natural, history

· .. tHE NATURAL, HISTORYtOF RENNELL ISLAND,BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS~VOLUME 2ONVERTEBRATE~PAR~Scientific Results ofThe Danish Rennell Expedition, 1951andThe BrilirJc Museum (Natural History) Expedition, 1953PUBLISHED ON BEHALF OFTHE UNIVERSITYCOPENHAGENANDTHE BRITISH MUSEUM(NATURAL HISTORY)LONDONDI'Torben WolffDANISH SCIENCE PRESS, LTD.COPENHAGEN 1959

This volume has been published by grants fromStatens A""inde/~f(e Videnskahsfond(The Danish State Research Foundation)and'{he Trustees of the British Mllseum (Natural HistOl:I'!.LondollPRINTED IN DENMARK BYNORDLUNDES BOGTRYKKERICOPENHAGEN

CONTENTSIssued 15 March 1957.13. G. E. GATES: Earthworms .. ' ..14. W. V. HARRIS: Isoptera from Rennell Island15. D. S. FLETCHER: Macroheterocera. .. .. "16. D. E. KIMMINS: Odonata, Neuroptera and Trichoptera .17. E. BROWNING & K. H. HYATI: Scorpiones, Uropygi, Araneae,Opiliones and Scolopendromorph Chilopoda from Rennell Island18. S. PRUDHOE: Cestoda ..72531677183Issued 15 AI~![USf /957.19. J. D. BRADLEY: Microlepidoptera ............ " ... , .. .. 87Issued /5 December /957.20. W. H. EVANS: A New Sub· Species of Hasora hurama Butler (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) .... " ...................... 11321. F. D. BUCK: Cistelidae and Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) from RennellIsland ....................... , " ....... , ... , 11522. G. A. K. MARSHALL: On Curculionidae (Coleoptera) from RennellIsland, Solomon Islands. " ....... , ., .............. 12123. J. BALFOUR·BROWNE: (Ed.): Coleoptera (Pars) ............. , 12724. G. G. E. SCUDDER: Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) of Rennell and BellonaIslands. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13525. THERESA CLAY: Mallophaga (Insecta). Part r .............. 14326. B. K. T ANDAN: Malophaga (Insecta). Part II. ., .. .. .. .. ., ., 15127. WILLIAM J. CLENCH: The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of RennellIsland. Solomon Islands ........................... 15528. R. TUCKER ABBOTI: Marine Mollusca of Rennell Island. SolomonIslands. .. .. .. .. ., .. .. .. .. .. ., .. " .. .. " .. .. 20329. RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN: Millipeds and Centipeds from Rennell andGuadalcanal Islands .. , ., .. .. .. .. .. .............. 207Issued 15 Fehruarl' 1959.30. MARSHALL LAIRD and ELIZABETH LAIRD: Culicidae and HaematolOafrom Bellona and Rennell ............. , ............ 213

13. EARTHWORMSBYG. E. GATESThis article presents the results of a study of the first earthworms that have been collectedfor scientific purposes on Rennell Island. The material comprises about 80specimens from the Danish Rennell Expedition 1951 and about 15 from the BritishExpedition 1953. All of the worms obtained are referable to two genera both ofwhich. if STEPHENSON'S classification (1930) is followed, belong to one family.In his Introduction WOLFF (1955) has given details about conditions on Rennellas well as a map of the collecting localities (p. 12).Types of new species are in the Copenhagen Zoological Museum.The author is indebted to Dr. TORBEN WOLFF and Dr. GRACE E. PICKFORD for theopportunity of examining this material.FAMILY MEGASCOLECIDAEGENUS PHERETIMA KINBERG 1867Pberetima esafatae (Beddard) 1899Pheretima esajatal! Gates, 1937, Bull. Mus. CompoZool. HarJard, 80: 318-320.St.: L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, 13. Oct. 1951. - I juvenile, 3 aclitellate and 3clitellate specimens (Dan. Exp.).St.: L. 364, Te-A vamanggu, cultivated area, 16.-18. Oct. 1951. - 3 c1itellate specimens(Dan. Exp.).St.: L. 375, Lavanggu, young forest, in rotten wood, 21. Oct. 1951. - I clitellatespecimen (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, Lake Te-Nggano, Nov. 1953. - I clitellate specimen. (Clitellum probably notfully developed as 8 setae are still visible on ventrum of xvi (Brit. Exp.).External characteristics. Pigmentation red.Setae: 61/viii, usually lacking in a wide ventral gap on xviii, recognizable bothdorsally and ventrally on xvi and xiv of one clitellate specimen, xviiijO-2, xix/0-9,viii/I-4 as shown below. The first dorsal pore is on 11/12 (I), 12/13 (II, on four ofwhich there is a more or less pore-like marking on 11/12).Spermathecal pores are not minute but are very small, and appear to be longitudinally,transversely or even diagonally slit-shaped, occasionally slightly depressed. Each. pore"is bordered by areas of grey translucence which can be seen, in favorable condi-

Variation in number of setae between levels ofspermathecoi amI male pores.VIII 4 4 3 Ig 4 3 4 4 4 4xviii 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0XIX 6 2g 9 Og 9 4 8 4 7 7g Gap in setal circle where setae may have fallen out recently, sites of follicle apertures possibly visible.tions, to be in two or more discrete markings, one or two just in front and one or twojust behind. A pore (or pores) apparently is present at the center of each of the areas.The anterior spermathecae (of 7/8) are lacking in one specimen. The female pore ismedian and unpaired (8 specimens, on the others :).Male pores are about of the same size as the spermathecal pores and appear to bedefinitely postsetal, in some cases quite close to the approximate site of 18/19. Eachpore is on a slightly tumescent porophore which may be in three or four parts, like athree or four-leafed clover, and which may be slightly depressed, in some cases apparentlycompletely behind the setal equator.Genital markings are paired, presetal, or very close to sites of intersegmental furrows,perhaps actually across those sites behind the clitellum, and are located asfollows: vii (2 specimens), viii (8), ix (4), xvii (6), xviii (II), xix (9), xx (11), xxi (9),xxii (4), xxiii (I). A postsetal pair is usually present on xviii (10). Although pairing israther close the markings are usually separated by a median region of unmodifiedepidermis at least three intersetal intervals wide. On xviii the pre- and post-setalmarkings are usually slightly smaller. Preclitellar, paired markings may be about onthe spermathecal pore lines, or with centers slightly median or lateral to those lines.Additional markings are located as follows: one just lateral to the male porophoreand on xviii (3), well lateral to male pore lines and on 17/18 (1),18/19 (1),19/20 (4),presetal on xix (2).Internal anatomy. Septa 8/9-9/10 lacking (6). Intestinal origin in xv (6). Intestinalcaeca, simple, reach from xxvii only into xxv, xxiv, once into xxiii. The typhlosoleis small but definitely lamelliform, gradually becoming translucent and fading outposteriorly, represented anterior to the caecal segment by a lower ridge which may inpart be lamelliform.The heart of ix is on the right side (3) or the left side (3). Hearts of x-xi arc lacking(6), present in xii-xiii (6). Lymph glands are present at least from the caecal segmentposteriorly.The testis sacs are paired and those of a segment are widely separated from eachother (4, : in the other two specimens). Those of x are ventral as the sacs of xi alsoappear to be. The seminal vesicles are rather small, flattened against the septa, or iflarger (as in one specimen) with parasitic cysts. The vesicles of xi are adherent to theroofs of the testis sacs of the segment but in one case at least could be removed withoutopening the sac. Pseudovesicles are present in xiii and xiv and in both segmentsmay contain spheroidal brown bodies or unaggregated brown debris. A dorsal ampullais distinctly marked off, in some specimens, from the remainder of the seminalvesicle, and, in the pseudo-vesicles, from a stalk (no lamina). Prostates usually art!8

(Pberetima sp.St.: L. 357, Lavanggu, culti~atedExp.).area, 15. Oct. 1951.- 1 juvenile specimen (Dan.External characteristics. Length, 90 mm. (but softened). Diameter, 4 mm.Segments, ca. 126. Pigmentation red, color much brighter and denser than in any ofthe other Rennell Islands worms. First dorsal pore on 12/13. Setal circles complete onthe clitellar segments; viii/4, xviii/2. Spermathecal pores on 7/8-8/9 not far from themidventral line. Male pores clearly postsetal. Male porophores, genital markings,glandular areas in vicinity of spermathecal pores apparently lacking.Internal anatomy. Septa 8/9-9/10 lacking. Intestinal origin in xv. Typhlosolerudimentary but still lamelliform. Intestinal caeca simple, apparently originating inxxvii and extending into xxv, dorsal and ventral margins constricted by the septa.Last hearts in xiii. A commissure of x apparently is present on one side at least.Testis sacs apparently paired, no transverse connection recognizable, those of xireaching into contact with ventral ends of seminal vesicles of that segment whichapparently are not included.Spermathecae juvenile. Duct short almost confined to the parietes. Diverticulumabout as thick as the duct into the anterior face of which it passes and without externaldemarcation into stalk and seminal chamber, longer than the ampulla.Pberetima upolueosis (Beddard) 1887Pheretima upoluensis Gates, 1937, Ball. Mus.Compo Zool. Harvard, 80:332-334.St.: L. 372, Lavanggu, rain forest 20. Oct. 1951. - I clitellate specimen, broken orautotomized into 3 pieces of which only the two anterior are present (Dan. Exp.).Extern'al characteristics. Setae: viii/8, xviii/2, xix/IO. Spermathecal pores aresmall, not crescentic and with grey translucent areas around them.Genital markings: median, unpaired and presetal on xviii and xix, paired, slightlylarger postsetal markings on xvii, xviii, xix. Those of xvii and xix are just median tothe male pore lines but those of xviii are just lateral to the lines. A postsetal markingalso is present on the left side of ix, slightly median to the spermathecal pore line.Internal anatomy. Septa 10/11-12/13 are muscular. Intestinal caeca are short,reaching forward into xxiv or xxv. Hearts are present in xi, probably present in xthough empty and collapsed.The testis sac of x is unpaired and ventraJ. The sac of xi is mostly ventral, u-shaped,and contains the small seminal vesicles of xi. Vesicles of xii are also small. The pseudovesiclesof xiv are about as large as the vesicles of xii.The spermathecal diverticulum which is as long as or longer than the main axis andpasses into the anterior face of the duct close to the parietes, has a long, smooth stalkwith muscular sheen. The small seminal chamber is shortly ovoidal, and only slightlythicker than stalk from which it is distinctly demarcated.10

Glandular material is pr~nt on the pan"etes on the anterior faces of the spermathecalducts.•l,{.emarks. Parasitic cysts are present in numbers in tne coelomic cavities of seg-.ment; behind xv.The Rennell Island specimen agrees with the Fiji worm that was assigned toupoluensis (Gates, 1937) in the num~r of setae between the male and spermathecalpore lines, presence of unpaired, median genital markings, marked muscularity ofsepta 10/11-12/13, presence of hearts in x-xi, unpaired and u-shaped testis sacs andinclusion in the sacs of xi of the vesicles of that segment.Pheretima rennellana n. sp.S1.: L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, cultivated area, 16.-18. Oct. 1951. - 2 clitellate specimens(Dan. Exp.).St.: L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, 13. Oct. 1951. - II clitellate specimens (Dan.Exp.).St.: L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area, 15. Oct. 1951. - 2 clitellate specimens (Dan.Exp.).St.: L. 380, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, coconut grove, 23. Oct. 1951. - 2 c1itellatespecimens (Dan. Exp.).St.: L. 367, Te-Avamanggu, rain forest or cultivated area, 17. Oct. 1951. - I clitellatespecimen and 1 fragment (used as bait) (Dan. Exp.).St.: L. 352, Lavanggu, coconut grove, 13. Oct. 1951. - 1 partially clitellate specimen.­Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, Lake Te-Nggano, Nov. 1953. - 2 c1itellate specimens (Brit. Exp.).External characteristics.' Length, 55-100 mm. Diameter, 4-5 mm, Segments,84 + (l specimen), 90 (l), 98 (l), 104 (2), 108 (I), 110 (3), 112 (I), 116 (I), 117 (2).The last few segments, three to five, on some of these specimens are small, with few orno setae, metameric differentiation incomplete in spite of the sexual maturity indicatedby presence of a fully developed clitellum. Pigmentation red: quite obvious, inspite of alcoholic preservation, clear to the hind end, or less dense posteriorly, becomingmore dense again at the extreme anal portion, recognizable (one specimen)only in scattered spots in the preclitellar region (Ieacted by the alcohol ?).Prostomium epilobous, tongue open (7). Setae: 46/viii, 58/xii, xviii/9, 9, 4, 8, 6, 6,8,7, viii/II, 12, II, 10, 10, 12, 13, I I, and as shown below.Variation in number of setae between levels of spermathecal and male pores.viii II 10 II II 12 13 II 12 13 11 12xviii 6 9 6 8 10 10 8 to 7g 11 6xix 16 16 13 15 18 17 17 16 15 17 15g Gap (or gaps) in setal circle where setae may have fallen out recently, sites of follicle aperturespossibly ¥isibIe.11

The first obviously functional dorsal pore is On 12/13 (17 specimens, but 9 of whichhave a more or less porelike marking on 11/12), on 13/14 (2, but with a pore-like mar­...king on 12/13 in each case.)'. Clitellum, annular, is on xiv-xvi, intersegmental furrows,dorsal pores and setae unrecognizable.Quadrithecal, pores on 7/8-8/9, fairly widely separated, fairly large, crescentic slits,concave anteriorly with marked tumescence of anterior lip or of anterior wall of thepassage just within the parietes. The female pore (single) is median on 14 specimensbut its position (and number) uncertain on the other worms. Male pores are smallerthan the spennathecal but larger than the female. Each is usually on a small, slightlyraised porophore of about the same size as a genital marking, or on a flat or evenslightly depressed area that seems not be distinctly delimited.Genital markings are small, circular, with a greyish translucent central areadistinctly demarcated from an opaque rim which may not be as distinctly delimitedperipherally. The epidermis of the central area seems to have completely disappearedin some of the more macerated specimens, in which case there are visible several darkperforations in the muscle layers through which, presumably, ducts of a gland hadpassed.Unpaired, median markings are located as follows: presetal on xvii (19 specimens),xviii (21), xix (17), xx (5), xxi (2), xxiii (I), ix (16), x (13), xi (1), postsetal on xviii (4).Occasionally one of the markings is more or less completely doubled, double centersbut common rim, separate rims but in contact or almost so, once each on xvii, xviii,xix, ix and x. Additional markings are also in pairs, or with one of the pair lacking.The following were recognized (but others may have been overlooked because of thecondition): two markings just median to a male porophore, one pre- and one postsetal(II specimens). One marking in line with the male porophore and on or close to17/18 (9 specimens in one of which the marking is doubled). On or close to 18/19,or perhaps postsetal on xviii, and lateral to level of male pores (II specimens), on ornear 19/20 and on or lateral to level of male pores (I specimen). Additionally there isjust behind each male porophore a small transversely slit-like depression in which theepidermis is gr@y translucent but without any indication of a peripheral margin. Withstretching resulting from advanced maceration the slit disappears but the area oftranslucence is still obvious.Internal anatomy. Septa 8/9-9/10 are lacking, 10/11-12/13 apparently notespecially muscular. Intestinal origin in xv (7) but in three of the specimens this wasnot at first recognizable. Intestinal caeca, simple, are long enough to reach anteriorlyinto xix or xx or even xviii, and are filled, to the ends, with the same material as theintestine. The typhlosole is low but still definitely lamelliform, becoming translucentposteriorly and gradually disappearing from view, represented anterior to the caecalsegment by a much lower and more rounded ridge.The single heart of ix is on the left (4) or the right (3) side. Hearts of x are lacking(7), ofxi also (4). Those of xii-xiii are large (7) and probably latero-oesophageal. Dorsalportions of the right heart (I specimen) or of both right and left hearts (I) of xi arepresent, of the same appearance and nearly as large as in xii-xiii. However, the shortheart-like portion abruptly narrows to a thread which passes to (and apparently into)12

the nearby seminal vesicle. Srftaller ru'diment~ of hearts of xi are present in a Hutunaworm and apparently have connectives to both supra-oesophageal and dorsal trunksbut each rudiment very shortly dwindles to a translucent "nlament which is howeverabou't "as large as supposed connectives to the dorsal trunk from the hearts of xii-xiii.Testis sacs are paired, ventral (?), the ventral blood vessel on a membrane betweenthe sacs which contain only the testes and fairly large male funnels. Seminalvesicles are small, usually vertically placed on the posterior faces of the septa and welldown in the coelomic cavities. The vesicles of xi are in contact with and adherent tothe roofs of the testis sacs of the segment but appear not to be included thereinalthough the condition of the specimens does not permit an exact determination ofrelationships. Pseudo vesicles are present in xiii and xiv, those of xiii sometimes aslarge as the real vesicles of xii. The prostates extend through xvi or xvii to xix or xx.The prostatic duct is short, erect in the coelomic cavity, thickly muscular except forone very short loop in the slender ental portion.The spermathecae are rather small, the duct about as long as or even longer thanthe ampulla. The diverticulum, which passes into the ental half of the duct well abovethe level of the parietes, has a stalk with muscular sheen, a wider and some times moreirregular middle portion in which sheen is unrecognizable, and a short ovoidal toellipsoidal terminal portion which mayor may not be marked off from the rest of thestructure by a slight constriction. The diverticular stalk is bent ectally on emergencefrom the duct and may be sinuous or with one or two very short zigzag loops.A glandular mass is usually recognizable on the parietes over the site of eachgenital marking, the duct (or ducts, as some of the masses appear to be composite)apparently confined to the body wall.Regeneration. The worm with 84 + segments apparently has a tail r~generateat 63/64, the segments behind that level being all markedly smaller and with a muchbrighter red pigmentation both dorsally and ventrally. The anus is terminal but differentiationof some segments, apparently indicated by. small primordia, had not beencompleted. The number of segments in the regenerate is unusually large, regardless oflevel, for a species of Pheretima, according to all the information now availahl.....Remarks. Although some of these worms at first appeared to be in fairly~odcondition they were too soft to permit the handling required for setal counts on wholesegments. Intersegmental furrows, possibly in part as a result of the softening, areunrecognizable ventrally just behind the clitellum, so that the locations given for someof the lateral markings, as also in case of some of the specimens of esafatae, mayrequire revision. Determination of the condition of the ectal portion of the spermathecalduct also was prevented by the softening of the tissues, but a minute spermathecalpore may well be invaginate, and if so there may be a genital marking on theanterior wall of the invagination. Also it would seem more natural for the continuationof the heart of xi (in the two exceptional specimens) to pass into a testis sac than aseminal vesicle. So vesicles of xi may actually be included in some cases, though intwo specimens that possibility seemed to be definitely ruled out.Absence of spermatozoal iridescence on male funnels, 'in seminal vesicles andsperm!lthecae, as well as the emptiness of testis sacs and spermathecal ampullae and13

the small almost rudimentary size of seminal vesicles iI1 fully clitellate animals, all aresuggestive of the reduction in male genital functions associated with the assumptionof parthenogenesis. The opaque white material present in the seminal chambers of thespermathecae of one worm may however indicate that this particular specimen hadparticipated in a copulatory act even if there had been no exchange of sperm.P. rennel/ana is distinguished from P. upoluensis by the absence of marked muscularityof septa 10/11-12/13, absence of hearts of x-xi, the pairing of the testis sacs,and exclusion of seminal vesicles from the posterior sacs; from P. esajatae by thewider separation of male and spermathecal pores, the larger number of setae betweenthe spermathecal and male pore lines, the presence of unpaired median genital markings,and perhaps also by the absence of hearts of x and xi.Hearts of x must have disappeared some time ago in the local population ofrennel/ana. Hearts of xi apparently have almost disappeared. If a mutation for abortionof hearts is involved in this evolutionary development it may have been repeated.Pberetima lavangguana n. sp.St.: L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, cultivated area, 16.-18. Oct. 1951. - 16 clitellate specimens(Dan. Exp.).St.: L 365, Te-Avamanggu, rain forest, 17. Oct. 1951. - 2 clitellate specimens (Dan.Exp.).St.: L. 367, Te-Avamanggu, rain forest or cultivated area, 17. Oct. 1951. - 8 clitellatespecimens (Dan. Exp.).S1.: L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, 13. Oct. 1951. - 3 c1itellate specimens (Dan.Exp.).8t.: L 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area, 19. Oct. 1951. - 1 c1itellate specimen (Dan.Exp.).St.: L. 352,.Lavanggu, coconut grove, 13. Oct. 1951. - 1 juvenile, I aclitellate, and 5clitellate specimens (Dan. Exp.).8t.: L. 375, Lavanggu, young forest, in rotten wood, 21. Oct. 1951. - 3 cIitellate specimens(Dan. Exp.).St.: L. 380, Niupani, Lake-Te Nggano, coconut grove, 23. Oct. 1951. - I juvenile and7 clite1Jate specimens (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, Lake Te-Nggano, Nov. 1953. 7 c1itellate specimens (Brit. Exp.).External characteristics. Length, 75-100 mm (measurements on less softenedmaterial). Diameter, 4-6 mm. Segments, 73 + ? (I specimen), 86 (2),87 (1),88 (I),89 (I), 91 (1), 94 (I). Prostomium probably epilobic (buccal region softened in allspecimens). Pigmentation may have been present as some red color still seems recognizablein the dorsum of a preclitellar region on a few specimens (alcoholic preservation).Setae: 42/viii, 54/xii, 52/xxi (but these numbers are from three different specimens),xviii/5-12, xix/9-18. Number of setae between male pore lines: on xviii, 4 (Ispecimen but with gaps where one or more setae may have been dehisced), 5 (I), 6 (I),7 (8),8 (5), 9 (4), 10 (7), 11 (3), 12 (3); on xix, 4 but gaps (1 specimen), 9 (1), 12 and14

