spathe, at the 

end of short branches, the staminate peduncled, the pistillate sessile. 

A genus found from the Red Sea to Indian Ocean and South Seas; 

Tropical Atlantic Ocean (America). 

I. Frondous-Ieaves oval or oblong-elliptical, supported 

on a slender petiole about twice or three times its 

length; entire _....... . . . . . . . . 1. H. ovails. 

II. Frondous-Ieaves broadly line'm', bordered by small 

acute teeth Or cilia, tapering into l\ sbort petiole. 2, H. stipulacea. 

29. (1.) Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) I. D. Hook. in FI. Tasm. II. 

(1860); p. 45. - Boiss. PI. Or. V, p. 2. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. FI. 

d'gg., p.143 no. 990. - Balfour, The genus Halophila, p. 47 . ......,. The 

structure of tho stom is simple, like that in the generality of waterplants. 

'rho scale-leaves 'are oblong-oval, sometimes slightly emarginate, 

about 5-6 mm long by 4 mm broad. The frondous leaves 

have an oval or oblong-elliptical lam en, supported on a slender 

petiole about twice or three times its length. The male flower 

consists of three sessile four-cellod anthers closely appressed and 

supported on a long pediceL These are sUlTounded by a pelianth 

of three imbricated elliptical-oval segments which completely enclose 

them and have in the living plant a bright scarlet line down 

the back. The female flower is sessile or sub-sessile. and is enclosed 

by the double-leaved translucent spathe, through which its form is 

easily seen. It is composed ,of three carpels confluent to form a thinwalled, 

one-celled ovary, filled with a viscid mucilage, and from the 

walls of which three parietal placentas project. The fruit is a globular 

capsule, surmounted by a beak, on the top -of -which are visible the 

scars of the removed styles, and the remains ;of the perianth. 

R. Gulf of Suez; Qoseyr. - 

Also known from the Indian Ocean and South Seas.

60 

Gramineae. 

58. (14.) PaniC1ll,D glaucum L. Spec. Plant ed. I (1753), p. 56. - 

Aschers.-Scbweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 160 no. 1128. - Setaria gluuca 

1'. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. (1812), p. 51. - Boiss. FloI'. Or. V, p. 442. - 

Batt. et Trab. Fl. de l'Alg. I, p. 37. - An erect annual, 30 to 60 cm 

high, with flat leaves and a bristly, cylindrical, spike-like, densely 

flowered panicle, 2-6 cm long. Culms scabrons just below the 

panicle, otherwise smooth. Sheaths smooth: ligule a dense fringe of 

smooth hairs; leaf-blade 6-20 cm long, 4-10 mm broad, nearly 

smooth on the dorsal surface, very scabrous on the upper surface 

and margins, and occasionally pilose near the base. Axis of the 

panicle densely pubescent. Bristles five to ten on each spikelet, 

yellowish 01' rarely purplish. Spikelets ovoid, about 3 mm long. 

First glume about 1 mm long, three-nerved, second nearly half the 

length of the spikelets, five-nerved; the third five-nerved and as 

long as the transversaly rugose, flowering glume. - :Flow. :March 

to June. 

M. mao Alexandda, on the sides of the canal on shady places. - 

N. d. Damietta; environs of Cairo in fields and gardens as a pernicious 

weed. - N. V. Siut, not rare. - O. Great Oasis, Gyaw; Kharge; 

Dakhel; FarRfrah, on shady places. 

Local lIame: safiah; sar-el-fil.r (Forsk.). 

Most warm and many temperate countries. 

59. (15.) Panicum viride L. Syst. veg. ed. X (1759), p. 870. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. TIL Pl. d'Eg., p. 160 no. 1129. - Setaria viridis 

P. Beauv. Ess. Agl'ost., p. 57 tab. 14, Fig. 3. -- Boiss. Flor. Or. V, 

p.443. - Batt. at Tl'ab. Fl. de l'Alg., p. 37. -- An erect, glabrous, 

. caespitose annual, 20 to 90 cm high, with short, lanceolate leaves 

and dense, cylindrical, spike-like, green panicles, 2 to 10 cm long. 

Culms usually much branched at the base, glabrous; nodes smooth; 

leaves 5 to 25 cm long, 4-10 mm broad, long acuminate, slightly 

scabrous on both sides; bristles slender, strict, spreading, antrorsely 

scabrous, 1 to 1,5 em long, green or rarely purplish. Spikelets 

about 2 mm long; second and third glume five-nerved, equalling 

the spikelet; flowering glume elliptical, rounded at the apex, finely 

and faintly transversely wrinkled below, or only striate, and pitted. 

Flow March. 

N. d. Rosetta in fields; .Cairo in the gardens as weed. 

With the same geographical range as P. glaucum, this is, however, 

much less common in tropical countries, but more so in central Europe, 

extending eastward all across ·Asia. 

60. (16.) Panicum verticillatum L. Spec. Plant. ed. 2 (1762), p. 82. 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p' }60 no. 1130. - Setaria

'l'richolaena. 67 

28. (11.) Tricholaena Schrad. 

Spikelets oblong, laterally compressed, more or less gaping, 

panicled, deciduous from capillary pedicels; lower flower usually 

male or barren, upper hermaphrodite. Glumes very dissimilar or 

at le:lst unequal, lower reduced to a minute Bcale or obsolete, very 

rarely one half of the length of the spikelet, somewhat remote from 

the upper; upper glume membranous, emarginate, muticous or finely 

mucronate or aristate from the sinus, 5-nerved, usually hairy. 'Flowering 

glumes dissimilar, lower like the upper glume with a hyaline 2-nerved 

subequal pale, upper much smaller, thinly chartaceous, glabrous, 

shining, obtuse or subemarginate, obscurely 5-nerved, with an equal 

2-nerved pale of similar substance. Lodicules 2, very small. Stamens 3. 

Style free, slender; stigma densely plumose, laterally exserted. Grain 

oblong-ellipsoid, closely embraced by the glume and pale; hilum basal, 

punctiform; embryo about one half of the length of the grain. - 

Perennial, rarely annual; leaves linear to setaceous; ligule a fringe 

of hairs; panicles open or contracted, often much divided, with 

capillary branchlets and pedicels, the latter with thickened tips; • 

spikelets often completely enveloped by soft shining' hairs, rarely 

pubescent or quite glabrous. 

Species 10-12, chiefly in the dry and hot countries of the Old, World. 

66. Tricholaena Teneriffae (L. til.) ParI. in Webb et Berth. Hist. 

nat. Canar. III (1836-50), p. 425. - Panieum Teneriflae R Dr. 

Prdr. Flor. Nov. Holl., p. 3!:J. - BoiSE. Flor. Or. V, p. 434. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 159 no. 1115. - Saccharum Tenerifi'ae 

1,. til. Suppl. pl., p. 106. - 30 to 60 cm high; root-stock indurated; 

culms branching at base, ascending. Leaves glaucescent, linear, 

rigid, convolute in drying, hairing at mouth of the sheath. Panicle 

8 cm to 10 cm long, spreading in flower, contracted in fruit, branches 

capillary, flexuous; spikelets oblong, long-pedicelled; lower glume 

obsolete, upper similar to the lower glume of staminate flower, membranous, 

ovate-Ianceolate, beset with long hairs; upper glume of 

staminate flower glabrous, narrower, more obtuse; fertile flower 

much shorter than the glume, pales oblong. coriaceous, glossy. - 

Flow. April to August. - 

D. i. Desert el Tih. - D. a. sept. Wad)" Hamata-Adagah; 

Northern Galala, Wady Khaffira; Wady Dakhel; Gebel Ataka near 

Suez; up"per Wady Warag; Wady Rigbe; D. a. mer./Wady Az'khar; 

Wady. Etih between Qos?eyr and Ras-Benass. Gebel Ferra,vl near 

Berenicke. 

Also 'in the other parts of Northern Africa and in Abyssinia and tropical 

Africa, 

5*

Dactyloctenium. - l'appophorulll. 109 

glabrous; lower empty glume about 0,75 mm long, the upper 

cuspidately mucronate or awned; awn curved, sometimes exceeding 

the glume; flowering glumes 2-3,5 mill long, mucronate or awned; 

anthers about 0,5-0,75 mm long; grain 0,5-1 mni long, rery 

rugose, reddish. - Flow. January to March .. - 

M. rna. Alexandria, RamIe, common in cotton fields; Abukir, 

in sandy places not rare. - N. d. Hosetta in gardens and cotton 

fiPlds; Tanta, as common weed in fields; Zaqaziq, not rare; Khanka; 

environs of Cairo. - N. v. Beni-Suef, in nelds. F{lshn, Millia, 

Kom-el-Ahrnar in fields, not rare; Aswan, common. ---:- O. Qasr 

Dakhel; Kharge in the Great Oasis. . 

Local name: rigl-el-herbayeh (Delile); generallYlla jill-es-saJib. 

Also known frolll Nubia, Erythraen, Arabia upd in'- other "Countries of 

Tropical Asia and America. 

55. (38.) Pappopborum Schreb. 

Spike lets 3-flowered. panicuhlte; rlmchilla disarticulaJillg abm·!l..'. 

the glumes, minutely scaberulous or almost smooth.. Lowest flower 

hisexual, the intermediate male or barren, the upperI1l;ost rudimentary, 

minute. Glumes 2, persistent, memuranous, acute or obtuse 61' minutely 

truncate, 3-5- or sub-7- nerved. Bisexual flower: flowering ghime 

ren' broad. rounded on the back, rather firm, more or less villous, 

9-u"erved, 9-awned; awns subulate, equal or suboqual, plumose. ciliate 

or scaberulous; callus minute, short: pale oblong, 2-keeled, exceeding 

the flowering glnme; lodicules 2, minnte, cnnoate, fleshy; stamens 3; 

orary glabrous; styles distinct, silort; stigmas laterally exsCl"ted, 

loosely plumose. tlecolld flower like the lower, but tbe flowering 

glume about 1/2 as long, glabrous, the ovary rudimentary or suppressed. 

Uppermost flower reduced to a tuft of minute awns. Grain oblong, 

dorsally more or less compressed; hilum punctiform, subbasal; embryo 

large, occupying 3/, or more of the fruit. - Perennial, rarely subannual; 

blades usually narrow, often con\'olute; ligules reducrd to 

a line of hairs; panicle contracted, more or less spike-like, elegantly 

bristly-plumose from tile numertlus awns. 

Species about 6 in the dry and warm regions or the Old World and 

ill Australia, 1 in Western North America. 

120. Pappophorum brachystachyumJaub.etSpachinAnn.scienc. 

nat. ser. 3, XIV (1850), p. 365 and Ill. Plant. Or. II (1850-1853). 

tab. 324. - Boiss. Fl. Or. V, p. 558. - Ascilers.-Scilweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg .. 

p. 171 no. 1 i 98. - Enneapogon brachystachyum Stapf in FloI'. Cap. VII, 

p. 654. ,- Perennial, often compactly cacspitose, all parts finely' 

glandular-pubescent, rarely subglabrous; culms fasciclod, geniculately

J

I'istia - Arisarum. 191 

91. (1.) Pistia Linn. 

Spathe small. tubular below; limb open, oblique, constrictpd Oll 

each side at its basco Spadix shorter than the spathe, monQ'cious, 

with the female part ad nate to the back of the spathe, and the 

male part free, stipitate, having two neuter organs at its basp. the 

upper cup-shaped or frill-like. the lower sub orbicular or subrenifol'm 

in outline with the sides bent inwards or downwards. Flowers 

unisexual. Perianth none. Female inflorescence of a single ol'ary. 

apparently arising from the back of the spatbe, very ohlique. 

I-celled; style obliquely erect from the top of the ovary; stigma 

capitate; ovules numerous, basal, orthotropous. Male inflorescence: 

a stipitate whorl of 3-8 flowers, each flower t

194 

Lemnaceae. 

the spathe, appendix cylindrical-club-shaped, blackish-purple; interspace 

twice to four times as long as pistillate ring, densely beset 

with sterile stamens. - Flow. March to May. - 

M. rna. Mariut, between Sandib and Blrkhreyr; Mex near 

Alexandria in deep sand. - M. p. EI-Grady; EI-' Arish. 

Local name: ergeyta. 

Also known from Palestine. 

13. Lemnaceae. 

Flowers very minute, seated in a cavity at the margin or in the 

upper surface of the frond, consisting of 1-2 stamens accompanied 

hy a sessile ovary, either naked or enclosed in a membranous spathe 

(or perianth?), which bursts irregularly as the stamens mature. 

Stamens exserted from the fi:ond; filaments filiform; anthers 1-2celled; 

cells subglobose, opening by transverse slits or by a slit 

across the top. Ovary narrowed into a style or with a subsessile 

stigma. I-celled; placenta basal; ovule solitary or several in an ovary, 

anatropous, semianatropous, or orthotropous. Fruit I-several-seeded, 

indehiscent or opening transversely. Seeds minute, albuminous; 

embryo straight, axile. - Small or minute, gregarious. floating 

plants, consisting of suborbicular, elliptic, obovate, oblong or linear 

fronds of cellular tissue, with or without rudimentary vessels, usually 

2 or more fronds connected together as one plant, flat on both sides 

or more or less convex beneath, sometimes as thick as broad, developing 

young fronds (which remain attached to the parent frond for 

some time) from a cavity or cavities placed near or at the basal 

end of the frond, rootless or producing one or more roots from the 

middle of the under surface. 

A small family of only two genera and abont 28 species; distributed 

throughout all warm and temperate countries, in still water. 

A. Frond with one or more roots. Flowers seated in 

a cavity at the margin of the frond . . . . . 1. Lemna. 

B. Frond rootless. .!

200 

JuncaceBe. 

blue flowers are arranged in simple spikes. - Waterhyacinth. 

Flow. May. 

N. d. Kafr Dowar, spontaneous in the canal, abundant. 

Cultivated everywhere. 

Liliifiorae. 

Relatively fleshy" or grass-like or sedge-like herbs, rarely viues 

or trees. I,eaves various, mostly with flat hlades, sometimes scalelike 

or terete. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, complete, 

regular, or in a few cases irregular. Perianth of 3 or 6 members, 

these more or less readily distinguishable into calyx and corolla, 

sometimes partially united. Androeceum of 3 -6 stamens. Gynoeceum 

of 3 or rarely 2 united carpels. Ovary superior or nearly so or in 

fedor. Fruit various, commonly a capsule or a lary, sometimes 

berry-like. Endosperm fleshy or horny. 

16. Juncaceae. 

Perennial or annual herbs, rarely shrubs, with a woody caudex; 

stem often leafy only at the base; leaves terete or linear; flowers 

small, often clustered; bracts .scariose, persistent. Flowers regular. 

Periantb infeIior, cut down to the base into 6 subequal, biserial, 

glumaceous segments. Stamens usually 6, hypogynous or attached 

to tlie base of the segments; filaments filiform or flattened; anthers 

dorsifixed or basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior, 

1-3-celled; ovules anatropous, usually many in a cell; sty Ie 

filiform, simple or trifurcate. Fruit capsular, splitting into 3 valves. 

Seeds ovoid, globose or angled by pressure, rarely compressed; testa 

thin or moderately thick, pale or black, the thin outer membrane 

sometimes produced beyond the nucleus; albumen copious, fleshy 

or hard; embryo small, placed near the hilum. 

A family of moderate size, comprising 14 genera and about 250 species. 

The typical genus J uncus is widely dispersed, especially in temperate and 

extratropical regions; the remainder of the family is mainly Australian. The 

species have no important properties and cannot be said to posess an economic 

value. 

100. Juncus Linn. 

Perianth rigid, cut down to the base; segments sub equal, ovate 

or lanceolate. Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous or attached. to the 

base of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform or flattened, anthers 

linear or oblong, basi fixed. Ovary sessile, with 3 more or less intruded 

parietal placentas; style filiform, divided to the middle into 3

210 

Liliaceae. 

104. (4.) Tulipa Linn. 

Perianth deciduous, segments six, oblong or obovate, always 

destitute of a nectariferous pore. Stamens 6, shorter than the 

perianth, hypogynous, filaments dilated at the base, tapering toward 

the tip; anthers fixed at the base. Ovary sessile, 3-celled;. sty Ie 0; 

stigmas 3, shOlt, reflex ed, grooved. Capsule oblong or obovate. 

:-leeds uumerous, discoid. - Caulescent herbs, the bulbs with tunics, 

the flowers usually solitary, campanulate. 

A genus of about 60 species in temperate Europe, North Africa and 

Western Asia. 

246. Tulipa montana Lind!. in Botanic. Regis. XIII (1827) 

tab. 1106. - Boiss. Fl. Or. V, p. 192. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Fl. 

d'Eg., p. 150 no. 1036. - Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1873), 

p. 279. - Perennial, 20 to 40 cm high; leaves 3-4, oblonglanceolate, 

2 to 4 cm broad to linear-lanceolate, oftflD falcate, wavymargined. 

Perianth ti to 1U cm broad, palish at the outer, crimson 

at the inner surface, segments ovate to ovate-oblong or obovate, 

acute or obtuse, sometimes cuspidate, with an oblong blackish spot 

at the base, surrounded by a yellow margin; stamens one third as 

long as the perianth; capsule oblong-cllspidate, 4 cm long, 1,8 cm 

broad. - Flow. March. 

M. p. El-'Arish. 

Also known from Armenia, Persill, Kurdistan and Afghanistan. 

105. (5.) Gagea Salib. 

Segments of the funnel-shaped perianth 6, connate at the base, 

flat. filaments 6, ad nate at the base to the perianth, subulate, anthers 

ovate to ohlong, fixed by the base, and perforated to receive the 

filament. Ovary ii-angled, a-celled. Ovules numerous, in two rows 

at the central angle of cell, horizontal. Style subulate, 3-anglcd, 

stigma f'apitate, 3-lobed. Capsule membranous, sessile or stipitate. 

Heeds ovate, angled, or flattened. - Bulbous herbs with umbelled 

or corYI1!bose flowers, perianth-segments yellow or green with yellow 

margins. 

A R"eDUS of about 30 species in the northern temperate regions. 

247. Gagea reticulata (Pail.) Schult. Syst. Veg. VII (1829), 

p. 552. - val'. tenuiiolia Roiss. Flor. Or. V (1884), p. 208. _ 

Aschem.-Schweinf. Ill. PI. d'JoJg., p. 151 no. 1037. - Sickenberg. 

Contrih. Fl. d'Eg., p. 29;;. - Perennial; tunics .numerous, produ(,cd 

into a more or less elongated, reticulated sheath; stem more or less

Allium. 213 

D.D. Perianth - segments 

obtuse; filaments '/. 

the length of the 

perianth • . • • • 10. A. roseum. 

*. Leaves tortuous. . . . 11. A. Blomfieldianum. 

tt Leaves beset especially at 

the sheaths with appressed, 

retrorse, club-shaped papillae. 

. . . . . . . • • 12. A. papillare. 

II) Scape triquetrous; bulbs globular. 

. . . _ . . . . . . . 13. A. neapolitanum. 

B. Melanocrommyium. Ovules 3-10, in two 

rows in each cell. 

I. Bulb ovate, with white, membranous 

tunics; perianth-segments oblong-linear, 

at the length reflexed; filaments somewhat 

longer than the perianth. . . . . . . 14. A. Aschersonianum. 

II. Bulb ovate with black, coriaceous tunics; 

perianth-segments narrowly ellipticlinear, 

not reflexed; filaments II. the 

length of the perianth. . . . . . 15. A. Crameri. 

248. (1.) Allium ampeloprasum L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), 

p. 295. - Boiss. Fl. Or. V, p. 232. - Aschers.-Schweinf. m. Fl. 

d'Eg., p. 151 no. 1042. - Perennial; 1 m high or more; bulb ovate, 

tunics scarious; scape stout, leafy to the middle. Umbel manyflowered, 

pedicels many times as long as the flowers; pelianth pink 

to purple, segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; the back more or less 

scabrous; filaments a little longer than the perianth, the fertile cusp 

of the inner three shorter than the stedle. - Flow. March to April. 

M. mao Mex; Alexandria; RamIe; Mandara. - O. Little Oasis. 

Local name: basal-el-'afrit (Ascherson.) 

Widely distributed in southern Europe aud western Asia. 

249. (2.) Allium sphaerocephalum L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), 

p.297. - Boiss. Fl. Or. V, p.236. - Aschers.-Schweinf. TIl. Fl. 

d'Eg., p.151 no. 1043. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. d'Eg., p.295. - 

Perennial; 60 to 80 cm high; bulb usually having bulblets, and 

membranous tunics. Scape leafy to the middle; spathe at length 

lobed; umbel globular; the outer pedicels as long as the flower, the 

inner ones longer; perianth purple to pink, ovate-campanulate, 

segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, smooth or roughish along the keel;

lUG 

Liliaceae. 

connate with each other and with the perianth at the base, longer 

than the perianth, the sinuses rarely with a minute tooth; capsule 

globose-depressed, trigonous; style exserted. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Alexandria, very rare. 

Only known from Egypt. 

255. (8.) Allium desertorum Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab. (1775), 

p. 72. - Boiss. FI. Or. V, p. 267. - Aschers.-Schweinf. TIl. Fl. d'Eg., 

p.152 no. 1048. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. d'Eg., p. 2!J6. - Perennial; 

15 to 30 em high; bulb oblong, 10 to 30 em long, the outer tunics 

thick, the inner ones netted-striate, at length divided into fibres. Scape 

striate, nodding at the tip before flowering, somewhat flexuous, with 

three leaves or less at the base; leaves slender, grooved, striate, 

longer than the scape; valves of the spathe membranous, red-nerved, 

oblong-ovate, suddenly contracted into. a subulate cusp, longer than 

the umbel; umbel 5-20-flowered, pedicels diffuse, unequal, once 

and a half to thrice as long as the flowers; perianth campanulate, 

5 mm long, segments oblong-Ianceolate, white, glossy, red-keeled, 

acutish, somewhat recurved at the tip; filaments simple, three quarters 

as long as the p61;anth, dilated at the base, subulate at the tip; 

anthers yellow; style included; stigma capitate. - Flow. March 

to Aplil. 

D. a. sept. Wady Hof neal' Helwan; desert eastward from 

Cairo, not rare; Northern and South,ern Galala, Wady Tin. D. I. 

Desert el-ill. 

Local name: Za'eytemllm. 

Also known from Syria. 

256. (9.) Allium Erdelii Zucco in Abhandlg. Bayr. Akad. III 

(1837), p.236 tab. V. - Boiss. Fl. Or. V, p.269. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. m. Fl. d'Eg., p. 152 no. 1049. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. 

d'Eg., p. 296. - Asch!lrs.-Schweinf. Primit. Fl. Marm., p. 672 no. 318. 

- Perennial; 20 to 50 cm high; bulb ovate-oblong, 1 to 1,5 em long, 

the outer tunics leathery. Scape terete, leafy only at the base; leaves 

linear, folded, 8ubulate-tapering, nsually ciliate at the margin; spathe 

tap61'ing, at length 3-4-lobed, somewhat shorter ,than the pedicels; 

umbel dense, hemispheIical; pedicels as long as the flower to once 

. and a half as long, at length elongated; perianth campanulate, 

8 mm to 1 cm long, straw coloured, glossy, segments connate near 

the base, oblong-Ianceolate, acute; filaments as long as the perianth, 

connate and dilated at the base, tapering-subulate; style longer 

than the stamens, somewhat capitate at the base. - Flow. April. 

M. rna. Alexandria, rare. ' 

Also known- from Syria and Palestine.

218 

Liliaceae. 

Q'Eg., p.296. Perennial, 20 to 30 cm high; bulb ovate, with 

rusty-coloured tunics. ScapI' .thickish, ascending, the lower part leafy; 

leaves scarcely shorter than the scapI', narrowly linear, folded, 

subulate-tapering, beset especially at the sheaths with appressed, 

retrorse, club-shaped papillae; spathe with ovate, cuspidate lobes, 

as long as the pedicels; umbel hemisphaerical, pedicels twice as 

long as the flowers; perianth white, 6 mm long, divisions ovate, 

obtuse; filaments about as long as the perianth, connate, triangularlanceolate, 

tapering; style longer than the perianth. - Flow. March 

to April. 

M. p. Qatiyia; Bir Mabruky; Nakhl-Abu-Eyta; el-Grady. - D. i. 

Wady-el-AIish, between Gebel EkhfBn and Gebel Hala!' 


260. (13.) Allium neapolitanwn Cirillo Plant. rar. regno Neap. I 

(1788), p. 13 tab. IV. - Boiss. F!. Or. V, p. 274. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. F!. d'Eg., p. 152 no. 1052. - Sickenberg. ContIib. Fl. 

d' Eg., p. 296. - Perennial, 50 to 60 cm high; bulbs globular, with 

scarious tunics. ScapI' triquetrous, leafy at the base; leaves lorate 

or broad-linear, often 2 cm broad, tapering; spathe I-valved, ovate, 

tapering, shorter than the pedicels; umbel many-flowered, 5 em to 

1 u em broad, pedieels thrice as long as the flowers; perianth white, 

1,5 cm broad, spreading, segments ovate-elliptical, obtuse; filaments 

half as long as the perianth, adnate at the base, lanceolate, subulatetapering 

at the tip; style longer than the stamens. -- Flow. April. 

M. mao Alexandria; Mex; Mariut; not common. 

Widely distributed throughout the Mediterraneau region. 

26l. (14.) Allium Aschersoniaum Barbey Herboris. au Levant. 

(1882), p. 163 tab. IV. - Boiss. Fl. Or. V, p. 283. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 152 no. 1054. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. 

d'gg., p. 296. - Perennial, 30 to 50 em high; bulb ovate with 

white, membranous, fringed tunics. ScapI' thick, leafy below, leaves 

lorate-Ianceolate, tapering, usually wavy, denticulate-scabrous at the 

margin, shorter than the scape; spathe 2-3-1obed, shorter than th·e 

umbel; umbel spherical, dense, pedicels twice to four times as long 

as the flower; perianth pink, segments oblong-linear, obtuse, at 

length reflexed; filaments white, united at the base, long tapering 

toward the tip, somewhat longer than the perianth. - Flow. March to 

April. 

M. mao MaIiut; Marabu; Mex; Alexandria, not rare. 

Also known from Syria.

Scilla. - Ornithogalum. 227 

cell; capsule ovate, mucronate; grains subglobose, rugose, not arillate 

Flow. March. 

M. rna. Abusir near Alexandria, rare. 

Also known from Spain, and the other parts of northern Africa. 

113: (13.) Ornithogalum Linn. 

Perianth polyphyllous; segments ohlong, obtuse suhequal, 

spreading from the base, concolorous or furnished with a distinct 

I-nerved keel. Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the. perianth; 

filaments often flattened; anthers oblo.1g, dorsifixed, versatile. . Ovary 

sessile, glohose, 3-celled, ovules many, superposed; style' subulate, 

as long as or longer than the ovary; stigma capitate, mInute. 

Capsule 'loculicidally 3-valved, not deeply lobed. Seeds not compressed; 

testa black; albumen firm; embryo small. - Rootstock a 

tunical bulb. Leaves all radical, contemporary with the flowers. 

Raceme elongated or corymbose; pedicels not articulated; bracts 

membranous, persistent, not spurred. Flowers usually white. 

Species about 100. - Temperate and subtemperate reg ons of the Old 

World, concentrated in Sonth Africa, one doubtful species Ohilian. Only 

one species occurs in Egypt. 

277. Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss. Flor. Sic. Prodr. I (1827), 

p. 413, val'. trichophyllum (Boiss. and Heldr.) Boiss. Flor. Or. V 

(1884), p. 219. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 151 no. 1038. 

- Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. d'Eg., p. 295. - Ornithogalum trichophyllum 

Boiss. and Heldr. Diagnos. Plant. Orient. Ser. II, fasc. 4, p.108. 

- Perennial, 10 to 30 cm high; bulb simple, ovate, 1 to 2 em long. 

Leaves glabrous, setaceous, erect, grooved, nearly or quite destitute 

of a white band, as long as the scape or longer. Corymb few-flowered; 

pedicels spreading, the lower twice to five 'times as long as the 

flowers, and once to twice as long as the lanceolate-subulate bract; 

divisions of the perianth oblong to linear-oblong, with a green band 

as broad as the margin, the outer three obsoletely mucronulate; 

filaments half as long as the perianth; capsule obovate, somewhat 

retuse, the ribs acute, approximated in pairs. - Flow. February 

to March. 

M. rna. Abnsir; Mariut; Mex; Alexandria; RamIe; Mandara; 

Ahukir. 

Jjocal name: basal-el-hanakh (Ascherson). 


15·

Iris. - Gladiolus. 237 

no. 1027. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. d'Eg., p. 289. - Baker Handb. 

Iridae, p. 43. - I. aegyptiaca Delile Fragm. Flor. Arab., p. 6. - 

Bulb edible, globose, 2,5 em diameter; outer tunics entirely fibrous. 

Leaves 2, suprabasal, linear, arcuate, 15-50 em long, strongly 

veined. Stem slender, terote, 15-30 cm long; heads 1-3. the 

lateral sossile. Spathes 2 - 3-flowered, 5 - 7 cm long; 1'111 ves lunccolatc, 

the outer subscariose at the flowering time; pedieels very short. 

Flowers fugitive, lilac. Perianth-tnbe slender, 2,5 em long; limb 

2-3 em long; falls with an oblong blade, 1 em broad. as long as 

the haft, with a faint yellow spot bordered with white in the centre; 

standards rather shorter, oblanceolUte-unguiculate, 4-6 mm broad. 

Style branches under 2,5 em long; crests large, lanceolate-deltoid. 

Capsule Oblong-trigonal, 2-4 cm long, hidden. by the persistent 

scariose spathe-valves. - Flow. February to March. 

M. rna. Marint; Ell' Burduu; Abuair; Tilbiet-el-Agmi; Max; 

Alexandria, rare; Sidi Gaber; RamIe; Mandara; Montazu. - M. p. 

Between Qatiya and El-'Arish in many places. - N. f. Adowa; 

Medinet-el-Fayum; El-Edwa; Rom-Faris; Abilxa; Senhur; SeDllris; 

Toruia. - N. v. Feshn; Malatiya; AbU Girga; Minia; Roda; Sint; 

Ekhmim; Rene. - D. I. Beni Selama; Kafr-Hakill; Abu Roash near 

Cairo; Pyramids of Giza; Saqqara. - D.1. .Es-Sulihiya, ill deep 

sand; EI-Ferdun; Ismailiu; Wady-el-Arish. - D. a. sept. Birket-elhadji; 

Belbeys; Mokattam; Wady et-Tih; El-Massara; Turra Ileal' 

Helwan; Ell' Suez; Suez, sandy places. 

Local name: 'ollsegl; busseyl; kheyta; Zambaq. 