. '.gaps (I), 13 (6), 14 (2), 15 (5), 16 (4), 17 (2), 18 (2). The first dorsal pore is on 11/12(2), 112/13 (26), 12/13 (2), 1?l3/14 (6). .,The.clitellum is annular, without setae, dorsal pores and intersegmental.furrows,and ends definitely in front of the setal circle of xvi (which is complete) on each specimen.Clitellar glanduJarity is slight in front of the equator of xvi, the thickness of theepidermis decreasing to 13/14.Spermathecal pores are minute, on 4}5-8/9, in fairly widely separated groups ofone to five, the total number varying from 23 to 33 as shown below. Spermathecae ofVaration in number of spermathecae.4/5 3-3 3-3 2-3 3-2 2-3 4-2 3-2 3-3 2-3 4-4 2-3 3-3 1-25/6 2-3 3-4 4-3 3-4 3-3 3-3 3-2 3-3 3-3 3-4 3-3 4-4 2-26/7 2-3 3-4 3-3 3-3 2-2 4-2 2-2 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 4-4 3-27/8 2-2 3-4 3-3 4-3 3-3 5-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 3-2 4-3 4-4 3-48/9 2-2 2-2 2-2 3-2 1-2 2-3 2-2 2-2 2-2 3-4 3-2 4-4 2-2Total 24 31 28 30 24 31 23 27 26 33 29 30 23Average for 13 specimens, 27.6"3-2": Three spermathecae on the left side, two on the right side, opening to the exterior on theintersegmental furrow indicated to the left of the table.ix are completely lacking in two specimens. Female pores are closely paired (40 specimens,number and location of pores not determinable with certainty in others). Malepores are minute and superficial, widely separated, each on a small transversely placedtumescence at the setal equator wjth ends rather narrowed laterally and mesially.Each male porophore is distinctly delimited anteriorly, as well as posteriorly, by atransverse furrow but lateral and median margins are, much less definite. A transversetumescence without any grey translucence is present immediately in front of and behindeach porophore.Genital markings are small, circular to transversely and then shortly elliptical,each with a wide, raised, opaque rim and a depressed greyish translucent center. Markingsare presetal, in four longitudinal ranks, one just lateral to the median plane oneach side, ooe about in line with the male porophore on each side, and are located asfollows: on xvii (51 specimens), xviii (51), xix (51), xx (50), xxi (23), xxii (2), xvi (I),xi (8), x (5), ix (I). Markings of the two lateral ranks are lacking 00 xviii on eachspecimen, on the preclitellar segments, and behind the c1itellum on one worm.Internal anatomy. Septum 8/9 seems to be lacking. 9/10 present but membranous(8 specimens), none very thickly muscular. The intestinal origin is in xv (8).Intestinal caeca are simple, short, confined to xxvi (4) or reaching into xxv (4). Adefinite typhlosole is lacking but the roof of the intestine is thickened mid-dorsally,from the caecal segment posteriorly. The thickening usually is slight and recognizableonly as a band of greater opacity in the gut wall that it is not at all protuberant intothe IUlpen (the roof quite smooth). The band, in two specimens, however seems to be•15

thicker and protuberant into gut lumen for se~eral segments in several places, and inone such resembling a very small typhlosole. When black pigment flecks are common~ on prostates, spermathecae and seminal vesicles, more of the same sort of flecks arepresent in the band-iike thickening in the roof of the intestine.The single heart of ix is on the right side (4), on the left side (2), or both heartsare present (3). Hearts are also present in x, xi, xii but not in xiii (8), left heartof xii lacking (1). Digitiform lymph glands are present, at least from xvii or xviiiposteriorly.Testis sacs are paired, widely separated mesially, vertically placed and large enoughto reach up, in both x and xi, to the level of the dorsal surface of the gut. The vesiclesof xi which are included in the posterior sacs and are surrounded on three sides bytesticular coagulum are rather small, flattened against the septum and with an unusuallylong digitiform dorsal ampulla. The seminal vesicles of xii are of about the samesize. A central portion of each vesicle in one worm was filled with a brown granulardebris from ventral to dorsal end. The prostates extend through some or all of xviixxi.The prostatic duct is slender but with obvious sheen and is variously looped ortwisted.Spermathecae are rather small and the duct is usually shorter than the ampulla.The diverticulum is shorter than the main axis and usually is slightly shorter than theduct into which it passes close to the parietes more anteriorly than posteriorly. Thediverticulum may be slightly sinuous ectally and is slightly widened entally, slenderlyclub-shaped, the spermatozoal iridescence confined to a small terminal portion orextending all the way down to the duct.No glandular material is visible over sites of the genital markings nor within themusculature of the body wall, the markings presumably only areas of epidermalmodification.Abnormality. Absence ofspermathecae ofix in two specimens has already beenmentioned above. Otherwise those worms appeared to be normal. Several specimenshave, in the)ntestinal region, one or more spiral abnormalities in metamerism. Oneis about ten segments in front of the anal region.Re rna r k s. The last three or four segments, in two juveniles with 83 and 84 metameres,were quite small, lacked setae, and obviously were still incompletely differentiated.Pieces oflittle stems or midribs, 6-8 mm. long were found in the intestinal contents.Septum 8/9 appeared to be present in the first worm opened but was quite unrecognizableafter the pinning out had been completed and in the other six specimens.If present the septum is so very delicate it was almost completely destroyed in openingthe animals in spite of the special care that was exercised in the later dissections.Brilliant iridescence on each male funnel and in the spermathecal diverticulaindicates that these worms were collected during a period of sexual activity, i. e., ofmutual exchange (in copulation) of sperm. Testis sacs are distended with a soft coagulumand a firmer white material is present in spermathecal ampullae. Neverthelessseminal vesicles arc only medium sized or smaller and in both xi and xii appear tyavelittle importance in development of the male gametes. Loss of the spermathec3$l of an16

entire segment (in ix of two spedmens) hardly ~ms to be associated with partheno-!!enesis in this form. .- Only one poly thecal species with spermathecae in v to 'ix has been recognizedhitherto, ·P. sibogae Michaelsen 1922. This species is known only from the originaldescription of a macerated, anterior fragment from Lombok. The Rennell Islandworms are distinguished from P. sibogae by smaller numbers of spermathecae (pairedgroups of I to 4 instead of 4 to 9), smaller male porophores, much shorter clitellum(a very important distinction in the genus Pheretima), presence of a complete circle ofsetae on xvi, absence of septum 8/9 (?), presence of intestinal caeca (probably absentin sibogae), holandry (instead of meroandry), and paired testis sacs. Nothing is knownas to intestinal origin, typhlosole, hearts and seminal vesicles of sibogae, and the genitalorgans of segments x-xii may stand in need of characterization from properlypreserved material.Pberetima montana Kinberg 1867Hutuna, Lake Te-Nggano, Nov. 1953. - 4 clitellate specimens. Possibly 21so 3 smalljuveniles (Brit. Exp.).External characteristics. The spermathecal pores are not minute and certainlyare much larger than the female pore (which is called minute) though determinationof size is difficult because of strong contraction and hardening of the parietes. Thespermathecal duct comes very easily out of the body wall leaving a transversely elliptical,smooth-margined hole about one intersetal interval wide.A single female pore is present on three worms but on the fourth two pores appearto be present though one of them is dubious.Copulatory chambers are closed and the apertures are transversely slit-like.\Internal anatomy. The shortly digitiform lobes from the ventral margin of theintestinal caecum may be as many as 14, with 4 in one segment.The heart of ix is on the left (I) or the right (I) side: Hearts of x-xiii all appear tobe latero-oesophageal. The supposed connective to the dorsal trunk is but a slender,transparent filament without trace of red color.Male funnels are button-shaped, plicate slightly, folds small. A relatively largetumescence covers the central opening of each funnel (I worm) and narrows graduallyto a fine cord passing down through the pore into the lumen of the deferent duct. Nospermatozoal iridescence (2).Oviducts were not yet approximated to each other on entering the circular musclelayer.The spermathecal duct is considerably widened towards and just within the parietesbut again narrows and abruptly in the outer portion of the body wall. The diverticularstalk passes ectall y on the posterior face of the duct and apparently opens intoit near the parietes. Removal of connective tissue and nephridia which cover the ductnearly to the ampulla is necessary before the shape of the duct and the site of thediverticular-duct junction are recognizable. The seminal chambers are water transparent.17

Parasites. Cysts are scattered ort the parietes or one worm. Some of these aresingle. Others obviously are composed of two nearlyequi-sized hemispheres. One at• least has three unequi-sifed components.Remarks. The original draft of this contribution included the following statement:"Absent from the Rennell Island collections is at least one species that mighthave been expected, P. montana." This was later found by Mr. Bradley but the specimenssecured have raised an equal number of questions.The larger size of the spermathecal pores, the shape of the spermathecal duct(almost like that of a beetroot), the shortness and slightly conical shape of the penesdistinguish these worms from supposedly normal ones secured in the Marquesa~(Gates, 1937, p. 326). Presence of a complete septum 8/9, of a penis-containingoutgrowth from the copulatory chamber:, the two glands on or within the posteriorand anterior walls of the chamber, all contraindicate the identification as sangirensis(Michaelsen) 1891 which the short penes, the spermathecae and their large pores seemto require. If montana is capable of uniparental reproduction, we may have to do herewith a polymorphic species in which mutant forms are able to reproduce themselvesand among which sangirensis would be one.Pheretima pickfordi n. sp.St.: 1. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, 13. Oct. 1951. - I juvenile and I clitellate specimen(Dan. Exp.).External characteristics. Length 26 (28, juvenile) mm. Diameter,3 mm. atthickest portion near the clitellum (2.5 mm.). Segments, 78, the posterior end havingbeen broken off and lost (III). Pigmentation apparently lacking (but alcoholic preservation).Prostomium epilobous, ca. 1/2 or less, tongue closed. Setal circles withdefinite though small mid-dorsal and midventral gaps on anterior segments of thejuvenile, ca. 80-90jvi, ca. 4O/xx, 6/xviii, apparently lacking on xi. Dorsal pores unrecognizablein front of the c1itellum. Clitellum annular, from 13/14 to just in frontof the setal circle of xvi which is complete; dorsal pores and setae of xiv-xv unrecognizable.The clitellar portion of the body is concave and with epidermis only slightlythickened.Spermathecal pores minute and superficial, five pairs, on 4/5-8/9 and nearly midlateral.Female pores probably paired, one just to the right of the nerve cord (as seenthrough the transparent body wall) seems patent. Male pores minute and superficial,each probably at tip of a very slight conical protuberance from a small, transverselyelliptical porophore that is just in the setal circle and well lateral to the midventralline.Genital markings, indistinctly delineated peripherally, are transversely placedareas of marked tumescence (epidermal only?), presetal on xvii, xix-xxii and left sideof xxiii, dislocating the setal circles posteriorly (setae included in the posterior margins).These are paired, but fairly widely separated and extend laterally at least to themale pore lines. A much smaller tumescence is present on each side of xviii, imme-18

diately in front of the male por'ophore from wl1ich it is separated by a definite groove.An unpaired area of slightly less marked tumescence is presetal on each of vii, viii,..ix (and x ?), and may contain a transverse row of small, greyish translucent spots.Internal anatomy. Septum 8/9 is very delicate but apparently complete thoughit fragmented when each of the worms was pinned out. Septa 9/10-10/11 are unrecognizableas such but the seemingly. thick septum with the vesicles of xii on itsposterior face is really double except perhaps peripherally. Only after separation ofthe two components from each other do the hearts of xi become visible. The anteriorsheet presumably represents a remnant of 10/ II as indicated by the presence of a testissac on its anterior face.The intestinal origin is in xv (2 specimens). Intestinal caeca apparently are lacking(2). The typhlosole begins in or behind the region of xxv and is relatively high butsimply Iamelliform, continued anteriorly as a low, rounded ridge. The last hearts arein xii and are the only ones visible when the worm was first pinned out. Althoughthe hearts of xi became visible when the two lamellae of the duplex septum 11/12 wereseparated, no commissures belonging to x or ill. were found, nor indeed yessels to thegizzard from the dorsal trunk.An unpaired ventral testis sac is present on the anterior face of the anterior lamellaof the "septum" 11/12. The coelomic space between the two lamellae apparently isnot partitioned off into a special testis sac. Only one pair of seminal vesicles wasrecognized, on the posterior face of II; 12, but they are so small as to appear rudimentary.The prostates extend at least through xvii-xix. The prostatic ducts have amuscular sheen, are transversely placed on the parietes, with one loop (closed endmesially), the ectal portion slightly thicker.Spermathecae are small, on the ventral parietes, in v-ix. The diverticulum is shorterthan the main axis but reaches up onto the ampulla and passes into the anterior faceof the duct at or within the parietes, a short ectal portion slightly narrower than thesausage-shaped seminal chamber. The duct is clearly marked off from the longerampulla.Remarks. The c1itellate specimen is in slightly better condition than the otherbut the body wall is transparent in places (xi, ventrally on clitellum, etc.), internalorgans softened and gut wall ruptured. Nevertheless intestinal caeca should have beenrecognizable, if present, as their outline at least can often be distinguished in cases ofeven more advanced maceration. Glandular material on the parietes over sites ofgenital markings, and lymph glands (which were not found) could have become unrecognizable.Membranes walling off a small testis sac around the testes and malefunnels of xi could also have disintegrated if present. If, however, there were no suchmembranes, the reduced coelomic cavity of xi is equivalent to a testis sac and of atype similar to that of xi in species of the genus Eutyphoeus but not hitherto recognizedin Pheretima.The clitellate specimen had no iridescence on the male funnels that would haveindicated sperm production, nor any iridescence in spermathecae to indicate thatcopulation had taken place. Nor did the seminal vesicles (rudimentary?) and testissacs pr\)vide any indication of normal sex functioning. P. pickfordi, may then repro-2'19

duce parthenogenetically in spite of the presence of a complete spermathecal batteryand all of the secondary male sex organs.P. pickfordi seems to be most closely related to P. sentanensis Cognetti 1911,which is known only from the type series of 21 specimens secured in Dutch NewGuinea, and P. speiseri Michaelsen 1913 from the New Hebrides. From the NewGuinea species pickfordi is distinguishable at present as follows: by the epilobicprostomium (a prolobic prostomium must be very rare in the genus Pheretima). bythe much smaller numbers of setae in the anterior segments (ca. 80-90 instead of 192on vi), the shortened c1itellum, the paired female pores, the unpaired genital markingson vii-ix, the intestinal origin in xv as usual (instead of in xvi), and the peculiar testissac of xi. The testis sacs of sentanensis appear, from description and figures, to beU-shaped but with the limbs of the anterior sac perhaps somewhat shorter than thoseof the sac of xi in which the seminal vesicles of xi (if present) presumably are included.No information as to the hearts of ix-xi and typhlosole was given. The seminal vesiclesappear to be rudimentary and if so the species may reproduce parthenogenetically.P. speiseri was erected on two specimens each, of two forms "A" and "B", butwith some real doubt on the part of the author as to whether the two were really conspecific.From the "A" form, pickfordi is distinguished by the shorter clitellum, theunpaired preclitellar genital markings, presence of septum 8j9, absence of 9/ to (somewhatthickened in speiseri). Distinctions from the" B" forms must be assumed to bethe same, but information as to hearts of ix-xii, intestinal origin, typhlosole and testissacs (unrecognized) is lacking for both forms. From a "C" form that was later describedfrom 7 semi-mature and 2 juvenile specimens also secured in the New Hebrides(Pickford, 1929), pickfordi is distinguished by the larger numbers of setae in the anteriorsegments (ca. 80-9Ojvi instead of an average of 35-45 per segment throughoutthe body), unpaired preclitellar genital markings, absence of septum 9/10 and of anormal 10/11, presence of a typhlosole, absence of hearts of x-xi, absence of seminalvesicles in x and xi, and by the testis sacs. In the "C" form seminal vesicles were onepair in x, t:vo pairs in xi, in addition to the usual pair in xii and pseudo-vesicles inxiii and xiv. Presence of seminal vesicles in x, or of an extra pair in xi has not yet beenbeen confirmed in any species of Pheretima for which such conditions have beenclaimed. Supposed vesicles of x, in various cases that have been checked, were eithermasses of testicular coagulum or a part of a testis sac or sacs. Extra "vesicles" in xihave been found to be dorsally extended limbs of a testis sac in which the real vesiclesof that segment had not been included.Whether the "A" and "8" forms of speiseri are conspecific is still uncertain. The"8" form has no postclitellar genital markings and its preclitellar markings are lateralto the spermathecal pore lines rather than median as on the "A" forms. If, however,the three forms, "A", "8", "e", are conspecific, they provide one more example of anevolutionary development that has taken place, apparently recently, in the genusPheretima. in different and widely separated parts of its domain, i. e .• development ofability to reproduce parthenogenetically. This has been followed by disappearance ofmale terminalia, or by disappearance of the spermathecal battery in toto. or by lossof both battery and terminalia. Intermediate stages have also been noted, disappear-20

ance of the prostate gland but the rest of the male terminalia apparently normal(including the prostatic duct), disappearance of Some 00[ all of the spermathecaldivertifula, abnormal development of some or all of the spermathecae, disappearance.of some spermathecae (on one side of the body only, or in one or more of the segments).Male gonads and deferents ducts are however still developed even in the completelyathecal and anarsenosomphic individuals.GENUS DICHOGASTER BEDl)ARD 1888Dichogaster sp.Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, 23. Oct. 1951. - Two specimens (Dan. Exp.).These worms are so macerated that specific identification is inadvisable. They probablyare of D. bolaui (Michaelsen) 1891. Additional specimens (mostly juvenile andaclitellate) from the same and other localities, and also macerated, probably belongeither to the same species or cne of the others of similar size.DISCUSSIONRennell Island earthworms were all referable to two genera. Material belonging toone genus, Dichogaster, was not identified specifically because of maceration butundoubtedly would have been referable to one, or perhaps more of the species thatare found all around the world.The material belonging to the genus Pheretima has been assigned to six species ofwhich three are new. Two of the species, P. esafatae and upoluensis, have been recorded1 from the Caroline, Mari~ma, St. Matthias, Solomon, New Hebrides, Fiji,Samoa, Cook, Society, Paumotu and .Marquesas Islands, all of which presumablywere reached in the same way as Rennell Island. The species are unknown outside ofthe region just indicated. P. montana is known from the Admiralty, New Britain,Caroline, Palao, New Caledonia, Loyalty, New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa, Society, Paumotuand Marquesas Islands. P. rennel/ana may prOVe to be, like esafatae and upoluensis,a "South Pacific peregrine", but the original SOUrce from which these three closelyrelated forms came cannot yet be identified. P. pickfordi, like P. speiseri which isknown only from the New Hebrides, may have arrived directly or indirectly fromNew Guinea. P. lavangguana presumably came originally from some portion of aregion that includes Borneo and the Celebes at least, as well perhaps as the MalayPeninsula and New Guinea.Several well known peregrine species occasionally have been found in the SouthPacific. P. indica (Horst) 1883, which has been reported from the Fiji Islands, isknown elsewhere from lands to the west of Rennell: Celebes, Moluccas. Philippines,Borneo, Sumatra, Java, the Malay Peninsula, and has been collected on Krakatausince the eruption. P. elongata (E. Perrier) 1872, which must have originated in thesame region as P. lavangguana, has been found in the Caroline and Hawaiian IslandsI. Sometimes as P. taitt'nsis (Grube) 1866 but see GATES, 11)31, p.320 .•21

ut not in the other small islands of the South Pacific though it is known from Burma,India, Ceylon, Madagasc,ar, Egypt, British Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Peru, Panama,Porto Rico and Haiti. The other Hawaiian species seem not to be widelydistributed in the lesser Pacific islands. P. diffringens (Baird) 1869 has been found inthe Fiji Islands, P. cali/ornica Kinberg 1867 in the Marquesas (once), and P. hawayana(Rosa) 1891 in the Samoa, Fiji and Society Islands but P. schmardae (Horst) 1869not once. Yet these same species, which may have originated in China-Japan, areestablished in North, Central and South America, the West Indies, Africa and Europe.Earthworms certainly have been carried about by man but are not known to betransported in any other way that could have resulted in distributions of the sorts justcited. Species such as P. californica. diffringens. elongata. haH'ayana. schmardae. andindeed others that might also be mentioned, obviously have been transported byEuropeans and the establishment of these species in various regions all around theworld presumably has taken place within the period since the sailors of the Portugueseking, Henry the Navigator, found the route to the Orient around Cape of Good Hope.In a latter part of that period these world-wide peregrines may have been introducedinto the Pacific islands and they are most likely to be found in just those islands whichhave been most influenced by European agricultural and other activities.The South Pacific peregrines, which have not been found in the Americas, Africa,Europe and Asia (mainland), must also have been carried to the oceanic islands wherethey are present and in a generally easterly direction from some part of the regionwhere Pheretima is the dominant genus of earthworms. Transportation of these speciespresumably antedated arrival of the Europeans in the Pacific. If earthworms werecarried by pre-European man as he migrated eastwards through Oceanica, furtherstudy of these lowly animals may possibly provide evidence as to the routes of thosemigrations.The earthworm fauna of Rennell Island shows very little evidence of any directEuropean influence. The world-wide Pheretima peregrines are lacking. The pan-tropicalPontoscolex corethrurus (Fr. Miiller), from central or northern South America, whichhas become" so common in regions of European influence, is unrepresented in thecollections. Except for the species of Dichogaster one could have suspected thatRennell Island had remained outside even indirect European influences. These dichogasters,which must originally have come either from Africa or America, are onlytwenty to thirty mm long, about one mm thick, and accordingly are about as smallas earthworms get to be. The minute size, and the ability to live in moist material inall sorts of nooks and crannies, can be expected to result in more frequent transportationto areas remote from main lanes of commerce, than for the larger species whichare so much more restricted as to habitat.Bisexual activity, i.e., production and mutual exchange of sperm obviously hadbeen taking place in the poly thecal P. lavanguana. Very little or no evidence of bisexualactivity could be found in the adult and fully c1itellate material of any of the otherspecies of Pheretima though collected at the same times and places. Reproduction inthese species may then be mostly uniparental. Ability of each earthworm to reproduce,without any assistance from another individual, must have been of consir,1erable22

advantage to any species transported into unpopulated regions and may be part ofthe explanation of the wide distribution of some of the Sout~ Pacific peregrines. Withunipare~tal reproduction there may be associated loss of male terminalia so that spermno longer can be transferred even when produced and/or loss of spermathecae sothat sperm cannot be received in a copulatory act. Testes however still are developedin anarsenosomphic and/or athecal individuals. Unfortunately male gonads havebeen of exceedingly little use to the earthworm taxonomist, but male terminalia andspermathecae together are of more importance for identification of species, in thegenus Pheretima. than all the rest of the animal! Furthermore, with uniparental reproductionthere may be much greater possibility of establishment of mutant racesto complicate a taxonomic nightmare.SUMMARYRennell Island has a pauper fauna of seven (_;_ ?) species of earthworms. Species ofDichogaster. originally from America or Africa, have gotten there, at least indirectly,as a result of European activity in the last few centuries. The six species of Pheretimawere brought directly or indirectly to Rennell from large land masses of Malaysia tothe west and possibly before European invasion of the Pacific. One of these speciesreproduces biparentally but in the others reproduction may be mostly uniparental.REFERENCESGATES, G. E., 1937: Notes on some species of Dralrida and Pheretima with descriptionsof three new species of Phererima. - Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo!. Harvard,80: 305-335.PICKFORD, G. E., 1929: On an interesting earthworm from the New Hebrides. - Ann.Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 3: 493-498.STEPHENSON, J., 1930: The Oligochaeta. - Oxford.WOLFF, T., 1955: I. Introduction. - The Natural History of Rennell Island, BritishSolomon Islands, I: 9-31.23