Also known from Portugal and Spain, through the Mediterranean region 

to Punjab. 

- val'. monophylla (Boiss. and Heldr.) Boiss. Plor. 01'. V 

(1884), p. 120. - Aschers.-Schweini. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 149 no. 1027. 

- Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. d'Eg., p.289. - Leaf one, very narrow. 

Stem lower. Perianth dirty-yellowish. - Flow. March. 

M. rna. Matruqa; Mex; Alexaudria; Bir-el-alid; Elr-Matruqy: 

Bir Abu Mesruq; El-Arish. 


120. (2.) Gladiolus Linu. 

Perianth-tube usually funnel-shaped; segments of the limb 

more or less unequal in shape and direction, oblong, spathulate or 

unguiCUlate, the upper of the outher row generally the largest. 

Stamens inserted at the throat of the pedanth-tube, contiguous aml 

arching; filaments short, free; anthers lineal', basifixed. Ovary 

3-celled;' ovules niany, superposed; style long, arcuate; stigmas

242 

Salicaceae. 

293. (1.) Salix Salsaf Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab. (1775), p.LXXVI. - 

Boiss. FI. Or. V, p. 1183. - Aschers.-Schweillf. Ill. FI. d'Eg., p. 142 

no. 988. - Salix Safsaf var. sericea Sickenberg. Contrib. FJ. d'Eg., 

p.280. - Salix subserrata WiIld. Spec. Plant. IV, p. 671. - Shrub 

or tree, with reddish brown branches. Catkins straight, on leafy 

pedunclell, cylindrical, 2-3 em long; scales pale, deciduous, of 

one colour, round-ovate to oblong, villous; stamens usually eight, 

filaments villous at the base; capsules nearly globular, crowded, 

glabrous, borne on pedicels at length four times as long as the 

urn-shaped gland; style and stigmas short. Leaves at length 

coriaceous, oblong-elliptical to lanceolate, 1-10 cm long, 4 to 

10 mm broad, serrulate to entire, glabrous on both siqes or sometimes 

sericeous on the underside, paler at the lower surface; 

stipules on young twigs half-heart-shaped. - Flow. December to 

February. 

M. mao Mariut; Alexanillia; way tp RamIe; Mandara; Sidi 

Gaber; Abukir, not common. - M. p. EI-'Arish; Abu Zabel; 

Damietta; San. - N. d. Alexandria, along the Mahmudfya Canal; 

Damanhurj Tanta; BelMs; Cairo, sides of the Canal. - N. f. Medinetel-Fayum; 

Kafr MukfUt; Fidemin; Abuxa; Senhfir; Senuris; common. 

- N. v. Massara near Relwan; Relwan; Beni-Suef; Minia; Siut; 

Gebel Silsele; Gebel Magaiet; Tahta; Ekhmim; Kene; Luksor. - 

O. J,ittle Oasis: EI-Qasr; Farafra; Dakhel: 'Ain Sherif; Great Oasis: 

'Ain Abdalla; Kharge. - D. a. sept. Serapeum. 

Local name: safsaf beledy; generally safsaf. 

Also known from Palestine and Syria. 

294. (2.) Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Plant. Coromand. I (1795), 

p. 66 tab. 97. - Plor. Ind. 1lI, p. 573. - Aschers.-Schweinf. III 

PI. d'Eg., p. 142. - A small tree, 6-12 m high, flowering after 

leafing; trunk stout; head large; brancbes subereet. Leaves petioled 

nan-owly or usually broadly ovate-Ianceolate acuminate serrulate, 

rarely entire usually glaucous beneath, glabrous or the young as 

well as the branchlets more or less softly tomentose or silky; 

petiole 1-2 em long; stipules ovate or orbiculru', deciduos. Catkins 

very slender, flowers in scattered clusters; male catkins 5-8 em 

long, on leafy branchlets, sweet-scented; scales obovate or spathulate, 

pale, hairy; female catkins 6-10 em long; scales smaller; stamens 

5-10. Capsules long stipitate glabrous or puberulous, very variable 

in length and breadth; stigmas subsessile short entire; seeds 4-0. 

- Flow. December to January. 

N. d. Subspontaneous on the sides of ditcbes near Alexandria, 

south of the Mahmudiya-CanaI. - Cultivated in many Egyptian 

gardens.

264 

San talaceae. 

D. I. Near the Pyramids of Giza in deep sand; Saqqara everywhere 

in great abundance. - D. a. sept. Tombs of the Khalifs; 

Gebel ahmar; Ain Musa; Mokkattam; Wady Hof; Wady Abu-Shusha; 

Wady Rished in great abundance; Abassiye; Suez; Wady Khaful"a; 

Wady Waraq; St. Antony-Abbey; Wady Rosafa. - D. a. mer. Qoseyr: 

Hendoso. 

Local name: Lussaq; lusseyq; nussaq (Schweinfurth; Muschler). 

Also known from Arabia, Sinai, Syria aDd Palestine, Persia to Northwestern 

Iodia. 

San talales. 

Herbs or shrubs or trees, commonly parasitical on trees or on 

the roots of other plants. Leaves with expanded blades or often 

reduced to scales. Plowers perfect or imperfect, inconspicuous, 

variously disposed. Calyx present, often a mere border. Corolla 

present or wanting. Androecium mostly of as many stamens as 

are there petals or sepals, or twice as many. Gynoeceum compound 

mvre or less inferior. Fruit a drupe or a nut or a belTy. Endosperm 

usually present, fleshy. 

24. Santalaceae. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees with entire leaves, without stipules. 

Flowers usually small, greenish or dusky-red or yellow. Tube of 

the perianth woolly or in part adnate, the limb 3-5-lobed, valvate 

in .bud. Stamens as many as lobes and opposite to them, inserted 

at their hases or within the free part of the tube. Anthers 2-celled, 

opening lengthwise. Ovary wholly or in part adnate, I-celled, with 

3-5 ovules suspended from the tip of a free central placenta. 

Fruit an indehiscent nut or berry, with a single seed which is 

destitute of a proper seed-coat. Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight, 

with a superior radicle. 

A family spread over the temperate regions of the whole world and 

the tropics of Australia and Polynesia. 

130. Thesium Linn. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 

4 oS-cleft. Disk indistinct. Filament inserted at· -the base of each 

lohe of the perianth bearded, linear. Anthers -oblong. the splitting 

lengthwise. Ovary inferior; style filiform, stigma capitate; placenta 

filiforlU, erect with 3 ovules at the tip. Nut ellipsoid, caducous,

Thesium. 255 

generally crowded with the calyx lobes. Seed 1, inverse. Embry() 

straight. Radicle superior. -- Herbs sometimes shrubby at the base, 

flowers solitary in axillary or extra-axillary cymes. 

A geuus of about 115 species in the temperate regions and in the 

. tropics of the world. 

307. Thesium humile Vahl 8ymb. III (1794), p. 43. -- Boiss. 

Fl. Or. IV, p. 1063. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 136 no. 954. 

- Sickenberg. Contrib. Fl. d'Eg., p.274. - Annual or perennial; 

10 to 30 cm high; stems numerous, erect, ascending, or spreading, 

striate-angled. densely, leafy, ending in a long, slender spike or 

raceme. Leav!ls linear, I-nerved, serrulate-scabrous. Bract very 

long, bmcteoles longer than the fruit; flowers 2 to 3 cm long; lobes 

of the perianth short-ovate; nutlet 2 mm long, ellipsoid, scarcely 

stipitate, umbonate with the short, connivent lobes. - Flow. March 

to April. 

M. rna. Matruqa; Mariut; Alexandria-west and Alexandria-east; 

Mandara. - M. p. EI-'Arish. - N. d. Kafr HawaD; Salihiya; RamBes; 

Gassatin: - O. Siwa; Farafm; Dakhel; Great-Oasis. 

Local name: Habb-el-areysh (Aschers.). 

Also known from South Europa and the other parts of the Mediterranean 

region. 

Polygonales. 

Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate, or sometimes 

opposite or whorled; blades mostly entire; stipules mostly present, 

usually as a sheath. Flowers perfect; monoecious, dioecious, or 

polygamous, in variously disposed clusters. Calyx inferior, of 2-6 

more or less united sepals sometimes developing keels or wings, 

often corolloid. Androecium of 1-9 stamens. Filaments often 

dilated at the base. Anthers II-celled, opening longitudinally. 

Gynoecium 2-3 carpellary. Ovary superior, I-celled. Styles 2 

or 3, more or less united. Stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft. 

Ovule solitary, orthotropous. Fruit a lenticular Or 3-angled achelle, 

usually invested hy the persistent calyx. Seed with incumbent or 

accumbent cotyledons. 

25. Polygonaceae. 

Herbs or shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves alternate or rarely 

opposite, simple, entire or serrulate. Stipules' thin, BcariouB or 

membranous, forming a sheath round the stem. Flowers small, 

regular, usually bisexual, herbaceous or coloured, often jointed on 

the pedicel, clustered in the axills of the leaves or in spikes or

262 

Polygonaceae. 

D. a. sept. Suez; Wady Khafiira, northern Galala; Wady-Tin; 

'Vady Dugla; Wady Hof. 

Local name: Hommeyd. 

Throughout the 1I1editerranean regiou. 

134. (4.) Atrapbaxis Linn. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth petaloid, 4-5-parted, leaves imhricated, 

the outer unchanged, the inner ones growing in fruit, 

appressed to the achene. Stamens 6-8, filaments dilated at the 

base, inserted at the bottom of the perianth. Styles 2-.3. Ovary 

lenticular or h'iquetrous, with crustaceous peri carp. Seed filling the 

cell, of the same shape, erect. Embryo incumbent in the angle of 

the albumen, radicle superior, cotyledons linear. - Sbrubs often 

spinescent. 

Species about 17, in Central Asia, North Africa and some parts of 

South Europa. 

316. Atraphaxis spinosa L. Spec. Plant. I (1753). p. 475. - 

var. sinaica (Jaub. and Spacb) Boiss. Fl. Or. IV (1879), p. 1021. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 134 no. 937. - Atraphaxis sinaica 

Janb. and Spach Ill. Plant. Or. II. p. 12. - Tragopyrum rotundifolium 

Presl. Bemerk., p. 109. - Sbrubby, 30 to 50 cm high; leaves 3 

to 4 mID long, round-ovate. Periantb 4-merous; the outer two 

peri-anth-Iea ves ovate-orbicular, reflexed, tbe inner two cordate to 

reniform-orbicular, 5 mm long. Stamens 6; stigmas 3; achene 

lenticular. - Flow. March to May. 

D. a. sept. Wady Om-Ruty, southern Galala (Schweinfurth). 

Local name: Sueyd; saw as. 

The variety is also known from Sinai. 

135. (5.) Polygonum I,inn. 

Flowers small, bisexual, clustered; clusters either axillary or 

in racemes or spikes or panicles; bracts and bracteoles membranous, 

ochreate; pedicels usually jointed. Perianth 5-partite, green or 

coloured; segments equal or tbe 2 -3 outer ones tbe largest. 

Stamens 5-8. Ovary compressed or trigonous; styles 2 or 3, free 

or connate at the base, stigmas usually capitate. Nuts compressed 

or trigonous, included in the persistent perianth. Seed albuminous; 

embryo excentric or lateral; radicle long, superior. - Herbs or 

rarely sbrubby at tbe base. Leaves. alternate; stipules membranous, 

usually tubular and closely sheathing the stem. 

A large and almost cosmopolitan genus, including over 160 species.

278 

Chenopodia

Atriplex. 279 

fruiting bracts 3 mm long, ovate-rhombic somewhat 3-lobed, the 

terminal lobe much longer, ovate the dorsum crested-tubercled. - 

Flow. March to June. 

M. rna. Alexandria. 

Only known from this locality. 

342. (7.) Atriplex leucocladwn Boiss. Fl. Or. IV (1879), p.915. 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 126 no. 880.- - 30 cm to 1 m 

high, silvery-white; stems numerous, ascending, white, diffusely 

branched. Leaves short cuneate to truncate at the base, deltoidovate 

to oblong, 1-3 cm long, obtuse, entire or sinuate-dentate, 

the lower short petioled, the rest sessile, tbe uppermost minute. 

Flower-clusters in loose, simple or panicled, short almost leafless 

spikes; fruiting bracts 5 mm long and broad, united to the middle, 

round-cuneate at the base, 3-10bed, with unarmed disk; lobes rounded, 

obtuse, the intermediate somewhat larger. - Flow. De7.ember to March. 

M. rna. Alexandria-West. - O. Farafra; Dakhel; Great Oasis. 

- D. a. sept. Moqqattam; Gebel ahmar; Abassiya; Galala; Wady 

Azhar; Wady Abusateri; Wady Abu-Retama; Wady. Hamashiya; 

QualTies in the east of Gaiet-Bey; Mouth of the Wady Qene; near 

Thebes. 

Local name: shegeret-el-bayyadin; generally; rught; roghl; 

burgh!. 

Also known from Palestine and Syria. 

343. (8.) Atriplex Halimus L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.l052 

and ed. II, p.1492. - Boiss.FI.OrJV, p.916. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 126 no. 882. - An erect shrub, 30 cm to 1,20 m 

high. Leaves alternate; petioled; blade 2,5 cm long, oblong, narrowed 

at the base, with very c1Qse -short whitish tomentum underneath. 

Branches mostly of one sex; inflorescences axillary, but espevially 

in the males into terminal panicles, leafless at the top. Male 

perianth with close tomentum. Fruiting bracts 2-4 mm long and 

broad, triangular or ovate, smooth on the back, entire, sinuate or 

somewhat toothed on the margin united only at the base. Fruit 

flattened, erect, between the two bracteoles. - Flow. January 

to March. 

M_ rna. Matruqa; Abusir; Mariut; Lasr-el-Ajdeliya; Alexandria 

West and Alexandria-East; Mandara; Abukir. --;;- M. p. Resetta. 

Also known from Enrope and the lIIediterranean region. 

var.Schweinfurthii Boiss. Fl. Or.IV (1879), p. 916. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p.126 no. 882. - Sickellberg. Contrib. Fl·

430 

Cruciferae. 

tubercled, ending in a linear, compressed beak. Seed 1, pendulous. 

- Desert annuals, with minute yellow flowers. 

A smal.l genus in the Orient aud Arabia. 

583. Schimpera arabica Rochst. and Steud. in Scpimp. Plant. 

Arab. exsicc. - Boiss. Flor. Or. I, p. 384. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.40 no. 75. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p.176. 

--;" An annual erect herb, 10-25 cm high, sparingly papillose-pubemlent. 

Root-leaves rosetted oblong, runcinate-dentate or pinnatifid; 

stem-leaves linear, entire, auricled. Cell of the silicle ovate; beak 

oblique, thrice its length. - Flow. March to April. 

M. p. El-'Arisb. - D. I. Sandy places un deL' Gebel Ekhfen 

(Deflers.). - D. a. sept. Wady-' Arabah. 

Also known from Arabia Petraea. 

var. lasiocarpa Boiss. Flor. Or. I (1867), p. 384. - Sickenberg. 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 176. - Pods densely papillous-Ianate. 

Flow. March. 

D. i. Between Nukhl and Gazza in deserts. 

Also known from Arabia. Petraea. 

245. (35.) Zilla Forsk. 

Sepals erect. Petals clawed. Silicule bony or crustaceous, 

ovoid or pyramidal, beaked, winged or unappendaged. Seeds solitary. 

Cotyledons conduplicate. - Biennial, much-branched, often spinescent 

herbs. Leaves oblong or linear, entire or "toothed, rather fleshy. 

Flowers white or violet, solitary or racemose. 

A small desert genus of northern Africa and western Asia. 

584. Zilla spinosa (Forsk.) Prantl in Engler Natuerl. Pflamfam. 

ill, 2 (1894), p. 174. - Zilla myagroides Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab., 

p. 121. - Icon. tab. 17 A. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., 

p.42 no. 100. - DC. Syat. II, p. 646. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.180 (val'. macrocarpa and microcarpa!). - Bunias spinosa 

L. Mant., p. 96. - Biennial. Glaucous more or less. Branches 

rigid, terete, intricate, usually terminating iIi a:cute divaricate spines. 

Flowers Bcattered on the extremities 01' subracemose. SiIicule shortly 

pedicellate, ovoid or o\'oid-globose with a. conical-subulate beak, 

nearly smooth or reticulate-rugose. 

·M. rna. Marmarica; Matruqa; Abusir; Alexandria-West and 

-Eastj Mandaraj Abukir. - D. I. D. i. D. a. sept. D. a. mer. Everywhere 

a charactel1stic plant of the Wadies.

Zilla. - Rapistrum. - Didesmus. 431 

Local name: ummo (Delile) i besille (Klunzinger); shegeret-elhummus 

(Roth); generally: sille; sirr; sirraye (Ascherson). 

Also known from Orient and Asia Minor. 

246. (36.) RapistroID Tourn. 

Calyx spreading, somewhat bigibbous at the base. Petals clawed. 

entire. Filaments toothless. Loment indehiscent; joints I-celled; the 

lower one oblong or pedicelliform, marked with sutures of indehiscent 

valves, seedless or with 1-2 pendulous seeds; the upper one ovoidglobular. 

beaked, with 1 erect seed. - Tall, yellow-flowered herhs. 

A small genus in Middle Europe and the Mediterranean region. 

586. Rapistrum rugosum All. Flor. Pedem. I (1785), p. 275 

tab. 78. - Roiss. Flor. Or. I, p.404. - Rchb. Ic. IT, fig. 4168. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.42 nO. 98. - An annmil erect 

herb, 30-60 cm high or more. Lower leaves lytate; upper ones oblong, 

rapand. Fruiting padicels stiff. thickened, as long as and narrower 

than the obconical lower joint of the loment; upper joint marked 

with longitudinal crests; style as long as the pod. - Flow. March 

to April. 

M. rna. RamIe. 

Also known from the other parts of the ltlediterranean region and 

Middle Europe. 

var. orientale Coss. Compend. II (1883-1887), p. 314. 

Rapistrum orientale DC. Syst. II, p.433. - Roiss. Flor. Or. I, p. 404. 

- Myagrum orientale L. Spec. Plant. I, p. 893. - Pods glabrous. - 

Flow. March to April. 

M. p. Qatiya. 

Also known from Tunisia, Algeria, Tripolitania and Southern Europe. 

247. (37.) Didesmus Desv. 

Calyx erect, somewhat bigibbous at the base. Petals obovate, 

clawed. Filaments free, toothless. Loments oblong, leathery, with 

indehiscent, I-seeded, generally angled and grooved joints, the 

terminal one pyramidal; seeds globular, pendulous. - Annual, whiteflowered 

herbs, with aspect of Myagrum and Erucaria. 

A small genus in Southern Europe and the lIedite9'anean region. 

586. Didesmus aegyptius Desv. Journ. Bot. III (1813), p.160 

tab. 25 fig. 11. - Roiss. Flor. Or. I. p. 404. - Aschers.-Schweinl. 

TIl. Flor. d'Eg., p. 42 no.99. - Sickenberg. Contrih. Flor. d'Eg., p.I76. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. Flor. Marmaric., p. 594 no. 25; -

442 

Resedaceae. 

605. (B.) Reseda pruinosa Del. llJ. Plo . d'Eg., (IBI3), p.15. 

_- Boiss. Flor. 01'. I, p. 433. - Ascherson-Schweinf. lll. FI. d'Eg., 

p. 44 no. 119. - Sickenberg. Contl'ib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 182. - Reseda 

amblyocarpa Fres. in Mus. Senck. II, p.l08. - Reseda Quartiniana 

A. Rich. Flor. Abyss. I, p. 13. - Reseda IUlida Mull. Arg. Mem. Resild., 

p. 152. - For Further synonymy tee Anderson in JOUI'll. Lim. Soc. V, 

Suppl. I, p. 6. - An erect or ascending biennial or perennial herb, 

30-60 or 90 cm in height, woody below, with minutely pruinosepuberulous 

or papillose branches, terminating in long, many-flowered, 

apicate racemes. Leaves entire or 3-tid, narrow-lanceolate or oval 

oj' with Iinear-Ianceolate segments, tapering below into a rather 

long petiole, above to an acute or subacute point, minutely scabridpuberulous 

on the midrib beneath or glabrous. Bracts caducous. 

Capsules obovate-oblong. Seeds minute reniform, minutely punctate 

under a lens. - Flow. March to April. 

M. mao O. D. 1. D. i. D. a. sept. D. a. mer. A common plant 

on calcmious ground. 

Local name: denebl1n (Klunzinger)j khazfune. 

Also known N. W. India, Arabia and Tropical Africa. 

606. (9.) Reseda luteola L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p. 643. - 

Boiss. Flor. Or. I, p. 434. - Luteola tinctoria Webb Plyt. Can. I, p. 312. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. m. Flor. d'Eg., p.44 no. 120. - Sickenbel'g. 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 182. - Biennial, 50 cm to 1 m high, glabrous, 

stiff, branching from the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, often wavy, 

and often denticulate above the base. Flowers nearly sessile; sepals 

persistent, shorter than the corolla; filaments persistent; fruiting raceme 

often 50 em long; capsules stiff, obovate-truncate, 5 cm long and 

broad, acutely toothed, deeply 6-fluted, the lobes more or less knobbed 

by transverse constJ.ictions j seeds smooth. - Flow. March to ApIiJ. 

M. mao N. d. N. v. Cultivated and naturalized. 

Local name; biiqem; weyba (Forsk.); generally: blilia. 

Also known from Europe, Orient a.nd the Mediterranea.n region. 

255. (3.) Oligomeris Camb. 

Sepals 2-5. Petals 2, turned toward the axis, entire or lobed. 

Disk none. Stamens 3, turned toward the axis, somewbat monadelphous 

at the base, the middle one between, the other two opposite 

the petals. Capsules chartaceous, gaping at the apex, 4-grooved. - 

Annual herbs with entire leaves, and minute sessile flowers in slender, 

spiked racemes. , 

A small genus, of which the following is the most widely-distributed 

.pecies. Three or four species occur at the Cape.

Caesalpinia. - Cassia. 463 

stigma; ovules usually few. Pod ovate, elliptical, oblong or falcate, 

compressed, exalate, coriaceous, 2-valved 01' slowly dehiscent or 

indehiscent. Seeds transverse, usually separated by cellular partitions, 

exalbuminous, or albuminous, with a short straight radicle. - Trees 

or shrubs, sometimes climbing, with or without prickles. Leaves 

bipinnate. Flowers yellow to red, often handsome, in simple or 

panicled racemes. 

About 38 species, dispersed over the tropical regions of both Worlds. 

631. Caesaipinia sepiaria Roxb. Rort. Beng. (1814), p. 32. - 

Flor. Ind. II, p. 360. - Ascherson-Schweinf. Ill. Fl. d'Eg., p. 70 no. 407. 

- SickeLberg. Contrib. Fl. d'Eg., p.244. - Branches more or less 

densely coated with grey or brown pubescence. Prickles small,. 

copious, hooked, pale-brown. Leaves 25-30 em long; pinnae 12-20, 

distinctly stalked; leaflets 16-24, small oblong, very obtuse' 1 to 

2,5 cm long, green and glabrous above, glaucous and slightly pubescent 

beneath. Racemes simple, distinctly peduncled, 15-30 crn 

long; pedicels rigidly erecto-patent, twice the length of the calyx. 

Calyx 1-2 cm long, more or less pubescent; corolla 1 cm bright, 

yellow, stamens little exserted, filaments densely wolly in the lower 

half. Pods oblong-ligulate, subturgid, veined, 4-8-seeded, 6-10 ern 

by above 2 ern, sublignose, glabrous, rather recurved, with the upper 

suture dilated into a narrow wing, subindehiscent. 

N. d. N. v. In gardens cultivated and often sUbspontaneous. 

India extending to Himalaya and Ceylon, China, Japan and introduced 

in Tropical America. 

271. (5.) Cassia Linn. 

Calyx-tube very short, segments 5, imbricate in aestivation. 

Petals 5, subequal or the anterior larger, imbricate. Stamens 10, 

all perfect and subequal or 3 or 5 wanting or imperfect; anthers 

uniform or 2 or 3 anterior larger, 2-celled, dehiscing by terminal 

pores 01' longitUdinally more 01' less from the apex. Ovary sessile 

or stipitate, frequently arcuate; style short or long; stigma terminal; 

ovules several or numerous. Pod terete or flattened, indehiscent 

or 2-valved, with or without transverse internal septa; rarely winged 

or append aged. Seeds albuminous flattened at right angles to or 

parallel with the valves, rarely rhomboid-subterete, transverse or 

l'arely longitudinally disposed in the pod. Cotyledons plane or 

sinuous. - Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate; common 

petiole frequently with sessile or stipitate glands, either solitary near 

the hase or interpetiolular. Stipules various. Flowers yellow or red,

Ononis. 477 

III. Flor. d'Eg., p. 61 no. 284. - Ononis calycina Lam. Dict. 1, p. 506. 

- Ononis arthropodia Brot. Phyt., tab. 58. - An annual plant 

30-40 cm high, loosely villous and stipitate-glandular; stem rather 

stout, with corymbose branches. Lllaves rather long-petioled, the 

lower and higher ones simple, the others trefoil with large, obovate to 

elliptical, denticulate leaflets. Racemes terminal, short, dense; 

peduncles I-flowered, nearly as long as the calyx; calyx parted 

nearly to the base into oblong-Ianceolate, 5-nerved lobes; corolla 

pale yellow, 1,2 cm long, somewhat longer than the calyx; pod 

ovate-rhomboid, 1 the long, somewhat flattened, shorter than the 

calyx; seeds 2-3. - Flow. February to March. 

D. i. Without exact locality collected by Savigny. 


648. (5.) Ononis sicula Guss. Adnot. eatal. bort. Boccard. (1821), 

p. 10. - Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 60. - Aschers.-Schweinf. m. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.61 no. 282. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 214. - 

Ononis pel'sica Burm. Ind., tab.4\1 fig. 1. - An annual plant, 10 to 

20 cm bigh, hispid and glandular-pubescent, paniculate-branched 

from the base. Lowest leaves simple, the others trefoil, with oblong 

to linear, sharply serrate leaflets. Peduncles 1-flower!1d, long-aristate, 

nearly as long as the leaves; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, foul' 

times as long as the tube, longer than the pale yellow, 6 mm long 

corolla; pod hairy, cylindrical 1 cm long, twice as long as the 

calyx; seeds 20-26, rough. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. AbuBlr; Mariut; Alexandria-West and -East; Mandara, 

in deep sandy places. 

Also known from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania, Southern 

Spain and Italy, Syria, Persia and India. 

649. (6.) Ononis serrata Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab. (1775), p.13U. 

- Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 63. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. Flor. 

Marmaric., p. 602 no. 76. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.61 

no. 285. - Aschers. Flor. Sirb., p. 812 no. 10. - Sickenberg. ContJ.ib. 

Flor. d'Eg., p. 21·1. - Aschers. Flor. Rhinocol., p.793 no. 75. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flo!'. d'Eg. Supplem., p. 753. - An annual 

herb, 20-30 cm high, puhescent-viscid; stems decumbent or prostrate. 

Leaves rather long-petioled, the lower and middle trefoil, the floral 

simple, the leaflets oblong to oblong-linear, acutely yerrate. Racemes 

trnninal, dense, becomiug loose; peduncles short or 0; calyx-lobes 

i'llI

478 

Leguminosae. 

M. rna. In deep sand along tbe coast from the Marmal'ica to 

Abukir. - M. p. EI-'Arish. - D. i. Es-S§.libiya; Ismailia; Ramses 

Station. - D. a. sept. Suez, abundantly in deep sand; Belbeys. 

Local name: zeyta (Ascherson); zuyyeyta; ziyyeyta. 

Also known from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania, Arabia Petraea, 

Syria, Asia Minor and Persia. 

650. (7.) Ononis mitissima 1. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p. 1007. 

- Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 64. - Dill. Ic. Elth., tab. 24 fig. 27. - 

Aschel's.-Schweinf. TIl. Flor. d'Eg., p. 61 no. 286. - Sickenberg. 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 214. - An annual herb, 40-50 cm high, 

stems erect, branching, sparsely cl'isp-puberulent. ,Leaves shortpetioled, 

glabrescent, shining, the lower trefoil. the upper simple, 

leaflets elliptical, cuneate at base, striate, sharply denticulate. Flowers 

short-peduncled, forming 2-3 cm long, dense, terminal, oblong 

spikes, leafy at the base, bracteate with leafless, inflated, rose-coloured, 

scarious, imbricated stipules, covering the calyx-tubes; calyx-lobes 

lanceolate, spiny-tipped, ciliate, as long as the tube, somewhat shorter 

than the corolla; pods ovate, 5 mm long. nearly as long as the 

calyx; seeds 2-3, tubercled. - Flow. March to April. 

M. mao Alexandria. - N. d. N. f. Common on way-sides. - 

O. Little Oasis. 

Also known the other parts of the Mediterranean region and the Orient. 

278. (12.) TrigoneUa Linn. 

Herbs, with leaves pinnately trifoliolate; the leaflets usually 

toothed; the leafy stipules adheriug to the leafstalks, the flowers 

axillary, solitary or in heads, spikes, or short racemes. Calyx 

a-toothed. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, the upper one entirely 

free. 'Pod protruding from tb,e calyx, several-seeded, either thick 

and narrow or elongated, or in some species flat and broad, straight 

or Blightly curved. 

The genns is widely spread over southern Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean 

region, with one Australian sllecies. 

A. Pods oblong, linear or lanceolate, terete or 

compressed. 

I. Pods erect or spreading. 

a) Flowers sessile, axillary, solitary or 

twin, yellowished-white or bluish; 

pods long, terete, long beaked, with 

anastomosing nerves. 

1. Flowers solitary. . . . . . " 1. T. Aschersoniana.

Trifolium. 

A. Calyx-tube 20-nerved; throat open, hairy. 

Upper leaves opposite • . . . . . . 

B. Calyx-tube IO-nerved; throat in fruit open, 

hairy or closed, callous. 

I. Leaves all alternate. Heads pseudoterminal, 

peduncled. 

a) Stipules ovate dentate . . . 

b) Stipules narrow, the free portion setaceous 

. • ...•.•..•... 

c) Stipules membranous the free portion 

awl shaped .•.......... 

II. Upper leaves opposite, forming an involucre. 

Heads pseudoterminal, peduncled. 

Throat of the calyx closed. 

a) Calyx half as 10rig as the corolla . • 

b) Calyx longer than the corolla 

c) Calyx one third as long as the corolla 

Sect. II. Galearia. - Throat of the calyx naked, 

2-lipped fruiting-tube inflated, netted-veined. 

Heads axillary; flowers bracteolate; pods included 

in the calyx-tube. 

A. Perennial. Fruiting-calyx globular, helmetshaped, 

....•.•........• 

B. Annnals. Fruiting-calyx globular, villous or 

woolly. 

I. Peduncles longer than the leaves 

II. Peduneles shorter than the leaves 

Sect. IlL Vesicastrum. - Throat of the calyx naked 

IO-nerved. Tube after flowering more or less 

inflated, cobes equde. Heads pseudoterminal; 

flowers bracteolate; pod inflated, long beaked . 

Sect. IV. Trifoliastr"m. - Throat of the calyx 

naked,lO-nerwed. Heads axillary, rarely pseudoterminal; 

flowers bracteolate, generally pedicelled; 

petals persistent, at length scarious; pod membranous 

................. . 

Sect. V. Chronoselllium. - Throat of the calyx naked, 

somewhat 2-lipped. Heads axillary; flowers 

pedicelled, at length deflexed; petals persistent 

scarious; pods stipitate. 

A. Style nearly 35 long as the pod 

11. Style much shorter than the pod. 

I. Standard narrowed at the bllSe 

II. Standard not narrowed at the base 

1. T. lappaceum. 

2. T. stellatum. 

495 

3. T. angustifolium. 

4. T. purpureum. 

5. T. alexandrinum. 

o. T. formoBum. 

7. T. dichroanthum. 

8. T. fragiferum. 

9. T. resupinatum. 

10. T. tomentosum. 

11. T. xerocephalum. 

12. T. nigrescens. 

/' 

13. T. patens. 

14. T. stenophyllum. 

15. T. procumbens.

504 

Leguminosae. 

M.ma. Marmarica: Matruqaj Ras-el-Kena"isj Mariutj Alexandria. 

M. p. El-Likhleykbe. 

Also known from the other parts of the lIIediterranean region and 

Asia Minor. 

702. (3.) Lotus cytisoides L. Spec. Plant. 1(1753), p. 1092. - 

Boiss. Flor. Or., Supplem. p. 170. - Murbeck Conk Flor. Nord-Ouest 

Afrique I, p.67 tab. 3 fig. 11-12. - Lotus creticus val'. cytisoides 

Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 165. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.64 

no. 328. - Siekenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p.218. - Lotus pro stratus 

Desf. Flor. Atlant. II, p. 206. - Lotus seeundiflorus Vivo Flor. Libye., 

p.46 tab. 21 fig. 3. - Lotus Allionii Desv. Journ. Bot. III, p. 77. - 

A perennial herb, 20-50 em high, sometimes more, canescent with 

appressed hairs, not silky, prostrate 9r ascending. Leaves sessile 

or short-petioled, leaflets oblong-obovate. Peduncles 2-5-Jiowered j 

pod linear-flattened, 2-4 cm long, torulose; seeds ovate. - Flow. 

March to April. 

M. rna. Alexandria-West and -East rare. 

Also known from the other parts of the Mediterranean region, except 

lIIorocco. 

703. (4.) Lotus corniculatus L. Spec. Plant.! (1753). p.1092. 

- Boiss. Flor.Or.II, p.165. - Rchbch Ic. XXII, tab. 129. - Aschers. 

Sehweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 63 no. 329. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.218. - DC. Prodrom. II, p. 211. - Stem 12-40 em long, 

diffusely branched, glabrous or thinly silky. Leaflets suhsessile, 

obovate-cuneate, 12-18 mm long, glabrous. Flowers 4-9, in an 

umbel on a peduncle 2-5 cm long, with a compound bract. Pedicels 

2,5 mm long. Calyx 1 cm long, glabrous or slightly silky, the teeth 

lanceolate-cuspidate, rcaching more, than halfway down. Corolla 

yellow, twice as long .as the calyx. Pod 1-2 cm long, 2.mm 

broad, straight. - Flow. March to April. 

M. mao Abus!r, on sandy hills, not commou; Alexundl'ia-West 

and -East; Mandara; Abukir. - M. p. Brullus. - N. d. Rosetta; 

Maxama; Damanhur; Mansura; Mehallet-el-Kebir; Tanta; Qalyub; 

Cairo and environs. - N. r. Medinet-el-Fayfim; Senfirisj Senhurj 

Tamia; Gharaq; often in fields as a weed. - O. Siwa; I.ittle Oasis. 

D. i. Bir-Abu-Ballah . 

. Local nrme:' Uteha; zeytaj ka'b-el-ghazal; line. 

Also known from Europe, all the other parts of the Mediterranean region 

and Tripieal Africa. 

val'. tenuifolius L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.l092. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 64 no. 329. - Sickenberg. Contl'ib. Flor.

508 

Leguminosae. 

M. rna. Marmarica: Matruqa; Abusir; Alexandria-West and -East .. 

M. p. Rosetta; Damietta; Qatiya to el-cArish and el- Grady. - 

N. d. D. I. D. i. D. a. sept. Everywhere abundant in sandy places. 

Local name: qarn-el-ghaziU (Forsk.); horbeh; horbith (Ascherson). 

Also known from Greece, Sicily. Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania and Syria. 

var. Aschersonii Schweinfurth and Muschler val'. nov. - Seeds 

8-10 mm long, much larger than in the type. - Flow. March 

to April. 

O. Little Oasis; FarMra; Dakhel; Great Oasis. 

Local name: horbeh; horbith (Ascherson). 

Only known froID these localities. 

712. (13.) Lotus ornithopodioides L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), 

p.l09l. - Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 173. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.64 no. 336. - Sickenberg. Contrib. FloI'. d'Eg., p.218. - 

An annual plant, 30-50 cm high, appressed - pubescent, diffuse. 

Leaflets obovate to rhombic. Peduncle longer than leaf, 3-5-flowered;. 

corolla 1 cm long, keel 'boat-shaped; pod 4 cm long, 2 mm broad, 

mnch flattened, torulose, slightly curved. - Flow. March to ApriL 

M. rna. Maliut; Alexandria-West and -Bast. 

Also known from the other parts of the !lediterraoean region. 

713. (14.) Lotus edulis Jj. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.l095. - 

Boiss. FloI'. Or. II, p.173. - Rchbch. Ic. XXII, p.133 fig. 1-2. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg .. p. 64 no. 337. - Sickepherg. 

Contrih. Flor. d'Eg., p. 218. -' Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. Flor. 

Marmar., p. 603 no. 98. - An annual herb, 20-40 cm high, villquspubescent, 

ascending or diffuse. Stipulars cordate- ovate; leallets 

wedge-obovate. Peduncles I-rarely 2-flowered, twice to thrice as 

long as the leaves; calyx-lobes lanceolate-linear, twice as long as 

the tube; corolla 1,5 cm long, standard round, keel gradually curved; 

pod curved, 3-4 cm long, 5 mm thick, mucronate-hooked. - Flow. 


M.ma. Marmarica: Matruqa; Dakalla; Mariut; Alexandria-West. 

Also known from all the other parts of the Mediterranean region. 

285. (19.) Tetragonolobus Scop. 

Calyx I)-tid. Keel beaked, curved downward. Stamens diadelphous. 

Style thickened above, stigma tapeling. Pod cylindrical, 

the nerves of the sutores dilated ioto wings. - Herbs with aspect 

of Lotus. I 

A timall genus in the Mediterranean region j one species extending to 

Middle Europe.

Astragalus. 519 

O. Great Oasis, in dQep sandy places. - D. a. sept. Serapeum; 

Bir Suez, common on sand-hills; Suez; Tura; Gharib; Atxlh, not 

common. - D. a. mer. Between Kene and Qoseyr; Qoseyr. 

Local name: umm-el-qoreyn (Schweinfurth); faga'3.; mukd 

(Klunzinger). 

Also kuown from the deserts of Arabia Felix. 

73l. (10.) Astragalus corrugatus Bertol. in DC. Prodrom. II 

(1825), p.289. - Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 232. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.66 no.36l. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., 

p. 220. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p. 754. - 

Astragalus trunestris Boiss. Flor. Or., Suppl. p. 175 ex part. not Linn. 

- An annual herb, 30-40 cm high, sometimes somewhat more, 

sparingly appressed-hairy, procumbent. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, linearcuueate, 

retuse. Racemes 1-4-flowered; peduncle as long as or 

longer than the leaf; pods 3-4 em long, 3 mm thick, semicircular, 

hooked at the tip, transversely wrinkled. - Flow. February to March. 

D. i. Ramses. - O. Dakbel. 

Also known from Arabia Petraea, Babylonia to Persia. 

732. (11.) Astragalus gyzensis Delile Illustr. Flor. d'Eg. (1813), 

tab. 64 fig. 14. - Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p.234. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Plor. d'Eg., p. 66 no. 364. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Plor. d'Eg., 

p. 220. - Bunge AstragaluB 1, p. 16. - Astragalus Hauarensis 

Boiss. Diagnos. Plant. Olient., Ser. I fasc. IX p. 63. - All annual 

herb; 5-10 cm high, sometimes more, appressed-grey-puberulent, 

spreading. Leaflets 1-3 pairs remote, broad-elliptical to ellipticaloblong, 

retuse, the terminal larger, often 8 mm long, 6 mm broad. 

Racemes loosely 3-5-flowered; peduncles shorter than the longpetioled 

leaf; corolla whitish; pods 2,5-3 cm long, 3 mm thick, 

semicircular, beset with two kinds of hairs, one short, appressed, 

the other longer, spreading, tubercled at the base, short-mucronate. 

- Plow. March to April. 

D. 1. Pyramids of Giza and Saqqara. - D. i. Ismailia. - 

D. a. sept. Wady Gerrawy near HeI wan; Great Petrified Forest 

near Cairo. 

Local name: dan-el-lara (Ehrenberg). 

Also known frOID Tunisia, Algeria and Arabia Petraea. 

733. (12.) Astragalus annularis Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab. (1775). 

p. 139. - Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 236. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. 

d'}

Astragalus. 525 

{lanes cent, 1,5 cm long, semi-oblong-triquetrous, acuminate. - Flow. 


M. rna. Mex. - O. Dakhel; Great Oasis. - D. i. Gebel Ekfen; 

Es.Salihiya; Ismailia. :...._ D. a. sept. Gebel ahmar near Cairo, abundant 

-on calcarious ground; Suez. 


747. (26.) Astragalus ForskiHei Boiss. Diagnos. Plant. Orient., 

:Ser. I fasc. IX (1849) p. 101. - Flor. Or. II, p.291. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. ill. FloI'. d'Eg., p. 67 no. 378. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.220. - Astragalus tumidus Willd. Act. Berol. 1794, p.76 

-ex parte. - Colute a spinosa forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab., p.131. - A 

shrubby plant, 20-50 cm high, shrubby, appressed - canescent; 

branches beset with stout, 3 om long, spreading Rpines. Leaflets 

4---5 pairs, those of the new branches remote; axillary leaves 

deciduous, ending in a minute prickle, leaflets crowded; the leaflets 

-of both kinds of leaves obovate-oblong, muticous. Peduncles axillary, 

flhort, 1-2-liowered; calyx puberulent, tubular, in fruit ovate, about 

40-nerved, teeth subulate. - Flow. February to March. 

M. rna. Abusir; Alexandria-West and -East on sandy hills'; 

Mandara; Abukir, not common. - D. I. Es-Salihiya, in deep sandy 

places not common; Ismailia; Ramses-Station. - D. a. sept. Everywhere, 

a characteristic little bush on calcarious ground. 

Local name: kedad. 

Also known from Arabia Petraea and Palestine. 

748. (27.) Astragalus cahiricus DC. Prod rom. II (1825), p. 292. 

Boiss. Flor. Or. il, p. 420. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., 

p.67 no. 379. - Sickenberg. Cont.rib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 221. - Aschers. 

Flor. Rhinocol., p. 795 no. 105. - Astragalus longiflorus Del. lllustr. 

Flor. d'Eg., p. 112 tab. 39 not Pall. - Astragalus isopetalus Boiss. 

DiagnoB. Plant. Orient., Ser. I fasc. IX p. 67. - An shrub, 50 cm 

to 1 m high, or sometimes more, woolly-canescent; stems thick, 

decumbent, zigzag. Stipules herbaceous, broad triangular, acute, 

7 mm long, lealiets 5-9 pairs, orbicular, 2 em long, often retuee, 

upper surface glabrous. Racemes axillary, rather loose, cylindrical, 

short peduncled; bracts 0; bracteoles awl-shaped, much shorter than 

the calyx-tube; calyx hirsute, in fruit bladdery-inflated, 2 em long, 

teeth one-third as long as the tube; standard straight, twice as 

long as the calyx. - Flow. February to March. 

M. p. Bir-Abu-Elfeyn; Bir-Mazar; EI_cArlsh. - D. L Es-Slllihiya; 

Ramses-Stationj Nefish; Ismailia. - D. a. sept. Polygone; Great 

Petrified Forest near Cairo (Robert Koch); Wady Dugla; a characteristic 

plant of all the Wadies.

552 IJeguminosae. - Geraniaceae. 

lanceolate, reaching about half down. Corolla yellow, 10 mm deep, 

the standard silky on the outside. Pod 1,2-1,5 cm long. 4 mm 

broad, finely grey-pubescent, narrowed at the base, bluntish. - 

Flow. March. 

N. f. Mediuet-el-Fayum; Begig; Fidmiu; SenMr; Tamia; El 

Wady; EI-Hammfim; Kafr MukfUt. - N. v. Everywhere, abundant 

on the bords of the Nile; Islands of the Sirdar near Aswflll. - 

o. Little Oasis; Dakhel; Great Oasis. - D. I. Kafr Hakim; Abu 

Roash; Pyramids of Giza. - D. a. mer. Qoseyr. 

Local name: khobbeyly (Schweinfurth). 

Also known from Tropical Africa. 

Geraniales. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite: hlades 

simple or compound. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, 

variously disposed, plOstly regular. Calyx of distinct sepals. Corolla 

of distinct or nearly distinct petals, rarely wanting. Androecium 

of as many stamens as there are sepals, or twice as many, or rarely 

more. Filaments distinct or united. Anthers opening lengthwise, 

distinct. Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels, superior. Ovules 

pendulous, 1-2 in each cavity, the raphe turned toward the axis 

of the gynoecium. Seeds various. 

47. Geraniaceae. 

Flowers usually hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Sepals 5, 

or rarely fewer, free, or rarely connate at the base. imbricate or 

valvate in the hud. Petals as many or rarely wanting, hypogynous 

or slightly perigynous, variously imbricate in the bud. Torus more or 

less expanded into a disk, often bearing 5 glands alternate with the 

petals, and usually protruding into a short axis in the centre of 

the ovary. Stamens usually twice the numher of the petals, 5 of 

them occasionally without anthers, or rudimentary, or in irregular 

flowers, 3 or more without anthers or wanting; filaments either 

free and filiform, or dilated or connate at the hase; anthers with 

2 parallel cells. Ovary usually 3-6-lobed. with as many cells, the 

carpels adnate to the axis up to the insertion of the ovules, and often 

produced above that into a beak bearing the style or stigmas; 

stigmas as many as cells, either raised on the sty Ie or sessile on 

the carpels, radiating from a connate base or rarely entirely connate. 

Ovules either 1 in each cell or 2 inserted nearly at the same point, 

1 ascending, the other pendulous, or several in. 1 or 2 rows. Fruit

Lin\lm. 569 

flowers in corymbs; peduncles twice as long as the calyx, Bubangulate, 

the fruetiferous erect, sufihlte; sepals broadly ovate, SCal'iOllS at the 

margin, ciliate to tbe tip, trinerved; petals rose-coloured twice as 

long as the calyx; capsule globose, mucronate, erect, somewhat 

shorter thau the calyx. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Mariut; Montaza. 

Also known from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia; Middle Italy and Sicily. 

823. (6.) Linum usitatissimum L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.397. 

- Boiss. Flor. 01'. I, p.861. - Rchbch. Ic.-VI, fig. 5155. - A tall, 

erect annual, perfectly glabrous, and usuaJl.v branched only at tho 

top. I.eaves alternate, erect, narrow lanceolate, pointed and entire. 

2-21/2 cm long. Flowers of a rich blue, in a loose terminal corymh. 

Sepals obovato or lanceolate, all pointed. Petals obovate, entire. 01' 

slightly crenate, 8 01' 18 mm long. Capsule globular 01' slightly 

depressed. - Flow. December to March. 

N. d. Cultimted and often semi-naturalized. 

Local naule: kittfm. 

An extensively cultivated plant whose origin is unknown, !Jut it readily 

SI)WS itself as a weed of cultivation in Europe, Asia and other parts of the 

world, and [IS snch it is met in some parts of Egypt. 

824. (7.) Linum humile Mill. Did. (1724), no. 2. - Bois:;. 

Flor. 01'. I, p. 861. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 54 no. 222. 

- Sickeuberg. Contrib. FloI'. d'Eg., p.119. - An annual plant, 

20-30 cm high, stem erect. Leaves flat. linear-Ianceolate, acute. 

Sepals ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, ciliolate. one-third as long as 

the deep blue corolla, a little shorter than the capsule, one half tl) 

one-third as long as the deep blue, entire petals; 'inner margin of 

the septa of the capsule ciliate. - Flow. March to April. 

N. d. Cultivated and often naturalized. 

Also known from Syria, Asia Minor and Persia. 

51. Zygophyllaceae. 

Flowers usnally hermaphrodite and regular. Sepals 5 or 4, 

very rarely 6, free or connate at the base, imbricate 01' rarely 

valvate in the bud. Petals as many. free, imbricate or contorted, 

rarely valvate or wanting. Disk convex or depressed, rarely annular 

or nndeveloped. Stamens usually the same or twice the number 

of the petals, the filaments most frequently with a scale or wings 

at or below the middle; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 

Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, often angular, with as many cells 

as petals or sepals, rarely more or fewer; style simple, witt a simple

Zygophylluro. 577 

base. Leaves simple, sessille, cylindricvl, 5 mm to 1 em long, fleshy, 

obtuse. Peduncles as long as the calyx; sepals obovate; petals yellow 

spathulate; scales biparted; capsule 2 mm broad, wrinkled, top-shaped, 

deeply parted into 5, flattened carpels. - l!'low. December to March. 

D. I. D. i. D. a. sept. D. a. mer. A characteristic plant of the 

sandy deserts. 

Local name: garmal. 

Also known from }

Polygala. 589 

and entire, without stipules, very rarely opposite. Flowers solitary 

or in spikes or racemes, rarely paniculate, the pedicels usnally 

articulate at the base, with a subtending bract and 2 bracteoles. 

A considerable Order, widely dispersed over nearly the whole globe. 

328. Polygala Linn. 

Sepals unequal, the 2 innermost, or wings, large and petallike. 

Petals 3, united in a single corolla open on the upper side, 

the keel hearing a crest-like appendage on the back neal' the top, 

or rarelv 3-lobed. Stamens 8, united to above the middle in a 

sheath open on the upper side, and adnate to the petals at the base. 

Ovary 2-celled. Style various. Capsulethin or rarely coriaceous, 

flattened, obovate, ovate, 01' orbicular, usually notched at the top, 

opening loculicidally at the edges. Seeds ovate or oblong, hairy 

01' glabrous, but the hairs not lengthened into a coma, with or 

without a caruncle at the hilum. - Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 

Leaves usually alternate or whorled. Racemes or spikes terminal or 

lateral, rarely axillary. 

A very large genus, abundant in tropical countries, and generally also 

in temperate regions, except in Austrnlin, where it is, with ooe exception, 

limited to the tropical districts. 

853. Polygala erioptera DC. Prodom. I (1824), p.326. - 

Boiss. Flor. Or. I, p.469. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.45 

no. 131. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 182. - Polygala 

obtusata DC. Prodrom. I, p.326. - Polygala arabica Edgew. Journ. 

Soc. Asiat. XVI, p. 1216 not Boiss. - Polygala Vahliana DC. Prodrom. I, 

p. 326. - Deless. Ic. III, tab. 15. - Polygala oligantha Rich. FloI'. 

Abyss. I, p. 38. - Polygala Iinearis R. Br. in Salt Abyss., p. 65. - 

An erect, diffuse or decumbent, often much-branched, pubescent or 

puberulouB annual, the erect form attaining 30 or 60 cm. Leaves 

narrow-linear to linear-oblong, more or less pointed obtuse or even 

retuse in the broad-leaved forms, pubescent strigillose or glabrate, 

usually 1-2 em long, 1-4 mm broad, sometimes shorter and 

narrower. Flowers in extra-axillary or axillary, few-flowered fascicles 

heads or racemes, much shorter than the leaves, sometimes solitary. 

Bracts persistent. Wing-sepals ovaloI' obliquely elliptical, pubescent, 

with a principal median often. broadly herbaceous nerve, and faint 

looping and divergent lateral ones. Lateral petals obovate to ovate. 

Capsule ovate-elliptical to obovate, emarginate, p.!lbescent, scarcely 

winged, sl]orter than the wing-sepals. - Flow. February to March. 

N. v. Konor-e8h-sheIlal; Aswin. - D. i. Deserl-el-Tih. 

A widely distributed species in Tropical Africa, exending to Iodin, 

where it appears to be common.

670 

Lythraceae. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.75 no. 431. - Sickenberg_ 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p.230. - Stems up to 57 cm long, dense 

branched. Leaves 15-77 mm long, 3-14 mm broad, the upperolle 

smaller. the lowest two cuneate, the other all auriculate, linear 

or lanceolate, acute. Dichasia 3-15-flowered, loose, pedicels 3 to 

17 mm long; calyx 1,5-2 mm long, the fructiferous-one subglobose 

or semiglobose with small nerves; lobes of the tube equal; petals 

violet, purple or white; stamens 8-4; style half as long as the 

ovary. - Flow. February to March. 

N. d. Alexandria; Damietta; Damanhurj Cairo, rare. - O. Little 

Oasis; Dakhel; Great Oasis. 

Also known from Tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and America. 

960. (2.) Ammannia senegalensis Lam. Illustr. I (1791), p.312 

tab. 77 fig. 2. - Koehne in Engler, pas Pflanzenreich IV, fasc.216 

p. 52. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. }

A Manual Flora of Egypt 

by 

Dr. Reno Muschler 

Assistant at the Royal Botanic Gardens, :Qahlem-Berlin; Corresponding. Uember 

of the "Institnt Egyptien" and others. 

with a preface 

by 

Prof. Paul Ascherson and Prof. Georg Schweilli'urth 

Vol. II. 

Berlin 

R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Karlstrasse 11 

1912.

674 Combretaceae. - Myrtaceae. 

filiform, straight or rarely curved; stigma simple, acute, or obtuse. 

rarely truncate or obscurely lobed. Ovules 1 or 2-6, suspended 

by a slender funiculus from the top of the cell. Fruit coriaceouB 

chartaceous 01' drupaceous; putamen crustaceous or bony, angled or 

sulcate or 2- or 4-5-winged, I-seeded. Seed pendulous. Albumen O. 

Embryo smooth or sulcate; cotyledons convolute or plicate or contortuplicate, 

often fleshy and oily; radicle small, superior. - Trees or 

shrubs, often scandent, rarely spinose. Leaves opposite 01' alternate, 

rarely verticillate, simple, petiolate, entire. Stipules O. Flowers in 

spikes or racemes, less often paniculate or capitate, bracteate. 

A considerable Natnral Order, confined to the Tropics, but distrihuted 

in them round the world. 

372. Terminalia Linn. 

Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary; limb campanulate 

01' urceolate, I)-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 10, longer than the 

calyx. Style filiform. Ovules 2, rarely 3. Fruit ovoid, terete, 

angular, compressed or with 2 or 3-5 longitudinal wings. Cotyledous 

convolute. - Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves alternate or rarely 

opposite, usually marked with minute pellucid dots, often only visible 

under a strong lens. Flowers hermaphrodite 01' polygamous, small, 

green, white or rarely coloured, sessile in loose spikes, rarely contracted 

into dense heads, either axillary or clustered on the. old 

llodes. Calyx-tube usually small and narrow, the limb much broader. 

The genus extends oYer nearly the whole range of the Order, but is 

most abundant in Africa and Asia_ 

965. Terminalia glabra Roxb: Flor. Ind. II (1824), p.440. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.75. - Leaves oblong, 10 to 

2U cm long, 2-5 cm broad, abrupt at both ends, slightly hairy Oll 

the veins and short petioles. 

N. d. Cairo, often cultivated in gardens, scarcely naturalized. 

Also known from India. 

A great specimen in the Ezbekiye garden at Cairo, from sceds obtained 

from Sennar_ 

77. Myrtaceae. 

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary at the base or up to the insertion 

of the stamens; limb more or· less divided (usually to --the base) 

into 4 01' 5, very rarely 3 or more than 5, lobes or ,teeth, or 

reduced to a nan-ow border, or entirely wanting; lobes usually 

imbricate 0:' open in the bud. Petals usually as many as calyx-

Coriandrum. - Bupleurum. 691 

380. (3.) Coriandrum Linn. 

Calyx-teeth small, acute, often unequaL Petals obovate, emarginate, 

white or purplish, of the outer flowers unequal, often radiant. 

Fruit subglobose, ridges not prominent, dorsal primary and adjacent 

secondary strongest, lateral primary and secondary obscure; vittae 

obscure, solitary, under tbe secondary .ridges; carpels slightly concave 

on the inner face, commissure distinctly 2-vittate; carpophore 

2-partite. Seeps convexo-concave, about thrice as broad as truck. 

- A herb, annual, branched, glabrous. Leaves decompound. Umbels 

compound, rays few; bracts none or small linear; bracteoles few, 

filiform. 

A small genus of only a single species, very distinct in the from of 

the fruit. 

976. Coriandrum sativwn L. Spec. Plant. IJ(1753), p. 367. - 

Bolss. Flor. Or. II, p. 920. - Rchbch. Ie. XXI, tab. 202. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. lil. Flor. (I'Eg., p. 81 no. 472. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.240. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p. 758. 

- An annual plant, 40-50 cm high, or sometimeR somewhat more, 

glabrous. Leaves of two kinds, the lower ones petioled, imparipinnatisect 

into 2-3 pairs of ovate-cuneiform, obtuse, incised-dentate 

segments, the upper ones short-petioled or subsessile, 2-3-pinnatisect 

into linear-setaceous lobes. Umbels 5-10-rayed, involucre 0, or 

composed of 1, small, setaceous bract, involucel usually of 3, short, 

linear-Ianceolate bracts. - Flow. :March to April. 

M. mao N. d. N. f. N. V. O. D. a. sept. Cultivated everywhere 

and often naturalized. - The plant has a disagreable bug-smell; 

it is used as a pot herb. 

Local name: kuzbara. 

Cultivated everywhere in ali part of the Mediterranean region. Wild 

known from Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia and Greece. 

381. (4.) Bupleurnm Linn. *). 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit laterally flattened or somewhat 

twin. Stylopodium flat or depressed, entire. Ribs of mericarp 5, 

equal, Bubulate, acute, or thickened, or nearly obsolete. Intervals 

with or without vittae. Seed flat or concave within. - Herbs or 

shrubs, with yellow or yellowish - greel,1 flowers, and entire leaves. 

*) The classification of t·his difficult genus is that given by BermaDii 

Wolff in his: Umbelliferae·Apioideae in Engler, Das Ptlanzenreich IV lase. 

228 (1910).

Apium. - Heliosciadium. 696 

M. rna. Mariut; Montaza, Alexandria-West and -East; Mandara; 

Abukir. - M. p. Rosetta; Damietta. - N. d. N. v. o. D. 3. sept. 

Scattered on way-sides on wet soil and on waste places, rarely 

cnltivated. 

Local name: qarrabis; generally: kerafs. 

Common in all parts of the Mediterranean region and Middle Europe, 

Western Asia to Belutshistan. 

383. (6.) Heliosciadinm Koch. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate. concave, entire or slightly 

emarginate, infiexed at the apex. Stylopodia depressed, margins 

entire; styles short, divergent. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed; 

primary ridges blunt, equal; secondary ridges rounde"d, rather 

prominent; mericarp 5-sided. Vittae solitary, conspicuous, opposite 

the secondary ridges, but 2 in the commissural face of each mericarp. 

Carpophore undivided. - Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Umbels regularly 

compound, usually opposite the leaves; involucre none; involucels 

of 0 or many leaves. Flowers white. 

A genus of moderate size, scattered over the whole world. 

A. Leaf segments lanceolate, crenate . . . . .. 1. H. nodiflorum. 

B. Leaf segments cuneate, dentate . . . . . . . . 2. H. crassipes. 

982. (1.) Heliosciadium nodiflorum. (L.) Koch Gen. Umbell. 

(1824), p.126. - Roiss. Flor. Or. II, p.856. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.80 no. 463. - Sicken berg. Cimtrib. Flor. d'Eg., 

p. 293. - Apium nodifiorum Rchbch. Ic. XXI, tab. 15. -- Sium 

nodifiorum L. Spec. Plant. I, p.361. - DC. Prodrom. IV, p. 104. - 

A perennial plant, 10-50 cm high, sometimes somewhat more, 

glabrous, rooting at the lower part of the stems. Leaves pinnate, 

consisting of 3-6 pairs of ovate-Ianceolate, serrate leaflets, with 

oblique base. Umbels opposite the leaves, sessile or short-peduncled; 

bracts of the involucre lanceolate, scarious-margined; fruit ovate, 

1,5-2 mm long, with prominent ribs. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Along ditches; Mariut; Montaza; Alexandria-West and 

-East. - N. d. Alexandria; Damietta. - o. Little Oasis. - D. I. 

Wady Natrun. 

Local name: djazar 'afarit (Ascherson). 

Also known from the other parts of the Mediterranean region" and 

Middle Europe, Mesopotamia and Persia. 

983. (2.) Heliosciadium crassipes (Spr.) Koch Gen. Umbell. 

(1824), p. 126. - Aschers.-Schweinf. TIL Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p.758.

698 

Umbelliferae. 

commissure wide or narrowed; mericarp 5-sided or subterete; 

primary ridges blunt, somewhat prominent, the lateral ones marginal 

at the commissure. Vittae solitary between the ridges, 2 in each 

commissural face. Carpophore bipartite or bifid. Seed Bubterete. - 

Herbs glabrous or the fruit only papillose with scarcely glabrous 

umbels and hairy petals. Leaves pinnately decompound, with narrow 

segments. Umbels regularly compound with several or many primary 

and secondary rays. Involucre of 0, 1, or few bracts, and involucels 

with 0 or several bracteoles. Flowers usually hermaphrodite . 

.A. considerable genus, widely distribnted, and chiefly inhabiting the 

temperate and Bubtropical regions of the world. 

987. Carum Carvi L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.378. - Boiss. 

Flor. Or. II, p. 879. - Ascbers.-Schweinf. lll. Flor. d'Eg., p. 80. - 

Bunium Carvi M. Bieb. Flor. Taur.-Caucas. I, p. 211. - Rchbch. 