14. ISOPTERA FROM RENNELL ISLANDBYW. VICTOR HARRISCOMMONWEALTH INSTITUTE OF ENTOMOLOGY. LONDONThe collection of termites made on Rennell Island in 1951 by M r. TORBEN WOLFF andMr. HARRY KNUDSEN of the Danish Galathea Expedition contains representatives offive species. One of these species had already been recorded from Rennell Island. Inaddition the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition, 1953, under Mr. J. D.BRADLEY has provided further material of two species.All the species are found in the Solomon Islands proper, as will be seen from thelist of termites recorded from this area given below. Of the five species found onRennell Island, two are restricted to the Solomon - Santa Cruz group, while theremaining thr~e species are generally distributed throughout the Papuan region.In compiling the distribution lists for the several species. use has been made of thecollection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), as indicated. Other references arebibliographical. Particulars of collecting localities etc. are given by WOLFF (1955 a & b)and BRADLEY (1955).Neotermes sanctae-crucis (Snyder)1925. J. Wa~hington Acad. Sci. 15 : 396.Lavanggu (Dan. Exp.), tw'O adult females, one with wings attached, from rain forest(No. L. 356,19. x. 51. and L. 372,20. x. 51).Te-Avamanggu (Dan. Exp.) five soldiers and numerous nymphs from rain forestand cultivation (No. L. 367.17. x. 51).Hutuna (Brit. Exp.). several soldiers and nymphs from a rotting log (19. xi. 53).Measurements:Alates - 2 femalesWidth of head across eyesDiameter of eyeDiameter of ocellusDistance of ocellus to eyeWidth of pronotumLength of pronotumLength of hind tibiaForewingAntennal segments, numberrange.2.13 - 2.23 mm.0.58 - 0.600.22-0.24 x 0.21-0.24o 02.68 - 2.591.59 - 1.462.27 - 2.1312 '" 421S~YDER, type.2.2531.82.2135 " 4.820 -2125

Soldiers - 5 range SNYDER, type.Length of head & O)lndibles 4.63 - 5.50 mm. 5.7Length of head 3.09 - 3.86 3.7Width of head 2.45 - 2.95 3.5Length of left mandible 1.82 - 2.18 2.1Width of pronotum 2.18 - 2.68 2.9 - 3Length of pronotum 1.14 - 1.36 1.5 - 1.6Length of hind tibia 1.72 - 2.00 2.4The specimens are all smaller than the measurements which SNYDER gives in his description,but otherwise they agree closely. The five soldiers show a wide range insize, and some variation in the shape of the pronotum. SNYDER figures the soldiermandibles.HILL (1942) considers this species to be synonymous with Neotermes san/oallus(Holmgren), but this is not followed in SNYDER (1949).Distribution:Santa Cruz Archipelago, Graciosa Bay (type).Solomon Islands, Santa Anna Island (SNYDER 1925).New Hebrides. Malekula, B. M. N. H. (L. E. CHEESEMAN, 1929) del. G. F. HILL.Erromanga, B. M. N. H. (L. E. CHEESEMAN, 1930) del. G. F. HILL.Espiritu Santo (A. E. EMERSOl'O, personal communication).Prorhinotermes inopinatus Silvestri1909. Michaelsen u. Hartmeyer, Fauna S. W. Australiens, 2 : 287.Lavanggu (Dan. Exp.), one soldier under coconut palm (No. L. 351, 13. x. 51),two soldiers and several workers, under stones (No. L. 352, 14. x. 51),numerous nymphs, in rain forest (No. L. 353, 30. x. 51),one soldier: from rotting wood on ground (No. L. 357, 26. x. 51),four soldiers, from young forest (No. L. 374,21. x. 51).Measurements:Soldiers (5) range SIL VESTRI, typeLength of head & mandibles 2.36 - 2.77 mm.Length of head 1.46-1.82 1.82Width of head 1.23 - 1.50 1.42Length of left mandible 1.00 - 1.14 1.18Width of pronotum 0.91 - 1.28Length of pronotum 0.54 - 0.68Length of hind tibia 1.14- 1.41 1.3Antennal segments, number 18 - 19 1726

This termite is recorded from 'Rennell Island by HILL (1942). It appears to be generallyassociated with rotting wood. The soldiers show a fairly ~ide range in size, and thisappears to have led to their description as new species from islands far apart.Distribution:Samoa, Ninafoon (type).Nuutele Island, B. M. N. H. (P. A. BUXTON, 1924) det. G. F. HILL.Fiji, (HILL, 1926).Ellice Islands, Funafuti Island, B. M. N. H. (1924) det. G. F. HILL.Solomon Islands, Malanparna Island, B. M. N. H. (R. A. LEVER, 1934) det. G. F.HILL.Santa Cruz Island, (HILL, 1942).Marianne Islands, (HILL, 1942).Tonga, B. M. N. H. (8. A. O'CONNOR, 1949) det. W. V. HARRIS.Coptotermes grandiceps Snyder1925. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 15 : 401.Lavanggu (Dan. Exp.), a single soldier associated with Prorhinotermes inopinatus fromyoung forest; (No. L. 374, 21. x. 51).Hutuna (Brit. Exp.), nine alates and one soldier; (1. D. Bradley, 13. xi. 53).These agree with SNYDER'S description and with the measurements and rangegiven by HILL (1942).Distribution:Solomon Islands, Tulagi (type) & B. M. N. H. (R. A. LEVER, 1934).Malaita and Banika Islands, (HILL, 1942).Santa Cruz Archipelago, Vanikoro Island, (HILL, 1942).Microcerotermes biroi (Desneux)1905. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungary 3 : 369.Lavanggu (Dan. Exp.), two soldiers and a number of workers from a nest which wasalso used as nest by a kingfisher; rain-forest (No. L. 353, 2. xi. 51),four alates and two soldiers from a nest which was also used as nest by a kingfisher,cultivated area (No. L. 357, 2. xi. 51),one alate and one soldier from rain forest (No. L. 372, 20. x. 51).Measurements:Alates (one male, one female)Width of head across eyesDiameter of eye1)iameter of ocellusrange.1.00 - 1.04 mm.0.25 - 0.270.07 X 0.04DESNEUX, type.27

Distance of ocellu~to eyeWidth of pronotumLength of pronotumLength of hind tibiaForewingAntennal segments, numberSoldier (4)Length of head & mandiblesLength of headWidth of headLength of left mandibleWidth of pronotumLength of pronotumLength of hind tibiaAntennal segments, numberrange.DESNEUX, type.0.070.73 - 0.770.41 - 0.451.00 - 1.047.0 x 2.0 7-7.5 x 2-2.114 142.73 - 2.95 mm.1.72 - 1.82 2 - 2.21.09 - 1.18 1.15 - 1.2).02 - l.l40.62 - 0.680.27 - 0.360.9113 13These specimens agree closely with material from Guadalcanal. The species buildscarton nests on the branches and trunks of forest trees, or on the ground-surface. Itsoccurrence in a number of island groups has led to its description under at least fournames other than biroi.Distribution:New Guinea, Astrolobe Bay (type).Kaile, B. M. N. H. (G. F. HILL, col. det.).New Britain, (HILL, 1927).Solomon Islands, Tulagi, Lingatu, & Guadlcaanal, B. M. N. H. (R. A. LEVER, 1934)det. G. F. HILL.Pepisala & Banaka, (HILL, 1927).Nasutitennes oriends Snyder1925. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 15 : 440.Lavanggu (Dan. Exp.), one queen and one alate in tube with soldiers of Prorhinotermesinopinatus. from below stones (No. L. 352, J 4. x. 51),numerous alates from rain-forest (No. L. 363, 16. x. 51 and No. L. 374, 21. x. 51).Te~Avamanggu (Dan. Exp.), four alates from rain-forest and cultivation (No. L. 363,16. x. 51).28Measurements:Alates (2 females and 3 males)Width of head across eyesDiameter of eyeDiameter of ocellusrange.1.02 - 1.05 mm.0.30 - 0.310.09~.07 >< 0.07~.OfSNYDER, type.1.05 mm.0.3

Distance of ocellus to eyeWidth of pronotumLength of pronotumLength of hind tibiaForewingAntennal segments, numberrange.0.06 - 0.070.73 - 0.770.45 - 0.501.0 - 1.17,3-7.7 x 2.113'.SNYDER, type.0.850.61.17.75 x 2.2513Distribution:Solomon Islands, Malaita Island (type).Tulagi Island (var. tulagiensis Snyder).List of the Termites recorded from the Solomon Islands.Cryptotermes domesticus Haviland.Neotermes sanctae-crucis Snyder.Coptotermes grandiceps Snyder.Coptotermes pamuae Snyder.Prorhinotermes inopinatus Silvestri.Schedorhinotermes marjoriae (Snyder).Schedorhinotermes solomonensis (Snyder).Nasutitermes novarum-hebridarum (Holmgren).Nasutitermes orientis Snyder.Microcerotermes biroi (Desneux).REFERENCESBRADLEY, J. D., 1955: 3. Account and List of Stations of the British Museum (NaturalHistory) Expedition, 1953. - The Natural History of Rennell Island, BritishSolomon Islands, 1 : 43-57.DESNEUX, J., 1905: Isoptera of New Guinea collected by L. Biro.Ann. Mus. nat. Hungary, 3 : 367-377.HILL, G. F., 1926: Termites from South Sea and Torres Strait Islands.Proc. Roy. Soc, Vict., 39 : 20-24.- 1927: Termites from the Australian Region, Pt. I.Mem. nat. Mus. Melbourne, 7 : 5-120.- 1942: Termites (lsoptera) from the Australian Region.Melbourne, C. S. I. R.SILVESTRI, F., 1909: Isoptera.Michaelsen u. Hartmeyer, Fauna S. W. Australiens. 2 : 279-3.4.SNYDER, T. E., 1925: New Termites from the Solomon Islands and Santa CruzArchipelago.J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 15 : 395-407 & 438·444.29

SNYDER,T. E., 1949: Catalog of the Termites of the World.Smithson. misc. CoIl., 112 : 1-490., WOLFt, T., 1955a: 1. lntr~duction. - The Natural History of Rennell Island, BritishSolomon Islands, 1 : 9-31. .- 1955b: 2. Account and List of Stations of the Danish Rennell Expedition, 1951.Ibid. : 33·41.

15. MACROHETEROCERA OF RENNELL ISLANDBYD. S. FLETCHER, F.R.E.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.)The material on which this paper is based is solely that collected by Mr. and Mrs.J. D. BRADLEY for the British Museum during a six weeks visit to Rennell Island inOctober and November and a two days visit to Bellona Island in N0v~mber 1953.The collection from the two islands consists of 388 specimens representing 87 species,18 of which were found to be new to science and all but three of these, which areplaced only to genera because of insufficient or imperfect material, are aescribed inthe following pages together with ten new races of known species.The collection made by the Danish expedition to Rennell Island in 1951 is verydisappointing, due to poor weather conditions and an unfortunate accident to thecollecting equipment; of the families included in this paper, there are only four moths,in too poor condition for identification, and a number of larvae, which, without associatedadults, must for the present remain unnamed.For the purpose of this paper, the term 'Macroheterocera' comprises those familiesincluded in volumes 10, 11 and 12 of SEITZ, Macrolepidoplera of the World.The collection from Rennell Island consists of 351 specimens representing 83 species.That from Bellona Island consists of 37 specimens representing 12 species, eightof which were also collected on Rennell: a further three are recorded from other islandsin the Solomons and may occur also on Rennell and one, Euchromia shortlandicaniphosticha Fletcher, is a distinct race of a species so far recorded from Shortland,Bougainville and GuadaIcanal Islands.As will be seen from the accompanying distribution table, the greater part of thespecies occurring on Rennell and Bellona Islands appear to have reached there eitherfrom the west, via the Louisiade Archipelago, or from the north-west via the BismarckArchipelago and other islands of the Solomons group, for 55 of the 87 speciesare either identical with or races of species with principally a westerly distribution; afurther II are either identical with or races of species that are so far known only fromthe Solomons. Only eight species, or 9 ~o of the total, have a distribution which extendsprincipally or solely eastwards from the Solomon Islands. There are thirteen specieswhich are so far known only from Rennell Island.The colour names used in the descriptions are taken from RIDGWAY, 'ColorStandards & Color Nomenclature'.31

Distrib'ution TableSYNTOMIDAEEuchromia oenone Butler ................ .Euchromia sllOrrlandica niphosticha Fletcher ..xARCTIIDAECeJama aroa B. Baker .......... , ........ .Celama pura Fletcher ........... ' ........ .Eilema testacea miltorat(l Het

Distribution 'Tablevcr::Achaea tMata Fletcher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I xParallelia redunca Swinhoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

Distribution Table-0C Co..::!-0 ..... "'u_~~= C8~-0C co..::!'"-0-B os() CU 0~=u~-0 '"_ os>,"c lI:o~col:!.9 en... C:l 0P- e!:: 0

SYNTOMiDAEEucbromia oenone ButlerEuehromia oenone Butler, 1876, J.Linn. Soc., Zool., 12: 365.Hutuna, I ~.Distribution: Solomon Is.Eucbromia shortlandica niphosticba subsp.n.Bellona I., Matahenua, 29-30. xi. 1953, (1. D. BRADLEY), 8 O. 14 ~ including holotype& allotype.Similar in size and in the structure of both male and female genitalia to E. s. shortlandieaSwinhoe (1905) but differs from it in the fore wing, where the basal hyaline spotis minute, and in the abdominal markings, the second and third segments beingedged posteriorly with white. The nominate subspecies occurs on Shortland, Bougainvilleand Guadalcanal Islands.ARCTIIDAENOLINAECelama aroa B. Baker ?subsp.Celama aroa B.Baker, 1904, Novit. zool., 11: 414, pI. 5: 39, 41.Celama murina Rothschild, 1916, Novit. zool. 23: 322. Syn. nov.Onengaguga, 1 ~.Distribution: New Guinea; Louisiade Arch.; Bismarck Arch.The genitalia ofthe single female differ slightly, perhaps only individually, from thoseof the allotype of aroa and the holotype of murina in the shape of the signum on thebursa copulatrix. In all three specimens the signum is serrate-edged on one side; in theRennell specimen the opposite side is medially right-angled; in the other two specimensit is medially produced to a tapered point.Celama pura sp.n. (Figs. 21, 22, 27, 88)Guadalcanal 1., Tapenanje, 10-23. xii. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype 3 and allotype ~.Paratypes: type locality, 23; Guadalcanal I., Honiara, 1 J, 1 ~; Ysabel I., Tetamba,13, 2~; Rennell I., Hutuna, 2 Cj'.3~ 12-14 mm. Basal half of male antenna bipectinate, apical half ciliate. Femaleantenna simple. Palpus twice as long as the diameter of the eye, second segment longscaled.Palpus, head, thorax and abdomen white, lightly irrorate with cinnamonbuff. Fore wing white, the costa irrorate with cinnamon buff; proximal quarter ofcosta cinnamon buff, the more distal scales slightly raised; at one-third of the wingthere is a patch of cinnamon buff extending from the costa to the lower median,so_metimes weakly marked between the cost~ and the subcostal vein, edged posteriorly35

with fuscous black and with raised scales in the cell area; between this patch and vei:tA I is a slender streak of f~lscous black; at one-half a patch of cinnamon buff edgedwith fuscous black extends from the costa to the middle of the discocellulars; at twothirdsthere is a poorly defined, double postmedial fascia of cinnamon buff with aconspicuous fuscous black spot between veins Cu2 and A I; terminal area suffusedwith cinnamon buff and a little fuscous black. Hind wing white. Underside white, thecostal area and the veins of the fore wing and the discocellulars of the hind wingscaled with fuscous.Genitalia. Male. Valve bifurcate to one-half, the ventral arm one-half as broad asthe dorsal and tipped with a single spine. Clavus with the dorsal edge serrate. Aedeagustwo-thirds as long as the ventral edge of the valve; vesica with four short cornuti,one at the apex and three at one-half. The sixth and seventh dorsa have two slender,almost parallel rods, which are dilate near the anterior margin of the sixth segment.The sixth and seventh sterna have a pair of similar, but non-dilate rods, whihcconverge and are fused between the sixth and seventh segments and then diverge.Female. Ductus bursae slender and membranous, as long as the bursa copulatrix,which is also membranous and is pyriform with two large signa as figured.Closely related to C. disticta Hampson (1900) from Bhutan and its subspeciesJeucoscopu/a Hampson (1907) from Ceylon, but differing in the absence of brownshading on the distal and anal margins of the hind wing and structurally in the genitaliaof both sexes. In the males of the two subspecies of disticta the valves are bifurcateto two-thirds, the clavus is digitate and the vesica bears one cornutus only,this laying across the apex; in the female of disticta leucoscopula the ductus bursae isspiralled with three folds; the female of d. disticta is not known. C. pura mayeventuallybe shewn to be a subspecies of disticta when the distribution of that species isknown.L1THOSIINAEEilema testaeea Rothschildllema testacea Rothschild, 1912, Novit. zoo!., 19: 221.E. testacea is at present known only from the Solomon Islands, its range extendingfrom Bougainville in the N.W. to Rennell I. in the S. E. In the British- Museum thereare specimens from Treasury I., Bougainville, Rendova, Ysabel and Rennell lslandsand whilst these island samples show little superficial difference, certain differencesa re apparent in the structure of the genitalia of both sexes.Eilema testaeea testacea Rothschild (Figs. 2, 4, 24)Distribution: Treasury I.; Shortland I.; Bougainville I.d ~ 31-32 mm. The nominate race is distingusihed in the male genitalia by the broad,truncate saccus, equal in width to the produced dorsal margin of the valve. Thevesica bears five corn uti. In the female genitalia an apically-rounded projection ari-36

ses dorsad of the sclerotized part of the bursa copulatrix, which is at the right sideposteriorly; the projection extends diagonally towards tIN left side; each side of itsbase is tapered.Eilema testacea angulata subsp.n. (Figs. 3, 23)Ysabel I., 4. vi-9. vii. 1901, (A.S. ME~K), 36 including holotype.633-34 mm. The race from Ysabel I. is distinguished in the male genitalia by thetapered, narrowly rounded saccus and the corn uti, which are considerably larger andstouter, as will be seen from the figure.Eilema testacea truncata subsp.n. (Figs. 1,25)Rendova I., 1. ii. 1904, (A.S.MEEK), 1:),2

tail. Costa of fore wing obtusely angled just distad of middle. Basal tenth fuscousfollowed by a slightly broad.er band of drab irrorate with fuscous, the distal margin ofwhich is dentate with a pronounced projection between veins M3 and Cu I. Distalthird of wing ochraceous tawny suffused with fuscous towards termen. Fringesochraceous tawny mixed with fuscous. Hind wing uniformly drab. Underside drab,the distal half of the costa of the fore wing and the termen of both wings narrowlypinkish buff.Genitalia. Genital plate broad and straight-edged posteriorly, narrowly roundedanteriorly; ductus bursae cylindrical and membranous, three times as long as broadand twice as long as the diameter of the globular, membranous bursa copulatrix,which has one small signum in the anterior quarter. The broad, spiral ductus seminalisarises from the right side of the ductus bursae.Related to M. tortricella Walker (1866), from which it differs superficially in thestrongly marked and sharply contrasted pattern of the fore wing; in the genitalia oftortricella the signum is long and slender and the ductus bursae is strongly sclerotized.Asura pyrostrota HampsonAsura pyrostrota Hampson, 1914, Cat. Lep. Phalaenae B. M., Suppl., J: 753, pI. 39: 17.Kasipa Hill, 3 0 4 Q; H utuna, 20 I Q; Tingoa, I 0; Onengaguga, I o.Distribution: Solomon Is. (Treasury, Gizo, Kulumbangra, New Georgia & SanChristoval Is.).Closely related to and probably a subspecies of Asura sexualis Felder (1861), withwhich it agrees in the genitalia of both sexes; apparently represented in the LouisiadeArchipelago by A. insularis Rothschild (1913). The specimens from Bougainville andChoiseul Islands are much more darkly marked than typical pyrostrota and may representa distinct subspecies.ASIU'lI mimetica flagrans subsp.n. (Figs. 62, 63)Rennell I., Hutuna, 14-31. x. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype 0; type locality,19-24. xi. 1953, allotype Q.Paratypes: type locality, 9 0, I 'i?; Te-Uhungango, 80; Tingoa, 20, I 'i?; Malabowo,I 'i?o 19-23 mm.; Q 23-25 mm. Differs in its smaller size from m. mimetica Rothschild(1913), which has a wingspan of 26-32 mm., and in the reduction in the markings ofthe fore wing. The transverse fasciae are slender and in some examples the medialfascia is wanting, the medial area, apart from the cell spot, being uniformly apricotorange.The nominate race of mimetica occurs on Tugela and Guadalcanal Is.; the genitaliaare identical with those of m.jlagrans.38