Ie. XXI, tab. 31 .fig. II. - A. biennial forming- a tap root, and perhaps 

occasionally a perennial stock. Stem erect, branched, 35-60 em 

high. Leaves with a rather long sheathing footstalk, pinnate, with 

several pairs of segments, which are sessile, but once or twice 

pinnate, with short linear lobes; in a leaf of 6 or 8 cm, the lowest 

01' next to the lowest segments are about 8/( of a cm long, the 

others diminishing gradually to the top. Upper leaves smaller and 

less divided. Umbels of about 8 or 10 rays, either without involuCl'es, 

or with 1 or 2 small linear bracts. Carpels (commonly 

called Caraway seeds) about 5 mm long, linear-oblong, and usually 

curved. with the ribs prominent. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. M. p. N. d. N. f. N. v. D. a. sept. Culti\'ated everywhere 

and often sUbspontaneous. 

Local name: ker§.wi§.. 

Also known from Europe, Tripolitania, Caueasis and Persia. 

387. (10.) .A.mmi Tourn. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete or small. Petals obovate, with an inflexed 

point, emarginate, or with 2 unequal lobes, the exterior ones frequently 

larger. Fruit laterally compressed, ovate - oblong. Carpels with 

5 filiform equal ribs, the lateral ones marginal. Interval with single 

vitta, commissure with 2 vittae, carpophore free, 2-parted. Seeds 

terete-convex, flattish on the face. Herbs with a fusiform root and 

pinnately divided or many-parted leaves. Umbels compound, manyrayed. 

Involucre many-leaved, the leaflets 3-cleft or -pinnatifid. 

Involucels many-leaved, the leaflets undivided . 

.A. genns of s few species growing chiefly in the Mediterranean region, 

and extending to Chili and Brazil.

Chaerophyllum. - Anthriscus. 703 

391. (14.) ChaeropbyJIum LInn. 

Anthricus of some authors partly. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit laterally flattened, linear, rarely 

oblong. Ribs of mericarp 5, obtuse, equal, the lateral one at the 

margin, tbe intervals groove-like, with 1 oil-tube ... Styles elongated. 

Carpophore bifid or bipartite. Albumen deeply grooved along the 

inner face. - Biennial or perennial herbs, with white or yellowish 

flowers, sometimes polygamous. 

A considerable and rather natural genus, widely diffused over the 

northern hemisphere without the Tropics. 

995. Chaerophyllum cerefolium (J1.) Crtz. in DC. Prodrom. IV 

(182-8), p.l 09. - Ascbers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.86. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p. 758. - Aschers. Flor. Rhinocol., 

p. 797 no. 121. - Anthris(;us cerefolium Hoffm. Gen. Umbell., p.41. 

- Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 913. - Chaeropbyllum sativum Lam. 

Encyclop. I, p.410. - Anthriscus trichosperma Schult. Syst. VI, 

p.525. - Scandix cerefolium L. Spec. Plant. I, p.368. - Stem 

terete, striate, glabrous or pilose, 60-90 cm high. Radical leaves 

3 or 4 times temate, segments ovate-pinnatifid, glabrous or pilosely 

pubescent, on long petioles, dilated and sheathing towards base, 

30-tiO cm long; upper leaves on short dilated and sheathing 

petioles, smaller. Umbels lateral and terminal, of several primary 

and secondary rays; primary rays about 2 cm long, secondary rays 

4-5 mm long. Leaves of the involucels many, lanceolate, glabrous 

or ciliate; many flowers in the secondary umbels abortive. Petals 

unequal. Fruit smooth or with a few very faint tubercles, 4-5 mm 

long. Vittae about 9 in each mericarp; carpophore bifid at the 

apex or to the middle. Pedicels with a few short caducous hairs 

at the apex, seen at the base of carpophore. - }l'low. March to April. 

M. rna. RamIe. - M. p. Maq-ta' Rfis-es-Sfibyan. - N. d. N. I. 

N. v. Rarely cultivated and naturalized. 

Local name: maqdfinis frengy (Forsk.). 

AlB known from Europe and Sibiria. 

392. (15.) Anthriscus Hoffm. 

Chaerophyllum of some authors partly. 

Calyx-lobes obsolete; petals oval, with a sbortly inflected acumen, 

nearly entire, wbite; stylopodia flat or conical. Fruit ovate-oblong, 

glabrous, with inconspicuous primary ridges, somewhat attenuate at 

the apell; mericurps subterete or somewbat dors(tlly compressed. 

Vittae slender, often unequal and irregular; carpopbore undivided

Fernla. - Anethum. - Tordylium. 707 

compound, of many primary and secondary rays, terminal, subterminal, 

and lateral. Involucre and involucels none or of few cilducouB 

leaves. Flowers yellow, polygamous. 

A large genus, inhabiting South Europe, Western and Ceutral Asia, 

and North Africa. 

1001. FemIa sinaica Boiss. Diagnos. Plant. Orient., Ser.1 fasc. X 

(1849) p. 40. - Flor. Or. II, p.987. - Aschers.-Schweinf. lll. Flor. 

d'Eg. Supplem., p.758. - Aschers. Flor. Sirbon., p.812 no. 16. - 

Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 246. - A perennial plant, 1 m high 

or more, glabrous, glaucescent. Leaves much dissected, all the 

ribs thickened, lobes linear, 3-5 cm long, obtuse, mucronulate, 

flaccid; those of lower leaves 2 cm broad, of the upper ones narrower, 

stem-leaves reduced gradually to a lanceolate sbeath, with short, subulate 

lobes. Central umbels peduncled; fruit unknown. - Flow. March. 

M. p. Between Bir-Mabruky and Bureyq. - D. i. Ekhfen: EI 

Gels-Mohamediya. 

Local nome: kalkh. 

Also known from Sinai. 

397. (20.) Anethum Tourn. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit lenticular, surrounded by a dilated, 

flattened margin. Ribs filiform, the three intermediate acutely keeled, 

the lateral confluent with margin. Vittae as the broad as intervals, 

1 in each. - Tall herbs, with dissected leaves, and yellow flowers. 

A small genus widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and Europe. 

1002. Anethum graveolens L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p. 377. - 

Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 1026. - Rchbch. Ic. XXI, tab. 127. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 81 no. 475. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. 

d'Eg., p. 240. - .An annual herb, 30-50 cm high, glabrous. Leaves 

bipinnatisect into long, setaceous lobes. Umbels many-rayed; involuCl·e 

and involucel 0; fruit elliptical. - Flow. March to April. 

N. d. N. f. N. v. O. Siwa; Little Oasis; FaraJra; Dakhel; Great 

Oasis. 

Local name: kerawiil.; generally: shebet; shebit. 

Also known from Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania, Europe, Oaucasia and 

Persia. 

398. (21.) Tordylium Linn. 

Leaves dissected. Umbels compound, with general and partiai 

involucres. Flowers white or pink, the outer petals often larger. 

45*

.II1alabaiia. 709 

D. i. Wady-el-Arish. - D. a. sept. Gebel Umm Kbasheyba near 

Suez; Everywhere in the Northern Galala. 

Local name: kalkh. . 

Also known from Sinai and Syria. 

400. (23.) Malabaila Tausch. 

Calyx-teeth minute; petals yellow oval, with a filiform inflected 

acumen, emarginate, slightly hairy outside. Filaments longer than the 

petals. Stylopodia convex-conical; surrounded by a slightly waved 

margin. Fruit obcordate-oblong, flatly and dorsally compressed, 

surrounded by a wide somewhat thickened margin, cordate at the apex, 

with the stylopods in the notch, which extends about as high· as the 

margin of the fruit, glabrous, wider at base than the pedicel; 

primary ridges delicate, except the winged marginal ones. Vittae 

solitary between the primary ddges, equal, reaching 2/8 way down 

the fruit, broad, clearly seen from outside; 2 vittae in each commissural 

face. Carpophore bipartite. Seed fiat. - Perennial erect 

tall herbs. Leaves pinnate, with incise-dentate ovate usually acute 

pinnae. Umbels terminal and subterminal, regularly compound, of 

several primary and many secondary rays; involucre of 0, 1 or few 

bracts, and involucels of many linear-acute bracteoles. 

A genus of a few species occurring in Eastern Africa, South-east 

Europe, and Western Asia. 

1005. Malabaila suaveolens Coss. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Franc. XIX 

(1872), p. 82. - Tordylium suaveolens Delile Illustr. Flor. d'Eg., 

tab. 63 fig. 13. - Malabaila pumila Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. :058. - 

Barbey Herb. au Levant, tab. vm. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., 

p. 240. - Aschers.-Schweinf.lll. Flor. d'Eg., p. 81 no.478. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Pdmit. Flor. Marmaric., p. 650 no. 139. - A perennial 

herb, puberulous-canescent with a long vertical fleshy root. Leaves 

small triangular in outline bipinnatisect, primary divisions sessile, 

segments minute oblong partite in ovate obtuse limb; umbels shortly 

pedunculate, 5-rayed; fruits orbiculate, glabrous, emarginate; commissures 

glabrous with 4 vittae. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Marmarica: Matruqa; Ras-el-Kena'is; Abusirj Manut; 

Alexandria-West and -East; Mandara; Abum. - D. a. sept. Northern 

and Southern Galala. ,/ 

Local name: shamar-el-gebel; telghftdy (Ascherson); ammishy 

(Schweinfurth). 

Also known from Oyrenaica.

710 

Umbelliferae. 

401. (24.) Orlaya HofIm. 

Calyx-margin 5-toothed. Fruit oblong, dorsally compressed. 

Primary ribs filiform, bristly, secondary ones keeled, with 1-3 rows 

of prickles of equal length, or the outer longer. Vittae 1 under 

each secondary rib. Inner face of albumen flat. - Annual herbs, 

with white flowers. 

A small genos of only a few species in the Mediterranean region. 

1006. Orlaya maritima Koch Gen. Umbell. (1824), p. 79. 

Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 107l. - Rchbch. Ic. XXI, tab. 205 fig. I-II. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.81 no. 479. - Sickenberg. 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 241. - Aschers. - Schweinf. Primit. Flor. 

Marmaric., p. 651 no. 140. - Aschers. Flor. Rhinocol., p. 797 no. 124. 

- An annual plant, 10-30 cm long, grey-velvety, branching from 

the neck. Leaves ovate-oblong in outline, 2-3-pinnatisect into 

minute, ovate-oblong, obtuse lobes. Rays unequal, 3-5; bracts of 

the involucre and involucel filiform, or the former dissected into 

filiform lobes; fruit elliptical, 1 cm long, 6 mm -broad; prickles in 

1-2 rows, triangular at the base, barbed at the tip, usually shorter 

than the breadth of the seed. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Marmarica: Matruqa; Ras-el-Kena'is; Abuslr; Mariut; 

Montaza; Alexandria-West and -East; Mandara; Abukir. - M. p. 

Rosetta; Damietta. - D. i. Scattered in the desert. 

Local name: shamar-el-gebel (Ascherson). 


402. (25.) Ammodaucus Coss. and Dur. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals equal, subemarginate. Fruita oblong, 

lenticular-compressed from the back; mericarp with primary a,nd 

secundary jugea; primary ridges 5, filiform or sparingly setiferous. 

Carpophor bipartite. Seeds convex from the back, complanate from 

the face. - Small, annual herbs. Leaves bi- or tripinnatisect, lobes 

linear, fleshy. Umbels bi- or triradiate; leaves of the involucrum 

pinnatipartite or tripartite. All the flowers bisexual with white petals. 

A small genos of only one species in the Sahara-region. 

1007. Ammodaucus leucotrichus COSB. and Dur. ap. Kmlik 

Plant. alger. Select. exsicc. (1858), no. 42. - Coss. and Dur. in Soc. 

Bot. Franc. VI (1859), p. 393. - Aschers.-Schweinfurth TIL Flor. 

d'Eg., p. 81 no. 483. - 'l'orilis leucotricha Coss. and Dut: olim ap. 

COSB. Voy. Bot. Alg. in Ann. Sc. Nat., Ser. IV Vol. IV p.284. r- Small, 

annual plant, 15-20 em high. Stems slightly striate, glabrous, 

branching from the baSe. Leaves green, petioled, somewhat sheathing

Arbutus. 717 

involucre variable in number; those of the partial ones almost 

always 3, turned to the outside of the umbel. Fruit about 5 mm 

long. - Flow. March to April. 

M. p. El-'Arish. - N. v, O. Cultivated everywhere and often 

sUbspontaneous. 

Local name: kammun. 

Cultivated and subspontaneous everywhere in Northern Africa. Probably 

origin in Algeria, Spain and 'furkestania. 

Met a chI a ill y d e a e. 

Sympetalae. 

}'lowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals mostly. connate 

often tubular-like. 

Ericales. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees with simple leaves with coriaceous 

texture. Flowers 4-5-merous, obdiplostemonons, bisexual, actinomorphous. 

Petals connate, rarely free. Filaments hypogynous or 

epigynous, rarely connate at the base with the petals. Carpels 

2-5 merous. Ovary inferior or superior. - Seeds with one integumentum. 

83. Ericaceae. 

Plowers regular (or nearly so), bisexual. Calyx free, 4-5-fid 

or -partite. Corolla hypogynous, deciduous or marcescent, tubular, 

campanulate or urceolate; mouth shortly 4-5-lobed. Stamens hypogynous 

or very shortly adnate to the corolla-tubo, as many or twice 

as many as corolla-lobes; filamentsf ree; anthers dehiscing by terminal 

pores. Ovary 4-5-celled (in our species), free; style 1; 

stigma terminal. Ovules indefinite, few or many. Fruit capsular, 

loculicidally dehiscent, pulpy or drupaceous. Seeds albuminous. - 

Shrubs, undershrubs usually wiry, or small trees. Leaves alternate 

or whorled, usually persistent, exstipulate. Inflorescence various. 

A considerable Natural Order, very sparingly represented in Africa, 

excepting in the Cape region. 

407. Arbutus I,inn. 

Trees or shrubs; with evergreen and coriaceous alternate petiolate 

leaves, and white or flesh-coloured flowers in a terminal 

cluster of racemes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx

718 Ericaceae. - Primulaceae. 

small, 5-parted. Corolla urceolate with 4-5 sIDali recurved teeth. 

Ovary on an hypogynous disk, 4-5-celled; ovules crowded on a 

fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angles of each cell. Style 

rather long; stigma obtuse. Fruit a many-seeded berry. 

A small genus of only a few species, widely distributed throughout the 

lIediterranean region. 

1018. Arbutus Unedo L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.395. - 

Roiss. Flor. Or. Ill, p.966. - Rchbch. Ic. XVII, tab. 116 fig. I-II. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 102. - Shrub 1-3 m high, 

branches straight, with rough, rusty bark. Leaves obovate to ellipticaloblong, 

30-90 cm long, serrate, acutish or obtuse. Racemes somewhat 

panicled, nodding, glabrous; berries few, 1 _:,._ 1,6 em in diameter, 

rough-warty, scarlet, edible. - Flow. March to April. 

M. mao Near Mandara, naturalized. 

Also known from the other parts of the Mediterranean region. 

Primulales. 

Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate 01' opposite, 

sometimes all basal: blades mostly entire. Flowers bisexual or polygamo-dioecious, 

variously disposed. Calyx of 4-several partially 

united sepals. Corolla of 4-several distinct or partially united petals, 

or wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals 

or sepals, and sometimes accompanied by as many staminodia, 

mainly partially adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium of 4-6 united 

carpels, or rarely more. Ovary superior, 01' mainly so, mostly 

I-celled. Styles distinct or united. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, 

01' rarely an achene ()r an utricle. 

84. Primulaceae. 

Calyx usually of 5, sometimes 4, 6 or 7 divisions or teeth, free or 

rarely the tube shortly adnate to the ovar.v. Corella usually regular, 

IDore 01' less devided into as many lobes 01' teeth as divisions of 

the calyx, imbricate and often contorted iIi the bud, rarely wanting; 

Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, iuserted in the tube or 

at the base, opposite the lobes. Ovary l'-celled, with 1 or more 

ovules attached to 01' immersed in a central placenta, usually quite 

free, thick and globular, rarely ovoid and connected with the top 

of the cavity. Style single, with a capitate stigma. Fruit a capsule, 

usually dehiscent. Seeds albuminous. - Herbs 01' very rarely 

nndersbrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, undivided except when 

growing under water, without stipules. Flowers axillary or terminal.

72(; Plumbaginaceae. 

tuberculate with a woody rootstock. Basilar leaves small ovaterhombic 

obtuse narrowed into a short petiole. Scape!l small, flexuous, 

articulate, branched; terminal corymb small; spikelets two-flowered 

elongate in sbort scorpioideous dense spikes; bracts 8ub-coriaceous, 

narrow-membranaceous, carinate, obtuse, the outer one mucronate, 

the inner one 4-times shorter, oblong, often subrecurved; flower 

showy. somewhat fragrant; calyx-tube glabrous as long the limb, 

limb purple, with 5 linear, bifid aristate lobes. - J;'low. December 

to April. 

M. rna. Marmarica: Matruqa; Bir Hamam; Abusir: Mariut; 

Alexandria-West and -East; Abukir. 

Local narlle: zeta. 

Also known from Tripolitsllia. 

413. (2.) Limoniastrum Moench. 

Calyx tubular, membranous, ribless, with a minute, acutely 

5-10bed limb. Corolla funnel-shaped, gamopetalous to throat, with 

a long, slender tube, and obovate lobes. Pilaments adnate to throat 

of corolla. Styles connate to the middle, glabrous. Stigmas filiformcylindrical. 

Utricle membranous, indehiscent. Albumen thin - 

Shrublets with fleshy leaves, and loosely spiked, 3-bracted spikelets, 

closely appressed to side of the rhachis. 

A. small genus widely distributed in the !Ieditenean region und Arabia. 

1031. Limoniastrum monopetalum Boiss. ap. DC. Prodrom. XII 

(1848), p.689. - Boiss. Flor. Or. IV, p.874. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

ill. FloI'. d'Eg., p. 123 no. 845. - SickenbeJ'g. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., 

p.268. - Ascbers. Flor. Sirbon., p. 813 no. 32. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Prim it. FloI'. Marmaric., p. 663 no. 258. - Statice monopetalum L. 

Spec. Plant., p.396. - Bot. Reg. (1841), tab. 54. - A perennial 

herb. Glaucous, covered with calnareous scales, densely branched. 

and very leafy. Leaves fleshy, fiat, oblong to lanceolate-spathulate, 

obtuse, tapering to a petiole sheathing the stern at the base. Spikes 

stiff, short-panicled; rhachis flexuous, jointed, very hrittle; spikelets 

2-flowered; lower bract wine-glass-shaped, obliquely truIlcate, sheathing 

the spikelet and rhachis; intermediate bract linear, triquetrous. 

bubulate at the tip; innermost longer, leatherYl enclOSing the flowers; 

calyx-tube long, slender membranous, teeth minute, acute; flower 

fragrant; corolla pink, limb nearly rotate. - Flow. February to March. 

M. rna. Ras-el-Kenfj,'is; Mariut; Alexandria-West anu- -East; 

Mandara. - M. p. Rosetta; Brullus; Damietta; Gels-Mohammedlya 

el-Arish; Port Said. - Everywhere in deep sand.

Erythraea. 733 

1039. (4.) Erytbraea maritima Pel's. Synops. I (1805), p.283. 

Boiss. FloI'. Or. IV, p. 68. --. Sibth. and Smith Flor. graee., 

tab. 237. - Chironia maritima Willd. Spec. Plant. I, p.1069. - 

An annual plant, 20-50 cm high; 01' somewhat more, simple, oneflowered, 

or branching above. Leaves elliptical to oblong, obtuse, 

upper ones acutish. Cyme few-flowered, loose; flowers pedicelled; 

corolla 2 cm long, tube sowewhat longer than the calyx, lobes ovate, 

acutish; valves of the capsule slightly. introflexed. - Flow. March 

to April. 

M. rna. RamIe; Mandara, in shaded situatioDs, and also in 

cultivated ground. 

A common plant in Europe and Asia. 

89. Apocynaceae. 

Flowel'8 hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx inferior; sepals 5 (very 

rarely 4) free or slightly (rarely more) united, more 01' less imbricate, 

equal or more or less unequal, often with (usually scale-like) glands 

near the base inside. Corolla salver· or funnel-shaped, rarely 

campanulate, urceolate or subglobose, glabrous or more or less hairy 

within, sometimes with Bcales or callous protuberances or ridges in 

the tube or mouth; lobes usually convolute, overlapping and frequently 

also twisted to the right or the left, very rarely val 'late. Stamens 5 

(very rarely 4), inserted in the corolla-tube or mouth; filaments 

filiform or more often flattened and short or reduced to a callous 

swelling, often passing at the base into more or less decurrent 

ridges projecting into the tube (filamental ridges); anthers frequently 

conniving in a cone, either linear or oblong (rarely elliptic), shortly 

and obtusely 2-lobed at the base with the anther-cells parrallel 

polliniferous and dehiscing to the base, or sagittate with barren 

tails (very frequently formed by the continuation of the outher 

halves of the cells), leaving the front basal part of the connective 

(foot) free; foot of the connective smooth or with various shaped 

projections or regular groups of spreading hairs. Pollen nearly 

alwa.ys spherical with 3 pores, loose or rarely more or less cohering. 

Disk if present annular or cupulaI', 5-lobed or cODsisting of 2-5 

scales, sometimes more or less adnate to the ovary. Ovary superior, 

or slightly inferior, of 2 (very 1'3rely 3 - 5) united 01' distinct 

carpels, .if syncal'pous, I-celled with parietal of/2-celled with central 

placentas, if apocarpous with ventral placentas. Style 1, entire 

or divided at . the base; stigma various, with or without a usually 

bifid apiculus and frequently with a ring or other appendages, 

viscous on the surface or exuding much glutinous matter and

744 

Asclepiadaceae. 

424. (2.) Glossonema Decane. 

Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube short; lobes 5, suberect or spreading, 

overlapping to the left, liut scarcely twisted in the bud, often 

tubereulate or thickened below the apex. Corona of 5 lobes arising 

from the tube of the corolla a little above the origin of the ataminalcolumn 

or at the mouth, alternating with the corolla-lobes, usnally 

free and variahle in form, rarely .connate into a 5-lobed tube. 

Staminal-column arising at or helow the middle of the corolla-tube; 

anthers terminated ·by erect or infiexed membranous appendages. 

Pollen-masses pendulous, solitary ·in each anther-cell, attached in 

pairs to the pollen-carriers hy short or .almost obsolete caudicles. 

Style sometimes exserted beyond the anthers.' Pollicles variable, 

echinate or smooth. Seeds fiat, with entire or toothed margins, 

crowned with a tuft of hairs. - Dwarf perennial or rarely annual 

herbs, with opposite leaves. Cymes lateral or sublateral between 

the bases of the petioles, few-or many-flowered, or the flowers 

solitary, small. 

Species few mostly natives of Tropical Africa but extending into North 

Africa and from Arabia to Scinde. 

1047. GlossonemaBoveanum Decsne. in Ann. Sciene. Nat. Ser. 2 

Vol. IX (1835), p.335 tab. 12 fig. D. - Boiss. Flor. Or. IV, p.62. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. III. Flor. d'Eg., p.105 no.685. - Glossonema 

affine N. E. Br. in Rew Bulletin (1895), p.249. - Petalostemma 

Chenopodii R. Br. in Salt VOl. Abyss. Append. XIV, name only. - 

A dwarf herb 9-20 cm high, branching from the base. Stems 

ascending, more or less pubescll.nt with white hairs. Leaves spreading; 

petiole 2-9 mm long; blade 8-25 mm long, 2'/2-11 mm broad, 

ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, cuneately narrowed or 

broadly rounded into the petiole at the base, more or less undulate 

or crisped on the margins, thinly or densely white-pubescent on 

both Bides or glabrous above. Plowers 1-3 together, sublateral; 

pedicels 2-21/2 mm long, white-pubescent. Sepals 21/. - 2'/2 mm 

long, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Corolla-tube 2 mm long, campanulato; 

lobes spreading, 2 1 / 2 -5 mm long, 8-2,5 mm broad, 

oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, slightly thickened above 

or subtuberculate near the apex, with the margins iecurved, glabrous 

or with a few bairs on the back. Coronal lobes arising a short 

distance below the sinuses of the .corolla, 2 3 / 4-5 mm long, 1 mm 

hroad in the broadly oblong basal half, 3-1ohed, with the. middle 

lobe long and filiform, or subtruncately or somewhat abrnptly contracted 

into a filiform or subulate point, or occasionally' filiformilcuminte. 

Staminal-column 2 mm long; anther-appendages reniform,

ASlllepias. 753 

long staminal-column, and reaching to its summit, erect, complicatecucullate, 

with the apical angles of the inflexed sides produced into 

recurving teeth, that rise cOllsiderably above the general level of 

the rest of the lobe and have their tips in curved towards each 

other; margins of the inflexed sides narrowly winged outside; no 

tooth or born within. Follicles 6-8 cm long, ovate, attenuate into 

a beak, setose and minutely tomentose, but the setae nearly or 

quite .glabrous. - Flow. January to ,May. 

N. d. Cultivated and naturalized in gardens; Rosetta; Kafr 

Dowar; Islands of Roda near Cairo, on fields-sides. 

Local 71ame: 'arjel. 

Also known from the other parts of North Africa, South and Tropical 

Africa, the 1Iiascarene Islands, Madeira, Canaries, Arabia and South' Europe, 

perhaps introduced in some of the localities. 

1054. (2.) Asclepias sinaica Muschler cOlqbin. nov. - Gomphocal'pus 

sinaicus Boiss. Diagnoa. Plant. Or., Ser. I faac. XI p. 80. 

- Flor. Or.1V, p.61. - Ascbers.-Schweinf. TIL Flor. d'Eg., p.l05 

no. 687. - Gomphocarpua fruticosus Decsne. in Ann. Scienc. Nat. 

ser. II Vol. IX, p.325 not of R. Br. - A woody much-branched shrub, 

1-1,5 m high; branches divergent, white-tomentose, simple. Leaves 

opposite, spreading, 21/2-4 cm long, 1-2 mm broad, subsessile or 

with petioles 1-2 mm long, linear-Ianceolate, acute, tapering at 

the' base, revolute along tbe margins, glabrous, with the midrib 

adpressed pubescent beneath. Umbels several, lateral. at the nudes 

along the upper part of the branches, pedunculate, 4-6 flowered; 

lleduncles and pedicels 5-10 mm long, wbite-tomentos6. Sepals 

1 1 / 9-3 mm long, narrowly lanceolate or oblong-Ianceolate, acuminate, 

pubescent. Corolla 5-lobed nearly to the base, reflexed, yellow; 

lobes about 6 mm long aud 11/2 mm broad, elliptic-ovate, acute, 

glabrous on both sides, short-ciliate along one margin. Coronal 

Jobes arising about 1 mm above the base of the staminal-column 

and reaching to its summit, apparently yellowish, 1 mm long, 1 mm 

hroad, complicate, cucullate, subquadrate, witb the dorsal margin 

shorter than the inner margins in side view, so that the real apex 

of the lobe does not rise 80 high as its inflexed sides, the apical 

angles of the inflexed sides produced into abruptly reflexed falcate 

teeth rising a little above the apical margin of the lobe, no tooth 

fir horn within tbe lobe. Staminal-column ,3 1 / 2 mm long; anthei"appendagetl 

roundish-ovate, very obtuse, in flexed over the truncate 

apex of the style. Follic16ll ellipsoidal with a short beak, somewhat 

sp,arsely bristly, mealy-tomentellous blltween tbe red bristles. 

Flow. December to March. 

Jfuschler, Manual Flora of Egypt. 48

770· 

Oonvolvulaceae. 

broad, slightly hairy on both sides chiefly on the veins; petiole 2-5 cm 

long. Flowers few or many in !L dense subsessile cluster; bracts small, 

laneeolate to subulate, persistent; pedicels sometimes as long as the 

calyx. Sepals very hairy, 5-6 mm long, ovate, acuminate, with 

spreading tips. Corolla 6-8 mm long, campanulate; white with 

a purple eye or sometimes rose or purple; midpetaline areas pubescent. 

Capsule globose, hairy, 2-celled, 4-seeded, 5 mm in diam. Seeds 

glabrous, finely punctate. - Flow. March to April. 

N. d. In cotton-fields 'near Shubra. 

'l'rough 'l'ropical Africa, Asia to North Australia. 

1076. (2.) Ipomoea stolonifera Gruel. Syst. II (1791), p.345. 

Ipomoea carmosa R. Br. Prodrom., p. 485. -. Ipomoea acetosaefolia 

Roem. and Schult. System. IV, p. 246. - Ipomoea humilis G. 

Don. Gen. System. IV, p. 267. - Choisy in DC. Prodrom.IX, p.396. 

- Ipomoea littoralis Boiss. Flor. Or. IV, p. 112. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 107 no. 705. - Batatas acetosaefolia and Batatas 

Iittoralis Choisy in DC. Prodrom. IX, p. 337-338. - Perennial, 

from a stout tuberous root, glabrous. Stems trailing widely on the 

sallds of the sea shore or running just beneath the surface and 

sending up short erect leafy branches. I,eaves very variable in 

shape, thick, rather fleshy, usually linear or oblong, 5-8 cm long, 

entire, apex rounded, mucronulate, sometimes emarginate, base 

cuneate, sometimes slightly cordate or auricled to hastate; petiole 

2-21/2 cm long or less. Peduncles I-3-flowered, from less than 

2-5 cm long; bracts minute, subulate; pedicel generally stouter 

than the peduncle, 2-21/2 em long. Sepals thinly coriaceous, 

8-10 mm long, oblong to ovate, obtuse or minutely cuspidate. 

Corolla funnel-shaped, 2 1 /2-5 em long, white with a purple 

eye. Capsule globoso, glabrous, 12 mm ill 'iam. Seeds shaggily 

tomentoso. - Flow. January to MaIo .. b.. 

M. rna. Abusir; Alexandria. 

Widely spread on sandy sea-shores in the warmer parts of the world. 

1077. (3.) Ipomoea Batatas Lam. Encyclop.IV (1797), }I.14. 

Ascbers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'J

772 

Convolvulaceae. 

1079. (5). Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Collect. I (1786), p.124. 

Jc. tab. 36. - Ipomoea Nil, Roth, Cat. Bot. 1. 36. - HallieI' f. 

in Engl. .Jahrb. XVIII. 136. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.107. 

- 1. scabm, Forsk. PI. Aegypt.-Arab. 44. - I. githaginea, Rochst. 

in herb. uu. itin. 1842, no. 784. COD\'olvulus Nil, Linn. Sp: PI. ed. 2. 

219. - Bot. Mag. t. 188. - Pharbitis hederacea, Choisy in Mem. 

Soc. Phys. Genev. VI. 440 (Conv. Or. 58), and in DC. Pro dr. IX. 344. 

- P. Nil. Choisy 1. c. 343. - P. hispida, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss II. 

65, not of Choisy. - P. purpurea, Asehers. in Sehweinf. Baitr. Fl. 

Aethiop. 96 exel. syn. - P. githagillea, Hochst. in herb. un. itin. 1844, 

no. 1446. - Annual. Stems sleuder, hairy, twiuiug, hairs spreading. 

Leaves cordate-orbicular or cordate-ovate, acute, J1sually shallowly 

3-lobed, membranous, hairy, 2 1 / 2 -1lJ em wide; petiole about as 

long as the blade. Peduncle 1-5-flowered, about as long as the 

petiole; pedicels short; bracts small, linear. Calyx hairy, 1-3 cm 

long; sepals lanceolate, with a long narrow point, lower broader 

portion generally long-hairy, narrower upper part sparsely and shorthairy. 

Corolla funnel-shaped, usually blue, with purple stripes 

5-8 cm long; limb 5 em in diam. Capsule small, subglobose, 

3-celled. Seeds 6, smooth. - Flow. January to April. 

M. rna. M. p. N. d. N. f. N. v. Cultivated abundantly and rarely 

subspontaneous. 

j,oeal name: batata (?). 

Widely spread throughout the Tropics. 

438. (6.) Cuscuta Linn. 

Calyx usually eampanulate; sepals usually 5, imblicate, ovate, 

geuerally more or less united at tbe base. Corolla campanulate; 

lobes usually 5, longer or shorter than tbe tube, imbricate; tube 

usually appendiculate with Ii scales. placed beneath the lobes. 

Stamens inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes or below 

them; filaments filiform or flattened; anthers globose or oblong. 

Ovary 4-ovuled, perfectly or imperfectly 2-celled; styles 2, free to 

the base or connate; stigmas capitate or linear. Capsule dry or 

fleshy, bursting ilTegularly or dehiscence circum scissile. Seeds glabrous; 

embryo peripheric, filiform, entire. - Leafless parasites, With 

twining stems and small usually reddish-white flowers in clusters. 

Species about 80. Cosmopolitan. 

A. Styles 2. Stigmas elongated. Flowers in globular 

heads. 

I. Styles as long as the stigmas or shorter. CapslIle 

opening by a lid.

7.80 

Borraginaceae. 

middle. Fruit a drupe sUlTounded by the persistent accrescent 

calyx; endocarp usuaJly bony; cens 4 or by abortion fewer, I-seeded. 

Seeds ascending, exalbuminous; cotyledons very plicate; radicle short. 

- Trees Or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, petioled, 

entire or crenate-dentate. Flowers arranged in all the Egyptian 

species in panicled cymes with scorpioid branches. Corolla white 

or yellow, varying greatly in size. 

Species about 200, tropical or subtropical, concentrated in America. 

A. Leaves alternate. 

I. Panicles loose in flower • • 

II. Panicles not loose in flower 

H. Leaves opposite or subopposite . 

1. C.Myxa. 

2. C. crenata. 

3. C. Gharat: 

1087. (1.) Cordia Myxa Linn. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p. 190. 

Boiss. Flor. Or. IV, p.124. - DC. Prodrom. IX, p.479. - Jacq. 

l!'ragm., tab. 103 fig. 3. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.108 

no. 712. - .Delile Illustr. Flor. d'Eg., p. 191 tab. 19 fig. 1-2. - 

Cordia Sebestena Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab. IJXIII not of others. - Cordia 

african a Lam. illustr. I, p. 420 tab. 96. - Cordia officinalis Lam_ 

Illustr. I, p. 420 tab. 96. - Cordia domestica Roth Nov. Plant. Spec., 

p.123. - A handsome tree, with a dense coma, glabrous or the 

foliage scabrous-pubescent. Leaves on rather long petioles, from 

ovate- to orbicular, very obtuse or shortly acuminate, entire or il1'egularly 

sinuate, 3 or 5-nerved at the base, usually 5-8 cm long. 

Flowers not large, polygamous, in loose pedunculate cymes 01' panicles. 

Calyx membranous, about 6 mm long. entire and closed over the 

corolla in the bud, opening il'l'egularIy into short lobes without 

prominent ribs when the flower expands, hardened, broadly, cupshaped, 

and in-egularly and broadly toothed or lobed under the fruit. 

Corolla-tube oblong-cylindrical, slightly contracted at the throat, 

nearly as long as the calyx, glabrous inside and out; lobes narrow, 

recurved, as long as the tube. Stamens exserted, but. not exceeding 

the corolla-lobes; anthers oblong-linear. Style short, with 4 long 

filiform branches stigmatic along the inner side. Drupe ovoid or 

nearly globular, pale yellow or slightly pink, tbe pulp very viscid, 

the putamen very hard, usually 1 or 2-celled, with 1 seed in ,each 

cell. - Flow. ,January to March. 

M. rna. M. p. Cultivated in old gardens, often naturalized. 

N. v. Abundantly near Luksor. - O. Great Oasis. 

Local name: mukbeyt. 

Also known from Tropical Arrica, Madagascar, Tropical Asia, und 

Queensland. - In India the wood is considered fairly strong, and is used 

for boat-building. well-curbs, gunstocks, and canoes; tbe bark for rope-making,

786 

Borraginaceae. 

M. rna. M. p. N. d. N. f. O. j.jverywhere between the type. 

Local name: sekl'i1n; 'afeyn. 

Also known from South Europe, Arabia Petraea, Palestine, Syria, 

)Iesopotamia and Persia. 

10!:J5. (6.) Heliotropium villosum Willd. Spec. Plant. I (1831), 

p.741. - Boiss. Flor. Or. IV, p.133. - Ic. Desf. Cor., tab. 16. - 

An annual plant, 30-40 em high, or sometimes somewhat more, 

tomentose with dense, short, appressod wool, intermixed with longer, 

spreading hairs. Leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse; corolla glabrous or 

hirsute within, ribs ending in a tooth below the throat; anthers 

adnate below the middle of the tube; stigma nearly sessile, much 

broader than long. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Alexandria; Sidi-Gaber; Ramie, in sandy places. 

Also known from Syrill. 

1096. (7.) Heliotropium luteum Poir. in Lam. Encyclop. 

Supplero. III (1789), p. 22. - Boiss. Flor. Or. IV, p.14L - Aschers. 

Flor. Rhinocol., p. 801 no. 179. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., 

p.109 no. 719. - Heliotropium lineatum Del. Illustr. Flor. d'Eg., 

p.37 tab. 17 not of Vahl. - Heliotropium eriocarpum Lehm. Asp., 

p. 55. - Lithospornum digynum Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab., p. 40. - 

Heliotropium callosum Spreng, Nov. Prov., p. 21. - A perennial 

herb, 20-40 cm high, sometimes somewhat more, much branched, 

rctrorsely tomentellous, canescent. Leaves 1-15 em long, oblong 

to ovate, usually wavy-margined, depressed-lineate at the upper surface. 

Racemes 1-4 cm long, dense; corolla-tube silky without, glabrous 

within, one aUlI a half as long as the calyx, lobes yellowisb, inflexed, 

much shorter than the tube; anthers retuse, inserted on throat; stigma 

lOllg-conical, balf .as long as the style, hirsute at the apex; nutlets 

largc, densely silky or glabrescent. - Flow. December to April. - 

M. p. Rosetta; Damietta; el-'Arish. - D. I. D. i. D. a. sept. 

Connon in seep sundy places and on calcarious ground. 

Local name: roghl; netesh (Forsk; Delile); forreysb (Delile); 

Iialilmo (AscllCl'son); rehama (Schweinfurth); kirry; karu (Ascherson). 

Also known from Arabia Petraea, Palestine and Syria. 

1097. (8.) Heliotropium arbainense Fresen. in Mus. Senckenberg. 

I (1834), p.168. - DC. Prodl'om. IX, p.537. - Boiss. Flor. 

Or. IV, p.146. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 109 no. 720. 

- .Sickenbel'g. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 260. - Perennial. -Stems 

silOrt, ascending, much-branched, densely clothed with short! soft 

whitish hairs. Leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, small, densely hairy 

ou both sides, rounded or narrowed to the base. Spikes dense,

Otostegis. - Eremostachys. 835 

3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, arcuate; lower pair the longest; 

anther-cells divaricate. Disk equal. Style bifid at the apex; nucules 

ovoid, obtuse. - Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves sessile or petioled, 

entire or crenate. Flowers few or many in laxly disposed leafy 

whorls, bracts herbaceous or spinous. 

Species about 10, the others inhabiting Arabia, N ort,h India and the 

Orient. 

1172. Otostegia microphylla (Desr.) Aschers. and Schweinf. 

in Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg. (1887), p. 122 no. 831. - 

Otostegia Schimpori Boiss. Flor. Or. IV. p. 776. - Molucella microphylle 

Delila Frag'm., p. 10 fig. 2. - Ballote microphylla Benth. 

Labiat., p. 596. - Marrubium microphyllum Desr. in Lam. Dict. XIII, 

p. 720. - A shrubby plant, 30-50 cm high, or sometimes somewhat 

now; branches elongated, stiff, minntely velvety. Leaves densely 

woolly, short-petioled, ovate, 1 cm long, crenate, wrinkled at under 

surface, the floral shorter than the whorls. Whorls 2-4-flowered; 

bracts few, subulate, short; calyx tomentellous, limb oblique, reticulated, 

obsoletely 10-crenulate, the lower limb. 7 mm long, twice as 

long as the upper one, nearly as long as the tube. - Flow. March. 

D. a. sept. Gebel Umm Khasheyba. 

Local name: ghassa (Schweinfurth). 


482. (19.) Eremostacbys. 

Calyx tUbular-campanulate or funnel-shaped, the limb sometimes 

expanded, membranous, teeth 5, broad, spiny. Corolla-tube 

included, hood flattened, lower lip trifid. Stamens' ascending under 

the hood, the upper filaments appendaged at base; anthers in pairs, 

with divergent, confluent cells. Nutlets hairy at apex. - Perennial 

herbs, differing from Phlomis by aspect rather than botanical 

characters. 

A small genus of only a few species in the JlIediterranean region and Asia. 

1173. Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bunge in Ledeb. Flor. 

Altaic. II, p.416. - Ic. Boa. Reg., tab. 52. - Boiss. Flor. Or. IV, 

p.793. - Aschers.-Schweinf.IIl. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p. 770 no. 1308. 

- Sickenberg. ContIib. Flor. d'Eg., p.267. - Aschers. Flor. Rhinocol., 

p.802 no. 202. - Eremostachys macrocbeila Jaub. and Spach Illustr. 

Plant. Or. V, tab. 513. - A perennial herb, 30 em to 1 m high, 

or more; stem thick, ending in a dense, fleecy spike, 30 em or 

more long, 6-8 cm broad, intenupted at the base. Leaves green, 

hairy 'or somewhat fleecy, the radical ovate 60-40 em long, 15 to 

53*

856 

Solanaceae. 

1202. (2.) Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Vivo Plant. Rort. Di 

Negro, p.26. - var. chlorantha Dun. in DC. Prodrom. XlII (1852), 

p.569. - Aschers.-Schweinf. lllustr. Flor. d'Eg., p. 114 no. 771. - 

Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 263. - Nicotiana crisp a Pers. 

Syn. I, p. 217. - An annual plant, 40-60 cm high, or more. Stem 

scabrid, branching from the base, leafy. Leaves entire, sessile, the 

lower-ones obovate-spathulate, obtuse, glabrous, the upper-ones oblonglanceolate 

half-clasping, acute, undulate, 5-lid. Racemes paniculate, 

terminal. Calyx-tubulose, subhirtellous S-lid; lobes unequal, linearlanceolate. 

Corolla hypocrateriformj tube pubescent, thrice as long 

as the calyx; limb 5-lid; lobes ovate, acute. Capsule ovate, glabrous, 

as long as the calyx; seeds minute, rugose. - Flo;W. March to April. 

N. v. Kasr-el-cAin (Cairo), in the gardens naturalized. 

A native of Mexieo. 

1203. (3.) Nicotiana glauca L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p. 258. 

- Aschel's.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 113 no. 769. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p. 770. - Sickenperg. Contrib. 

Flor. d'Eg., p.263. - Dun. in DC. Prodrom. XIII, fasc. I p. 563. - 

Rchbch. Ic. XX, tab. 5 fig. 1. - A tall shmb, 2-4 m high, quite 

glabrous. Leaves ovate-cordate, 5 cm ·Iong, 3 cm broad, on petioles 

of 3 cm acute, entire, of glaucous hue. Flowers in terminal panicles 

with subnlate bracts. Calyx faintly angular, 5-toothed. Corolla 

yellow, softly pubescent, 3 times longer than the calyx, its tube 

incurved, inflated at the throat and contracted at the mouth, the 

limb very short. - Flow. all the year round. 

M. rna. RamIe; Qabary. - N. d. Cairo; Shubra; Helwan. - 

N. v. mer. Thebes. - D. i. EI-Qantara. - D. a. sept. Serapeum; 

Everywhere cultivated in gardens. 

Local name: tombak; musseyss; ssegger-el-gerey (Schweinfurth, 

Muschler); dukkhan-belledy (Ascherson). 

Native of South America. 

1204. (4.) Nicotiana rustica L. Spec. Plant. J (1753), p.180. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'F;g., p. 114 no. 770. - Sickenberg. 

Contrib. FloI'. d'Eg., p. 263. - Lehm. Rist. Nicot., p. 34. - Dun. in 

DC. Prodrom. XIII, fasc. I p. 563. - Comes Monogr. Nicot., p. 20 

fig. 2. - An annual herb, up to 1,20 high, or sometimes somewhat 

more. Stem terete, branched. Leaves ovate, obtuse sometimes subcordate, 

glandular pubescent, petiolate, the lower ones up to 30 cm 

long. Flowers in terminal subpaniculate racemes, bracteate-or. not. 

Calyx cyathiform, 5-fid; lobes very short, subequal. Corolla greenishyellow, 

salver-shaped, twice as long as the calyx-tube, villous; lobes 5; 

obtuse. Filaments villous at the base. Style slightly longer than the

886 

Orobanchalleae. 

l-cslled, mors or less dehiscing with 2 valves. Seeds very numerous, 

small; testa often foveolate-reticulate; endosperm fleshy. Embryo 

globose, of few cells, undifferentiated. - Annual or perennial parasitic 

herbs, almost perfectly destitute of chlorophyll, variously coloured, 

but never green. Stems usually simple, solitary or fascicled, more 

or less flesby. Leaves reduced to, often fleshy" scales, few "Or many. 

Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, supported by bracts and 

often also by bracteoles. 

Species over 130, almost exclusively ill the northern hemisphere', 

particularly in the warm-temperate regions. 

A. Calyx tubular-campanolate, obtusely 4-5-lobed. . . 1. Cistanche. 

B. Calyx campanulate, acutely 3-5-dentate or 3-5-:6d , 

or split to the base in front and on the back . . . 2. Orobanche. 

508. (1.) Cistancbe Hoffm. et Link. 

Calyx persistent, tubular-campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed; lobes 

-obtuse, rounded, subequal or the two posticous narrower. Corolla 

tubular below, more or less funnel-shaped above, more or less curved 

or at length abruptly bent; limb spreading, oblique, 5-10bed; lobes 

broad, equal or nearly so. Stamens 4, didynamous, subexserted, 

inserted deep down in the corolla-tube;. anthers usually densely 

bearded and coherent by the hairs; cells parallel, often acute or 

mucronate at the base. Ovary I-celled, with 4 distinct placentas, 

many-ovnled; style curved at the apex; stigma large, orbicular. 

Cnpsnle 2-valved, dehiscing in the median plane. Seeds very 

numerous, minute, foveolate-reticulate. - Parasitic plants, variously 

coloured, destitute of chlorophyll, glabrous or cobwebby. Stems 

succulent, often. bulbously thickened at the base, simple. Leaves 

reduced to fleshy scales. Flowers bracteate and 2-bracteolate, spicate, 

rather large, white, ysllow 01' purplish. 

Species about 10 in the dry regioD8 of Portugal, Spain, North Africa, 

a.nd through the Orient to India. 

1239. Cistancbe lutea Holfmg. and .Link, Flor. Port. I (1809), 

p.319 tab.63. - Rchbch. Plant. Critic. vn, tab.7()O fig. 939. - 

Lathraea Phelipaea L. Spec. Plant. ed. II,: p. 844. - Orobanche / 

tinctoria Willd. Spec. Plant. III, p. 353. -'- Phelipaea lutea Deaf: 

Flor. Atlant. II, p.60 tab. 146. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. l!'lor. d'Eg., 

p.1l8 nO. 80 L - Sicken berg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p.265. - Aschers.' 

Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p. 770. - Aschers. Flo!'. Rhinoc_ol.,. 

p.813 no. 30. - Aschers.-Schweinfurth Prim it. Flor. Marmalic., p.66[ 

no. 239. - Doiss. Flor. Or. IV, p.600. - 'Pbelipaea tinctoria Walp. 

I Rep. m, p. 462. - Stem swollen at ths base, often mo.re than

90» 

Acanthaceae. 

612. (1.) Blepharis Juas. 

Calyx sub-4-partite to the base; 2 anticouB segments connate 

nearly to the tip; posticous segment lanceolate a-nerved, usually 

longer than the anticous; 2 interior segments nan-ow, long or short. 

Corolla: poSticouB lip 0, replaced by a horny rim; anticous lip nearly 

flat, 3-5-lobed, bluish, white, or fading to yellowish. Stamens 4, 

8ubsimilar; anthers I-oelled, nalTow-oblong, muticous, fIinged with 

white hairs near the slit; filaments of 2 anticous stamens more 

flattened with rudiments of miBBing anther more developed; pollen 

longish-ellipsoid, with a few verY narrow longitudinal smooth chinks 

not reaching the pqles. Ovary with 2-1 ovules in each cell, 

glabrous; style glabrous, rarely with a few thin hairs below, branches 2, 

lanceolate; at the apex of the ovary Oil the posticous face are 2 

hollows filled with glands. Capsule ellipsoid, flattened, woody, shiningbrown, 

2- (rarely 4-) seeded; seeds covered with rope-like hairbundles, 

which on applying water unroll into very long I-celled. hairs 

each furnished with a spiral within. - Harsh prickly, or smooth 

slender, undershrubs without stellate or gland-tipped hairs. Leaves 

by the adjacent pairs being drawn together appearing in whorls of 4, 

outer pair in each whorl often smaller, sometimes very much smaller, 

or reduced and. almost resembling stipules. Spikes of flowers strobilatej 

bract green, ovate or obovate, veined, nearly always spinousj 

bracteoles 2 or 0, linear, rarely lanceolate, I-nerved, acute; in many 

spikes all the bracts excppt the bighest sterile, so that these are 

commonly described as having solitary' flowers. 

Species 60, nearly all African, many in South .Africa, a few extending 

through Arabia and the Orient region to India. 

1252. Blepharis edulis Pers. Synops. II (1807), p. 180. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. }I'lor. d'Eg., p. 118 no. 806. - Boiss. Flor. 

Or. IV, p.520. - Lindau in Engler and PrantL Natuerl. Pflanzenfaro. 

IV, fasc. JIIB p.318 fig. 126 A. - Ruellia cHiaris L. Mant .• 

p. 89. - Acanthus edulis Forsk. Flor. aeg.-arab., p. 114. - Acanthus 

Delilei Spreng. System. II, p.819. - Acanthns tetragonus R. Br. in 

Salt Abyss. Plant. Append. XV. - Acanthodium spicatum Delile 

lllustr. Flor. d'Eg., p.97 tab. 33 fig. 2. - DC. Prodrom. XI, p.274. 

- (The synonym Ruellia ciliaris Linn., is doubtful, because Lilinaeus 

description is to shoort!). - Grey pubescent or- nearly glabrate. 

Stem short, rigid, branched. Leaves in fours at the sterile nodes; 

upper pair 5 by 1 cm. oblong or narrow-elliptic, sessile, __ spinousmargined; 

lower pair smaller but' similar. Inflorescences strobilate, 

up to \01 em long, sometimes short; braets 2-21/s em long', ovate, 

acuminate, recurved, spinous, puberulous, more or less hairy on the

Plantaginaeeae. 

spine-tipped; anticous calyx-segment exceeding 2 cm ih length. 

lanceolate, 2-nerved; 2 inmost calyx-segments 1,5 cm long, ellipticlanceolllte, 

mucronate. Corolla 28/ 4 cm long, rose or pale-purple. 

Capsule 1-1,75 cm. - Flow. February. 

M. p. Rosetta, naturalized (Muschler). 

Also known from Tropieal Africa and Arabia. 

Plantaginales. 

A gamopetalous order, of uncertain relationship. Herbs, commonly 

acaulescent. Leaves mainly or wholly basal: blades typically 

l-several-ribbed. Flowers perfect, monoecious or· dioeciolls, in 

Bpikes. Calyx of 4 partially united or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla 

of 4 partially united, scarious and veinless petals. Androecium 

of 4 or 2 stamens. Gynoecium a compound superior pistil. Fruit 

capsular, commonly circumscissle. 

105. Plantaginaceae. 

Flowers usually regular. Sepals 4. Corolla small, scarious, with 

an ovate or cylindrical tube and 4 spreading lobes, imbricate ill thlt 

bud. Stamens 4, or rarely fewer, inserted in the tube of the corolla 

and alternate with its lobes, usually long; anthers 2-celled, thlt 

cells parallel, opening 10ngitudiJ!.ally. Ovary free, 1-, 2- or 4-celled, 

with one or more ovules in each cell. Style simple, terminal, entire. 

with 2 opposite longitudinal stigmatic lines. Capsule opening transversely 

or indehiscent. Seed peltate, laterally attached, albuminous. 

Embryo straight or slightly curved, parallel to the hilum. - Herbs 

with radical tufted or spreading leaves, rarely branched and leafy. 

Flowers in heads or spikes or rarely solitary, on leaftess axillary 

peduncles, each one sessile within a small bract. 

A small Order, widely spread over the globe, but chiefly in the 

temperate regions of the Old World. 

514. Plantago Linn. 

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx-segments:!; 

subequal, or 2 outer larger. Corolla-tube cylindrical or ampulliform; 

lobes 4, spreading horizontally. Stamens 4, inserted in the corollatube; 

filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary usually 2-celled, 

with 1 to several ovules in each cell. Capsule membranous, circumscissile 

at the middle or the base. Seeds 2 to several, cymbiform, 

with a ventral hilum; albumen fleshy; embryo straight or curved; 

radicle inferior. - Annual or perennial hel:bs, often acaulescent,

Pantago. 907 

M. rna. Marmarica; Ras-el-Kena'is; Abus!r; Mariut; Alexandria 

West and -East; Abukir. - M. p. Rosetta; Qatiya; el-

Dipsacaceae. 

1293. Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. Akad. Goett. (1814). 

p. 316. - Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 120. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. 

d'Eg., p. 84 no. 504. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem .• 

p.7.60. - Aschers. Flor. Rhinoc., p. 797 no. 133. - Sickenberg. 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 243. - An annual plant, 50 em to 1,60 m 

high, bristly; stem stiff, trivaricately branched above. Leaves sessile 

or nearly so, the lower ones oblong-Ianceolate, entire or serrate, 

often 10-t5 cm long, the upper ones linear, entire. Peduncles long, 

stiff, or heads in forsk sessile; heads ovate, 2 em long; bracts and 

pales obovate, ending abruptly in a long awn; involucel hu"Sute, 

truncate, with 4 awns, much longer than the calyx-limb, and 4intermediate, 

half or less than half as long. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Mariut; AlexandIia-West and -East; Abukir. - M. p. 

Qotiya; Seth. 

Also know" from Syria. 

528. (2.) Pterocephnlns Vaill. 

Tube of involucel 8-grooved or striate, ending in minute teeth 

or a shorth crown. Calyx-limb short-stipitate, with 12-24, plumose 

awns. Corolla 5-fid. Receptacle hairy or naked. - Herbs or shrubs. 

A small genus widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. 

1294. Pterocephalus papposus (L.) Ralasey in Consp. Flor. 

Graee. I (1901), p. 762. - Pterocephalus involucratus· Spreng 8yst. It 

p. 384. - Boiss. Flor. Or. II, p. 148. - Aschers.-Scbweinf. Ill. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.84 no. 507. - Aschers.-Scbweinf. Primit. !

946 

Campanulaceae. 

corolla nearly 12 mm long. Corolla pubescent on the outside, blue, 

equalling the calyx. Anthers linear; filaments not dilated at the 

hase. Capsule of the fertile flowers erect, 3-or rarely 4-celled, manyseeded. 

- Flow . .March to April. 

N. v. Cairo. 

Also known from Nubia. 

539. (3.) Speculada Linn. 

Calyx 5-parted into linear or awl-sbaped lobes. Corolla rotate, 

5-lobed. Style hairy. Capsule linear or oblong, prismatic; valves 

narrow, opening laterally beneath tbe apex. - Annuals, with stems 

simple or branching from neck, and violet flowers. 

A small genus chiefly distributed in the Mediterranean region and Europe. 

1314. Specularia Speculum A. DC. Monogr. Camp. (1830), 

p. 346. - Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 959. - Sibtb. and Smith. Flor. 

graec., tab. 216. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.·l02 no. 668. 

- Campanula Speculum L. Spec. Plant. I, p. 538. - Prismatocarpus 

Speculum l;Herit. Sert. Angol., p. 2. - Campanula cordata Vis. Flor. 

Dnlmat., p. 5. - An annual Plant, 20-50 cm high or sometimes 

somewhat more. Leaves sessile, oblong, the lowermost tapering at 

the base, the uppermost half-clasping or heart-sbaped at the base. 

Flowers solitary, or 3-5 together in terminal corymbs; calyx-lobes 

linear subulate, during flowering nearly or quite as long as the tube 

and as corolla-lobes; corolla 1-2 em long; capsule constricted at 

the tip. - Flow. March to April. 

N. d. Environs of Cairo. 

Also known from Europe, Arabia Petraea, Palestine and SyrIa. 

540. (4.) Sphenoclea Gaertn. 

Calyx-tube adnate to tbe ovary, hemispherial; limb 5-partite, 

lobes rounded, imbricate. Corolla campanulate, 3-lobed, valvate. 

Stamens free from the corolla or only slightly attached to its base; 

tilaments dilated at the basE; anthers sbort, free. Ovary half-inferior, ./ 

;l-celled; placentas stipitate; ovules numerous. Style short; stigma 

at length shortly bifid. Capsule depressed, globose, dehiscing transversely, 

operculum carrying away the calyx-lobes. Seeds numerous, 

very small. 

._ / 

The genus is limited to the species described below. 

1315. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. De Fructib. I (1'788), 

p. 113 tab. 24 fig. 5. - Wight lcoll. Plant. Orient., tab. 13S. -

948 

Compositae. 

flowers have enlarged and mostly strap-shaped corollas and are 

always female or else neutral: these are called flowers of the 

ray. or ray-flowers, or shortly rays: those within are termed flowers 

of the disk or disk-flowers. Some heterogamous heads are discoid, 

i. e. the marginal-flowers although unlike the central-ones or all 

tubular, or at least not developed into rays. The bracts or leaves 

of the involucre which surround the head are commonly termed 

scales, whatever their texture. The commonly dilated extremity of 

the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted is the receptacle. 

When the receptacle bears only flowers within the involucre, it is 

said to be naked: when there are bracts usually in the form of 

cbaffy scales (therefor termed paleue. palets or, chaft) borne on the 

receptacle, mostly one outside of each flower, the receptacle is said 

to be paleaceouB or chaffy. 

An immense family by far the largest of flowering plants, comprising 

about 950 genera and 20000 species. It is found in every part of the world. 

from the equater to the limits of phaenogamic vegetation in the arctic· and 

antarctic region, and is equally plentiful in lowland districts and in 

mountainous or alpine situatioDs. Although so numerous in species, the 

order is far from being proportionately important an economic point of 

view. Edible species are singularly few, the chief being tbe Jerusalem and 

common artishoke, lettuce, and cichory. Oils are yielded by the sunflower 

and. by Madia sativa, The chief medicinal plants are arnica, wormwood, 

and' camomile. Many ornamental species are cultivated in gardens, as the 

varions kinds of chrysanthemums. dahlias, cinerarias, asters, sunflowers, 

Zinnias, marigolds, etc.; but on the whQle it must be confessed that the 

majority of the plants composing the order present II weedy and unattractive 

appearance. Most of the Egyptian genera are widely distributed. Many weeds 

or cultivation belonging to the family have become naturalized in Egypt. 

A. Tubuliflorae. - The corollas tubular nnd 5- (or 

rarely 4-) toothed or claft in the perfect 

flowers; those with ligulate corollas (rays) lit 

the margins either pistillate or neutraL 

I. Style-branches slender-subulate, minutely 

hispid; heads homogamous and the flowers 

all perfect, with tubular corolla, never 

yellow. Anthers sagittate at the base. 1. Vernonieae. 

II. Style-branches club-shaped, obtuse, neither 

hairy nor appendaged: flowers all perfect, 

never yellow. . . . • • . . . . . ., 2. Eupaiorieae. 

III. Style-brllnches of perfect flowers flat and 

tipped with II distinct flat appendage: 

anthers without tails leaves all altern lite 3. Asteroideae.

950 Compositae. 

ray-flowers when present ligulate and pistillate 

only, rarely neutral. Receptacle naked (not 

chaffy). Anthers nearly entire at the base 

(withont tails). Branches of the style in perfect 

flowers flattened, tipped with an appendage. 

Leaves mostly alternnte. 

a) Asterinae. - Heads homogamous and the 

flowers perfect or heterogamous and mostly 

radiate, yet several are discOid, or with merely 

filiform corollas to the pistillate flowers, 

but none dioecious. 

1. Rays numerous, almost always in a single 

series. Involucre imbricated. Styleappendages 

subulate or lanceolate, not 

long-bearded. Achenes mostly flattened.' 

Pappus simple, copious. . . . • . " 4. Aster. 

2. Rays numerous, long and slender, or 

sometimes short, in one or mOre series. 

Involucre of nUmerous narrow and 'mostly 

equal scales, little imbricated, not herbaceous. 

Style-appendages short and broad, 

mostly obtuse. Achenes small, flattened, 

commonly with a nerve or rib at each 

margiu, rarely with one or more on the 

faces. Pappus simple or double; the outer 

when present of short bristles or chaffy 

scales; the other of capillary scabrous 

bristles as in Aster, but commonly scantier 

in a single series, and more fragile or 

deciduous . . . . . • . . . . . . ., 5. Erigeron. 

b) Conyzinae. -Heads heterogamous but never 

radiate; the pistillate flowers in more than 

one series j their corollas a mere filiform 

tube, much shorter than the style j the perfect 

flowers with tubular 4-5 toothed corollas, 

much fewer in the centre of the disk. • . 

c) Prangeinae.-Female flowers in 2-oo-rowsj 

flowers' actinomorphousj corollas subulate 

or filiformj pappus 0 or nearly so, shorter 

than the achenes. 