ARCTIlN:AEDiacrisia oiceta (Stoll)Phalaena Bombyx niceta Stoll, 1782, in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen, 4: 151, pI. 368: C.Diacrisia niceta Stoll, Strand, 1922, Lepidoptorum Catalogus, 22: 205-206.Hutuna, 3 &" 1 ~.Distribution: Moluccas eastwards to the Solomon Is.All the specimens of this species that have so far been examined from Bougainvilleat the N. W. to Guadalcanal at the S. E. of the Solomon Is. belong to niceta semiroseaButler (1887). Of the Rennell I. material, one male matches the type of niceta semiraseaand the remaining two males and one female have the fore wings pale ochraceousbuff eged distally with light buff and match the type of niceta pallida Rothschild(1916), described from material collected on Vulcan I. The genitalia of both races areidentical.Utetheisa salomonis RothschildUtetheisa pulchel10ides salomonis Rothschild, \9\0, Novit. zoot, 17: \S1.Utetheisa salomonis Rothschild, Jordan, 1939, Novit. zoo!. 41: 277.Hutuna, 1 J, I

Iof the cell is reduced to a slender white mark on the dlscocellulars. On the hind wingthe proximal half of the wing is capucine orange, the aniline black distal band is ratherbroader at the anal angle than in d. diana and there is an additional small black spot atthe anal margin. Underside similar to d. diana. except for the deeper yellow of thehind wing.Dr. E. M. HERING of the Zoological Museum Berlin has examined the type ofAsota aliena shortlandica Pagenstecher (1900) and reports it to be a synonym of A. d.diana Butler. Syn. nov.Deilemera baulus pullatus subsp.n. (Fig. 67)Rennell!., Hutuna, 14-31. x. 1953, (J.D. BRADLEY), 1 ~ holotype.Paratypes: type locality, 6 ~; Tingoa, I ~.Distinguished from other races of baulus Boisduval (1832) in six of the eight examplesby the broad, black anal margin of the hind wing; it extends anteriorly as far as thelower median and vein Cu2. In two examples, one from Hutuna and the other fromTingoa, the anal margin is rather less broad, as in baulus samoensis Tams (1935).AGROTIDAEAGROTINAEEuxoa interjectionis (Guenee)Agrotis interjectionis Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 5: 281.Agrotis orbicularis Walker, 1865, List Lep. Ins. B. M. 32: 700.Agrotis significans Walker, 1865, loc. cit.Hutuna, 13, 1 ~.Distribution: Malaya to N. Australia.ACRONICTINAECallopistria maillardi (Guenee)Eriopus maillardi Guenee, 1862, in Maillard, Note I'lle Reunion, E: 39, pI. 22: 8.Callopistria recurvata Moore, 1882, Oeser. Lep. Ins. Coil. Atkinson, 144.Callopistria rectilinea Saalmiiller, 1884, Lep. Madagascar, 374.Callopistria intermissa Saalmiiller, tom. cit., 376.Hutuna, 13.Distribution: Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; Sokotra; India; Hongkong; Ceylon toNew Guinea.Prodenia Utura (Fabricius)Noctua litura Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent., 601.Noctua hislrionica Fabricius, 1775, tom. cit., 612.40

Noctua elata Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins., 2: 220.Hadena littora/is Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, 2 (2): 239.Hadena retina Freyer, 1845, N. Beitr. Schmett. Europa, 5:"161, pI. 478: 2, 3.Prodenia tasmanica Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 5: 163.Prodenia ciligera Guenee, 1852, tom. cit., 164.Prodenia testaceoides Guenee, 1852, tom. cit., 165.Prodenia subterminalis Walker, 1656, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 9: 196.Prodenia glaucistriga Walker, 1856, tom. cit., 197.Prodenia dec/inata Walker, 1857, op. cit., II: 723.Mamestra albisparsa Walker, 1862, J. Linn. Soc., Zoo!., 6: 186.Prodenia evanescens Butler, 1884, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington, 2: 94.Hutuna,2 Cj>.Distribution: S. E. Europe; Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; Oriental region; Malayato Australia; Pacific islands; Hawaiian Is.SpoIIopten .....ntia acroayctoides GueneeHadena mauritia Boisduval, 1833, Faune ent. Madagascar, 92, pI. 13: 9.Spodoptera acronyctoides Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 5: 154.Spodoprera nubes Guenee, 1852, tom. cit., 155.Spodoplera filum Guent:e, 1852, loc. cit.Prodenia in/ecra Walker, 1856, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 9: 196.Prodenia insignata Walker, 1856, tom. cit., 197.Agrotis transducta Walker, 1856, op. cit., /0: 344.Prodenia permunda Walker, 1857, op. cit., II: 723.Laphygma squalida Walker, 1865, op. cit., 32: 652.Prodenia venustula Walker, 1~65, tom. cit., 654.Agrotis submarginalis Walker, 1865, tom. cit., 699.Agrotis bisignata Walker, 1865, tom. cit., 702.Hadena obliqua Walker, 1865, op. cit., 33: 736.Spodoptera mauritia abo effeminara Warren, 1911, ill Seitz, Gross-schmett. Erde,3: 207.Hutuna, 5 ~.Distribution: Red Sea; India; Burma east\\ards to Shanghai; Ceylon; Malaya to Australia;Solomon Is.; New Hebrides; Fiji; Samoa; Society Is.; Austral Is.; MarquesasIs.; Marshall Is., Hawaiian Is.Elydna reclusa (Walker) (Figs. 29, 30, 31, 72)Prodenia reclusa Walker, 1862, J.linn. Soc., Zool., 6: 185,Caradrina insigniJica B. Baker, 1906, Novit. zool., 13: 201.Elydna sparna Wileman & West, 1929, Novit. zool., 35: 9. _S:l'n. nov.Hutuna, I .Distritlution: Sumatra to Queensland; New Hebrides; Solomon Is.41

This rather inconspicuous species appears to have been consistently misidentified inentomological literature since 1862; the moth and the genitalia of both sexes areillustrated.'Athetis placida Moore (1884) from Ceylon and Athetis obtusa Hampson (1891)from the Nilgiri Hills have genitalia apparently identical with those of ree/usa. Themoths differ superficially in having a markedly dentate postmedial fascia on the forewing and a whiter hind wing.Chasmina candida (Walker)Arbasera candida Walker, 1865, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 32: 638.Clinophlebia sericea Hampson, 1893, III. Lep. Het. B. M., 9: 92, pI. 161: 7.Bellona I., Matahenua, I ~.Distribution: S. Africa; Rhodesia; Seychelle Is.; Burma; Formosa; Ceylon; Borneo;Christmas I.; Cocos Keeling I.; Solomon Is., Guadalacanall., (J. D. BRADLEY).EUSTROTIINAEEustrotia inconcisa (Butler)Acontia inconcisa Butler, 1882, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (5) 10: 229.Te-Uhungango, I ~.Distribution: Union Is., Duke of York I.; Solomon Is., Guadalcanal I., (J. D. BRAI>­LEY).EUTELIINAEPaectes cristatrix (Guenee)Ingura cristatrix Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 6: 313, pI. 14: 10.Hutuna, 10.Distribution: India; Ceylon; Formosa; Philippine Is.; Sumatra to New Guinea; NewHebrides; Fiji.Single 'males from Luzon, E. Celebes and Fiji differ slightly from typical cristatrixin the ornamentation of the vesica. Further material may show them to be distinctsubspecies.SARROTHRIPINAEMicrothripa buxtoni TamsMicrothripa buxtoni Tams, 1935, Insects of Samoa, 3: 207, pI. 7: 3.Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 1 ~.Distribution: Samoa; Solomon Is., Guadalcanal I., (J. D. BRADLEY); New Hebrides,(J. D. BRADLEY).Mniotbripa bradleyi sp.n. (Figs. 32-34, 84-86)Rennell I., Hutuna, 18. x-5. xi. 1953, (J.D.BRADLEY), holotyped' and allotype~.Paratypes: type locality, 1 0 , 2 ~; New Hebrides, Santo, Luganville, (J. D. BRADLEY).9 d', I ~.42

o 17-18 nun.; ~ 19-21 mm. Palpus, head and thorax exceedingly variable incolour, being a mixture of white, smoke grey, raw sienna, dusky drab and fuscous,Abdomen fuscous; in the male the first segment bears tw~ pencils of long, fUSCOLJShair scales, one at each side, and a tuft of broad fuscous scales along the posterioredge.The fore wings in each sex are concolorous with the thorax; in many male specimensraw sienna predominates in the proximal and distal areas. The basal fasciaextends diagonally towards the tornus between the costa and the upper median vein,where it is right-angled to the base of the wing. The antemedial fascia is straight fromthe costa to the lower median vein, angled obtusely tornad to vein Cu2, then extendsstraight to one-third (If the inner margin. The medial fascia, when well marked,extends from one-half of the costa to one-half of the inner margin and is distally bulgedin the cell area with a beak-like projection along vein M 3; usually however this fasciais represented by three tufts of raised fuscous scales, one at the upper and one at thelower angle of the cell and a third on the submedian fold. A similar fuscous tuft issituate in the middle of theceU. giving the species a distinctive diamond-shaped patteTnoffour fuscous tufts. The postmedial fascia extends diagonally tornad from just distadof one-half of the costa to the discocellulars, where it is broadly rounded extendingbasad along the lower median vein and then straight to the inner margin. The subterm·lnal fascia is lunulate with an especially deep lunule between veins M I and M3. Thebasal, antemedial and medial fasciae are usually black; the postmedial and subterminalfasciae are usually white.Genitalia. Male. Uncus simple and short. Apex of gnathus tapered and lightlyscobinate. Saccus long, slender and tapered. Valve three times as long as broad witha longitudinal band of spines along the middle of the basal third; the apical third issclerotized, the centre part covered with about 40 short, ring-based, conical spines.Aedeagus longer than valve and slender; the basal third is sigmoid. The vesica bearsa dense cluster of small deciduous spines, which extend for more than one-half of thelength of the aedeagus.Female. Posterior half of ductus bursae slender and membranous; anterior naifbroadened and sclerotized; shaped as she\\on in the figure. Bursa copulatrix membranous,ribbed anteriorly and shaped as shewn in the figure. Ductus seminalis;membranous, slender at first then dilate to form a secondary sack.There are 40 and 2 ~ in the British Museum, collected at Lautoka in Fiji byH. PHILLIPS, which are placed provisionally with M. bradleyi. Whilst agreeing irlstructure with the type, they are decidedly greyer in colour; further material mayshew them to represent a distinct subspecies.The species is closely related to M. lichenigera Hampson (1905), differing principallyin the structure of the genitalia, which are illustrated (Figs. 35-37). In treatin~Iichenigera in the Cat. lep. Phalaenae B. M., 11: 261 (1912), HAMPSON described tW(aberrations under the headings 'Ab. I' and 'Ab. 2'; these were subsequently namocby STRAND.Ab. I, based on two males from W. Africa, proved on examination of the genitali;(Figs .• 4 I, 42) to be a distinc~ species, for which I propose the name M niothrlp~4:

lind: Illfi lIS,/. The aberrational name riridisujlusa Strand (1917, Arch. Naturgesch.,82 (A 1): 82) becomes a synonym. The type is in the British Museum.Ab. 2, based on a ma"ie and a female from Singapore, also proved to be a distinctspecies when the genitalia (Figs. 38-40) were examined; for this I propose the nameMniothripa argenteopurpurea. The aberrational name argenteopurpurea Strand (1917,Arch. Naturgesch., 82 (A I): 82) becomes a synonym. The type is in the British Museum.Symitba indicatana ferrugana subsp.n.Rennell!., Hutuna, 30. x-2. xi. 1953, (J.D. BRADLEY), 2 ¥ including holotype.Differs from other subspecies of indicatana Walker (1863) in the colour of the thoraxand fore wing.In the nominate subspecies from Ceylon the ground colour of the fore wing is aclean white in the basal and median areas and the fuscous black pattern is sharplydefined.In i. microdonta Hampson (1912) from Singapore the ground colour of the forewing is tilleul buff and the fuscous pattern is considerably less well contrasted.In i. panella Walker (1866) from Java the fore wing is suffused with smoke greyand the pattern tends to merge into the ground colour.In i.ferrugana the white ground colour is lightly irrorate with cinnamon, giving apinkish appearance to the wing; the thorax and pattern are marked with mikadobrown and cinnamon.Giaura tetragramma (Hampson)Darasa tetragramma Hampson, ]905, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (7) 16: 549.Giaura oba/auae B. Baker, 1927, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 20: 324. Syn. nov.Hutuna,2 'jJ.Distribution: Fiji.The genitalia of the unique female type of Barasa nigrilineata Wileman & West (1929,Novit. zool" 35: 18), from Luzon in the Philippine Is., are identical with those ofG. tetragramma; until male specimens from the Philippines can be examined, however,the species are better kept separate.Gadirtba muscosa sp.n. (Figs. 44, 73)Rennelll., Hutuna, ]4-31. x. 1953, (J.D.BRADLEY), I ¥ holotype.¥ 33 mm. Palpus three times as long as the diameter of the eye, pale pinkish buff, theupper surface of the first segment and the tip of the third fuscous. Thorax and abdomenpale pinkish buff irrorate with snuff brown and fuscous, the meta thorax bearing adense tuft of long snuff brown scales. Fore wing pale pinkish buff suffused with paleolive buff. The basal third of the wing, anterior of vein A 1, is suffused with snuffbrown; at two-thirds of the inner margin, posterior of the submedian fold, therz is ~n44

area of si milarIy coloured scales, in which is a fuscous black streak between veinsCu 2 and A I. Transverse fasciae dark olive buff on the costa then snuff brown, failingat the upper median vein. The subterminal fascia, parallel to tne termen, is representedby snuff brown spots between the veins, the most proximal between veins Sc 5 andM l. Terminal spots between the veins snuff brown. Cell spot of raised scales snuffbrown edged proximally with white. Hind wing pale fuscous, rather darker neartermen. Underside of both wings pale pinkish buff suffused with fuscous; on the hindwing there is a strongly marked cell spot, not present on the upperside.Genitalia. Ductus bursae cylindrical and membranous with a scIerotized areaposteriorly. Bursa copulatrix ovate and membranous, a little shorter in length than theductus bursae.WESTERMANNIINAEAcontia transversa (Guenee)Xanthodes transversa Guenee 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Hp., 6: 211, pI. 10: 5.Xanlhodes migrator Walker, 1857, List Lep. Ins. B.M., 12: 779.Trileuca dentalis Smith, 1891, Trans. Amer. ent. Soc., 18: 123.Hutuna, 1 1),4

E. erepuscu/aris Linn. may be distinguished at once by the uncus, which is slender,deep and flattened dorsally.In philippensis Swinhbe the single cornutus, which is composed of coarse spines, isstraight, of even width and one-half as long as the aedeagus.The remaining species, variegata Butler and terminitineta Strand may be distinguishedfrom each other by the uncus; in variegata it is of even width as far as thehooked tip; in terminitincta it is arcuate, being broadened at the middle and taperingapicad and basad.ephesperis HUbner, 1823, Verz. bekannt. Schmett., 272,Nyetipao.crepuscularis Linn. Cramer nee Linn., 1779,VitI. Kapellen, 2. pI. 159: A, Phalaena.subsp. /aetitia Butler, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.,(5) I: 291, Nyetipao.1879, Ill. Lep. Het. B.M., 3: 26, pI. 47: 9,Nyetipao.abo noetualis Strand, 1919, Arch. Naturgesch.,83 (A 10): 135, Nyctipao.subsp. niasana Swinhoe, 1918, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.,(9) 2: 85, Erebus.subsp. ma/anga Swinhoe, 1918, tom. cit., 86, Erebus.India, Burma,Siam, Andaman Is.,Malaya, Sumatra,Borneo.S. & C. Cbina,Formosa, Japan.Nias I.Java, Bali, Lombok,Sumba, Flores,Timor.intermediaPagenstecher, 1900, Zoologica, Stuttgart,12 (No. 29): 96, Nyetipao.bismarcia Hampson, 1913, Cat. Lep. PhalaenaeB.M., 12: 297, pI. 207: 1,2, Nyetipao.subsp. a/bicans Roepke, 1935, Zooi. Meded., 18: 278,pI. 14: I (J nee 'fl), Erebus.insularis Roepke, 1935, loc. cit., pI. 14: 2, Erebus.Syn. nov.Distinct, but as yet unnamed subspecies of inlermediaalso occur on the Witu and AdmiraltyIslands.BismarckArchipelago.Celebes.philippensis Swinhoe, 1918, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 2: 86,Erebus.The type series consists of 2

!ippensis is hereby selected as lectotype. The specimendescribed as a male is a female of ephesperisHUbner. "subsp. clavifera Hampson, 1913, Cat. Lep. PhalaenaeB. M. 12: 294, pl. 206: 3, Nyctipao.Hong-Kongcrepuscu!aris Linn., 1758, Syst; Nat., (Ed. 10),509, Phalaena.Clerck, 1764, Icones Insect. rar., (2), pI. 53,Phalaena.abo saparaea Swinhoe, 1918, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 2:84,Erebus(DescribedasfromSaparaea,Celebesin error; Saparaea Island is south of Ceram).subobscura Rothschild, 1915, Novit. zoo I. 22: 211,Erebus.subsp. leucotaenia Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec.gen. Up., 7: 184, pL 20: 1, Nyctipao.Lectotype

Achaea theata sp.n. (Figs. 43, 46, 74)Rennell I., Hutuna, I-S.;Xi. 1953, (J.D.BRADLEv), holotyped' & allotype~.( Paratypes: type locality, 4 ~; Malabowo, I d, 1 ~; TIngoa, I ~.o 'l! 64-72 mm. Inr:er surface of palpus olive-ocher; outer surface, frons and headbuffy olive. Thorax buffy olive, the patagia and tegulae edged posteriorly with fuscous.Abdomen drab to neutral gray, the first three segments mixed with buffy olive. Forewing. Proximad of the broad, sinuous, aniline black medial fascia the wing is buffyolive; distad of it, fuscous more or less strongly suffused with buffy olive. At mid-basethere is a fuscous black spot edged distally with white, level with which the blackbasal fascia fails. Antemedial fascia lunulate; postmedial extends diagonally towardsmid-termen and is slightly concave from costa to vein M I, thence dentate to the innermargin; fuscous black and sharply marked. Subterminal shade broad and fuscous.Reniform almost completely obscured by the medial fascia; orbicular small, round,fuscous black. Terminal interneural spots fuscous black, those between veins R 5and M I, M I and M2 and between Cu2 and A I are edged distally with white. Hind"wing olive brown between the veins, paler towards costa; veins fuscous tinged withvinaceous drab; a white fascia extends across the wing at one·third from the lowermedian vein almost to the anal margin, with a break between veins Cu 2 and A I ;terminal interneural spots white, those between M I and M2 being especially large.Underside. Fore wing with a terminal area of pale pinkish buff, which is broad at theapex, tapers tornad and fails at vein Cu2; terminal interneural spots fuscous. A smallarea of pale pinkish buff is situate distad of the reniform and another along the innermargin. Cell area buffy olive. Remainder of wing fiJSCOUS suffused at costa withvinaceous drab. Hind wing with a narrow, white, terminal band extending from veinRS to A I, interrupted at the veins with fuscous. Cell area buffy olive. Remainder ofwing fuscous suffused with vinaceous drab, especially along the veins. Cell spot on thehind wing, reniform and orbicular on the fore wing and the evenly curved medial andpostmedi,!l fasciae on both wings are strongly marked in fuscous.Genitalia. Male. Closely related to A. serva Fabricius (1775), differing from it inthe shape of the uncus and the costal process of the left-hand valve. In theata theuncus is evenly curved from base to apex; in serva it is obtusely, almost right-angled,at the middle. In theata the process on the costa of the left-hand valve is shaped asshewn in the figure; in serra (fig. 45) it is Y -shaped with an additional digitate processarising from mid-way between the base and the fork at the ventral side.Female. Differs from A. sen'a in the genital plate, the bilobed posterior edge ofwhich extends to the operculum in serva but only to two-thirds of the distance alongthe ductus bursae in theata, as will be seen from the figure.Parallelia redunca (Swinhoe)Ophiusa redunca Swinhoe, 1900, Cat. Eastern & Austr. Lep. Het. Oxford Mus.,2: 141, fig.Thyas ael/ora Meyrick, 1902, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1902: 29.48