1. Receptacle W'ithout bracts . 

2. Receptacle with bract·s . . 

6. Conyza. 

7. Grangea. / 

8. Caruana.

Compositae. 

v. Heliantheae. 

Capitula heterogamous, radiate or rarely discoid, 

ray florets female fertile or neuter, disk·Horets 

bisexual fertile or sterile; or capitula homogamous 

discoid unisexual or with all the Horets 

bisexual. Involucral bracts various. Receptacle 

paleaceous or rarely on the disk, under the 

sterile Horets, naked. Corolla of the bisexual 

florets tubular, regular 4-5 cleft. Anthers 

appendaged at the apex, at the base eutire 

obtusely or scarcely tailed. Style-brauches of 

the bisexual florets truncate or appendaged. 

Achenes various, usually compressed or angular; 

pappus aristate or shortly paleaceous or wan· 

ting. - Leaves at least the lower ones, usually 

opposite. Flowers usually yellow. 

s) Ambrosinae. - Heads small and diSCOid; 

only the female flower fertile; these few 

and with no corolla, or a rudimentary one 

in the form of a short tube surrounding 

the base of the style. Bisexual·sterile or 

male Hower. with c"mpanulate limb to the 

corolla; anthers slightly cobering or nearly 

distinct, their inHexed tips often mucronulate 

or cuspidate; tbe abortive style entire, with 

truncate apex tipped with a minute radiate 

tuft or brush. Pappus none. Achenes 

usually obovate and thick. 

1. Involucre of the male capitula gamophyllous; 

female capitula i-flowered. . 27. Ambrosia. 

2. Iucolucre of the male capitula with three 

bracts. Female capitula 2-flowered . . 28. Xanthillm. 

b) Zinnieae. - Heads always heterogamous 

with ligulate somewbat rigid corollas; tube 

very short and small, persistent on the ripe 

fruit. Disk·florets bisexual, mostly fertil. 

Leaves opposite, rarely whorled . . . . . 29. Zinnia. 

c) Verbesininae. - Heads radis te the rays 

either neutral or female, or else rayless; 

the disk-flowers perfect Bnd fertile, each 

subtended by a chuff of the receptacle. 

Achenes thick and 3 -4-angular; Or those of 

the disk laterally compressed (i. e. contrary 

953

962 

Compositae. 

Branches of the style somewhat flattened and pointed. Anthers 

without tails. Achenes flattened with a pappus of many hairs. 

A very numerous North American genus, with a few species spread 

over northern Asia, Europe, and some other parts of the world. Several of 

the NortJt American ones are known among the autumnal plants in our flowergardens 

under the name of Michaelmas Daisies. 

A. Involucre well imbricated; the bracts appressed 

and coriaceol1s, with short and abrupt mostly obtuse 

herbaceous Or foliareous spreading tips (the 

outermost sometimes loose and more foliaceous): 

achenes narrOW. o-lO-nerved, from minutely pubescent 

to glabrous: pappus mostly more rigid 

than in any of the following: rays showy, blue 

or violet: leaves of firm texture, more or less 

scabrous . • . . . • • . • . . . . . . • . . 1. A. radula. 

B. Involucre and usually branchlets viscidly or prui 

Dose'glandular, therefore 1Il0re or less graveolent, 

either well imbricated or loose: rays showy, violet 

to purple: achenes mostly several· nerved and narrow: 

pubescence not serieeous: leaves all entire 

or lower with few and rare teeth, except in 

some forms; c8uline nil sessile Or partly clasping: 

true perennials, mostly multiplying by subterranean 

rootstocks or other shoots . . . . . 2. A. integrlf'olluB. 

C. Heads and inflorescence various: no cordate 

petioled lea"es: radical leaves all acute or attenuate 

at base: not glandular nor viscid, nor 

silky-canescent: akenes compressed, few-nerved. B. A. Novi-BelgiL 

1319. (1.) Aster radula Ait. Rort. Kaw. III (1811), p.210. - 

DC. Prodrom. V, p. 230. - Torr. and Gray]'lor. II, p. 106. - Aster 

nudiflorus Nutt. Gen. II, p.157. - Nearly glabrous or with Borne 

scattered hairs: stem slender and strict, 30-70 em or more high, 

boaring few or solitary mostly slender-pedunculate heads: leaves 

veiny, oblong-Ianceolate or narrower, acuminate, somewhat hispidulousscabrous, 

thinnish (inclined to be rugulose in drying, about 5 cm 

long, 6-18 mm wide), each margin with 3-7 serratures/toward 

the middle; upper cauline sometimes oblong-ovate with subcordate 

sessile base involucre nearly hemispherical, 6 -10 mm high; its 

bracts in few series, obtuse, ciliolate; the outermost oblong, inner 

narrower, shorter than the disk: rays 5 mm to 10 cm long, pale 

violet; achenes glabrous, striate-nerved. - Plow. March ,to April. 

N. d. Rosetta; Zaqaziq, naturalized. 

An North American native.

IHoga. - Filago. 973 

552. (12.) IHoga Casso 

Heads many-flowered, discoid. Involucre imbricated, scales 

numerous, gradually changing into pales. Receptacle elongated, naked 

at centre. Marginal flowers pistillate. few, filiform, in axils of 

pales; central flowerets tubular, perfect and staminate. Anthers 

caudate. Branches of style filiform, elongated in the pistillate, very 

short in the perfect flowers. Achenes of the pistillate flowers bald, of 

the perfect with 1 row of feathery-tipped pappus. - Distinguished 

from Filago by the feathery tip of the pappus. 

A small genus of only the following species in North Africa and 

7 -8 others in South Africa to India. 

1336. Ifioga spicata Sch. Bip. ap. Webb Phyt. Can. III (1836 

to 1850), p. 310. - Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 248. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Flor. d'Eg .. p. 8tl no. 546. - Aschers.-Schweinf. TIL Flor. d'Eg., 

Snpplem. p. 760. - Aschers. Flor. Sirbon., p. 812 no. 20. - Aschers. 

Flor. Rhinocol., p. 798 no. 140. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. Flot". 

Marmar., p. 653 no. 165. - Chrysocoma spicata Forsk. Flor. aeg.arab., 

p. LXXIII no. 433. - Ifloga Fontanesii Casso Dict. VII, 

p. 13. - Gnaphalium supraeanum Flor. Graee. IX, p.47 tab.861. - 

Gnaphalium cauliflorum Desf. Flor. Atlant., tab. 2. - An annual 

plant 5-10 cm high or sometimes somewhat more, stems simple 

or branching from the neck, forming leafy spikes 1-4 em long. 

Leaves linear-snbulate, protruding from the spike, tomentellous or 

glabreseent. Heads 2-3 in a cluster; scales of the involucre 

scarious, ovate, tapering into a long point. - Flow. February to April. 

M. rna. M. p. D. I. D. i. D. a. sept. D. a mer. A common plant 

in deep sandy places. 

Local name: kreyshet-el-djedj (Schweinfurth); gumburr (Schweinfurth, 

Klunzinger)j bu-Iefen (Ascherson)j kurblll (Ascherson)j shedjrettll-ma'iza 

(Ascherson). 

Also known from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, 'rripolitania, Spain, Arabia 

Petraea, Palestine and Syria. 

553. (13.) Filago Linn. 

Capitula heterogamous disciform, collected in sessile globose 

terminal heads; outer flowers Q ",,-seriate, central Q usually few, 

fertile or sterile. Involucre small, out61:" scales ovate-Ianceolate, 

inner elliptic-ovate, Ilpiculate with broad membranous margins, outer 

more or less cottony, singly subtending Q flowers. Corolla tubular, 

of Q fl. filiform. Anther-base tailed. Style-branches linear or oblong 

obtuse. Achenes small, subterete or slightly compressed; setae of

974 

Compositae. 

pappus slender, equalling the florets. - Annual herbs, usually 

cottony or tomentose. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads of capitula 

cottony, usually involucrate, of the primary axis overtopped by 

axillary branches originating immediately below and terminating in 

similar heads. 

A small genus of Europe, Asia and North Africa, one Or two being 

widely diffused weed •. 

A. Capitula numerou.. . . • . . • • • . . • . . 1. F. spathulata. 

B. Gapitula solitary. • . • • • • . . . • • • . . 2. F. mareotica. 

1337. (1.) FilagO spathulata Presl Del. Prag. (1822), p.93. 

- var. prostrata (Paerl.) Boiss. Flor. Or. III (1875), p.246. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 88 nO. 544. - Sickenberg. 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 245. - Aschers.-Schweinf. JII. Flor. d'Eg., 

Supplem. p.260. - Aschers. Flor. Rhinocol., p.798 no. 139. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. Flor. Marmaric., p. 653 no. 162. - Filago 

prostrata Parlato Piant. Nuov .. p.l1. - An annual plant, much 

branched, prostrate. Leaves numerous, erect, oblong to linearlanceolate. 

those of tbe stem not tapering at 'the base. Clusters 

dense, globular, sessile in tbe forks or terminal; headlets 20-30; 

involucre obconical. obtusely pentagonal; scales erect, loose, lanceolat,\ 

with a tapering subulate point. - Flow. February to March. 

M. rna. MarmaIica: Ras·el-Kena'is; Matruqa; Abua!r; Alexandria 

West and -East; Abukir. - M. p. Rosetta; Damietta; EI-'Arish. - 

D. I. D. a. sept. Common in deep sandy places. 

Local name: kurbRt (Muschler). 

Common'in all parts of the Mediterranean basin. 

1338. (2.) FilagO mareotica Del. Illustr. Flor. d'Eg. (1813), 

p.274 tab.47 fig. 2. - Boiss. Flor. Or. m. p.246. - Aschera. 

Scbweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg.! p. 88 no.545. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. 

d'Eg., p. 245. - Aschers.-Scbweinf.l'rimit. Flor. Marmaric., p. 663 

no. 164. - Filago ramosissima Lange in Ind. Hort. Hauniensis (1855), 

p. 24. - Willk. and Lange Prodrom. Flor. Hisp. II, p. 55. - Filago 

floribunda Batt. and Trab. FI. Alg. I, p.442. - A small annual 

plant 2-4 cm high or sometimes somewbat more, appressed canescenfr. 

hairy, branching from tbe base, branches somewhat indurate. Leaves 

short. erect, linear-oblong, the floral-ones as long as the'heads and 

often involucrai'-like; heads ovate, solitary or rarely geminate; 

involucral scales tomentose pentagonous scarious, imbricated, erect, 

in 5 rows concave, oblong-Ianceolate acute and often somewhat 

obtuse. - Flow. March to April. - 

M. rna. Marmarica: Ras-eI-Kena'is; Matruqa; Mariut; Alexandria 

West and -East; Mandara; Abuklr. 

Also known from Southern Spain, Tnnisia and Tripolitllnia.

982 Compositae. 

short palae connate at the base and of a few long onter plumose 

setae. - Rigid or slender herbs or undershrubs with narrow entire 

crowded leaves and yellow flowers. 

A small genus, aJI South ,African, except the following. 

1350. Leyssera capillifolia. (Willd.) DC. Prodrom. VI (1837), 

p. 279. - Aschers.-Schweinf. TIl. Flor. d'Eg., p. 88 no. 541. - 

Leyssera disco idea Casso in Dict. Scienc. Natur. XXVI (1823), p: 79. 

- Longchampsia capillifolia Willd. in GIIS. Naturf. Freunde Mag. V, 

p.160 (1811). - Fresen. Mus. Senckenberg II, p.88. - A slender 

somewhat glandular-scabrid shining annual, branched from the crown 

of the root, 6-9 cm hjgh. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, 

ranging up to 2 cm long. Capitula 8-12 min long, solitary, 011 

alenderdivaricate subterminal peduncles of 2-5 1 / 2 cm long. Involucral 

bracts obtuse, linear or the outor ones oblong or oval, the inner 

ones with scarious tips. Ligule of the ray-florets very small. Setae 

of the outer pappus plumos0 towards the apex. - Flow. March 

to April. 

D. a. sept. Suez; Atflh. 

Also known from Spain and the other parts of the Sahara region to 

Western Asia. 

560. (20.) Inuia Linn. 

Capitula heterogamous usually yellow and radiate; flowers of 

the ray female, I-multiseriate. Involucral bracts multiseriate, imbricate; 

receptacle plane or slightly convex, areolate or foveolate., Corolla 

of the female flower 2-3 - dentate, sometimes minute; of the 

hermaphrodite flower tubular 5-toothed. Anther-base sagittate with 

long tails. Achenes subterete, 4-6-ribbed or-with the intermediate 

ribs equally distinct. Pappus I-pluriseriate, setae few or copious, 

unequal. - Herbaceous or frutescent with altetnate, simple, entire 

or serrate, more or less scabrid pubescent or tomentose leaves. 

Capitula usually in terminal corymbose cymes; occasionally on short 

lateral·,branches. 

A large genus especially of temperate countries of the Old World. 

A. Achenes nearly cylindrical, ribbed, not tapering 

at the tip; pappus free • • • • • . . • • • . . 1. L critbnioides. 

B. Achp.nes oblong, tapering into a short neck. Bristles 

of the pappus united at the base into a short cup 2. L viscOSR. 

.1361. (1".) l1iula crithmoides L. Spec. Plant. I (1753).p 

.• 1240. 

Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 196. - Rchbch. Ic. XVI, tab. 41 fig. 1. -' 

Aachers.-Schweinf. lll. Flor. d'Eg., p.85 no. 518. - Sickenberg. 

, Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 244. _- Aschera.-Schweinf. Primit. Flor.

Inula. _. Varthemia. 983 

Marmaric., p. 652 no. 158. - Icon. Engl. Bot., tab. 68. - A perennial 

plant, 30-40 cm high or sometimes somewhat more, woody at the 

base, glabrous, corymbose to monocephalous. Leaves fleshy, green, 

linear-spathulate, obtuse, the lower frequently 3-toothed toward tip, 

those of the axils clustered. Peduncles long, beset with linear 

bracts; heads 3'cm broad; scales of the involucre linear-Ianceolate, 

acuminate, the outer ones somewhat shorter; rays about twice as 

long as the involucre. - Flow. March to April. 

M. mao Marmarica: Ras-el-Kena.'is; Matruqa; along the sandy 

coast; Mariut; Montaza; Alexandria-West and -East. - M. p. 

Rosetta. - O. Little Oasis (according Caillaud). 

Local name: zarata (Caillaud); hatab zeyty (Scbweinfurth). 

Also known from the other parts of the Mediterranean region. 

1352. (2.) Inula viscosa Ait. Hort. Kew. III (1811), p. 223. - 

Boiss. Flor. Or: III, p. 198. - Rchbch. Ic. XVI, tab. 44 fig. II. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Plor. d'Eg., p. 85 no. 519. - Sickenberg. 

Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p.244. - Erigeron viscosum L. Spec. Plant. 1. 

p.1209. - Cupularia viscosa Gr,en. and Godr. Flor. Franc. II, p. 181. 

- Solidago visco sa Lam. Flor. Franc. II, p. 144. - Jasonia glutinosR 

DC. Prodrom. VII, p. 285. - A perennial plant, 50 cm to 1 ill or 

more high, woody at the hase, glandular-hairy; stems. rigid, paniculate. 

Leaves lanceolate to linear-Ianceolate, sessile, remotely denticulate. 

Heads 8 mm long, peduncled, in a leafy panicle; scales of 

the involucre puheruJent, the outher ones short, oblong, obtuse, the 

inner ones linear; rays few, scarcely once and a half as long as 

the involucre. - Flow. March to April. 

M. p. Port Said (?). - N. d. Alexandria, borders of the Mureotis. 

common. 

Local name: 'urq-et-tayyiin. 


561. (21.) Varthemia DC. 

Heads discoid, obconical. Flowers tubular, all perfect 5-toothed. 

Scales of the involucre few, truncate. Receptacle honey-combed. 

Anthers caudate at the hase, appendages frequently ragged. Achencs 

somewhat compressed. Bristles of the pappus numerous, scabrous, 

nearly in one row, twice as long as the achenes. - Shrubby, 

branching, unarmed plants, distinguished from the nearly allied 

genus Inula by somewhat flattened achenes:/ 

A ;mallgenus wideiy distributed in the llIediterraDelln region aDd the Orient. 

A. Leaves ovate·oblong . . 1. V. montana. 

H. Leaves linear,spl1thulate . . . . . . • . . . . 2. V. candicans.

9!J2 

Compositae. 

1366. Ambrosia maritima L. Spec. Plant. ed. 1(1753), p.988. 

- Aschers.-Schweinf. TIL Flor. d'Eg., p. 89 no. 553. - Aschers. Flor. 

Rhinocol., p.798 no. 142. - Boiss. Flor. Or. m, p.252. - Ambrosia 

senegalensis DC. Prodrom. V, p.523. - A coarse annual, woody 

below, 30-90 cm high, whole plant usually very hairy and hoary, 

much-branched. Leaves ovate, bipinnatipartite, 2-6 cm long; segments 

obtuse, sometimes toothed. Capitula Bubsessile, 3-5 mm 

diameter, 15-20-flowered, in dense spikes, male at the top and 

often female below, arranged in a pyramidal or corymbose terminal 

panicle, leafy at least below. Male involucres crenate, shortly hemispherical, 

hispid with up-curved scattered hairs; fruiting involucre 

somewat turbinate and angular, With 4---5 horns at tbe top. - Flow. 


M. rna. Abusir; Mariut; Behig; Alexandria-West and -East; 

Mandara; Abukir. - M. p. Rosetta; Damietta. - N. d. N. v. Often 

on way-sides and in waste places. - O. Dakhel. 

Local name: na'na' (Asllherson); gbobeyra (Roth); damassen3; 

demssissa; tenfim; generally: demsis. 

Widely spread tliroughout the Mediterranean region. 

568. (28.) Xanthium Linn. 

Capitula unisexual, monoecious; staminate globose in terminal 

clusters; pistillate 2-flowered, chiefly axillary. Male cdpitula with 

few narrow involucral bracts; flowers numerous, sheathed by folded 

hyaline paleae; corolla 5-toothed; anthers free 01' nearly so, base 

obtuse. Female capitula with an ellipsoidal 01' ovoid closed gamophyllous 

aculeate involucre, 2-locellate and 2-rostrate; corolla 0; 

achenes solitary in each cell of the indurated prickly enclosing involucre. 

- Coarse scabrid hoary or glabrate annuals, with alternate 

petiolate palmately lobed leaves. 

A small weedy genus widely spread in warm cODntries. 

A. Unarmed plants. . . • . . . . . . • • . . • I. X. strumarium. 

B. Plants with spines at the base of the leaves. • 2. X. spinosum. . 

1367. (1.) Xanthium strumarium L. Spec. PlantA, (1753), 

p.987. - Xanthium strumarium var. antiquomm Boiss. FloI'. Or. III, 

p. 252. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.89 no. 551. - Aschers. 

Flow. Rbinocol., p. 798 no. 14l. - Ascbers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., 

Supplem. p. 761. - Sickenbllrg. Contrib.l!'lor. d'Eg., p. 246. - Xanthium 

antiquorum Walbr. Beitr. Bot. II, p. 279. - Xanthium abyssinicum 

Walbr. Beitr. Bot. II, p.2:-I0. - Xanthium brevirostre Hochst. 

ill Herb. Schimp. Abyss. IfI, no. 1958. - Stem branches and leaves

Xanthium. - Zinnia. 993 

puberulous, without spines, altogether 30-60 cm. high. Leaves 

deltoid, 3-5-lobate, unequally often coarsely dentate, 1-6 in. broad, 

base 3-nerved, cordate, sinus wide, cuneate into the petiole of 1 to 

9 cm. Capitula nearly sessile, clustered; fruit ellipsoidal, about 1 em 

long, terminating in an erect or somewhat curved beak. - Flow. 


M. p. Rosetta; Damietta; EI-Gl'ady. - N. d. N. v. Often common 

on way-sides and in waste places. - O. Little Oasis. 

Local name: kharaq-el-bahr (Forsk., Del.); shubbey (Ascberson). 

A variable plnnt, widely diffused especially in the warmer regions of 

the northern hemisphere. 

1368. (2.) Xanthiumspinosum L. Spec. Plant. 1(1753), p.1400. 

- Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 252. - Ic Morison, tab. XV fig. 3. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 89 no. 552. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. }'Ior. d'Eg., Supplem. p.761. - Sickenberg. Contrib. 

Flor. d'Eg., p. 246. - An annual plant 60 em to 1 m high, or sometimes 

somewhat more. Spines at the base of the leaves, tripartite, 

yellow, 1-3 cm long; leaves, canes cent at the lower surface; green 

except along the nerves at the upper one, short-petioled, wedgeshaped 

at the base, oblong-Ianceolate, undivided or 3-lobed, the 

middle lobe much longer. Staminate heads terminal, pistillate involuCl'es 

usually solitary in axils, nodding. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Alexandria-West. - N. d. Between Abu Hammas and 

the deseii (Maire). 

Local name: badhinjan-teliaqi. 

Also known from Southern Europe and Arabia Petraea to Syria. 

569. (29.) Zinnia Linn. 

Heads many-flowered; the ray flowers pistillate: those of the 

disk perfect, tubular, with 5 velvety lobes. Scales of the involucre 

imbricated, oval or roundish, margined. Chaff of the conical recept.acle 

clasping the disk flowers. Ray flowers oblong, rigid persistent. 

Achenes of the disk compressed, with a 1-2-awned pappus; of 

the rays 3-angled, destitute of a pappus. - Annual herbs, with 

sessile entire 3-ribbed leaves, and solitary heads, on long inflated 

peduncles. 

A small genus, especially distributed in Mexico. 

/ 

1369. Zinnia paucifiora L. Spec. Plant. ed II (1762), p. 1269. 

Zinnia tenuiflora J&cq. Ie. Rar., tab. 590 (a form with narrow 

ligules). - Zinnia revoluta Cav. Icon. III, p. 251. - Zinnia leptopoda 

DC. Prodrom. V, p.535. - Erect annual; leaves from lanceolate to 

Muschler, Manual Flora of Egypt. 63

Hidens. - Flaveria. - Tagetes. 999 

flowers yellow. Ligule of the ray-flowers white, sometimes wanting. 

Achenes slender elongated and gradually tapering towards the apex, 

glabrous setulose or minutely tubercled, those of the disk 5-7 mm 

long, the outer ones shorter, not or scarcely compressed, obtusely 

quadrangular, tipped with 4-2 spreading retrorsely barded strong 

!:letae. Receptacle shortly alveolate. - Flow:' March to April. 

M. mao Mariut; Montaza; Alexandria-West and -East; Mandara; 

Abukir. - N. d. N. V. Often on borders of irrigation canals, waysides 

and in waste places. - D. i. Ismailia. 

A common weed, probably of American origin, widely spread over most 

hot countries. 

575. (35.) Flaveria Juss. 

Heads one or several-flowered; all the flowers fertile, homogamous 

and tubular, or one female and short-ligulate. Disk corollas 

5-toothed. Involucre of 2-5 mostly carinate-concave bracts. Pappus 

none. - Glabrous herbs, mostly annuals; with small and fascicled 

or glomerr.te .heads or yellowish or yellowish flowers, and opposito, 

sessile leaves, the broader ones 3-nerved. Achenes mostly smooth 

and glabrous. 

A small genus, mainly tropical American. 

1378. Flaveria Contrayerba (Cav.) Pers. Synops. Plant. (1805), 

p.816. - Aschers.-Schweinf. ILl. Flor. d'Eg., p.89 no. 554. - 

Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 246. - Rather slender, 30-60 cm 

high, rarely more. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate, contracted at the base 

and conspicuously 3-nerved. Heads in closer subsessile or sbort 

pedunculate or foliose-involucmte cbiefly terminal glomerules; 

involucre of mostly 3-bracts, narrow, 3-5-flowered, commonly 

uniligulate; ligules not exceeding the disk or sometimes wanting; 

disk-corollas sparsely birsute at tbe base. - Flow. February to April. 

N. d. Alexandria; Qabary; Mensall. - D. i. Desert-el-Tih. 

Local name: ward asfer (Ascherson). 

Also known from Tropical America, where it is originally. 

576. (36.) Tagetes Linn. 

Involucral hracts in a single row, united in a toothed cup or 

tube. Heceptacle fhlt, without scales. Flowers of tbe ray female, 

ligulate; disk-flowers tubular, 5-tootbed. Antuers obtuse atthe base. 

Style-branches flattened,' obtuse or truncate, usually hirsute. Acbenes 

linear, flattened. Pappus. of several narrow very unequal scales or 

bristles. - Herbs, usually glabrous, the foliage aud involucres

Artemisia. - Ootula. 1013 

M. rna. D. 1. D. i. D. a. sept. A characteristic plant in deep 

sand and on stony ground. 

Local name: ghobeyra; generally: shih. 

Also known from Spain and the other parts of North Africa and Orient. 

1403. (3.) Artemisia judaica L. Mant. (1771), p. 281. - Boiss .. 

Flor. Or. III, p.381. - Del. Illustr. Flor. d'Eg" tab. 45. - Aschet's. 

Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.91 no. 578. - A shrubby plant, 50 to 

70 em high, or sometimes somewhat more, tomentellous-canescent, 

branching into a spreading, compound, pyramidal panicle. Leaves 

serile branches petioled or sessile, obovate-cuneate, 1-2-pinnatifid 

or parted, primary segments parted into 3-7, ovate-oblong to 

oblong, entire or obtusely-toothed lobes, leaves of the flowering 

branches minute, clustered. Heads hemispherical, 3 mm broad, 

nearly sessile, in dense racemes along the branches of the panicle; 

scales of the involucre ovate. - Flow. December to March. 

D. 1. D. i. D. a. sept. One of the commonest plants of the 

deserts and Wadies. 

Local name: ba'cytheran. 


1404. (4.) Artemisia arborescens L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), 

p.1180. - Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 372. - Rchbch. Ic. XVI, tab. 138 

fig. II. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 9-1. - Sibth. and 

Smith Flor. graec., tab. 1856. - Artemisia argentea DC. Prodrom. VII, 

p. 298. - A shrubby plant, 50 em to 1 m high, or sometimes 

somewhat more, silky-canescent; stems erect, shrubby, ending in a 

narrow panicle. Leaves broad-ovate in outline, 2-3-pinnatipartite 

into linear lobes. Racemes loose, one-sided; heads 5 mm broad, 

globular; pedicels as long as the heads or shorter, scales of the 

involucre obtuse, the outer ones oblong, the inner ones ovate. - 

Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. M. p. N. d. Often cultivated in the old Arabian gardens 

and sometimes naturalized. 

Local name: sheba. 

Also known from Spain, France, Greece, Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania 

and Palestine. 

585. (45.) Cotula Linn. 

Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, with few nearly equal 

bracts, in about 2 i·ows. Receptacle flat, convex or conical, without 

scales. Flowers of the circumference in 1 or several rows, female, 

without any or with a short broad or conical corolla. Disk-florets

Calendula. .1019 

M. rna. Alexandria; Montaza. - N. f. Medillet-el-Fayum. - 

O. Siwa. - D. a. sept. Wady KhafUra in the Northem Galala. 

Also known from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania, Italy, Greece. 

1414. (3.) Calendula persica C. A. Mey. Enum. (1823), p.72. 

- var. gracilis (DC.) Boiss. Flor. Or. III (1875), pA18. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. FloI'. d'Eg., p.IH no. 587. - Sickenberg. Contrib.l!'lor. 

d'Eg., p.248. - Ascbers.-Schweinf. Primit. FloI'. Marmaric., p.655 

no. 178. - Calendula gracilis DC. Prodrom. VI, p.453. - A small 

annual plant, 3-8 cm bigh, rarely somewbat more, papillose-glutinous, 

hranching from the neck. Heads 8 mm to 1 cm broad, rays once 

and a half as long as the involucre; achenes all ring-like,. prickly 

at the back, winged at the face, three times as large as the wrinkled, 

inner ones. - Flow. March to April. 

M. rna. Marmarica: Matruqa; Abusir; Mariut; Montaza; Alexaudria-West 

and -East; Mandara; Ahukir. - D. a. sept. On stony 

ground in the Wadies, not rare. 


1415. (4.) Calendula aegyptiaca Pel's. Synops. II (1807), p.492. 

Boiss. FloI'. Or. III, p. 41 \J. - Asehers. FloI'. Rbinocol., p. 799 

no. 152. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 91 no. 588. - 

Murbeck Contrih. FloI'. Nord-Ouest Afrique I, p. 101. - Calendula 

platycarpa Coss. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Franc. III, p. 564. - Calendula 

malvaecarpa, Calendula subinermis and Calendula thapsiaecarpa 

Pornel Nouv. Mat. }'Ior. Atlant., p.33-34. - Calendula gracilis 

COBS. in Bull. Soc. Bot. };'ranc. XII, p. 66 not of DC. - Calendula 

aegyptiaca val'. microeephala Boiss. FloI'. Or. III, p. 419. - Calendula 

micrantha Boiss. Diagnos. Plant. Or., Ser. II fase. 6 p. 3 not of Tineo. 

- Calendula microcephala Kralik Plaut. aeg. exsicc. - Rchhch. 

Ic. XV, tab. 891. - An annual plant, 20-50 em high or sometimes 

somewhat more, papillose-hairy, glutinous. Heads hardly 1 cm broad, 

few-flowered; rays papillose-hairy at the base, hardly. longer than 

the involucre; marginal achenes long-prickly at the hack, ending ill 

a slender beak as long as or longer than' the seed;' intermediate 

ones winged-crested or boat-shaped; inner ring-like, wrinkled. - 

}'!ow. March to April. 

M. rna. M. p. N. d. N. f. N. v. O. D. I. D. i. D. a. sept. D. a. 

mer. A comnion plant throughout. 

Local name: tabb'alny; kahla (Forjlk.); mutteyn; ghereyya; 

'aln-esh-shems; 'aln;el-qutt (Ascherson); 'ilin-es-sofra (Schweinfnrth); 

zibbeyd (Ascherson). ' 

Also known from Spain, Greece, :alorocco, Algeria, 'l'unisia, Tripolitania, 

Arabia Petraea nnd Palestine.

Echinops. 1021 

sect spinescent leaves and solitary terminal globose compound heads, 

varying to 3-4 in. diameter. 

A considerable genus of the Mediterranean region and temperate Asia, 

wanting south of the equator. 

A. Scales of the partial involucre all glabrous. 

I. j,eaves entire. . . . . • . . . . . . • 1. E. Hussonii. 

II. Leaves lobate. 

a) Heads long and copiously cornigerous. 2. E. galalensis. 

b) Heads not cornigerous . . . • . . " a. E.glaberrimus • 

.8. Outer scales of the in\'olucre at least usually woolly 

or glandular. . . . . • • . . . • • . . • . . 4. E. spinosus. 