Ophiusa trophidota Turner, 1902, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 27: 95.Malabowo, 10'.Distribution: Ceram; New Guinea; Queensland.Parallelia joviana (Stoll)Pha/aena joviana Stoll, 1782, in Cramer, Ditl. Kapellen, 4: 237, pI. 399: B.Noctua sinuata Fabricius, 1787, Mant. Ins., 2: 145.Ophiusa myops Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 7: 265.Hutuna, 3 9.Distribution: India; Ceylon; Burma; Formosa; Philippine Is.; Malaya to NewGuinea; Queensland; Solomon Is.; New Hebrides.Specimens from Guadaicanal, Ysabel and Tulagi Islands appear to belong to subspeciess%monensis Hampson (1913). The Rennell specimens however are stronglymarked with the well contrasted median band and apical and subterminal spots of thenominate subspecies.The species is represented in Fiji and Samoa by P. vitiensis Butler (1886).Cbalciope cepbise (Cramer)Pha/aena cephise Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen, 3: 59, pI. 227: C.Trigonodes maxima Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Lep., 7: 282.Cha/ciope cephise abo cephisoides Strand. 1917, Arch. Naturgesch., 82 (A) 2: 40.Cha/ciope sa ina Swinhoe, 1918, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 2: 80.Hutuna, 50, 7 Cjl; Tingoa, 1 1, 1 ~.Distribution: India: Bur'1la; Siam; Philippine Is.; Borneo; Kei Is.; New Guinea;New Hebrides; Fiji; Samo~.Mods frugalis (Fabricius)Noclua jrugaJis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent., 601.Cha/ciope ~rcopodia Geyer, 1837, in HUbner, Zutrage z. exot. Schmett., 5: 25,figs. 897, 898.Remigia trans/ala Walker, 1865, List Lep. Ins .. B. M., 33: 1015.Hutuna, I ,¥.Distribution: Africa; Madagascar; Comoro Is.; Mauritius; India: Formosa; Malayato Australia; Pacific Is.OPHlDERl~AECatepbia sericea (Butler)A.nophill sericea Butler, 1882, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (5) 10: 230.Hutuna, I 9.Distribution: Ceram; New Guinea; Fiji; Friendly Is.; Duke of York l. (Union Is.);Samoa.; Aus~alls.49

Ericeia pertendens iopolia subsp.n. (Figs. 64, 65)Differs in the male from the nominate subspecies in the suffusion of both wings withbuffy brown from base to the postmedial fasciae, which are broader, especiallytowards the apex of the fore wing, and vinaceous brown in colour. Distad of thepostmedial, the wing is drab gray, except for the apex, which is fuscous. The antemedialfascia is marked by fuscous black spots between the veins, that posterior of veinA I being the most conspicuous. The female differs from the nominate subspeciesonly in the light suffusion of the wings with olive brown.Rennell I., Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype o.Rennelll., Hutuna, 1-8. xi. 1953, (J.D.BRADLEY), allotype if'.Paratypes: holotype locality, 40; allotype locality, 10,4 if'; Tingoa, 30 ; Onengaguga,4J.The distribution of the related subspecies is as follows:£. pertendens oecidua A. E. Prout (1929). W. China.£. pertendens pertendens Walker (1858). India; Siam; Ceylon.£. eurytaenia A.E.Prout (1929) Syn. nov.E. pertendens gonioptila A. E. Prout (1922). Malaya to New Guinea.The species is represented in continental Africa by the closely related E. e. congressaWalker (1858) and in Madagascar by congressa albangula SaalmUlIer (1880).Serid. zamis (Stoll)Pha/aena zamis Stoll, 1790, in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen, Supp!., 162, pI. 36: 11.Speiredonia retrahens Walker, 1858, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 14: 1294.Ommatophora a/bifaseia Walker, 1865, List Lep. Ins. B.M., 33: 947.Spiredonia eonspieua Felder, 1874, Reise Novara, Zoo!., 2(2).18, pI. 113: 7.Serieia .fumbana Swinhoe, 1918, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 2: 90.Hutuna, I J; Te-Uhungango, I ).Distribution: India; Ceylon; Andaman Is.; Burma; Formosa; PhIlippine Is.; Malayato New Guinea; New Caledonia.Sericia mutabOis (Fabricius)Noetua mutabilis Fabricius, 1794, Ent. Syst., 3 (2): 12.Sericia anops Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 7: 173.Te-Uhungango, I J.Distribution: India; Ceylon; Burma; Malaya to Australia; Solomon Is.; Friendly II.The single male, with a wingspan of S4 mm., is rather smaller than the other specimensin the British Museum series, which measure 70-78 mm.; this difference insize may however be merely individual.50

Pantydia metaspUa (Walker)Toxocampa metaspila Walker, 1857, List Lep. Ins. B. M., JoJ: 1032.Ophiusa? pallidilinea Walker, 1858, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 15: 1832.Toxocampa moolla Swinhoe, 1885, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1885: 459, pI. 27: 10.Hypaetra sordida Butler, 1886, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1886: 414.Onengaguga, 1 'i?Distribution: India; Ceylon; Formosa; Philippine Is.; Java; New Hebrides; Fiji.Audarostis e1achista sp.n. (Figs. 19,20)Rennelll., Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype 3.Rennelll., Hutuna, 8. xi. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), allotype ¥.Paratypes: allotype locality, 10; Bellona I., Matahenua, I j. ~ 7-9 mm. Antennae of both sexes slightly spatulate and minutely ciliate. Pal puspale pinkish buff, the outer surface irrorate with fuscous. Frons, head, thorax and abdomenpale pinkish buff in the male; in the female these parts are irrorate with fusecous. Fore wing pale pinkish buff lightly irrorate with fuscous or cinnamon. Basalarea of wing suffused with fuscous, strongly between costa and upper median vein.Median area uniformly fuscous from costa to submedian fold. A subterminal shade,broad at apex, extends to torn us, interrupted between the median and submedian foldsand tapering tornado Hind wing pale pinkish buff irrorate with fuscous, lightly basad.Underside of fore wing uniformly fuscous; the hind wing is similar to the uppers ide.Genitalia. Uncus wanting. Basal two-thirds of valve ovate, simple and joined bya narrow neck to the apical third, which is comma·shaped; from the ventral e:ige ofthe neck of the valve arisa; a slender sigmoid process with a broadened, tufted apex;the process extends basad. Anellus with a slender, tapered, geniculate process dorsadof the aedeagus, which is sinuous and tapered basad and bifurcate to one-third apicad;in some specimens one of the two arms of the fork is poorly developed. Thereare no cornuti.In the structure of the genitalia it appears to be quite closely related to A. minimaHampson (1926) from Sumbawa and to A. timorensis Hampson (1926) from Timor.PuiIIa miDima diplodonta subsp.n. (Figs. 6, 7, 47, 75, 77)Guadalcanal I., Honiara, 8-18. ix. 1953, (J.n.BRADLEY), holotype3 & allotype:fl.Guadalcanall., Tapenanje, 10-23. xii. 1953, para type 3.a 'i? 21-22 mm. Slightly larger than m.minima Butler (lg87), which has a wingspan or19 nun., and having a sbarply marked, slender, fuscous black antemedial fascia on thehind wing. lacking in the nominate subspecies. Variable in colour, the fore wing of onemale being predomincntly pinkish buff as in m. minima, the other specimens beingdensely itror~te with dark vina~u~ brown. Only thc unique female type of the no·•• 51

minate subspecies from Alu I. is known, but this differs from m. diplodonta in thegenitalia.Genitalia. Male. Unc'~s tapered, the apical third pilose and flattened laterally.Arms of gnathus short. Basal two-thirds of valve sclerotized, the dorsal margincrenulate, the ventral margin with a short, digitate process near the beginning of theapical third, which is membranous and tapered with a crenulate ventral margin. Theouter surface of the apical third bears a dense tuft of long, slender, deciduous spines.Aedeagus with two strongly sclerotized spines apicad. Vesica with a patch of severalsmall spines and a slender scobinate area, one-third as long as the aedeagus.Female. Ductus bursae twice as long as broad, evenly and strongly sclerotized.Bursa copulatrix ovate and sclerotized posteriorly. The ductus bursae of m. minima(fig. 48) is almost three times as long as broad, the sci erotization being principally atthe right side. The difference in shape of the bursa copulatrix will be seen from thefigure.Pauilla minima oxyprora subsp.n. (Figs. 5, 76)Rennell I., Hutuna, 1-8. xi. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype 3.3 17 mm. Differs from the preceding subspecies in having the proximal half of themedian area of each wing suffused with fuscous and dark vinaceous brown. Differsfrom m. diplodonta in the male genitalia; the apex of the aedeagus has only one stronglysclerotized spine apicad, which has a small toothed projection basad, and the clusterof small spines on the vesica is wanting.Othreis materna (Linn.)Phalaena materna Linn., 1767, Syst. Nat., (Ed. t 2), 840.Noctua hybrid a Fabricius, t 775, Syst. Ent., 593.Hutuna, I ~.Distribution: Africa; India; Ceylon; Malaya to Australia.Othreis (olloni. (Clerck)Phalaena jullonia Clerck, 1764, leones Insect. rar., ], pI. 48.Noctua dioscoreae Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Insect., 2: 212.Phalaena pomona Cramer, 1775, VitI. Kapellen, I: 122, pI. 77: C.Ophideres obliterans Walker, 1857, List, Lep. Ins. B.M., 13: 1229.Hutuna, I ~; Tingoa, I ~. Bellona I., Matahenua, 13.Distribution: Africa; India; Ceylon; W. China; formosa; Malaya to Australia;Pacific Is.The two Rennell specimens are similar to some of those from Samoa in havingthe black patch below the lower angle of the cell on the hind wing narrowed.52

Eumaenas salaminia (Cramer)Phalaena salaminia Cramer, 1777, Ditl. Kapellen, 2: 117, ¢. 174: A.Hutuna, I 0', 8 ~.Distribution: India; Ceylon; Burma; West China; Formosa; Malaya to Australia;Pacific Is.The species is represented on Mt. Kunupi in the Weyland Mts. of Dutch NewGuinea by subspecies nigricilia A. E. Prout (1924).Cosmophila flava flava (Fabricius)Noctua ftava Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent., 601.Noctua stigmatizans Fabricius, 1775, loc. cit.Cosmophila indica Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 6: 396.Cirroedia vari%sa Walk.er, 18S7, List Lep. Ins. B.M., 11: 750.Cirroedia edentata Walker, 1857, loco cit.Cosmosphila aurantiaca Prittwitz, 1867, Stettin. ent. Ztg., 28: 277.Cosmophilaftava ftava Fabricius, Tams, 1924, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1924: 21, pI.I: I; 2: 3; 3: 6.Hutuna, I 0'.Distribution: Africa, south of the Sahara; Madagascar; Mauritius; Aden; India;Ceylon; Burma; S. China; Formosa; Malaya to Australia; Marquesas Is., Fiji;Samoa.The species is represented in Central America by subspecies fimbriago Stephens(1829).Plusiodonta coelonota (Kollar)Plusia coe/onola Kollar, 1844, in Hugel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek, 4: 482.P/usiodonta chalsytoides Guenee, 1852, Hist. nat. Ins .• Spec. gen. Up., 6: 360.De~'a conducens Walker, 1857, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 12: 963.Plusia agens Felder, 1874, Reise Novara, Zool., 2 (2), pI. 110: 32.Hutuna, I ~.Distribution: India; Ceylon; Burma; W. China; Japan; Philippine Is.; Malaya toAustralia.HypospUa botinoides GueneeHypospila bolinoides Guenee, 1852. Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Up., 7: 358.Thermesia signipalpis Walker, 1858, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 15: 1572.Moepa conci.~a Walker, 1853, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 33: 982.Thermesia orienta/is Leech, 1900, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1900: 570.Hypospila antlamana Swinhoe, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 4: 124.53

Onengaguga, I cr; Niupani, I ~.Distribution: Seychelles Is.; India; Ceylon; Andaman Is.; Nicobar Is.; Burma; China;Philippine Is.; Malaya; Java; New Guinea; Qu~nsland; Solomon Is.The species is represented in Samoa by H. similis Tams (1935).Anticarsia irrorata (Fabricius)Noclua irrorala Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins., 2: 506.Noctua sordida Fabricius, 1794, Ent. Syst., 3 (2): 50.Ophiusa rubricans Boisduval, 1833, Faune ent. Madag., 106, pI. 16: 1.1833, N. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, 2 (2): 254.Thermesia transducta Walker, 1865, list lep. Ins. B. M., 33: 1058.Thermesia consuela Walker, 1869, Characters Undescr. lep. Het., 93.Hutuna, 105, 15 ¥; Niupani, 23', I~.Distribution: Africa; Madagascar; India to Japan; Ceylon; Malaya to New G';linC

ister. Both wings drab, the hind wing paling to cartridge buff anteriorly. Antemedialon fore wing and the postmedial fasciae on both wings dentate and finely marked inbister; cell spot on fore wing ovate, either finely outlined' with or uniformly bister.Hind wing with a pale, subterminal fascia. Underside similar to upperside, with theaddition of a similar ovate cell spot on the hind wing.Genitalia. Uncus laterally flattened, tapered to a fine point. Vinculum producedand tapered. Juxta as long as the width of the aedeagus, with a narrowly rounded apex.Basal two-thirds of valve sclerotized, more strongly on the dorsal and ventral margins;apical third membranous and narrowly rounded; midway along the dorsal marginthere is a digitate process, curved and tapered apicad, equal in length to the widthof the valve; just apicad of it is a second process, small and tapered. Aedeagus shapedas in figure, with a cluster of five spines apicad. Vesica with a densely scobinate areaone-half as long and almost as wide as the aedeagus.Closely related to P. oileusalis Walker (1858) and its Formosan representative, brunnealisWileman & South (1916), differing from them superficially i,n the grey insteadof brown wlour of the wings and structurally in the valve, juxta and aedeagus of themale genitalia; the other species have only one stout tapered process arising fromthe dorsal margin of the valve.Hydrillodes fugilinosa (Rothschild)Caladafuliginosa Rothschild, 1915, Lep. Brit. Ornith. Union & Wollaston Expdns.Dutch New Guinea, 63.Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., I j; Hutuna, I ¥.Distribution: New Guinea; Vulcan I.; Dampier L; Louisiade Archipelago; FrencllIs.; Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Is.The species is represented iii the New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa and on Kermadec I.by H. surala Meyrick (1909).The male of H. fuliginosa. not previously described, is readily distinguishable bythe palpus and the underside of the hind wing. The second segment of the pal pus isright-angled at two· thirds and bears a dense tuft of short, fuscous black scales at th;)angle; the third segment bears on its inner surface a tuft of long, maize )'ellow scales,extending from base to apex. On the underside of the hind wing the basal two·thirdsof the ce!1 area is orange buff divided laterally by a slender streak of blackish slate;the posterior third is blackish slate, this area sometimes extending to vein A I.Hypeaa laedycbroa B. BakerHypena hedychroa B.Baker, 1908, Novit. zoo!., 15: 230.Hypena erecla B.Baker, 1908. Novit. zool., 15: 232.Bomolocha disualis Swinhoe. 1917. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) 20: 163.Hutuna. 2~.Distribution: New Guinea; Rook I.; Trobriand Is.; Goodenough I.; Fergusson I., ..5S

Luceria icasta sp.n. (Figs. 12, 13,49)Rennell I., Hutuna, 24. xi. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype J.Rennelll., Tingoa, 9-11. xi. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), allotype ~.Para types : Hutuna, 20; New Hebrides, Banks I., 1 O.Similar in size, colour and pattern to L. oculalis Moore (1887), which occurs fromthe Ar.daman Is. and Ceylon to Samoa and Rapa I. in the Pacific, but differing from itin external and genitalic structure. In oculalis the cilia of the male antennae are twiceas long as the diameter of the shaft; in icasta they are subequal to it; the antennae ofthe females of both species are minutely ciliate. In both sexes the second segment ofthe palpus of oculalis is twice as long as the third; in icasta the second segment is fourtimes as long as the third. The termen of the fore wing of icasta is less densely markedwith fuscous than that of ocu/a/is.Genitalia. Male. Uncus weak. Valve with a broadly rounded apex; dorsal marginwith a sclerotized fold medially; ventral margin with a short, stout, tapered process atthree-quarters projecting beyond the edge of the valve; a Y-shaped process is situatein the middle of the inner surface. Aedeagus shaped as figured; vesica with a slender,scobinate ridge, one-sixth as long as the aedeagus.In ocu/alis the process at three-quarters of the ventral margin is slender and sigmoid;the aedeagus is slender and tapered apicad.Female. Ductus bursae membranous and ribbed, right-angled at middle. Bursacopulatrix membranous, the posterior half cylindrical, the anterior half pyriform witha single thorn-like signum.In oculalis (fig. 51) the ductus bursae is cylindrical, three times as long as broadand strongly sclerotized. The membranous bursa copulatrix is ovate with a signumsimilar to that of icasta.L. .;casta is probably most closely related to L. opiliusa/is Walker (1859), which isknown only from three specimens from Sarawak, which are in the University Museumat Oxford. In colour the type of opi/iusalis is similar to ocula/is but the the distalquarter of the costa and the termen of the fore wing are even more strongly suffusedwith bister.In the male genitalia the process at three-quarters of the valve is shorter, extendingonly so far as the margin instead of beyond it; the Y -shaped process at mid-valve hasthe arms weak, short and tapered. The cornutus is similar to that of icasla but is arcuateand one-quarter as long as the aedeagus.Schrankia dodunograpba sp.n. (Figs. 10, II, 70, 71)Rennelll., Hutuna, 8. xi. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype 0'.Paratypes: type locality, 53.o 12-13 mm. Second segment of palpus equal in length to the diameter of the eyo,drab; third segment minute, cartridge buff with a drab bar medially. Antenna) ciliationtwice as long as the diameter of the shaft. Frons, head and thorax drab;.abdo-56

men cartridge buff, scaled with drab posteriorly. Fore wing dark purple drab, mixedwith warm buff posterior of the costa and proximad of the antemedial fascia, whichis warm buff edged distally with fuscous black. Postmedial fascia represented by ashort, warm buff streak at three-fifths costa, failing at the upper median. A broad,warm buff fascia, lightly irrorate with dark purple drab distally, extends obliq uely fromjust proximad of the apex to two-thirds inner margin; posterior of the upper medianvein it is edged proximally with fuscous black and is boldly incurved between the lowermedian vein and the submedian fold. Terminal interneural spots warm buff. Cell spotfuscous black. Hind wing light drab, the postmedial fascia marked in a darker shadeand almost right-angled at the lower angle of the cell. Fringes of both wings warmbuff chequered with drab. Termen crenate. Underside of both wings almost uniformlydrab to fuscous; apex of fore wing cartridge buff, the costa is marked with three spotsof the same colour, representing the beginnings of the three transverse fasciae.Genitalia. Uncus slender and tapered. Valve shaped as figured with a short, digitateprocess arising from one-third dorsal margin; a short, broad process is situate atlhc middle of the inner surface. Aedeagus slender; vesica slightly scobinate apicad.Related to H. aurantilineata Hampson (1896), which it resemb\es: it differs in theshape of the broad, oblique fascia on the fore wing, which in that species is withoutthe bold incurving posterior of the lower median vein, and in the genitalia. In auranlilinealathe process at one-third of the costal margin of the valve is much broadenedapicad and the vesica bears a short, stout spine, also apicad.Arrade sanaoeati pycbnomocblll subsp.n. (Figs. 68, 69)Rennelll., Tingoa, 9-11. xi. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype j & allotype ~.Paratypes: type locality, 43'; Hutuna, I j, 4~.Differs from s. samoensis Tam~ (1935) in the colour and pattern of the fore wing. Inthe male the antemedial fascia is broad at the costa and the inner margin, but is eitherbroken or greatly narrowed at the lower median vein; the basal, postmedial and subterminalfasciae are slender or wanting; these and the cell spot are warm buff, theformer are edged proximally, especially the subterminal between the upper and lowermedian "eins, and the latter is ringed with fuscous. The remainder of the wing is uniformlysnuff brown to fuscous. The female differs in having the wing uniformly snuffbrown between the cartridge buff transverse fasciae.There are specimens of this species in the British Museum from New Guinea,French Is., Louisiade Archipelago, BougainviIIe and New Georgia Is.; further materialis needed before their infraspecific status can be worked out.57

Hutuna, 2~.LYMANTRIIDAEEuproctis sp.Determined by Mr. C.L.CoLLENElTIl as an undescribed species of Euproclis; inhis opinion it would be unwise to describe it until the male is known.Aroa cometaris (Butler)Aloa cometoris Butler, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (5) 19: 223.Orgyia jlavovittata Pagenstecher, 1900, Zoologica, Stuttgart, 12 (No. 29): 41.Bellona I., Matehenua, 33.Distribution: Solomon Is.SPHINGIDAEACHERONTIINAEHerse convolvuli (Linn.)Sphinx convolvuli Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat. (Ed. 10), 490.Herse cOnl'o/vuii Linn., Rothschild & Jordan, 1903, Novit. zoot, 9, Supp!., 11.Hutuna, 3 :),4 ¥.Distribution: Palaearctic Region except extreme north; Africa: Atlantic Is.; India toNew Zealand; Pacific Is.PHILAtdPELlNAEMacrogJossum corytbWl folvicaudata ButlerMacroglossa fulvicaudata Butler, 1882, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (5) 10: 155.Macroglossum cory thus fulvicoudato Butler, Rothschild & Jordan, 1903, Novit. lOOl.,9, SuppJ., 662.Hutuna, 4 ¥; Niupani, 1 ~.Distribution: Admiralty Is.; Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Is.CHAEROCAMPINAEHippotioo boerbaviae (Fabricius)Sphinx boerhoviae Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent., 542.Hippotion boerhaviae Fabricius, Rothschild & Jordan, 1903, Novit. zoo!., 9, Suppl.,756.Hutuna, 23, I ~; the female was reared from a larva and emerged 4. xi. 1953.Distribution: India; Ceylon to Louisiade Archipelago; Bismarck Archipelago; SolomonIs.1'heretra pinastriDa intenecta (Butler)Chaerocampa inlersecta Butler, 1875, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1875: 623.Theretra pinoslrina ;nlersecta Butler, Rothschild &, Jordan, 1903, Novit. zool..9, Supp!., 784.58

Hutuna, I&'.Distribution: Philippine Is.; Celebes; Sumba to Queenslan~; Bismarck Archipelago;Solomon Is.GEOMETRIDAEOENOCHROMINAEOzola.bradleyi sp.n. (Figs. 50, 83)Rennelll., Te-Uhungango, 26-28. xi. 1953, (J.D.BRADLEY), holotype~.Paratypes: Niupani, I ~; Hutuna, I ~; Tingoa, I Cj?; Onengaguga, 2 'j); Kasipa Hill,c. 300 ft., I ~.~ 28-30 mm. Frons, head, thorax and abdomen light to warm buff. Both wings whitesuffused in varying degrees with light buff, especially along the veins. Proximal twothirdsof fore wing coarsely irrorate with sorghum brown; distal third uniformlysorghum brown with the exception of a small, white apical patch and a similar terminalpatcl1 at mid-wing. Hind wing with a small, apical patch of sorghum brown; theremainder of the wing similar to the proximal part of the fore wing. Cell spots onboth wings sorghum brown. Underside similar to the upperside.Genitalia. Ductus bursae membranous and cylindrical, equal in length to the diameterof the bursa copulatrix, which is almost globular and is membranous, except atthe left side anteriorly where it is weakly sclerotized, with a short, stout and stronglysclerotized, bifid process projecting anteriorly.GEOMETRINAEPiDgasa cbIora sublimbata (Butler)Hypochroma sublimbata Buder, 1882, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (5) 10: 232.Onengaguga, I &'.Distribution: New Guinea; Bismarck Archipelago; Trobriand Is.; D'EntrecasteauxIs.; Louisiade Archipelago.1baIassodes bypoxantha sp.n. (Figs. 52-54)Rennelll., Hutuna, 1-8. xi. 1953, (J. D. BRADLEY), holotype 3 & allotype ~.Paratypes: type locality, l&', 2 ~; Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 23; Guadalcanall., 303,4 ¥;Tulagi I., 3&', I~; Choiseull., I 'j); Treasury I., I ¥; Bougainville I., 23, I ¥;Rossel I., 2100 ft., 3~; Sudest I., Mt. Riu, 2000 ft., 10',6 ¥, Woodlark I., 40'.I ~; New Britain. 1&, 3 ~; French Is .• I &: New Ireland, 53, 3~; New Hanover,1&, I ~; St. Matthias 1.,4&, I ~; Admiralty Is., Manus, 23, 7

ventral margin of the valve with a slender, dentate ridge, apicad of which is a small,sclerotized, semi-circular process. The juxta consists of two, broad, tapered, scobinate( processes, each with a smooth projecting lip just below the apex. Apical half ofaedeagus three times as broad as the basal half; apical quarter scobinate. Vesicawith two apically rounded corn uti.Female. Edge of ostium bursae sclerotized and crenulate. Posterior half of ductusbursae membranous, anterior half sclerotized. Bursa copulatrix globular and membranouswith a single signum.Metallocblora acosmetata sp.n. (Fig. 56)Rennell I., Hutuna, 19-24. xi. 1953, (I. D. BRADLEY), holotype

Related more closely to c. cornuta Warren (1896) from the Louisiade Archipelagothan to c. woodfordi Prout (1934) from Tulagi and Guadalc~nal Islands. Differs fromc. cornuta in the very pale, microcline green colour of the wings and the very slenderand sharply marked red and black distal margins of the wings .. STERRHINAEAnisodes obliviaria WalkerAnisodes obliviaria Walker, 1861, List lep. Ins. B. M., 22: 643.Anisodes suspicaria Snellen, 1881, Tijdschr. Ent., 24: 80, pI. 8: 6-6c.Perixera rufidorsata Warren, 1896, Novit. zool., 3: 312.Perixera rufannularia Warren, 1897, Novit. zool., 4: 221.Hutuna, 2 ~. Bellona I., Matahenua, I :).Distribution: India; Ceylon; Burma; Philippine Is.; Malaya to N. Queensland; BismarckArchipelago; Solomon Is.; New Hebrides; Samoa; Fiji.Anisodes mooetaria ceramis (Meyrick)Perixera ceramis Meyrick, 1886, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1886: 209.Perixera leucopelta Lower, 1898, Proc. linn. Soc. N. S. W., 23: 42.Brachycola ? inornata Warren, 1897, Novit. zool., 4: 216.Hutuna, I J.Distribution: Celebes to Queensland; Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Is.Scopola xanthomeIaeoa sp.n. (Figs. 14-16, 79)Rennell I., Hutuna, 1-8. xi. 1;53, (1. D. BRADLEY), holotype J.Paratypes: type locality, 5 cJ; Onegaghugha, 53.

Genitalia symmetrical. Socii as long as the membranous dorsal lobe of the valve,which is bifid. The ventral lobe of the valve is sclerotized and tapered; arising fromnear the base of its ventral margin is a short, digitate process, rounded apicad. Aedeagusslightly broader:ed before the apex, which is diagonally truncate Vesica withoutcornuti. The single ceratum at the right side is equal in length to the mappa.Scopola beba ProutScopula heba Prout, 1920, Novit. zool., 27: 295.Hutuna, 43, 2

membranous, shaped and extensively ornamented as shewn in the figure. In catoca­/aria (fig. 58) the genital plate is evenly and strongly sclerotized, tapered anteriorlyand joins directly to the bursa copulatrix, which is similar in ~hape and ornamentationto that of gyroducta.Callaga ? semirasata (Warren)Chloroclystis semirasata Warren, 1'903, Novit. zool., 10: 379.Hutuna, I ~.Distribution: Kei Is.; New Guinea; Vulcan I.The Rennell specimen is slightly smaller than the series from New Guinea but agreeswith them in the specialized scaling on the costa of the fore wing. As the abdomen ismissing, the determination must remain provisional.Te-Uhungango, 1 ~.Callaga sp.This single female probably represents an undescribed species which will prove to besexually dimorphic; in the absence of the male, no useful purpose would be served bynaming it.Gynmoscelis imparatalis griiea (Warren)Gymnoscelis grisea Warren, 1897, Novit. zool., 4: 229.Hutuna, ] ~.Distribution: Louisiade Archipelago; New Guinea. Represented by several subspeciesfrom Malaya to Queensland and eastwards to the Marquesas Is.~ENNOMINAEEctropis sabulosa Warren"'tOpu sabuJoSQ Warren, 1897, Novit. zool., 4: 94.Scioglyptis semifascia Warren, 1897, Novit. zool., 4: 99.Heterostegane semifasciata Warren, 1900, Noyit. zool., 7: Ill.Nadagara obrussata Holland, 1900, Novit. zooL, 7: 578.Ectropis sabulosa abo insulsa Warren, 1902, Novit. zool., 9: 368.To-Uhungango, I ~.Distribution: Celebes to New Guinea; Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Is. The speciesis represented in India and Ceylon by £. hhurmitra Walker (1860).CIeon psectra sp.n. (Figs. 59-61,80-82)Rennell I., Kasipa Hill, C. 300 ft., 29. x. 1953, (1. O. BRADLEY), holotype3 & allotype ¥.Paratypes: type locality, 21 O. I ~; Hutuna, I~, 5 ~; Tingoa, 1 ~, 2 ~; Niupani, I ~.Bellona 1.. Malahcnua, 1 IS,63

Similar in size and marked diversity of colour to C. immemorata Walker (1863).In structure perhaps nearer to C. samoana Butler (1886), the genitalia of which werefigured by PROUT, 1929, Bill. Hill Mus., 3, pI. 7: 27.Male. Uncus of even width, the apex rounded with a small thorn-like projectionfrom tip. Apex of gnathus spatulate and scobinate. Apex of juxta bifid. Ventral half ofvalve sclerotized to two-thirds. Apical half of valve narrowed, the apex evenly rounded.The sclerotized part of the valve bears a small but dense pad of short spines apicad onthe ventral margin and a small, blunt process tipped with one or two spines and situateat the middle of its dorsal margin. Vesica with two very stout cornuti; one, toothedapicad, one-quarter as long, and the se;:ond, narrowly rounded and spatulate apicad,one-third as long as the aedeagus.Female. Genital plate with an ovate sclerotized area medially. Ductus bursae selerotized,a little longer than broad. Bursa copulatrix ovate, the anterior quarter membranous,the remainder lightly sclerotized and ribbed.Aplocblon vivilaca (Walker)lodis ? vivilaca Walker, 1861, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 22: 544.Aplochlora subJlava Warren, 1896, Novit. zool.. 3: 392.Euchloris pisochroa Turner, 1906, Trans. roy. Soc. S. Aust., 30: 128.Hutuna, 13.Distribution: India; Ceylon; Formosa; Malaya to Queensland; Bismarck Archipelago;Solomon Is.URANIIDAEEPIPLEMINAEEpiplema conflictaria (Walker)Erosia conJlictaria Walker, 1861, List Lep. Ins. B. M., 23: 85 J.Epiplema conjlictaria Walker, Dalla Torre, 1924, Lep. Cat., 30: 13, 14.Onengagug:1, I J.Distribution: India; Ceylon to Queensland; New Hebrides.Epiplema desistaria (Walker)Erosia desistaria Walker, 1861, List Lep. Ins. B.M., 23: 853.Epiplema desislaria Walker, Dalla Torre, 1924, Lep. Cat., 30: 14, IS.Niupani, 1 7.Distribution: India and eastwards to Japan; Ceylon; Malaya to Queensland; LowsiadeArchipelago; Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Is; New Hebrides.Cbuoclaaa lugubris WalkerChundaJUl lugubris Walker, 1862, J. Linn. Soc., Zoo!., 6: 117.ChundaJUl!ugubris Walker, Dalla Torre, 1924, Lep. Cat .. 30: 24.64

Onengaguga, I ,;, I Cfl.Distribution: Borneo to Queensland; Louisiade Archipela~o.Dirades leucocera HampsonDirades leucocera Hampson, 1891, III. Lep. Het. B. M., 8: 102, pI. 150: 13.Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., I 3; Hutuna, I ~; Guadalcanall., Tapenanje, 1 Cfl.Distribution: S. India; Ceylon.GAEDE (1930, in SEITZ, Macrolepidoptera of the World, /0: 601) has included leucocerain the synonymy of Balantiucha mutans Butler (1887); leucocera and mutansare, however, distinct species and on the antennal structure belong to the genus Dirades.D. mitalls may be distinguished by the ochraceous anal tuft in the male and in thefemale by the bursa copulatrix. which is without a signum.Structurally leucocera is most closely related to D. cOllifera Moore (1887) but maybe distinguished from that species in both sexes by the ante- and postmedial fasciae,which are white, and the anterior half of the median area, which is suffused with palesmoke gray.PSYCHIDAEFumes samoana TamsFumea samoana Tams, 1935, Insects of Samoa, 3: 243, pI. 18: I.Rennelll., Hutuna, 43'; Te-Uhungango, I ;; Bellona I., Matahenua, 13.Distribution: Samoa; Ontong Java.Oappula tertius (Templeton)Oiketicus tertius Templeton, 11'47. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond .. (2) 5: 39, pI. 5: 1-5.Oiketicus templetonii Westwood. 1~54. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1854: 234, pI. 36: 2.Hutuna, 13; reared. emerged 4. x. 1953.Distribution: Honkong; Ceylon; Malaya; Sumatra, Java; Queensland; Fiji.COSSIDAEXyleutes mineus pallescens RoepkeXyleutes milieus pallescells Roepke, 1955. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 107: 2~4.Hutuna, I J. 7 larvae and 4 pupae: Tingoa, I 5; Te-Uhungango, : o·Distribution: New Guinea; Solomon Is.The Hutuna male is considerably darker than the other specimens and is referableto abo archbold; Roepke (Ioc. cit., pI. I: I).65

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16. ODONATA, NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA JBYD. E. KIMMINSBRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.), LONDONLIEFTINCK (1949) records only one species of Odonata from Rennell Island, Orthetrumsabina (Drury). The collections made by the Danish and British Expeditions, totallingnearly 300 specimens, have added another eight species to the list, apart from the fragmentsof an Aeshnid nymph found in the stomach contents of a fish. Not one of thespecies appears to be endemic to Rennell Island, although one has so far been recordedonly from the Solomon Islands. All the other species have a very wide distribution.The Neuroptera comprise three species of Myrmeleonidae and two examples ofChrysopidae larvae; the Trichoptera are represented by one species only. Not one isendemic to Rennell Island and all are fairly widely distributed.ODONATASub-order ZYGOPTERAZygopterous nymphsSt. L. 368, Te-Avamanggu, rock-pool, 18.Oct. 1951. - fragments (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 368, Te-Avamanggu, rock pool, stomach contents of goby (Eleotris). I8.Oct.1951 - fragments (Dan. Exp.)St. L 377, Lake Te-Nggano, stomach contents of goby (Eleotris) , 22.Oct. 1951 -fragments (Dan. Exp.)FAMILY COENAGRIIDAEPseudagrion microcepbaJum (Rambur, 1842)Hutuna, 14.-31. Oct., 12.-18. Nov. 1953 - 540, 12

Sub-order ANISOPTERAFAMILY GOMPHIDAEictinogomphus australis Iieftincki (Schmidt, 1934)S1. L. 357, Lavanggu, from stomach of nestling of Pacific Pigeon ( Ducula p. pacifica),2. Nov. 1951 - 1 d, (Dan. Exp.)Hutuna, 14.-31. Oct., 12.-18. Nov. 1953 - 33' (Brit. Exp.)Tingoa, 9.-1 I. Nov. 1953 - 10 (Brit. Exp.).These specimens differ slightly in colour pattern from examples from New Guinea.The antehumeral band is briefly interrupted near the upper end and the apical, lateral,yellowish spots on the ninth, and the basal, lateral, yellow spots on the tenth segmentsare lacking. LIEITIl'cK records that the antehumeral band is slightly interrupted at itsupper end in a pair of specimens from Guada1canal. The 3' superior anal appendagesof the Rennell Island specimens may perhaps be slightly more upcurved apically inside view, but much depends on the angle of view. There appears to be some variationin this character in the New Guinea specimens.Distribution: Halmaheira, New Guinea, Solomon Islands.FAMILY AESHNlDAEAeshoidae nymphsSt. L. 377, Lake Te-Nggano, stomach contents of goby (Eleotris) , 22. Oct. 1951 -fragments (Dan. Exp.).FAMILY CORDULIlDAEHemicordulia? oceania Selys, 1871Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, 24. Nov. 1953 - I ~ (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Tahiti, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Samoa, New Hebrides, New Caledonia.FAMILY L1BELLULIDAELibeUulidae nymphsSt. L. 377, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, shallow water, 23. oct. 1951 - One and a fragment(Dan. Exp.)S1. L. 377, Niupani, Lake Te· Nggano, shallow water, mud bottom, 22.-23. Oct. 1951- 2 examples (Dan. Exp.)S1. L. 383, Te-Nggano Lake, stomach contents of Pacific Eel (Anguilla pacifica), 23.Oct. 1951 fragments (Dan. Exp.).Agrionoptera inslgnis insularis Kirby, 1889St. L. 361, Nanggau, W ofLavanggu, in fern vegetation, 16. Oct. 1951-IJ(Dan.Exp.)St. L. 362, Te-Maingga, W of Lavanggu, grass vegation, 16. Oct. 1951 - 1 J (Dan.Exp.)68

St. L. 364, Te-Avamangu, cultivated area, 18. Oct. 1951 - 40', 2 ~ (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 371, Lavanggu, 18. Oct. 1951 - 1 ¥ (Dan. Exp.)Hutuna, 14.-31. Oct., 12.28. Nov. 1953 - 81 0',4 ¥ (Brit. Exp.)Tingoa, 9.-11. Nov. 1953 - 20' (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Solomon Islands.Ortbetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)St. L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area, 15. Oct. 1951 - I::) (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 371, Lavanggu, 18. Oct. 1951 - 1 ¥ (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 378, Niupani, low vegetation near Lake Te-Nggano, 23. Oct. 1951 - 3d" 1 ¥(Dan. Exp.)St. L. 379, Niupani, grass vegetation, 24. Oct. 1951 - I J (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 380, Niupani, 22. Oct. 1951 - 10' (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 384, Niupani, 22. Oct. 1951 - 10 (Dan. Exp.)Hutuna, Te-Uhungango, 14. Oct. 1953 - I 0, 2 ¥ (Brit. Exp.)Hutuna, 14.-31. Oct., 12.-26. Nov. 1953 - 35 0, 16 ~ (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Egypt, Asia, North Australia, Oceania.Neurotbemis stigmatizans brabmina (Guerin, 1832)St. L. 371, Lavanggu, 18. Oct. 1951 - I :f (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 371, W of Lavanggu, clearing in forest, 18. Oct. 1951 - I::) (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 378, Niupani, low vegetation near Lake Te-Nggano, 22. Oct. 1951 - 1 J, I ¥(Dan. Exp.)Hutuna, 14.-31. Oct., 12.-18. Nov. 1953 - 43', I :f (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea, Aru Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands,New Hebrides, Union Islands.Macrodiplax cora (Brauer, 1867)St. L. 378, Te· Nggano, low vegetation, 23. Oct. 1951 - 23, 2 .:;2 (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 384, Niupani, 22. Oct. 1951 - 13 (Dan. Exp.)Hutuna, 14.-31. Oct., 12.-26. Nov. 1953 - 12 0 , 13 .:f (Brit. Exp.)Niupani, 24. Nov. 1953 - I ¥ (Brit. Exp.).Distribution; Sokotra, Asia, Philippine Islands, Formosa, East Indies, New Guinea,Aru Islands, Kei Islands, North Australia, Samoa, Friendly Islands.NEUROPTERAfAMILY MYRMELEONIDAEDistoleon tenms (Walker, 1853)Hutuna, 1.-8. Nov. 1953 - I ¥ (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Ceylon and India to Queensland, Solomon Islands and Fiji.69

Episalus zepllyrinus Gerstaecker, 1884St. L. 356, Lavanggu, 19 .• Oct. 1951 - 1 ~ (Dan. Exp.).Distribution: Tenimber, New Guinea, New Britain.Myrmeleon celebensis McLachlan, 1875St. L. 356. Lavanggu, 18. Oct. 1951 - I ~ (Dan. Exp.).Distribution: Malaya, Celebes, Sumatra, New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Hebrides,Solomon Islands.Myrmeleonidae larvaeSt. L. 354, Lavanggu, 13. Oct. 1951 - 17 examples (Dan. Exp.).FAMILY CHRYSOPIDAEChrysopidae larvaeSt. L. 356, Lavanggu, 19. Oct. 1951 - 2 examples (Dan. Exp.).TRICHOPTERAFAMILY LEPTOCERIDAENotanatolica magna (Walker, 1852)St. L. 383, Lake Te-Nggano, from stomach of Australian Grey Duck (Anas superciliosapelell"ensis). 22. Oct. 1951 - fragments of 7 larvae (Dan, Exp.)St. L. 385, Niupani, at Lake Te·Nggano, 23. Oct. 1951 - 1 ~ (Dan. Exp.)St. L. 387, Niupani, bottom of lake near shore, 23. Oct. 1951 - 3 pupal cases (Dan.Exp.)Hutuna, 25. J 28. Oct. 1953 - 30',2:;; (Brit. Exp.)Tingoa, 9.-11. Nov. 1953 - I ¥ (Brit. Exp.).Widely distributed from India to China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, etc.SUMMARYThis paper records the species of Odonata, Neuroptera and Trichoptera collected bythe Danish and British Expeditions to Rennell Island. No new species are described,almost all are widely distributed and not one is endemic to Rennell Island.REFERENCELIEFTINCK, M. A., 1949: Synopsis of the Odonate fauna of the Bismarck Archipelagoand the Solomon Islands. - Treubia 20 (2): 319-374.70

17. SCORPIONES, UROPYGI, ARANEAE, OPILIONESAND SCOLOPENDROMORPH CHILOPODAFROM RENNELL ISLANDBYE. BROWNING & K. H. HYATTDEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.), LONDONThe following Report is based on the material collected by the Danish (1951) andBritish Museum (Natural History) (1953) Expeditions to Rennell Island in the BritishSolomon Islands. The Danish collections were made by Dr. T. WOLFF and the BritishMuseum collecticns by Mr. J. D. BRADLEY.The Scorpiones (1 genus and 2 species), the Uropygi (I species) and the Scolopendromorpha(3 genera and 6 species) were determined by E. BROW:\I:\G and the Araneae(21 genera and 34 species) and Opi/iones (I species) were determined by K. H. HYATT.The arachnid fauna of Rennell Island has not previously been imestigated,although considerable work has been done on the arachnid and myriapod fauna ofother islands in the Austro-Malayan Region. References to some of these are given atthe end of this work. For the full synonymy and bibliography of the Araneae referenceshould be made to ROEWER (1942-1954) and to BoN:--