1417. (1.) Echinops Hussonii Boiss. Diagnos. Plant. 0F., Ser.! 

fasc. 10 (1849), p. 86. - Flor. Or. III, p. 425. - Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p.92 no. 590. - A perennial plant, 60-90 cm 

high, or sometimes somewhat more; stems glabrous, sulcate, leafy, 

simple. Leaves oblong on the upper surface somewhat araneolls on 

the under surface canes cent. shortly and irregularly repande-lobate, 

acute, lobes often narrowed into spines; glomerules homogamous; 

penicil composed of white setae, twice as long as the involucre; 

scales of the involucre 18-20, the lower ones like the pencil, 

deltoid-spathulate, acute pectinate at the margin, narrowed at the 

base; the intermediate ones subulate-attenuate; the inner ones obtuse 

fimbriate at the top; setae of the pappus free or connate into a 

crown, barbellate. - Flow. January to April. 

D. a. mer. Qoseyr. 


1418. (2.) Echinops galalensis Schweinf. in Aschers.-Schweinf. 

m. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. (1889) p. 763. - Echinops glaberrimus DC. var. 

cornigerus Boiss. Flor. 01'. III, Supplem. p. 304. - A perennial plant, 

30-60 cm high or sometimes somewhat more; stems erect, simple or 

somewhat branching in the upper part, striate, araneous, iu the lower 

part glabrous in the upper parts often canescent, glandulous. Leaves 

white-tomentose, linear, pectinate-toothed with triangular shortly 

spinose teeth, somewhat rigid, lanceolate in outline, divaricately 

bipinnatipartite, revolute at the margin, 2-3 cm long. Heads 

solitary pedunculate, 3-5 cm in diameter, cornigerous; pencil composed 

of ciliate-scabrous setae half as long as the involucre; scales 

of the involucre 18-20, the lowest 2--4 rhomboid at the top lanate 

at the back, with 2,....4. setae on each side, ciliate at the top; the 

intermediate ones lanceolate narrowed at the base 1-1,5 cm long, 

all carinate, sinuate-pectinate-ciliate in the anterior part, with teeth 

in 3 cm long spines attenuate; the inner ones half as long as the

Carlina. 1023 

590. (50.) Carlina Linn. 

Heads homogamous, many- and equal-flowered. Involucre in 

severdl rows, the outer scales leaf-like, the inner ones scarious, 

frequently ray-like. Chaff of the receptacle many-cleft. Flowers 

perfect. Filaments free, appendages of the anthers feathery. Achenes 

terete-obcuneate, silky, with hilum at the base. Pappus consisting 

of 1-2 rows of small pales, parted into 3-4, feathery fibres - 

Monocarpic or perennial herbs, with .spiny, pinnatifid or partite 

leaves and involucre. 

A small European and Asiatic genus, easily distinguished by the involucral 

hracts. 

1421. Carlina involucrata Poir. Voy. II (1805), p. 234. 

Aschers.-Schweinf. HI.Flor. d'Eg., p. 93 no. 593. - Sicken berg. Contrib. 

Flor. d'Eg., p. 248. - Carlina corymbosa S. involucrata Boiss. Flor. 

Or. III, p.449. - A biennial plant 20-80 cm high or sometimes 

somewhat more, stems simple or corymbose. Leaves mostly glabrescent, 

eoriaceous, lanceolate to oblong-Ianeeolate, recurved; the upper 

ones falling ofter flowering. Heads 3-5' em in diameter; outer 

scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, witb 1-2 spines on either 

side, twice to twice and a half as long as the head. Flow. March:. 

M. mao Mariut; Bebig. 

Also known from Morocco, Algeria, 'I'unisia, Tripolitania, Spain, Sicily 

and Syria. 

var. mareotica Aschers. an'd Schweinf. in Aschera.-Scbweinf. Il1. 

FloI'. d'Eg. (1887). p. 93 no. 593. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. Flor. 

Marmaric., p. 655 no. 180. - Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d'Eg., p. 248. 

- A small plant, only up to 8-10 cm or less; the lower leaves 

like the scales of the involucre lanate; spines not so long as in the 

type. - Flow. March. 

M. mao Marmarica: Matruqa; Mariut; old quarties near Bebig. 


val'. Letourneuxii Aschers. and Schweinf. in Aschers.-Schweinf. 

Ill. Flor. d'Eg. (1887), p. 93 no. 593. - Sicken berg. Contrib. Flor. 

d'Eg., p.248. - Indument arachnoid; spines rigid; intermediate 

scales of the involucre attenuate into spines. - Flow. Marcb. 

M. mao Abusir;'Mariut. 

Local name: grinsa; grinse (Schweinfurth); ssabtha (?). 

Only known from Egypt.

Atractylis. - Carduus. 1025 

1423. (2.) Atractylis Memepbthae Aschers. Letourn. and 

Schweinf. in Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg. (1887), p.94 no. 595. 

- Atractylis serratuloides var. 'Letourneux exsicc. not of Sieb. - 

An annual plant, 10-20 cm high; stems divaricately branched, 

branches slender, gracious, in the upper part araneose, in the 

other parts glabrescent; leaves ovate-oblong in outline, the upper 

ones larger than the others forming a supplementary involucre, 

pubescent, subpinnatifid or entire, toothed, segment 1-3 on either 

side, teeth spiuulous, somewhat lanate at the base; scales of the 

involucre pilose-pubescent at the back, narrowed into a fine spine 

at the top; the lower ones ovate, the upper ones lanceolate, all 

membranously margined, broadly purplish. - Flow. March to April. 

D. a. sept. Between Suez and Adjel1ld (Letourneux). 


1424. (3.) Atractylis cancellata L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.452. 

- Boiss. FloI'. Or. Ill, p. 452. - Rchbch. Ie. XV, tab. 14. - Aschers. 

Schweinf. Ill. FloI'. d'Eg., p.94 no. 596. - Aschers.-Schweinf. lll. 

FloI'. d'Eg., Supplem. p.765. '- Sickenberg. Contrib. FloI'. d'Eg., 

p. 248. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. 1

1068 

Compositae. 

M. ma. M. p. N. d. N. f. N. v. O. D. L D. i. D. a. sept. Freqoont 

on wasty places and in the' desert. 

Local name: serageha; hawdan (Forsk.). 


1502. (4.) Crepis aspera L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p. 1133. - 

Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., Supplem. p. 767. - Aschers. Flor. 

Rhinocol., p. 800 no. 175. - Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 857. - Sibth. and 

Smith Flor. graec. tab. 804. - Endoptera aspera DC. Prodrom. VII, 

p. 179. - Pterotheca aspera Rchbch. Ic., XIX tab. 77. - An annual 

plant, 50 cm to 1 m high or sometimes somewhat more, stems and 

branches very rough with rigid, prickly bristled. Leaves more 01' 

less bristly-fringed, the lower ones oblong-spathulate to oblance010te, 

many-toothed; stem leaves truncate-auricled at the base, triangularoblong; 

upper-leaves linear, entire. Heads 8 mm long; outer scales 

of the involucre ovate, sCalious, small, deciduons; inner ones prickly 

at the back; inner achenes roughish, beak slender, twice to thrice 

as long as the seed. - Flow. March to April: 

M. p. Gebel Ekhfen; Maqta'Rfis-es-Subyan; Sheykh Zoyed; el 

'Arish. 

Also known from Syria and Syria. 

1503. (5.) Crepis bifida Muschler comb. nov. - Lagoseris 

,bifid a (Vis.) Boiss. Flor. Orient. III, p. 881. - Rchbch. Ie. XIX 

tab. 79. - Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d'Eg., p. 101 no. 662. - 

TI1chocrepis bifida Vis. Strip. Dalmat., p.19 tab. 7. ___ Pterotheca 

bifida fichand Mey. Ind. Hort. Petl'op, 1843. - Lagoseris Rireppelii 

Sch. Bip. ·Mus. Senokby, p. 52. - A dwarf perennial, shining, puberulous 

21/2-10 cm high. Radical leaves numerous, forming a rosette, 

oblanceolate, mostly rounded at the apex, denticulate, attenuate at 

the base, subpetiolate, 1-6 cm long. Capitula 8-10 mm long, 

on pedicels ranging up to 6 cm in pedunculate lax open cymes. 

Inner involucral. bracts 8, narrowly lanceolate, puberulous with small 

gland-tipped hairs, hispidulous on the keel which is thickened in 

fruit; outer narrower, shorter. Achenes 5 mm long, costate, attenuate 

at the apex into a beak. Pappus 4 cm long, nearly white. .,-- 

Plow. March to April. / 

M. p. 'Bir-Abfi-Mezrfi'. - D. a. sept. Wady Rished near Helwan; 

Northern and Southern Galala. 

Also known from Greece, Arabia Petraea, Palestine, 'Syria and Asia Minor.

Appendix II. 

Phytogeography and Geology. 

"Egypt is the gift 01 the Nile" 

Herodotus. 

The Nile, whicb created the valley home of the early Egyptians, 

rises three degrees south of the equator, and flowing into the Mediterranean 

at over thirty one and a half degrees north latitude, it attains 

a length of some four thousand miles, and vies with the greatest 

rivers of the world in length, if not in volume. In its upper course 

the river, emerging from the lakes of equatorial Africa, is known 

as the White Nile. Just south of north latitude sixteen at Khartum, 

about thirteen hundred 'and fifty miles from the sea, it receives from 

the east an affluent known as the Blue Nile, which is a crnsiderable 

mountain torrent, rising in the lofty highlands of Abyssinia. One 

hundred and forty miles below the union of .the two Niles the 

stream is joined by its only other tribntary, the Atbara, which is a 

freshet not unlike the Blue Nile. It is at Khartnm, or just below 

it, that the river enters the table land of Nubian sandstone, underlying 

the Great Sahara. Here it winds on its tortuons course between 

the· desert hills, where. it returns upon itself, often flowing due 

south, until after it has finally pushed through to the north, its 

course describes a vast S. 

In six different places throughout this region the current has 

hitherto failed to erode a perfect channel through the stubborn 

stone, and these extended interruptions, where the rocks are piled 

in scattered and irregular masses in the stream, are known as the 

cataracts of'the Nile. These rocks interfere with navigation most 

seriously in the region of the first, second and fourth cataracts j 

otherwise the river is navigable almost throughout its entire course. 

At Elephantine it passes the granite halTier which there thrusts liP 

its rough shoulder, forming the first cataract, and thence emerges 

upon an unobstructed course to the sea. 

It is the valley below the first cataract which constituted Egypt 

proper. The reason for the change which here gives the river a free

Appendix .IV. 

Tabular View of the Distribution of the 

Egyptian Plants in the Mediterranean basin.

1206 

Appendix VI: Glossary. 

Amplexicaul. Of leaves, clasping the 

stem. 

Anastomosing. When one vein unites 

with another, the union forming a 

reticulation Or network. 

Anatt·opous. Of an inverted ovule or 

Beed with the rhaphe extending its 

whole length. 

Ancipital. 1'wo-edged. 

Anrlroecium. The male system of a 

flower; the stamens collectively. 

Andt·ogynou8. Having both male and 

female flowers. 

Anemophilous. Flowers which are 

fertilized through the agency of the 

wind, the pollen being conveyed 

through the air. 

Angiospermous. Bearing seeds in a 

closed pericarp. 

Annual. Of only one year's duration. 

Annular. Having the form of a ring. 

Annulus. In mosses, the ring of cells 

between the operculum and the 

orifice of the capsule. 

Anterior. Equivalent to inferior or 

lower, in the sense of away from 

the axis and toward the bract. 

Anther. That part of the stamen 

which contains the pollen. 

Antheridium. In cryptogams, the male 

organ of inflorescence, corresponding 

to the anther. 

Antheriferous. Bearing anthers. 

Antherizoids. In cryptogams, the minute 

usually ciliated organs developed 

by the antheridill, correspon- . 

ding to pollen-grains. 

Anthe8is. The period of expansion 

of a flower. 

Apetalou8. Baving nO corolla or inner 

perianth. 

Apex. The tip or summit of a thing. 

Aphyllous. Not bearing leaves. 

Apical. At the apex. 

Apiculate. Abruptly terminated by a 

short point or tip. 

Appendage. Something added or attached 

to an organ, but unessential 

to it. 

Appmaiculate. Furnished with appendages. 

Appressed. Pressed close. 

Apterous. Not winged. 

Aquatic. Growing in water. 

Arachnoid. Resembling cobweb. 

Arborescent. Becoming a tree or treelike. 

Archegonium. In ferns, the rudimentary 

organ which develops into 

the fruit. 

ArCltate. Arched; bent like a bow. 

Areola, pI. Areolae. The spaces in 

any reticulated surface. 

Areolate. Divided into small spaces 

or areolae. 

Areolation. Any system of cellular 

or reticulated markings. 

Aril. An expanded appendage to the 

hilum, enveloping the seed. 

Arillate. Having ail aril. . 

AriUiform. Resembling an aril. 

Aristate. Having an awn. 

Ari8tulate. Having a very small awn. 

Articulated. Jointed. 

Ascending. Rising somewhat obliquely, 

not erect. 

Asperulous. Rough; harsh to the touch. 

Asteroid. Having a flower resembling 

that of an Aster. 

Attenuate. Narrowing gradually; 

tapering. 

Auricle. A small ear-like lobe at the 

base of a leaf. 

Auriculate. Furnished with anricles. 

Awl-shaped. Shaped like the point 

of an awl; narrowing above to a 

sharp point from a rather broad base. 

AlDn. A bristle-like terminal or dorsal 

appendage. 

Awned. Furnished with an awn. 

Axil. . The angle formed by a leaf 

or branch with the stem. 

Axile or A:rial. Situated in the axis 

or relating to it. 

Axillary. Situated in an axil. 

Axis. The central line of a body in 

the direction of its length; the stem. 

Baccate. Berry-like; pulpy. 

Banner. A name often applied to 

the standard or, upper petal oj a 

papilionaceous flower. 

Barb. A sharply reflexed point upon 

an awn, etc., like the barb of a 

fish-hook. 

Barbate. Bearded; provided with 19n9 

weak hairs arranged in tufts. 

Barbed. Furnished with barbs.! 

Barbellate. Provided with short stiff 

hairs.

1214 

the pistil rests; sometimes applied 

to a shortened carpophore. 

Gynoecium. A term applied to the 

pistil or aggregate pistils of a flower. 

Gynophore. The stalk or support of 

the ovary. 

Gyrate. Curved into a circle or spiral; 

circinate. 

Habit. The general form and appearance 

of a plant. 

Habitat. 'fhe locality or geographical 

range of a plant. 

Hairs. Slender cellular outgrowths 

from the epidermis of plants, of 

various forms and kinds. 

Hairy. Covered with hairs, more or 

less loosely. 

Halbert-shaped. See Bastate. 

Hamate. Curved at the end into a 

hook. 

Hamulate. Diminutive of the last. 

Hastate. Triangular or arrow-shaped 

with the basal angles or 10 bes directed 

outward. 

Head. A cluster of flowers, which 

are sessile or nearly so upon a very 

short axis or receptacle; a shortened 

spike. 

Heart-shaped. Cordate; ovate with 

a sinus between the ronnded basal 

lobes. 

Herb. A plant that has no persistent 

wody growth above the base. 

Herbaceous. Having the character of 

an herb; not woody or shrubby. . 

Herbarium. A systematically arranged 

collection of dried plants. 

Heterogamous. Bearing two hinds of 

flowers. 

Heterogeneous. Dissimilar; differing 

in kind. 

HeteromaUous. Spreading in all directions. 

Heteromorphous. or different forms. 

HeterophylloUB. Having leaves of different 

forms. 

Heterosporous. Bearing spores of more 

than one kind. 

Hilum. The scar or place of attachment 

of the seed. 

Hippocrepi(orm. Having the shape 

of a horseshoe. 

·HirllUte. Pubescent with rather coarse 

or stiff hairs. 


Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly 

hairs. 

Hispidulous. Minutely hispid. 

Hoary. Grayish-withe with a fine 

close pubescence. 

Homogamous. Having only onA kind 

of Howers. 

Homogeneous. Uniform in cbaracter, 

nature or kind. 

Homomallous. Secund; turned to one 

side. 

Hood, Hooded. See Gucullate. 

Hyaline. Transparent; translucent. 

Hybrid. A cross between two species, 

produced by the fertilization of the 

Hower of one specie. by the pollen 

of another. 

Hypocrateriform, or Hypocraterimorphou8. 

The same as salverform. 

Hypogaeous. Growing Or remaining 

nnder ground. 

H.'Ipogynou8. UroWing upon the receptacle 

of the Hower at the base 

of the pistil, and free from the 

perianth. 

Imbricate. Overlapping, as the scales 

of the several series of an in volucre; 

in aestivation, applied to cases where 

at least one part of the calyx (or 

corolla) is wholly external and one 

wholly internal, as distinct from 

convolute, where none are either 

wholly external or internal, and 

from valvate, where none overlap. 

Immarginate. Not margined or 

bordered. 

Immersed. Growing wholly under 

water; in mosses, used of a capsule 

inclosed within its involucral 

leaves. 

Imparipirmate. Pinnate with an odd 

terminal leaHet. 

Inaequilateral. With unequal sides. 

Incised. Irregularly, sharply .. nd 

deeply cut. - 

Included. Inclosed by the surrouniling 

organs; not exserted. 

Incomplete. Not perfect; wanting 

some of its pnrts. _ 

Incubous. Imbricate upward, 'having 

the tip of one leaf resting upon 

the base of the one above it. 

Incumbent. Resting upon; of cotyledons, 

lying with one side toward

the radicle; of anthers, lying 

against the face or inner side of 

the filament. 

Incurved. Curved inward. 

Indefinite. Of number, variable or 

very numerous i indeterminltte. 

Indehiscent. Not opening regularly 

by valves or otherwise. 

Indeterminate. Of inflorescence, not 

definitely terminated but continuous 

with the axis, the lower or marginal 

Howers being the first to open. 

Indigenous. Native to the country. 

Induplicate. With margins folded 

inward. 

Indusium. In ferns, the shield- or 

scale-like covering of the fruitcluster. 

Inferior. Lower; that part of a 

Hower, eto., which is toward the 

bract; applied also to a calyx that 

is free from the ovary, and to an 

ovary that is adnate to the calyx. 

Inflated. Bladdery. 

Inflexed. Bent or turned abruptly 

inward. 

Inflorescence. The Howering portion 

of a plant, and especially the mode 

of its arrangement. 

Infra:axillary. Below the axil. 

Infundibuliform. See FunnelffJffll. 

Innate. Borne upon the upper Burface 

of a support, as an anther 

upon the summit of its filament, 

the cells dehiscing marginally. 

Innovation. A shoot .by which the 

growth and continuance of the plant 

is prolonged, used especially of 

mosses. 

Inserted. A.ttached to or growing upon. 

Insertion. The place or mode of 

attachment of an organ. 

Internode. The part of a stem between 

two nodes. 

Introrse. Turned inward toward the 

axis. 

InvoluceUate. Provided with an involuce!. 

Involucel. An. inner or secondary 

involucre; that which surrounds an 

umbellet. • 

Il1volucrate. Having an involucre. 

Inl1olucre. A circle or circles of scales, 

bracts or lea\"e8, distinct or united, 

surrounding a Hower or Hower- 

A.ppendix VI: Glossary. 1215 

cluster; in Umbelliferae, the bracts 

subtending the umbel. 

Involute. Rolled inward. 

Irregular. Not regular; unsymmetrical; 

with its parts unequal or unlike. 

Isomerou8. .Having an equal number 

of parts in successive series, as of 

sepals, petals, stamens, etc. 

Jointed. Having joints or nodes. 

Julaceous. Resembling an ament. 

Keel. A central dorsal ridge, resembling 

the keel of a boat; the united 

lower petals of a papiliouaceous 

Hower. 

Keeled. Carinate; having a keel. 

Kerned. The seed within a Dut; a 

grain: properly, the contents of.the 

seedcoats, consisting of the embryo 

and albumeu. 

Kidney-shaped. See Reniform. 

Labellum. A lip, 88 in Orchids. 

Labiate. Lipped; applied to an irregular 

corolla Or calyx whit-h is 

unequally divided iuto two parts 

or lips. 

Labiatiflorous. Haring Howers with 

a labiate corolla. 

Lacerate. Torn; irregularly and deeply 

cleft. 

Laciniate. Cut into narrow slender 

teeth or lobes. 

Lactescent. Yielding milky juice. 

Lacunose. Having numerous pits, 

depressions or cavities. 

Lacustrine. Living in lakes, ponds 

or swamps. 

Lageniform. Gourd-shaped. 

Lamella. A thin plate or scale. 

Lamellar. Composed of thin plates. 

Lamina. The blade or dilated portion 

of a leaf_ 

Lanate. Covered with long curled 

hairs like wool. 

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head; 

tapering upward from a narrowly 

ovate or subovate base. 

Lanuginous. 'Provided with wool; 

wooHy. 

Lateral. At the side; attached to 

the side. 

Lavender-color. A pale grayish blue. 

Lax. [,Dose, distant.

Medial, Median. Running through 

the middle longitudinally. 

Membranous. Membranaceous. Thin 

and rather 'soft and transluceut, like 

membrane. 

Microspore. The smaller kind of spore 

in some cryptogams. 

Midrib, or Midnerve. The central 

and principal nerve of a leaf. 

Mitriform. Mitre-shaped, i. e. conical 

and slightly narrowed toward the 

mouth . 

. Monadelphous. Having the stamens 

all united by their filaments into a 

column or tube. 

Monandrous. Having a single stamen. 

Moniliform. Resembling a necklace 

or string of beads; contracted or 

interrupted at regular intervals. 

Monocarpellary. F.ormed of a single 

carpel. ' 

Monocarpic. .Bearing fruit but once. 

Monocotyledon. A plant whose embryo 

has a single cotyledon. 

Monoecious. With stamens and pistils 

(or their equivalents in cryptogams) 

in separate flowers upon the Bame 

plant. 

Monopetalous. Gamopetalous, having 

the corolla in one piece, at . least 

at base. 

MonophyUous. One-leaved; composed 

of a single leaf. 

Monosepalous. Gamosepalous, having 

the calyx more or less in one 

piece. 

Monospermous. One-seeded. 

Mucilaginous. Slimy, like mucilage. 

Mucro, Mucronation. A short and 

small abrupt tip. 

Mucronate. Terminating in a mucro. 

Mucronulate. Ending with a minute 

mncro. 

Multicipital. Many-headed, applied 

to a much-branched rootstock; 

Multifarious. Arranged in many 

ranks. 

Multifid. Cleft into many lobes or 

segments. 

M"Uijugate. Consisting of many pairs. 

Multilocular. ]\[any-celled. , 

Muricate. Rough, with short hard 

points. . 

Muriculate. Finely muricate. 

Muticous. Blunt; witho,nt a point. 

Musohler, Flora Manual ot Egypt. 

Appendix VI: Glossary. 1217 

Naked. Bare; without its usualappendages 

or covering, as a stem without 

leaves. 

Navicular. .I:Ioat-shaped. 

Nectar. A sweet secretion within a 

blossom. 

Nectariferou8. Secreting nectar. 

Nectary. Any part or appendage of 

a flower which may be supposed 

to secrete nectar. 

Nerve. A simple vein; a rib. 

Nerved. Having nerves. 

Netted. Reticulated; cross-veined like 

a net. 

Nodding. Ranging down; somewhat 

inclined from the perpendicula.r. 

Node. A knot or swelling; a place 

upon a stem where a leaf or whorl 

of leaves is borne. 

Nodose. Ha.ving knots or swelling 

joints. 

Normal. According to rule or standard; 

not varying from the type. 

Numerous. Indefinite in number. 

Nut. A hard indehiscent one-seeded 

fruit, usually resulting from a compound 

ovary. 

Nutlet. A small nut; also applied to 

the hard seedlike divisions of the 

fruit of the Labiatae, Verbena etc. 

Ob-. A Latin prefix usnally signifying 

innrsion, or the reverse of the primary 

word. 

Obcompressed. Flattened contrary to 

the direction of the sides, dorsally, 

instead of laterally. 

Obconical. Resembling an inverted 

cone. 

Obcol'date. Inverted cordate, the lobes 

directed outward. 

Oblanceolate. Inverted lanceolate, with 

the broadess part toward the apex. 

Oblique. Turned to one side; unequally 

sided. 

Oblong. Considerably longer than 

broad and with nearly parallel sides. 

Obovate. Inverted ovate, the broader 

part toward the apex. 

Obovoid. Inverted egg-shaped, the 

broader part above. 

Obtuse. 'Blunt or rounded at the end. 

Obversely. In a reverse manner. 

Ochraceolls. Ochre-.color, light yellow 

with a tinge of brown. 

77

Scurf. Small bran-like scales on the 

epidermis. 

ScuteUiforlII. Platter-shaped, with a 

distinct and raised margin. 

Scymetar-shaped. Curved and somewhat 

flattened triquetrous, thick 

upon the straighter side, the convex· 

edge thin. 

Secund. Turned in one direction, BS 

the leaves or flowers upon 8 stem. 

Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting 

of the embryo with illl proper 

envelopes. 

Segment. One of the parts of 8 leaf 

or other orga[l that is cut or divided ; 

more general than Lobe. 

Sepal. A leaf or division of a calyx. 

Sepaloid. Resembling 0. sepal. 

Septate. Divided by partitions or septa. 

Septicidal. Dehiscing through the 

dissepiments and between the cells, 

or through the lines of junction of 

the co.rpels. 

Septiferous. Bearing the partitions 

after dehiscence. 

Septifra[Jal. Breaking away from the 

par);itlOns On ,dehiacence; terms 

applied to the valves of alocullcidal 

capsule. 

Septum. Any kind of partition dividing 

a cavity. 

Sericeou8. Silky j covered with soft 

straight o.ppressed hairs. 

Series. A row, circle, or rank. 

Serotinofl.8. Produced late in the seBSon. 

Serrate. Having teeth directed forward, 

like the teeth of a saw. 

Serrarnres. Teeth like those of a saw. 

Serrulate. Finely serrate. 

Sesttile. Attached immediately to the 

point of snpport without footstalk. 

Seta. A bristle. 

Setaceous. Bristle-like. 

Setigerous. Bristle-bearing. 

Betose. Beset with bristles. 

Sheath. A tubnlar envelope, investing 

a stem. 

Sheathing. Enfolding like a sheath. 

Shield-shaped. l!'lattened and rounded 

or polygonal, and borne by a stalk 

attached to the under surface. 

Shrub. A plant woody throughout, 

of less size thau a tree. 

Shrubby. Having the character of 

8. shrnb. 


Sigmoid. Doubly curved, like the 

letter S, or the Greek sigma, I:. 

SiUde. A short crucifcrous pod, not 

many times longer than wide. 

Siliqu.e. The usually elongated pod 

in Cruciferae, having two valves 

separating from two parietal 

pl8.centae. 

Silky. See Seneeou8. 

Simple. Of one piece; not compound. 

Sini8tror8e. Turned to the left, as 

seen from the outside; but often 

used in the opposite sense. 

Sinuate. With Qstronglywavy margin. 

Sinuous. Flexuos,e: curving back 

and forth. 

Sinus. A depression, either angul8.r 

or rounded, separating lobes 'or 

segments. 

Smooth. Not rough; sometimes used 

as equivalent to glabrous. 

Sorus, pI. Sari. In "ferns, a cluster 

of sporangia. 

Spadix. A spike with usually a 

thickened fleshy rhachis and subtended 

by 8. spathe. 

Span. The distance between the 

extremities of the thumb and 

little finger when extended j about 

18 cm· 

Sparse. Thinly scattered. 

Spathaceofl.8. Bearing or resembling 

a spathe. 

Spathe. One or more clasping 8.nd 

often sheathing bracts inclosing 8. 

flower cluster or inflorescence and 

mostly colored. 

Spatulate. Narrowly attenuate downward 

from an abruptly rounded 

summit. 

Species. A group of things of the 

same kind, having essentially the 

same characters. 

Specific. . That which ratates to or 

defines 8. species. 

Spicate. In spikes or resembling a spike. 

Spike. Resembling 8. raceme but the 

flowers sessile or very nearly so. 

Spikelet. A secondary spike; in grBSses, 

the flowers subtended by a common 

pair of glumes. 

Spindle-shaped. See Fusiform. 

Spine. A sharp woody or rigid' outgrowth 

from the stem, a modificat,ion 

of a brancb, lenf or stipule.

Truncate. Ending abruptly as if cut 

off transversely. 

Trunk. A main .tem. 

Tube. Any elongated hollow body 

or part of an organ. 

Tuber. A thickened rhizome, with 

scattered buds or eyes. 

Tubercle. A small projection or 

pimple; a small tuber or a tuberous 

root. 

Tuberculate. Covered with small 

rounded prominences or knobs. 

Tllberiferolls. Bearing tnbers. 

Tuberous. Resembling a tuber. 

Tubular. Tube-shaped. 

Tubulifiorous. When the flowers of 

a head have only tubular corollas. 

Tunicate. Having concentric coats, 

as an onion. 

Turbinate. Top-snaped. 

Twining. Ascending by winding about 

a support. 

Type. The ideal pattern or form. 

Typical. Thai which corresponds to 

or represents the type. A typical 

species is one upon which. the 

generic character was founded, or 

one which conforms most closely 

to the general characters of the 

genus, deviations from which from 

the basis for subgenera, etc. So 

the typical form of a species is that 

upon which the specific character 

is based, as distinguished from all 

varieties, sports, etc. 

Umbel. An umbrella-shaped inflorescence, 

the pedicels radiating from 

the summit of the common peduncle. 

Umbellate. Bearing or growing in 

umbels. 

Umbellet. A small secondary umbel 

upon the ray of the primary. 

UmbeUiferous. Bearing umbels. 

UmbeUulate. Bearing umbellets. 

Umbilicate. Pitted in the centre, 

navel-like. 

Umbonate. Bossed; bearing a stout 

projection in the centre, like the 

boss of a shield. 

Umbracul.ifOrm. Having the lorm of 

an umbrella. 

Unarmed. Without prickles, spines, 

Or the like. 

Uncinate. Hooked at the extremity. 

Appendix VI: Glossary. 1225 

Undulate. Wavy, alternately raised 

above and depressed below the 

general plane. 

Undershrub. A very low shrub. 

Unequal. Not equal; unsymmetrical; 

unequally pinnate, with au odd 

terminal leaflet. 

UnguiCUlate. Of a petal, narrowed 

below into a claw or petiole-like base. 

Unilateral. One· sided. 

Unilocular. One-celled. 

Uniovulate. Having a single ovule. 

Uniserial. In one horizon tal row or 

series. 

Unisexual. Of one sex; of flowers 

having stamens only or pistils only. 