2. Hormurus karschi Keyserling 1885Danish Exped.: 1 ~, St. No. L. 357, Rennell I., Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papayaon decaying wood and on and in ground, all. 50 m., 15.10.-12.11.1951.I ~, St. No. L. 291, Guadakanal, 15 miles S. E. of Honiara, 7. 10. 1951.This species is known from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.Hormurus sp.Danish Exped..· I imm., St. No. L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papaya, ondecaying wood and on and in ground, all. 50 m., 15.10.-12. 11. 1951.UROPYGIFAMILY THELYPHONIDAE1belypboDus sp. near insulans Keyserling 1885The thelyphonids collected by the two Expeditions are near to T. insulans but differfrom it in the structure of tarsus I in the female; the segments being bead-like andless cakarate. Examination of more material is necessary to assess the range of variationin this species.Danish Exped.: 1 ¥, St. No. L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, in coarse grass and inground, all. 1m., 13.10.1951.I J, I ¥, 2 imm., St. No. L. 380, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, coconut grove with scatteredbushgrowth, alt. 25 m., 22.-23.10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: I ¥, Hutuna, all. 25 m., 21.11.1953.The~rphonus insulans is known from the New Hebrides and Fiji.ARANEAEFAMILY BARYCHELIDAEI. Four immature specimensDanish Exped..· I, St. No. L. 351, coconut grove, in coarse grass and in ground, alt.1m., 13.10.1951.I, S1. No. L. 352, coconut grove, under stones and plant debris, all. 1m., 13.-14. 10.1951.I, St. No. L. 374, Levanggu, young forest, about 3 m. high on previously cultivatedarea, all. 60 m., 21.10.-12.11.1951.I, St. No. L. 380, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, coconut grove with scattered bushgrowth,all. 25 m., 22.-23. to. 1951.72

FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE2. Amaurobius sp.Danish Exped.: 1 ~, St. No. L. 374, Lavanggu, young forest, about 3 m. high on •previously cultivated area, alt. 60 m., 21. 10.-12.11.1951.FAMILY ZODARIIDAE3. Storena parvula Berland 1938Danish Exped.: 1 ~, St. No. L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, in coarse grass and inground, alt. 1 m. 13.10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: 1 ~, Hutuna, all. 25 m., 16.11.1953.This species was previously known only from the New Hebrides.FAMJl.Y PISAURIDAE4. Dolomedes sp.Danish Exped.: 1 imm., St. No. L. 358, Lavanggu, sand beach, under dry leaves etc.,alL 1/2-1 m., 15.10.1951.imm., St. No. L. 378, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, low vegetation near lake, alt.22 m., 22.-23.10. 195 I.FAMILY LYCOSIDAE5. Lycosa tanoa (Strand) 1913Danish Exped..· I 0, 1 imm., St. No. L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, in coarse grassand in ground, all. 1m., 13.10.1951.2 W, 2 imm., St. No. L. 357, Lm'anggu, cultivated area with Papaya. on decayingwood and on and in ground, alt. 50 m .• 15. 10. - 12. II. 1951.I ¥, St. No. L. 385, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, on low vegetation and on and inground near lake, all. 22 m., 23.10.1951.I imm., (? 'anna). St. No. L. 380, Niupani, coconut grove with scattered bush growth,alt. 25 m., 22.-23.10.1951.This species was previously known only from the New Hebrides.FAMILY OXYOPIDAE6. Oxyopes macilentus L. Koch 1878Danish Exped.: 1o, St. No. L. 352, Lavanggu. coconut grove. under stones and plantdebris, alt. 1m., 13.·14. 10.1951.JO d'd', 8 W, 5 imm., St. No. L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papaya. on decayingwood and on and in ground, alt. 50 m., IS. 10.-12. II. 1951.1 d'. 2 W, St. No. L. 361, Nanggau, cultivated area with young coconuts. In fern vegetation,alt. 75 m., 16.10.1951.73

2rJO', 5 W, St. No. L. 362, Te-Maingga, cultivated area with open coconut grove. Ingrass about one foot high, alt. 75 m., 16.10.1951.30'0', II W, St. No. L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, open, cultivated area, mainly grassland,alt. 75 m., 16.-18.10.1951.This species is known from the Dutch East Indies and Queensland.FAMILY THERIDIIDAE7. Argyroclina amboinensis (Thorell) 1878Danish Exped..· I ~, St. No. L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, open, cultivated area, mainlygrassland, alt. 75 m., 16.-18.10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: 1 ¥, Hutuna, alt. 25 m., November 1953.This species is known from Celebes, Amboina, Aru Islands, New Guinea, andNew Caledonia.8. Argyrodina miniacea (Doieschall) 1857Danish Exped..· 2 W, St. No. L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papaya. ondecaying wood and on and in ground, alt. 50 m., 15.10.-12.11.1951.This species is known from Japan, S. E. Asia and New Guinea.9. Argyrodioa wolfi (Strand) 1911Brit. Mus. Exped.: 10', Kasipa Hill, alt. 60 m., I. II. 1953.This species was previously known only from Keule Island, New Guinea.10. Theridion spp.Danish Exped.: 1

FAMILY ARGIOPJDAE12. Argiope picta L. Koch 187 IDanish Exped.: I ~, St. No. L. 292, Guadalcanal, Honiara, 8.10.1951.I ~, St. No. L. 385, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, on low vegetation and on and inground near lake, all. 22 m., 23.10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: 6 W, Hutuna; October-November, 1953.This species is widely distributed in the Austro-Malayan Region, including theSolomon Islands. The male is unknown.13. Araneus cbeesmanae Berland 1938Brit. Mus. Exped.: 2 W, Hutuna, 20.-24.11.1953.This species was previously known only from the New Hebrides.14. Araneus tbeisi (Walckenaer) 1841Danish Exped.: I

17. Cyrtopbora lineata Kulczynski 1910Danish Exped.: 2 ,?¥, St. No. L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, open, cultivated area, mainlygrassland, alt. 75 m., 16.-18. 10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: I

22. Gasteracantba taeniata obsoletipict. Strand 1915Brit. Mus. Exped.: 1 Cj?, Bellona, I., Matehenua, 29.-30.11.J953.14 W, Rennell 1., Hutuna, 14.10.-2.11.1953.Gasteracantha taeniata (Walckenaer) 1841 is known from New Guinea, Aru Islands,Bismarck Archipelago, New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Gasteracantha taeniataobsoletipicta Strand was previously known only from Banka Island, Sumatra.FA MILY TETRAGNATH IDAE23. Leucauge celebesiana (Walckenaer) 1841Danish Exped.: 1 Cj?, Sl. No. L. 357, Rennelll., Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papaya,on decaying wood and on and in ground, all. 50 m. 151. 10.-12. II. 1951.I :fl, St. No. L. 367, Rennell I., Te-Avamanggu, rain forest and cultivated area, alt.7S m., 17.10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: 1o, 3 '(i?, Rennell I., Hutuna, October-November 1953.3 W, Guadalcanal, Tapenanje, 10.-20.12.1953.This species is known from India, the Sunda Archipelago and Hong Kong.24. Leucauge grata (Guerin) 1830Brit. Mus. Exped.: 1 Cj?, Hutuna, November 1953.This species is known from the Sunda Archipelago, the Moluccas, New Guineaand the Solomon Islands.25. Tetragnatba ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge 1869Danish Exped.: 1 ~, St. No. L. 378, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, low vegetation nearlake, all. 22 m., 22.-23.10.1951.1 Cj?, S1. No. L. 379, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, sun-exposed grass-plain near lake,all. 23 m., 24.10.1951.This species is known from India to New Guinea.26. Tetragnatba macilenta L. Koch 1871Brit. Mus. Exped.: 16, Hutuna, 20.-24.11.1953.This species is known from Norfolk Id., Tonga, Samoa, the Marianas, Hawaii andthe Marquesas Islands.77

27. Tetragnatba protensa Walckenaer 1841Danish Exped.: I ~, St. No. L. 377, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, shallow water nearshore, 5-25 cm. Bottom: mud and green algae, alt. 21 m.,22-.23.1O.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: I ~, Hutuna, November 1953.1 ~, no data.This species is known from the Pelew Islands, Australia, New Caledonia, NewHebrides, Samoa, Reunion, Mauritius and Madagascar.28. Tetragnatba trichodes Thorell 1878Danish Exped.: I ~, St. No. L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove in coarse grass and inground, alt. 1m., 13.10.1951.This species was previously known from Amboina.FAMILY EUSPARASSIDAE29. Heteropoda fenatoria (linn1eus) 1767Danish Exped.: I !fl, I imm., St. No. L. 344, Guadalcanal, Honiara, 9.10.1951.1 imm., St. No. L. 356, Lavanggu, 12. 10.-7. II. 1951.2 W, St. No. L. 358, Lavanggu, sand beach, under dry leaves, etc., alt. 1/,_1 m.,15.10.1951.2 W, imm., St. No. L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, open, cultivated area, mainly grassland,alt. 75 m., 16.-18.10.1951.1o, St. No. L. 379, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, sun-exposed grass-plain near lake, all.23 m., 24.10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: 30&,5 W, no data ..This species is cosmotropical and has been accidentally introduced, and has becomeestablished, in many tropical and subtropical countries.30. Heteropoda sp.Danish Exped.: 1 ~, St. No. L. 356, Lavanggu, 12.10.-7.11.1951.FAMILY THOMISIDAE31. This family is represented by two very immature specimens only.Danish Exped.: 2 imm., St. No. L. 378, Niupani, Te-Nggano, low vegetation nearlake, alt. 22 m., 22.-23.10.1951.FAMILY CLUBIONIDAE32. Brit. Mus. Exped.: I ~, undetermined, Hutuna, 20.11.1953.78

FAMILY SALTICIDAEThe classification of the SAL TlCIDAE at the present time. is wholly unsatisfactory;SIMON'S divisions, Unidentati. Fissidentati and Pluridentati being purely arbitrary(PE'rRUNKEVITCH 1928: 60). In view of this the writers have found it impossible toidentify to genera certain of the species collected by both Expeditions.UNIDENTATI33. Coccorchestes sp.Brit. Mus. Exped.: 1 ~, Bellona I., Matahenua, 29.-30.11.1953.This specimen almost certainly belongs to the subfamily Coccorchestinae and ismost probably of the genus Coccorchestes (See ROEWER 1945: 1148).The following unidentified Unidentati were also collected:DanUh Ex~d.: 1 ~, I imm., St. No. L. 378, Rennell I., Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, alt.22 m., 22.-23.10.1951.I ~, St. No. L. 385, Rennelll., Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, on low vegetation on andin ground near lake, all. 22 m., 23. 10. 1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: 1 ~, Rennelll., Hutuna, 20.11.1953.FISSIDENT A TIThe following specimens referable to this group were collected:Danish Exped.: I ~, I imm., St. No. L. 371, Rennell I., Te-Avamanggu - Lavanggu,clearings and cultivated areas, all. 75 m., 18.10.1951.I ~, St. No. L. 298, GuadaIcahal, Honiara, 8.10.1951.I imm., St. No. L. 379, Rennell I., Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, sun-exposed grass-plainnear lake, alt. 23 m., 24.10.1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: I d, I ~, Rennell I., Hutuna, 20.11.1953.PLURIDENT A TI34. Bavia aericeps Simon 1877Danish Exped.: I imm., St. No. L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, open, cultivated area, mainlygrassland, alt. 75 m., 16.-18.10.1951.1 ~, St. No. L. 371, Te-Avamanggu - Lavanggu. clearings and cultivated areas, alt.75 m., 18.10.1951.Bril. Mus. Exped.: 2 ddt Hutuna, 17.-28.11.1953.. This species is known from the Marianas, the Philippines, Sumatra, New Guinea,Funafuti (Ellice Islands), Samoa and Hawaii.79

OPILIONESFAMILY PHALANGODIDAEI. Euzalmoxis neoguinensis Roewer 1915Danish Exped.: I, St. No. L. 372, Lavanggu, rain forest; coral rock and blocks, dryleaves and wood, alt. 75 m., 20.10.1951.This species was previously known only from New Guinea.CHILOPODAFAMILY SCOLOPENDRIDAEI. Cormocepbalus sp.Danish Exped.: I imm., St. No. L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papaya, ondecaying wood and on and in ground, alt. 50 m., 15.10-12.11.1951.I imm., St. No. L. 379, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, sun-exposed grass-plain near lake,alt. 23 m., 24. 10. 1951.2. Otostigmus (Otostigmus) acoleatus Haase 1887Danish Exped.: I, St. No. L. 372, Lavanggu, rain forest; coral rock and blocks, dryleaves and wood, alt. 75 m., 20. 10. 1951.Brit. Mus. Exped.: I, Hutuna, 10.11.1953.This species is known from Java, Tonkin and Hong Kong.3. Otostigmus (Otostigmus) punctiventer (Tomosvary) 1885Danish ExpetJ.: I, St. No. L. 352, Lavanggu. coconut grove, under stones and plantdebris, alt. 1m., 13.-14.10.1951.This species is known from Borneo, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.4. Otostigmus (Otostigmus) scaber Porat 1876Danish Exped.: I, S1. No. L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papaya, on decayingwood and on and in ground, alt. 50 m., 15. 10.-12. II. 1951.This species is known from Burma, the Nicobar Islands, Siam, Sumatra, Chinaand Japan.5. OtostigmlM sp.Danish Exped.: I mutilated, St. No. L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, open, cultivated area,mainly grassland, all. 75 m., 16.-18.10.1951.80

1 imm., St. No. L. 352, Lavanggu, coconut grove, under stones and plant debris, alt.1 m., 13.-14.10.1951.OTOSTIGMINIBrit. Mus. Exped.: 3 mutilated, Rennell I., 1953.6. Ethmostigmus platycepbalus platycephalus (Newport) 1845Danish Exped.: I, St. No. L. 380, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, coconut grove withscattered bushgrowth, alt. 25 m., 22.-23.10.1951.This species is known from the Malabar Coast of India, lava, the Moluccas, KeiIsland, New Guinea, Duke of York Island and New Britain (Bismarck Archipelago),the Solomons and Tahiti.SELECTED REFERENCESATIEMS, Graf. 1930: Das Tierreich, Lief. 54, Scolopendromorpha.BERLAND, L. 1929: Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Arthropoda. Part 8, TerrestrialArthropoda other than Insects: Araignees: 35-78. Brit. Mus. (N. H.).- 1938: Araignees des Nouvelles-Hebrides. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 107: 121-190.BoNNET, P. 1945-1955: Bibliographia Araneorum 1 and 2. Toulouse.MARPLfS, B.l. 1955: Spiders from Western Samoa. 1. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 42:453-504.PE"rRUNKEVITCH, A. 1928: Systema Aranearum. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci.29: 1-270.ROEWER, C. FR. 1923: Die Weberknechte der Erde, 2 vals. lena.- 1938: Resultats Scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises deLL. AA. RR. Ie Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Mem. Mus. roy. Hist.nat. Belg. (Hors serie) 3, 19: 1-94.- 1942-1954: Katalog der Araneae 1, Bremen, 2, Brussels.STRAND, E. 1915: Indoaustralische, papuanische und polynesische Spinnen. Abh.Sencken. Naturf. Ges. 36, 2: 181-274.WERNER, FR. 1934-5: Bronn's Klass. Ord. Tierreichs 5. Abt. 4, Buch 8, Lief. 1-3.WOLFF, T. and BRADLEY, J. D. 1955: The Natural History of Renn'!ll Island, BritishSolomon Islands 1: 1-63. Copenhagen.81

1&, CESTODABYSTEPHEN PRUDHOEDEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)During the visit of the Danish Expedition to Rennell Island in 1951, some cestodeswere collected from a Pacific Pigeon (Ducula pacifica pacifica). This material, however,is mainly fragmentary, but appears to be identical with some tapeworms in thecollections of the British Museum (N. H.) from a "pigeon" in the British SolomonIslands, and with the specimens recorded, but not described, by BAYLIS (1926) asRaillietina (R.) insignis (Steudener, 1877), from DucuJa badia in Sarawak.It is upon these three sets of material that the following description is based:Raillietina (Raillietina) insignis (Steudener, 1877)The length of a comp'ete specimen measures up to 130 mm. and in maximum width2 mm. The scolex is readily differentiated from the "neck" and measures 0.22-0.27mm. long and 0.30-0.39 mm. wide. In very contracted specimens, however, the demarcationbetween the scolex and Jhe "neck" is scarcely distinguishable. The rostellum,0.15-0.22 mm. in diameter, is armed with a double crown of about 200 hooks, measuring0.015-0.017 mm. in length. The four suckers are rounded or elliptical and havea diameter of 0.067-0.10 mm. They each bear five or six rows of minute spines. Thereis an unsegmented "neck", which may be somewhat narrower than the scolex, andsegmentation begins at about 0.75 mm. behind the latter, or in contracted specimensat about 0.34 mm. Throughout the strobila the segments are broader than long. Incross-section the longitudinal musculature of the mature segments forms three distinctrings. The muscle-fibres of the inner ring are disposed in relatively thick, welldefinedbundles, while the outer ring consists mainly of individual fibres. Betweenthese two, there is a third ring of fibres aggregated into bundles noticeably moreslender than those of the inner ring. The transverse muscula ture forms a loose layer ofindividual fibres between the cortical and medullary parenchyma. Single dorso-ventralfibres are also present. The ventral excretory canals and their transverse connectionsare wide, but the writer has failed to observe any dorsal canals. Scattered throughoutthe parenchyma, particularly the cortical parenchyma, of specimens from Ducula p.pacifica and the "pigeon" there are numerous well-defined "calcareous bodies".These are more noticable in specimens stained with Ehrlich's haematoxylin than thosestained with Mayer's paracarmine.83

I.1117.~ O.2mmFig. I. Raillietina (R.i insignis. Ventral view of young segment (semi-diagrammatic); c. s., cirrus-sac;ov., ovary; t.,t., testes; v. "., ventral excretory canals ; va., vagina; ". d., vas deferens; I'it., vitelline gland.The genital pores occur regularly on the right side and each is situated a little infront of the middle of the segment. The genital atrium is small. The cirrus-sac is moreor less pyriform throughout the strobila and measures 0.12-0.15 mm. in length and0.05-0.062 mm. in maximum width. When viewed in a whole mount, the middle regionof the cirrus-sac often appears to be slightly constricted, owing to a muscularthickening of the wall in that region. The cirrus is muscular and unarmed. The vasdeferens is much coiled and enveloped by a mass of gland-cells. It extends along theanterior border of the segment to the middle. On entt.'ring the cirrus-sac the vas deferenswidens into an internal seminal vesicle. There are 14 to 18 testes, of these 4 or 6are behind the vas deferens on the poral side of the segment, and the remaining to to12 on the aporal side.For a distance of about half the length of the cirrus-sac, the distal portion of thevagina has a muscular wall invested with gland-cells and lined with a cuticle. Fromits opening behind the cirrus-sac, the vagina extends to the female gland-complex,situated in the middle of the segment. The ovary lies in the middle line and its outlinevaries accord1ng to its development, for in the early mature segments it appears as aslightly lobed organ, but in older segments it is a bilobed structure with deep indentationsalong its margins. The vitelline gland is compact and situated immediatelybehind the ovary. The eggs are enclosed in egg-capsules, 6-10 in each capsule. Thesecapsules are somewhat oval or spherical and have a diameter varying between O. 1-0.12 mm. They are closely packed in the medullary parenchyma, between the ven tralexcretory canals. The eggs are subglobular, with an outer membrane measuring 32-37 il-. in diameter, while the onchospheres are spherical, with a diameter of 17-20 [.1-.Details obtained from the individual sets of material, together with similar informationtaken from STEUDENER'S original description, are enumerated in the followingtable:In one of the Rennell Island specimens there is a segment that possesses two genitalpores, one on either side, but only a single set of gonads (fig. 2.). So far as the writer isaware, no similar anomaly has been reported hitherto in a species of the genusRaillietina, Through this apparent anomaly, it is easy to suppose that the genusCotugnia, found primarily in Columbiform birds, might have been derived directly84

1oItl.~.v.Fig. 2. Raillietina (R.) insignis. Ventral view of young mature segment showing two sets of copulatoryorgans (semi-diagrammatic): lettering as in Fig. I.from the genus Raillietina, particularly from that group (the subgenera (Paroniella)and (Skrjabinia) which contains forms with only one egg in each capsule.The specific determination of all the above material is, at the moment, rather unsatisfactory,and its present designation should be regarded as provisional. Raillietina(R.) insignis was originally described by STEUDE"IER (1877) as Taenia insignis fromDucula [Carpophaga] oceanica obtained in the "Siidsee". The description contains awealth of detail but little information of systematic value, particularly since STEU­DENER has, as BAER (1933) points out, misunderstood the arrangement of the femalecomplex, and his material needs to be re-examined. It is through comparison withComparison of specimens of Raillietina (R.) insignis from various sources(All measurements in mm.)Host and geographicaldistributionDlI.clI./a oceanica"Siidsee" (FromSTEUDENER, 1877)DlI.clI./a badiaSarawak"Pigeon"British SolomonIslandsDlI.cula p.paciftcaRennell Is.Length, maximum 130 130 90 32 (fragmentary)Width, maximum 1.9 2 1.3 1.4Scolex, diameter 0.31-0.39 0.27-0.39 0.24-0.30 0.22-0.33Rostellum diameter 0.15 0.15-0.22 0.16-0.18 0.18-0.20Hooks, number ca. 200 ca. 200 ca. 200Hooks, length 0.015 0.015-0.017 0.015-0.017 0.015-0.017Suckers, diameter 0.05-0.06 0.08-0.10 0.067 0.087Cirrus· sac, length 0.15 0.125-0.137 0.125 0.12-0.15Cirrus-sac, width 0.06 0.OS-O.062 0.06Testes, number 14-18 IS-17 15-18(4-6 poral; (4-S poral: (5-6 paral;10-12 aparal) 11-12 aporal) 10-12 aparal)Egg-capsules, diameter 0.06-0.1 0.1-0.12 0.1-0.12Eggs. number per capsule - 6-7 6-10 7-108S