Urceolate. Cylindrical or o'Void, but 

contracted at or below the open 

orifice, like an uru or pitcher. 

Utricle. A small bladdery usually 

one-seeded pericarp, indehiscent or 

bursting irregularly or circumscissile; 

auy small bladder-like organ, or 

sometimes applied to forms of tissuecells. 

Utricular. Consisting of or belonging 

to utricles. 

Vagina. A sheath. 

Vaginate. Sheathed. 

'Vaginule. A diminutive sheath. 

Valleculae. The grooves between the 

ribs of the fruit in Umbelliferae. 

'Valvate. Opening by valves, as a 

capsule; meeting by the edges, 

without overlapping, as sepals, etc., 

in aestivation. 

Valve. The several parts of a dehiscent 

pericarp; the door-like lid by which 

anthers sometimes open. 

Variegated. Irregularly colored. 

'Variety. The principal subdivisiou 

of a species, differing from the type 

in certain constant characters of 

subordinate value. 

Vascular. Relating to or composed 

of elongated tubular cells (vessQls, 

ducts), as distinguished from cellular. 

Veined. l

1226 

Vei1ilet. A small subdivision of a vein. 

Velutinous. Velvety; covered with a 

dense soft fine pll bescence. 

Venation. The mode of veining. 

Ventral. Belonging to the anterior 

or inner face of a carpel, etc.; the 

opposite of Dorsal. 

Ventricose. Swelling unequally or 

inflated on one side. 

Venulose. Abounding with veinlets. 

Vermicular. Worm-shaped. 

Vernal. Appearing in spring. 

Vernicose. Appearing as if varnished. 

Verrucose. Covered with wart-like 

elevations. 

Versatile. Swinging; turning freely 

on its support. 

Vertex. The apex of an organ. 

Vertical. Upright; perpendicular to the 

plane of t,he horizon; longitudinal. 

Vertical. A whorl. 

Verticillate. Arranged in whorls. 

Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity. 

Vesicular. Composed of vesicles. 

Vessels. Elongated tubular cells, of 

various kinds, forming the vascular 

tissue of plants. 

Vexillum. The standard or large 

upper palet of a papilionaceous 

corolla. 

ViUose, ViUous. Bearing long and 

soft straight or straightish hairs. 


Vimineous. Bearing long and flexible 

twigs. 

Vine. A trailing, climbing or twining 

stem. 

Virgate. Like a wand or rod, slender, 

straight and erect. 

Viscid, Viscous. Glutinous, sticky. 

Vittate. Bearing vittro. 

Vitto!. The longitudinal oil-tubes in 

the pericarp of most UmbeIliferre. 

Viviparous. Propagating by buds or 

bulblets instead of by seede, or 

with the seeds germinating white 

still on the plant. 

Wavy. See Undulate. 

Waxy. Resembling bees-wax in appearance 

or consistence. 

Wedge-shaped. See Cuneate. 

Wheel-shaped. See Rotate. 

Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, 

flowers, etc., in a circle about the 

stem or axis: 

Wing. Any membranous or thin 

expansion or appendage; tbe 

lateral petal of a papilionaceous 

flower. 

Wood. The hard firm part of a stem, 

etc., composed mainly of wood-cells 

(fibro-vascular tissue). 

Woolly. Clothed with long and twisted 

or matted hnirs. .

Appendix Vll: Alphabetical List of Arabian Names of Plants. 1237 

gery (Klanzinger) =Eruca sativa Lam. 

416. 

gettiat (Schweinf.) = Psoralea plicata 

Del. 509. 

ghlJ.b (Schweinf.-Muschler) = Arundo 

Donax L. 116. 

ghlib (Ascherson) = Pbragmites com 

. munis Trin. var. isiaea (Del.) Oosson 

116. 

ghlJ.b (Muschler) = Phragmites communis 

Trin. var. stenophylla Boiss. 

116. 

ghlibrihy (Damietta - Ascherson) = 

Phragmites communis Trin. var. 

isiaca (Del.) Cosson U6. 

ghaUash sheytany (Ascherson) = ATena 

fatua L. 99. " 

ghalqt> (generally) = Daemia tomentosa 

(L.) Vatke 746. 

ghalqai: = Daemia tomentosa (L.) 

Vat,ke 746. 

ghalqet-ed-dib (Forsk.) = Peganum 

Harmala L. 579. 

ghalqet-ed-due (Wilkinson) =Asclepias 

sinaica Muscbler 754. 

ghannum (Schweinfarth) = Globularia 

arabica Jaub. and Spach 901. 

ghardaq = Calligonum comosum 

L'Herit. 967; = Nitraria retusa 

(Forsk.) Aschers. 575. 

gharqad = Nitraria retasa (Forsk.) 

Aschers. 575. 

ghassa (Schweinfurth) = Otostegia 

microphylla (Desr.) Aschers. and 

Schweinf. 881i. 

ghass{U = Salicornia fruticosa L. 987. 

ghassaL (A.scherson) = Zygophyllum 

coccineum L. 578. 

ghassaL-frengi (Ascherson) = Mesembrianthemam 

crystallinnm ·L. 891. 

ghereyyfl. == Calendula aegyptjaca Pers. 

1019. ' 

gheyl (Schweinf., Muschler) = Aerva 

tomentosa Forsk. 819. 

gheyl (Schweinfurth) = Asclepias 

sinaica Muschler 764. 

gheyl = Eurotla ceratioides (L.) A. Mey. 

981. 

ghobbeyra = Crozophora tinctoria (L.) 

Adr. Juss. 598; = C. tinctoria (L.) 

Adr. J uss. var. subplicata Muell. 

Arg. 593. 

ghobErfi. (Lskson-Sehweinf.) = Mollugo 

Glinus A. Rich. 826. 

ghobeyrfi. = Artemisia Herba alba ASBo 

1018; = Frankenia laevis L.; = F. 

pulTerulenta L. 645; = Crozophora 

plicata (ValIl) A. J DSS. var. pro strata 

(Dalz.) Muell. Arg. 593. 

ghobeyrii. (Ascherson)= AchilJea Santolina 

L. 1007;'= Kochia muricata 

(L.) Schrad. 28iJ; = Silene villosa 

Forsk. 836. 

ghobeyra (Aschers., Muschler) = Salsola 

Kali 996. 

ghobeyrii. (Del.) = Pulicaria nndulata 

DC. 987. 

ghobeyra (Roth) = Ambrosia maritima 

L. 992; = Crozophorll plicata (Vahl) 

A. J uss. 592; = Heliotropium supinulD. 

L. 784. 

ghobeyra (Schweinfnrth) = Convolvulus 

microphylJus Sieb. 766. 

gidiai (KluDzinger) = Pulicarill cr;.spa 

Barth. and Hook. 988. 

gilMn = Lathyrus hirsutus L.; = L. 

sativus L. 547. 

gilbii.n (Ascherson) = Vicia calearata 

Desf. 542. 

gileglag = Robbairea prostrata (Del.) 

Boiss. 347. 

giU" (SchweinC.) = Anabasis setifera 

Mnq. Tand. a01. 

gilweyn = Al!chusa aggregata Lehm. 

796. 

gimbil = Cordia Gharaf Ehrenbg. 

782. 

gimmellz = Ficus Sycomorus L. 248.

1240 Appendix VII: Alphabetical List of Arabian Names of Plants. 

kamul-el-bakr = Cymodocea nodosa 

(U cria) Aschers. 18. 

kanbeyt = Rumex vesicarius L. 261. 

kandal = Citrullus Colocynthis Schrader 

939. 

handalJ1ll1 = Trigonella media Delile 

481. 

kandllra (Ascher"on) = Solanum Lycopersicum 

L. 843. 

kaneydey (Schimper) = Varthemia 

montana (Yahl) Boiss. 984. 

hansis = Rumex vesicarius L. 261. 

hanzah (Forsk.) = Emex Bpinosu8 L. 

208. 

haqbaq (Lippi) = Capparis decidua 

(Forsk.) Edgew. 391. 

har = Robbairea prostrata (Del.) Boiss. 

347. 

hara = Robbairea prostrata (Del.) 

Boiss. 347. 

harge! = Solenostemma Argel (Del.) 

Hayne. 749. 

karmal (generally) = Peganum Harmala 

L. 672. 

harmal (G. Roth) = Ruta ehalepensis 

L.584. 

harm (Ascherson) == Cnkile maritima 

Scop. var. aegyptiaca Corso 432. 

harra (generally) = Coronopus niloticus 

(Delile) Spreng. 428. 

harra (Damietta) = Sisymbrium 1rio 

L.407. 

harrah = Diplotaxis Harra Boiss. 414. 

harrar (Schweinf.) =Centaurea pallescens 

Del. 1038. 

harraz = Acacia albida Delile 469. 

hasalbiin (generally) = .RosmlUinus 

officinali. L. 829. 

hasMsh-el-faras = Andropogon balepensis 

Brot. 43. 

hashish·el-laras (Forsk.) = Lolium 

perenne L. 152. 

hasMsh-el-faras (Schweinf.) = Ethulia 

conyzoides L. 960. 

hashfsh-el-{arras (SchweiDf.) = Sphenodea 

zeylanica Gaertn. 947. 

hashish-eZ·rik = Parietaria judaica L_ 

253. 

hasMsh-libaye (Ascherson) = Lippia 

nodiHorll Rich. 809. 

hashish Bakran = Physalis peruvian a 

L.84ii. 

hashishet-el-'(tgrab (Schweinf.) = Erythraea 

spicata Pers. 732. 

hash'ishd-el-mamUa = Glaucium corniculatum 

Curt. 380. 

hasMshet-er-nh = Diotis ma.ritima. 

Smith. 1008. 

haskanit (Schweinf.) = Aristids pungens. 

80. 

hatab = Arthrocnemon glsncum (Del.) 

Unger-Sternb. 286; = Suaeda vera. 

Forsk. 289. 

hatah ahlTlar= Tamarix amplexicaulis 

Ehrenberg 649; = T. arbores Bunge 

649; = 1'. macrocarpa Bunge 650; 

= T. nilotics (Ehrenbg.) Bunge 648; 

= T. passerinoides Del. 650. 

hatab ahrnat- (generally) = TsmlUix 

articulata Yahl. 649. 

hatab haddade = Salicornia frnticoso, 

L.287. 

hatab-haddady = Haiocnemon strobiliaceum 

M. Bieb. 285. 

hatab-widny (Ascherson) = Limoniastrum 

monopetslum Boiss. 7117, 

hatab zeyta = Arthrocnemon glanonm 

(Del.) Unger-Sternb. 286. 

hatab zeyty (Schweinfurth) = Inula. 

crithmoides L. 983. 

haudau (Ehrenberg) = Lannaea 'Cassiana. 

(Jaub. and Spseh) !fuschler 

1068. 

haushez= .Rhus Oxyacantha Cav. 611. 

hauwwa (Forsk. Del.) =-Reichardia 

tingintsna Roth 1065. 

hawdiin (Forsk.) = Crepis l 

radicata 

Forsk. 10(\8.

1244 Appendix VII: Alphabetical List of Arabian Names of 'plants. 

kkansir-el'-arlls = Astragalus Sieberi 

DC. 624. 

kkaraq-el-bahr (Forsk., Del.) = Xanthium 

strumarium L. 993. 

kJiardal = Sinapis arvensis L.; = 

S. arvensis L. var .. turgida (Del.) 

Aschers, and Schweinf. = S. juncea 

L.412. 

khardal (Delile) == Bras sica nigra 

Koch 410. 

Marrar (Ehrenberg) = Pha19.ris paradoxa 

L. var. praemorsa Coss. 71. 

khargheyl (Schweinf.) = Peganum 

Harmala L. 672. 

kharig (Schweinf.) '= Vicia calcarata 

Desf. 642. 

kharna = Salvia palaestina Benth. 825. 

kharra - bitty (Ascherson) = Lannaea 

mucronata M.uschler 1058. 

kharsMlf= Cynara Scolymus L.1029; 

= C. Sibthorpiana Boiss. and Heldr. 

1028. 

khanoa' = Rieinus communis L. 595. 

Masag (Schweinf.) = Medicago eilia-, 

ris Willd. 491. 

Mashir = Echinops galalensis 

Schweinf.; = E. glaberrimus DC. 

1022. 

khashfr (generally) = Echinops spinosus 

L. 1022. 

khasir.>=: Silene sncc61enta Forsk. 340. 

Masraq{;t = Withania somnifera Dnn. 

846. 

Mass (Ascherson) = Lemna gibba L. 

196. 

Ma().f (Schweinfurth) = Pulicaria crispa 

Benth. and Hook 988. 

'MaIDa· binty (AschersoQ)''';' Picris coronopifolia 

DC.; = P. coronopifoiia 

DC. var. pilosa (Del.) Aschers. and 

Schweinf. 1063. 

khatJniye = Althaea ficifolia Cavan. 

628khaziime 

= Reseda prninosa Del. 442. 

kheUe = Ammi majus L. 699 i = 

Torilis neglecta Roem. and Schult_ 

714. 

khelle (generally) = Ammi Visnaga 

(L.) Lam. 699. 

kheUey (generally) = Ammi maju8 L. 

699. 

Merit = Salsola foetida Del. 299. 

kheryia= Verbascumsinaiticumllenth. 

862. 

kher8Mlm-en-naqeh (Delile) = Tribu 

Ius alatus Del .. 573. 

kheyet = Frankenia pulverulenta I ... 

645. 

kheyly = M.atthiola incana .B. Br. 397. 

kheyta = Gladiolus segetum Ker-Gllwl. 

238 i = Iris Sisyrinchium L: 237. 

kheyzaran (Forsk., Del) = Centaurea 

Lippii L. 1034. 

khillal = Ammi Visnaga (L.) Lam. 

699. 

khiUan = Ammi Visnaga (L.) Lam. 

699. 

khille = Rumex dentatus L. 260. 

khirfeyeh = Reseda decursiva Forsk. 

440. 

khirfeysh = Reseda alba L. 440. 

khirs (G. Roth) = Diplachne fusca (L.) 

Beauv.113. 

khirsheyf = Leontice leontopetalum 

L.373. 

khirBheyf (Ascherson) = Polycarpaea. 

rep ens (Forsk.) Aschers.-Schweinf. 

350; = GymnarhenB micrantha Desf. 

970. 

khirsh().f = Polycarpaea memphitica 

Del. 350. 

khiyar = Cucumis sativus L. 986. 

khobbeyly (Schweinfurth) = RhynchosiB 

Memnonia (Del.) DC. 551. 

khobbeyze-esk-sheytantyek (Delila) = 

Malva parviflora L. 627. I 

khobbeyze frengiye (Ascherson) 

Malva silvestris L. 626.

1246 Appendix VII: Alpha.betical List of Arabian Names of Plants. 

kusbet-el-belad = Aizoon canariense L. 

825. 

kuahayt = Fagonia Bruguieri DC. 581. 

kuteyhah = Trigonella bamosa L. 482. 

kutkat (generally) = Pulicaria crispa 

Bentb. and Hook. 988. 

kutkat (Schweinfurtb) = Pulicaria undulata 

DC. 987. 

kuzama (Muscbler) = Gypsophila 

Rokejeka Del. 831. 

kuzbara = Coriandrum sativum L. 691. 

kuzbaret- el-bir (Delile) = Adiantum 

capillus Veneris L. 8. 

lamh-en-naqa' = Zannichellia palustris 

L. 21. 

!asar = Ca.pparis galeata Fres. 391. 

leua! = Oxalis cernua Thumb. 564. 

laBSar (Schweinfurth) = Capparis 

spinosa L. 391. 

lebakh-el-gebel (Forskil) == Cocculue 

pendulus Diels. 875. 

leben-el-eshcir = Euphorbia mauritanica 

Lam. 603. 

lebur-el-homara (Delile) = Daemia 

tomentosa (L.) Vatke 746. 

leklakh (generally) = Cirsium syriacum 

(L.) Gaertn. 1027. 

lekhlikh (Schweinf.) = Silybum Marianum 

(L.) Gserto. 1029. 

lellel (Ehrenberg) = Artemisia. monospermn 

Del. 1012. 

libbiin = Reichardia lingitans Roth. 

1066. 

libbaney (lIIuschler) = Andracbne 

telephioides L. 596. 

libbeyn = Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. 

602; = E. arguta Soland. 604; = 

E. chamaepeplus Baill. and Gaill. 

607; = E. indica Lam. 601; = E. 

Peplis L. 600; = E. Peplus L. var. 

mllritima Boiss. 606. 

libbey" = Oxystelma esculentum R. 

Hr. var. Alpini N. C. Brown 750; 

= Senecio belbeysius Del. 1016; 

= Sonchus maritimus L. 1063. 

libbeyn (Ascherson) = Cynanchum 

acutum L. 747; = Launaea mucronala 

Mnschler 1058. 

libbeyn (Ascherson-Schweinf.) = Enphorbia 

Peplus L. 606. 

l;bbeyn (Ebrenberg) = Euphorbia 

cornuta Pers. 603. 

libbeyn (generally) = Lactuca saligna 

L. 1064; = Soncbus oleraceue L. 

1062. 

libMyn (Klunzinger) = Euphorbia 

granulatll Forsk. 600. 

libbeyn (G. Roth) = Senecio aegyptios 

L. 1017. 

libbeyn (Wilkinson) = Reichardia 

tingintana Roth 1065. 

libbeyn - er - roqabiya = Euphorbia 

prunifolia (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. 608_ 

libbeyn-esh-sheykh (Forsk.) = Lactuca 

saligna L. 1064. 

libdan = Beta vulgaris L. var. maritima 

(L.) Boiss. 274. 

libllib = Dolichos Lablab L. 551. 

liraan = Brassica nigra Koch. 410. 

lift = Brassica rapa L. 410. 

ligltg (Ascherson - Schweinfurtb) = 

Balanites aegyptiaca Delila 687. 

likh (Ascherson) = Lamna paucicostata 

Heglmaier 196. 

limna = Lawsonia inermis L. 67:J. 

line = Lotus corniculatus L. 504. 

lislin-el-'asal (Forsk.) = Echium sericeum 

Yahl 804. 

lislin-el-' asfur = Cassia acutifolia 

Delile 467; = Delphinium Ajacis 

L. 371. 

lisan-el-hamal (Ehrenberg) = Erodium 

glaucophyllum (L) L'Herit. 561. 

lisan-el-hamal (generally) = Plantago 

maior L. 906. I 

lislin-el-kelb (Ascher,on) = Carduus 

pycnocephalus L. 1026; = Plantago

1248 Appendix VlI: Alphabetical List of Arabian Names of Plants. 

medadath = Aegilops triuncialis L. 

155. 

meddad '= Diplotaxis acris (Forsk.) 

Boiss. 414; = 1Iledicago ciliaris 

Willd. 491. 

meddad(Ascherson) = .Jusslaea repens 

L.680. 

meddtid-el-yera'a = Muscari comosum 

(q 1Ilill. 223. 

med€b (Ascherson) = Heliotropium 

undulatum Vahl 787. 

megennine (Ascherson) Haplophyllum 

tubercula tum (.!

1260 Appendix VII: Alphabetical List of Arabian Names of Plants. 

silfs (Ascherson) = Cichorium endivia 

L. 10-17. 

silis = Urospermum picroides F. W. 

Schmidt 1050. 

sill = Imperata cylindric a (L.) P. 

Beauv. 39. 

sille (generally) = Zilla spinosa (Forsk.) 

Prant! 43l. 

silq .(generally) = Beta vulgaris L. 

var. maritima (L.) Boiss. 27!. 

siudin = Canna indica L. 240. 

simsitn = Sesamum indicum L. 885. 

sirr = Salsola Volkensii Schweinf. 

and Ascher,. 296; = Zilla spinosa 

(Forsk.) Prantl. 43l. 

sin· (Ascherson) = Noaea mllcronata 

(Forsk.) Aschers. and Schweinf. 300. 

si,·r (Forskiil)= Gymnocarpus decander 

Forsk. 355; Gypsophilu Rokejeku 

Del. 331. 

sin·dye (Ascherson) = Zilla spinosa 

(Forslalmata Forsk. 771. 

sjuI"rai = Oryza australis (R. Br.) A. 

Hr. 68. 

slih (Ascherson) = Erucaria uncata 

!:loiss. 436. 

slih = Launaea angustifolia lIlllschler 

1059. 

slihet-el-gemal(Ascherson) = Launaea 

tenlliloba .Muschler 1058. 

soleyr = Cassia Sophora L. 465. 

soleyra = Isatis microcarpa J. Gay. 

-128. 

sommd1- (Muschler) = Paoicum repens 

L. 58. 

sommar = Panicum repens L. var. 

leiogonum (Del.) Schweinf. 58. 

sommey'· (Schweinf.) = Rottboellia 

compressa Linn. f. var. fascicnlala 

Hack. 42. 

soomar dakkr = Panicum geminatum 

Forsk. 55. 

sorbeyh (Ehrenberg) = Senecio aegyptius 

L. 1017. 

ssabtha (?) = Carlin a involucrata Poir. 

var. Letourneuxii Aschers. and 

Schweinf. 1023. 

ssafoon = Panicum geminatum Forsk. 

55. 

ssa/f(ir = Panicum turgidum Forsk. 

57. 

ssegger-el-gerey, (Sehweinf., lIfuschler)· 

= Nicotiaoa glauea L. 856. 

ssemeh (Schweinf.) = lIlesembrianthemum 

Forskiilii liochst. 322. 

ssernh = 1I1esembrianthemum nodiflorum 

L. 3:22. 

ssimret-el-ajun (Schweinfurth) = 000brychis 

Crista galli Lam. 534. 

ssleteni = Fagonia cahlrina Boiss. 

581; = F. cretica L. 58l. 

ssoomar = Panicum geminatum Forsk. 

55. 

S8ltltdm =Enarthrocurpus pterocarpus, 

DC.· 434; = E. strangulatus Boiss. 

-134. 

stemma lekka (Sehweinf.) = Laggera 

au rita Sch. Bip. 970. 

s,ltai = Asphodelus micro carpus Vivo 

229. 

sub'b-el-kelb = Astragalus Sieberi DG. 

524. 

Sited (Ascherson) = Frankenia laevis, 

L. var. revoluta Durand and Barr. 

645. 

sneyd = Suneda vern Forsk. 289; 

= S. vermieulata Forsk. 29.0. 

slteye = Atraphaxis spinosa L. 21)2. 

sltlra = Vahlia viscosa Roxb. 45ll. 

sltgget (SchweiMurth) = Lindenbergia 

sioaica Benth. 873. 

swmndr = J nncus maritimus Lam. 

I 

var. arabicl1s Aschers. and Buchenuu; 

202.

Page 

Abutilon Linn. 

625,630 

albidum Webb. . 

632 

angulatum (Guill. and Perr.) 

Masters . . . . 631 

asiaticum Guill. and Perr.. . 633 

Avicennae Gaertn. . 631,632 

bidentatum Rochst. . 630,631 

denticulatum Fres. . 631, 632 

denticulatu'm R. Br. . 632 

Figarianum Webb. 631 

frutico8um Guill. and Perr.. 632 

graveolens Wight and Arnott 

630,631 

intermedium Rochat.. 

microphyllum A. Rich. 

.. 631 

.. 632 

mulieum (Del.) Webb. 631,633 

pannosum Webb .. , .. 633 

tortuosum Guill. and Perr.. . 631 

Acacia Linn. . . 456, 41;8 

albida Delile . . 458, 459 

Ilrabica Willd. . . . . . 458, 460 

var. nilotica (Forsk.) 

Aschers.-Schweinf.. .. 460 

Ehrenbergiana Rayne. 

gy"ocarpa Rochst. 

heterocarpa Del. . 

458, 461 

. . 459 

. . 457 

laeta R. Br. . . . 

nilotica Del.. . . 

458,459 

. . 460 

saccharata Ben tho . . 459 

Seyal Delile . . . 458, 460 

spirocnrpa Hoehst. 

Stephaniana Willd. . 

458,461 

" 457 

tortilis Hayne . " 

vera Willd. . • . . 

458, 461 

460 

Acanthaceae. . . .. .. 901 

Acanthodium llJlicatum Delile . 902 

Acanthus Linn. • 901,903 

arboraus Forsk. . 

Delilei Spreng...·. 

edulis Forsk.. . . 

polystachius Delile 

pubescens Engler . 

tetragonus R. Hr. . 

903 

902 

902 

903 

903 

902 

Mus chi e r, Mannal Flora of Egypt. 

Index 

by C. Schuster. 

Page 

Acarna cancellata Vivo . . . . 1025 

Achillea Linn.. . . . . . 955, 1006 

fragrantissima (.I!'orsk.) Soh. 

Bip. . . . . •. 1006, 1007 

Santolina L.. . . . .. 1006 

Wilhelmsii C. Koch. .. 1006 

Achyranthes Linn. . . 1104, 312 

argentea Lam. . . . 313 

aspera L. . . . . . 313 

- var. argentea Boiss. 313 

- L. var. sicula L. 313 

Acleia Belbeicia DC. .. . 1015 

Adiantum Linn. (:nlaiden's-R .. ir) 3 

capillus -Veneris L.. . . ., 3 

Adonis Dillen.. . . . . . 36,!, 368 

aestivalis y Cupanianus Ruth 368 

Cupanianus Guss. . . . . . 369 

Hammeus Jacq.. . . . . 368,369 

microcarpa P in termedia Boiss. 369 

microcarpus DC. . . . . 368, 369 

Aegialophila pumila Boias. . . 1034 

Aegilops Linn.. . . . . . . 38, 154 

bicornis (Forsk.) .raub et 

Spach. ... . • .. 155, 156 

longissima Schweinf. and 

Muschler . • . . . . 155. 156 

ovata L.. . . . . . . . . . 155 

- L. var. triaristato.Coss. etDur. 155 

triuncilliis L.. . • . . . . . 155 

- L. var. brachyathera Boiss. 156 

Aeluropus Trin. . . . . . . 87, 129 

arabicus Steud. 130 

brevifolius Wall. . . . . 130 

littoralis fJ rep ens Coss. . 129 

mucronatus Aschers. 130 

repens (Desf.) ParI. . 129 

VillOBU8 Trin. 180 

Aerva .I!'orsk. . 304, all 

aegyptiaca Gruel.. . 311 

incana Mart.. . . . all 

javanica Wight • . 3ll 

- var Bovei Webb 812 

tomentosa Forsk. • all 

80

Page 

Oalendula bicolor Ralin. . . 1018 

ceratosperma Vivo . . 1018 

gmcilis Coss. . 10l!i 

- DC. . . • . . . .1019 

mal1:aecarpa Pomel . . 1019 

micrantha Bois... . . 1019 

microcephala Kralik . 1019 

palaestina Boiss. . . . 1018 

- Boiss. var. brachyrrhyncha 

Aschers.-Schweinf. . . . . 1018 

persica C. A. Mey. . . 1018,1019 

- C. A. Mey. var: gracilis 

(DC.) Boiss. . . . 1019 

platycarpa Coss. • . . 1019 

stellata Cosson. . . . 1018 

subinermis Pomel . . 1019 

thapsiaecarpa Pomel . 1019 

Calenduleae . . . .. 949, 956 

Calepina Adams. . .. 896,429 

Corvini (Ail.) Boiss. 429 

Calligonum Linn. . . 256 

comosum L'Herit . . 257 

CaJlipeltis Stev: . . 915,919 

aperta Boiss and Buhse •. 919 

Calotropis R. Br. Ul,750 

hetel'ophylla Decsne . . 751 

procera (Ait.) R. Br. .. 750 

Calystegia R. 13r. . 759,761 

hederacea Wall. . . 761 

Camelina Urantz . 395,423 

hispida Boiss. . . . 423 

Camelineae . • . . • 395 

Campannla Linn. 943, 944 

cordata Vis. . . . . 946 

dimorphantha Schweinf. 944,945 

Erinus L. . . . 944,945 

speculum L. . • . . 946 

sulpharea Boiss. . . . . 944,945 

Campanulaceae. . . : . . 942 

Campanulatae . • . . . . 942 

Camphorosma Pteranthus Sibth. 

and Smith ..••... 856 

Camphorosmeae . . . . . 

Campuleia coccinea Hook. . 

hirsuta A. Rich. 

Canna Linn ... 

indica L. • • 

Cannabis Tourn. 

sativa L. . . 

Cannaceae ... 

Capparidaceae . 

Capparis Linn .. 

aegyptiaca Lam. 

aphylla Roth 

269 

880 

880 

239 

239 

245,249 

244,249 

• • 289 

.' •• 384 

385,390 

· 391 

• • 390 

Index. 1273 

Page 

Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. 390 

galeata Fres. . . . . . 890, lJ92 

. rupestris Sibth. and Smith . 891 

Sodada R. Brown. . . . . . 390 

spinosa L.. . . . : . . 390,391 

- var. aegyptiaca Boiss. . . 091 

- var.rupestris (Sibth.) Boiss. 391 

Capraria dissect .. Del. .'. 872 

Caprifoliaceae • . . .. . 924 

Capsella Medik. . . .. 395,423 

bursa'pastoris 1IioeDch ... 424 

procumbens (L.) Fries .. 424 

Capsicum Linn. . .. -. 840,846 

conicum Meyer. . . . 847 

conoide. Roem. and Schult.. 847 

fasligiatum Blume .. '. 817 

frutescens L. . . 847 

Carallum .. R. Br.. . .. 742,756 

europaea N. E. Brown 757 

Cardamine fontana Lam. 400 

Cardaria Draba Desv. . .. 426 

latifolia J au b. and Spach . -i26 

Cardiospermum Linn. . 613 

Halicaccabum L. . 614, 

Carduinae . • . . . 957 

Carduncellns Adans. . 958, 1043 

eriocephalus Boiss. ... 1048 

Carduus Linn. . .. . 957,1025 

argentatus L. . . . 1026 

arvensis Curt. . . . 1044 

eryngioides P. Alpin. . 1036 

pycnocephalus L. . .1026 

Syriacu8 L. . . 1027 

Carex Linn. . . 162, 184 

curaica Boiss. . . 184 

divisa Huds. . . . 184 

extensa Good. '. 184,185 

pachystylis Gay. 184 

pubescens Poir.. . 177 

stenophylla Wahlen berg. 184 

"- Wahlenberg var. pachystylis 

(Gay) Aschers. and 

Graeb. . . . . . . . 184 

- var. planifolia Boiss. 184 

Carica Linn. . 661 

Papaya L. . 662 

Caricaceae. . 660 

Cari ceae. . . 162 

Carissa Lj,nn. • . • • . 785 

Candolleana Janb. and Spach 786 

cornifolia .Jaab. and SpBch. 786 

ednlis Vahl . . . . • . . • 786 

Richardiana JBub. and Spach 736 

Carlina Linn. . . • . • • 957, 1028

HISTORI.tE NATURALIS CLASSICA, LXXVII

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