BAYLIS' (1926) material of R. (R.) insignis from Ducula badia that the present writerassigns the specimens from Rennell Island and the British Solomons to this species.Raillietina (R.) insignis has also been recorded from Vinago delandii in Africa byBAYLIS (1926) and by BAER (1933). A re-examination of BAYLIS' African materialreveals the presence of 25-30 testes, while BAER states that his material possesses 20-25testes. These testes are contiguous posteriorly to the female complex in the latermature segments - a condition not observed in the material describedabove. It seemstherefore probable that the specimens from Vinago are not identical with those fromDucula.REFERENCESBAER, J. Goo 1933: Contribution a l'etude de la faune helminthologique africaine. -Rev. suisse Zool., 15: 31-84, pis. I-II.BAYLIS, H. A., 1926: Some parasitic worms from Sarawak. - Sarawak Mus. J., 3:303-322.JOYEUX, C. & HouDEMER, E., 1927: Recherches sur la faune helminthologique del'Indochine (Cestodes et Trematodes). - Ann. Parasit., Paris, 5: 289-309.STEUDENER, F., 1877: Untersuchungen tiber den feineren Bau der Cestoden. - Abh.Naturf. Ges. Halle, 13: 277-310, pis. XXVIII-XXXI.86

19. MICROLEPIDOPTERAFROM RENNELL AND BELLONA ISLANDSBYJ. D. BRADLEY, f.R.E.S.DEPARTMENT Of ENTOMOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.)This paper is based upon material collected by my wife and myself during a visit tothe Solomon Islands from September 1953 to January 1954. We were on RennellIsland in October and November, and Bellona Island for two days at the end ofNovember. An account of our expedition and a list of collecting stations appearedearlier in this series (Vol. I, pp. 43-57).While in the Solomons we also collected on Guadalcanal, Ysabel, Tulagi, theRussell Islands, and on Ontong Java Atoll, and certain of this material is referred toin the present paper when relevant to the fauna of Rennell and Bellona.There are no previous records of Microlepidoptera from Rennell and Bellona,and indeed very few altogether from the Solomon Islands. The present collectionconsists of about 850 specimens, and just over 660 of these have been studied anddetermined to species. They contain examples of sixty-seven species, of which twentyfourarc new to science, three I)f them belonging to new monobasic genera, and fourspecies are represented by new subspecies. For one of the known species, Po~\'chrosispedias Meyrick, a new genus is erected. The specimens not studied are mostly inimperfect condition or are inadequate. An examination of this material has, however,shown that it does not include species belonging to families not already represented.Most of the material was collected at light, this being prO\ ided by a Bialaddinpressure lantern which was generally used in conjunction with a Robinson light-trapin the manner illustrated (Vol. I, p. 45, Fig. 1). Very few Microlepidoptera were seenby day. One of the exceptions was the brightly coloured Glyphipterygid lridostomaichthyopa diana seen flying actively in sunlight and evidently a day flying insect byhabit. Two of the most interesting species taken were also active by day, althoughperhaps not strictly day fliers, and are the cave-dwelling Tineids Crypsithyris sladeniand Tinea godmani, which were found flying in the semi-darkness of caves.The composition of the Rennell and Bellona microlepidopterous fauna follows apattern similar to that of the fauna of the Samoan Islands, which was studied byMEYRICK (1927). The relation of this fauna to others needs to be studied through thegenera, and in particular through the infraspecific status of certain of the species.This cannot be satisfactorily accomplished until more is known of the Microlepidopteraof the Solomons Group and other island groups of the Western Pacific.87

The twenty-eight new species and subspecies described below include eighteenspecies and three subspecies which are at present known only from Rennell and Bellona;the other six species and one subspecies have a wider distribution within theSolomons Group, but have not been found elsewhere. Of the thirty-nine identifiedspecies only two are apparently restricted to the Solomons. Seven species, includingone which is represented in Rennell by a race, have previously been taken only in theSamoan Islands, where they were believed to be endemic. The discovery of these inRennell demonstrates how incomplete is our present knowledge of the distribution ofmany of the species of Microlepidoptera occurring in the Pacific islands. Two speciesare otherwise known only from the New Hebrides; one from the New Hebrides andthe Bismarck Archipelago; two from New Britain; one from the Marquesas; and twofrom Fiji, one of these being represented by a race in the Solomons. Twenty-fourspecies, among them two which are represented by races in Rennell, are found inPapuan, Australian and extra-Pacific regions, and some are also widely distributedin the Pacific islands. A number of these species have almost certainly been spread byman, but the subspeciation evident in the Rennell examples of two seems to indicatelong-standing isolation in their case at least. The two species referred to are Trissodorishonorariella and Iridostoma ichthyopa. The former is associated with the screwpine (Pandanus), and the latter with the coconut (Cocos nucifera).In the following descriptions the colour terms used are mostly taken from RIDG­WAY, "Color Standards & Color Nomenclature". The types and para types of the newspecies described are in the British Museum (Natural History).The photomicrographs of the male and female genitalia illustrated in Figs. 30-69were taken by Mr. M. G. SAWYERS of the British Museum. Other photographs areby the author as, also, are the line illustrations which were made with the aid of aprojection apparatus. The magnifications used for the photographs of the wings inFigs. 1-29 have not been given as they vary considerably and only part of the insectis shown. Reference should therefore be made to the measurements of the wing expansefor each species which are given at the beginning of the description.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would again like to express our gratitude to all who helped make the expeditionpossible, and especially for the grants received from the Percy Siaden MemorialFund, the Godman Fund and the British Museum (Natural History).During the study of this collection part of the Olethreutinae material was examinedby Dr. A. DIAKONOFF of the Leiden Museum, to whom I am indebted for thedetermination of Bactra coronata Diakonoff and Polychrosis pedias Meyrick.88

TORTRICIDAETORTRICINAEI. Adoxopbyes templaDa (Pagenstecher)Tortrix temp/ana Pagenstecher, 1900, Zoologica, 29: 225.Hutuna, x. and xi., 27 ex.; Onegaguga, 28. x. and 26. xi., 20 ; Tingoa, 9-11. xi., 10;Matahenua, 29. xi., I ~; at light.Distribution: N. Australia, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Is.2. Adoxophyes ioterma MeyrickAdoxophyes ioterma Meyrick, 1910, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 35: 205.Hutuna, x. and xi., 16 ex.; Tingoa, 9-11. xi., 2 ex.; Matahenua, 29. xi., I ex.; at light.Distribution: Queensland and New Guinea.OLETHREUTINAE3. AUohermenias ditrusa sp. n. (Figs. 1,30)o IO mm. Labial pal pus light buff, terminal segment with a small sclerotized protuberanceabove at apex (probably normally hidden by scales). Head light buff stronglyclouded with mouse gray. Antenna grayish light buff, scape light buff. Thorax andtegula fuscous. Fore wing badly rubbed in the type and markings partly obliterated;general coloration grayish fuscous, costa marked with rather indistinct white strigulae,an admixture of fuscous in discal area; cilia missing. Hind wing and ciliafuscous. Legs light buff suffused with fuscous, hind tarsus with fuscous-black annuli.Male genitalia: Fig. 30. The shape of the valva is similar to that of the Papuan speciestenuitexta Diakonoff, to which diJJusa is evidently most nearly related. There areconsiderable differences in the number and arrangement of the setae and marginalteeth on the valvae of the two species. In diffusa there is a dense cluster ofabout 8 or 9 heavy setae present in the inner ventro-Iateral margin of the neck ofthe cucullus which are absent in tenuitexta; and in tenuitexta only three marginalteeth are present on the cucullus, while in difJusa there is a single row of teeth inthe distal margin evenly spaced and extending from near the apex to the innerangle, and a second more compact row grouped irregularly in a more or lessstraight line from the inner angle directed obliquely inward and extending nearlyto the neck of the cucullus.TypeJ: Rennell I., Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B.M.3101.4. Spilonota indentata sp. n. (Figs. 2, 31-34)d' ~ II mm. Labial palpus with first and second segments cream-buff, suffused or overlaidbeneath and exteriorly with dark fuscous except apex of second segment, whichis narrowly ringed with cartridge buff, terminal segment cartridge buff sometimeswith a weak fuscous suffusion. Crown of head vinaceous-buff, front of head (below89

antenna) tilleul-buff. Antenna tilleul-buff with fuscous annuli, scape tilleul-buff. Thoraxand tegula mummy brown strongly suffused with vinaceous-buff. Fore wing withtermen indented below apex; ground colour mummy brown, a strong suffusion ofpale vinaceous-fawn in basal third, costa marked from apex to middle with shortwhite strigulae, followed by pale vinaceous-fawn strigulae to base, broadly tinged withochraceous-buff at base, white postmedial fascia narrow on costa broadening andextending to tornus on inner margin (dorsum), anterior margin gently incurved,broadly edged outwardly in dark mummy brown, narrowly edged inwardly withwhitish, posterior margin edged by a strong dark mummy brown line notched outwardsat middle, central part of fascia suffused with pale vinaceous-fawn sometimesreplaced by ochraceous-buff towards inner margin, distal part of fascia strongly overlaidor mixed with mummy brown, area beyond fascia except apex suffused and irroratewith pale vinaceous-fawn mixed with ochraceous-buff especially along marginof fascia, apex mummy brown finely irrorate with pale vinaceous-fawn, four or fivesubterminal blackish specks outwardly oblique one above the other opposite theindentation below apex; cilia grayish pale vinaceous-fawn. Hind wing and ciliagrayish, a deep fold along inner margin in male containing a dense hair-pencil. Abdomenfuscous above, white below. Legs cartridge buff, fore and middle legs suffusedwith ochraceous-buff, hind tibia grayish above and exteriorly, hind tarsus suffusedwith ochraceous-buff.Male genitalia: Fig. 31. Aedoeagus with a dense sheaf of comuti (not defined infigure) and a solitary thorn-like seta at apex projecting ventrad.Female genitalia: Figs. 32-34.Type:): Rennell I., Tingoa, 9-11. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3649.Paratypes: Same data as type, 8 ex., genitalia slide B. M. 3527; Hutuna, 24. xi., 1 !fl;Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x., I ex.; Guadalcanal I., Honiara, 8-18. ix., 3 ex.;Tapenanje, 10-23, xii., I ex. ; Ysabel I., Tetamba, 2. x., I ex.; at light.This species is tentatively assigned to the composite genus Spilonota Stephens, andfor the present is placed near ocellana F., the type species of the genus, which it mostclosely resembles superficially. It qualifies for Spilonota according to the existing classificationbased upon wing venation, but the structure of the male genitalia, the shapeof the fore wing and the indentation below the apex as well as general facies andcoloration indicate strong affinities with the new genus described below.There appears to be no appreciable difference in coloration and wing markingsbetween the specimens of indentata from Rennell I. and those from Guadalcanal andYsabel Islands.IceJita gen. n. (Figs. 70, 71)Labial pal pus upturned, terminal segment very short, porrect; second segment withdensely projecting scales below at apex. Head scales loosely appressed. Tongue short.Ocellus immediately posterior of antenna and adjacent to compound eye. Fore wingwith rounded apex, a pronounced indentation in termen below apex, 12 veins fromcell, 3, 4, 5 and 6 arising separately and converging at termen, 7 to termen, a strongparting vein in cell from subcostal between veins 10 and 11 to vein 6. Hind wing with90

veins 3 and 4 stalked nearly to margin, 5 approximate, 6 and 7 stalked to middle, 6to termen.Male genitalia: Valva constricted at middle; sacculus produced distally; uncus bifid;socii well developed, semimembranous, pendulous.Female genitalia: Ostium' caudad, sterigma (ostial plate) well developed, small.Bursa copulatrix subsphericat, bearing two very large, hollow, signa.Type species: lcelita tatarana sp. n.This genus is related to Spilonota Stephens and Acroclita Lederer. Veins 6 and 7of the hind wing are stalked in lcelita. while in Spilonota and Acroclita they are approximateat base; lcelita further differs from Acroclita by having veins 7 and 8 of thefore wing stalked.In lcelita the male genitalia have the sacculus very strongly developed as a freeprocess distally, a characteristic not typical of either Spilonota or Acroclita. althoughin the preceding new species described above and tentatively placed in the genusSpiJonolll the sacculus is produced distally as in lcelita tatarana.5. Icelita tatarana sp. n. (Figs. 3, 35-38)d ~ 10-11 mm. Labial palpus ochraceous-buff exteriorly, strongly suffused with gray andwith an admixture of fuscous among the projecting scales at apex of second segment.apex of terminal segment infuscate, interior of pal pus tilleul-buff. Front of head tilleulbuffmixed with dark gray, crown of head, thorax. tegula. antenna and scape tawnyminutely speckled with pale vinaceous-buff, antennal segments marked with fuscousblackanteriorly. Fore wing with basal half tawny irregularly overlaid with pale vinaceous-fawn,a postmedial pale vinaceous-fawn fascia having anterior margin slightly outwardoblique from costa and s'Dmetimes sharply indented at middle and with a fuscousblackdot in the indentation and the edge of the margin bordered with tawny externallyand sometimes edged with a thin line of white scales internally, posterior margin offascia oblique from costa to middle. thence more or less straight or slightly curyed totorn us, an admixture of tawny in margin and a small dot of fuscous-black at middle,distal area of wing pale \inaceous-fawn, a few scattered black scales, apex obliquelymarked with tawny, costa tawny, a small white inward oblique strigula on costabefore apex preceded by a black dot. remainder of costa marked with numerous finewhite strigulae, a somewhat crescent-shaped white patch from middle of termen totornus containing several black specks in upper part; fringes grayish tawny from apexto middle, with a white medial line and a fuseous basal line. fringes from middle oftermen to tornus grayish pale vinaceous-fawn. Hind wing fuscous. somewhat lighterbasally; cilia grayish fuscous; male with a pecten of pale vinaceous-fawn scales oncubitus and a similar subdorsal patch of scales. Legs warm buff strongly infuscate,marked with fuscous-black exteriorly.Male genitalia: Fig. 35. Uncus broadly excised. Socii round membranous lobes. Sacculusbearing from the base of the inner ventral margin a strong rod-like recurvedprocess the free distal end of which is rounded, slightly expanded, and clothedwith fine setae. Aedoeagus with an internal dense sheaf of corn uti (shed in type).ql

Female genitalia: Figs. 36-38. Ostium round, ventral lip we)] sclerotized, thin, sinuous,strengthened by a pair of small sclerotized plates fused medially immediatelyproximad. Ductus bursae weakly sclerotized to well beyond middle, thence membranousand widening to inception of bursa copulatrix; bursa with weakly sclerotizedelongate slightly denticulate patches situated laterally at the neck, bursavariable in shape, subspherical to elongate, bearing a pair of hollow thorn-likesigna situated on opposite sides a little above (caudad) the middle, their needleliketips extending beyond the centre of the bursa.Type 3': Rennell I., Tingoa, 9-11. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3594.Para types : 2 ~, same data as type, genitalia slide B. M. 4541 ; Hutuna, 24. xi., I 0, I ~;Onegaguga, 26. xi., 10; Ontong Java Atoll, Leuaniua, 29. ix., 1 o.Pseudoclita gen. n. (Figs. 72, 73)Labial pal pus slightly recurved, second segment loosely scaled beneath, thickly clothedabove at middle with projecting scales, terminal segment moderate. Head clothedwith long loosely appressed erectile scales arising laterally and arching to the middleof the head. Female antenna simple. Tongue short. Fore wing with all radials presentand separate, 7 to apex, 7 and 8 connate or approximate (7 weak at base in specimenexamined), 9 close to and sub-parallel with 8, upper parting vein developed onsubcostal midway between veins 10 and II. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked, 5approximate to 4, 6 and 7 approximated towards base.Female genitalia: Ostium central, moderately wide, a heavily scleroti7ed collicuJum;bursa copulatri x with a pair of thorn-like signa.Type species: Pseudoclita prosantes sp. n.Very close to Acroclita Lederer, but differs in having veins 7 and 8 of the fore wingseparate, vein 7 going to the apex, while in Acroe/ita veins 7 and 8 are strongly stalked,7 going to the .termen and 8 to the costa nearer to the apex than in Pseudoclita.6. Pseodoclita prosantes sp. n. (Figs. 4, 47, 48)~ II mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, a strong admixture offuscous exteriorly. Headcartridge buff, crown suffused laterally with fuscous, upper part of face light drab.Antenna fuscous, scape cartridge buff. Thorax and tegula fuscous, darker anteriorly,tip of tegula whitish, a transverse whitish suffusion at middle of thorax. Fore wingwhitish with an admixture of light drab, markings verona brown irrorate with fuscous-black,a verona brown patch at base of costa, a quadrate marking on costa atabout 1/5 heavily overlaid with fuscous-black, a rectangular slightly outward obliquemarking on hind margin (dorsum) at 1/3 reaching beyond middle of wing, the innercomer of which is confluent with preceding costal marking, a broad irregular transversemarking at about 3/4 slightly inward oblique to costa and divided at the middleon costa, two small verona brown dots on costa between this and apex and anotherlarger dot at apex, a large circular marking in upper half of wing confluent with thetwo costal dots. Cilia cartridge buff mixed with light gray. Hind wing grayish with a92

weak cream-buff sheen. Cilia grayish tinged with cream-buff basally. Legs cartridgebuff with fuscous black annuli.Female genitalia: Figs. 47, 48.Type~: Rennell I., Hutuna, 18-25. x. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3432. Unique.7. Acroolita pbysalodes (Meyrick)Rhopobota physalodes Meyrick, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1910: 368.Hutuna, 1-5. xi., at light, 1 ~.Distribution: Ceylon, Chagos Is., Fiji, Austral Is., and Seychelles Is.8. Herpystis jejuna MeyrickHerpystisjejuna Meyrick, 1916, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 2: 16.Hutuna, 18-25. x., 8 ex.; Hutuna, 30. x.-2. xi., I ex.; Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x., 4 ex.;atlighLDistribution: India and Java.9. Eucosma bidenticuIaoa sp. n. (Figs. 5, 39-42)& ~ 11-12 mm. Labial pal pus cream-buff, suffused with gray exteriorly, second segmentwith an exterior latero-dorsal black patch at middle and with projecting black scalesat apex, terminal segment a~most wholly overlaid with fuscous-black. Head brown.Antenna cinnamon-buff, segments banded with black anteriorly. Thorax and teguladrab-gray speckled with cinnamon-buff. Fore wing with basal half pale drab-graylightly sprinkled with cinnamon-buff and with a strong admixture of cinnamon-buffbefore middle of inner margin (dorsum) extending across the wing to beyond middle,a median pale ecru-drab fascia coostricted at middle and somewhat diffuse towardscosta, anterior margin of fascia edged in black, area distad of fascia cinnamon-buffstrongly overlaid with fuscous-black, a large cream-buff patch above tornus theouter edge of which is angled at middle on termen, a leaden patch occupies the basalhalf of this and the outer (distal) half has four longitudinal black dashes equidistantone above the other and decreasing in length towards the costa, terminal margin cinnamon-buffoverlaid with fuscous, a small white dot below apex, a conspicuous thickwhite strigula on costa before apex, costa marked with fine black and white strigulae.Fringes cinnamon-buff, infuscate. Hind wing fuscous, cilia grayish. with a fuscoussubbasal line. Legs tilleul-buff, tarsi ringed with fuscous, middle "nd hind tibiae infuseateexteriorly.Male genitalia: Fig. 39. Cucullus bearing a row of about eight fairly short thick-setsetae in distal margin and a second row immediately behind the first of six ormore setae each two or three times as long as the setae in the outer row and notso stout at the bases.Female genitalia: Figs. 40-42.Type &: Rennell I., Hutuna, 30. x.-2. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3654.Paratypes: Hutuna, 18-25. x. and 1-5. Xi., at light, 25j? Genitalia slide B.M. 3665.93

This species is close to the Fijian E. defensa Meyrick but is readily distinguishedsuperficially; defensa does not have the latero-dorsal black patch on the second segmentof the labial pal pus, and its general coloration, especially of the fore wing, isdarker and the postmedian fascia on the fore wing is fuscous-black and is discernibleonly towards the inner margin (dorsum).lO. Bactra coronata DiakonoffBaetra eoronata Diakonoff, 1950, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent., I: 286, pI. 5,Fig. 17.Hutuna, 30. x.-2. xi. 1953, at light, 10.Distribution: Java, E. Borneo and Philippine Is.I I. Lobesia aeolopa MeyrickLobesia ae%pa Meyrick, 1907, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 17: 976.Lobesia proterandra Meyrick, 1921, Zoo I. Meded. Mus. Leiden, 6: 155.Lobesia dryopella Meyrick, 1932, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 225.Lobesia eustales Bradley, 1956, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent.,4: 146, Fig. t. Syn. nov.Hutuna, X., I:.); Hutuna, xi., 2 ¥; at light. This is a very variable species in colorationand markings and is best identified by the genitalia. The larva is polyphagous,feeding in the fruits and flowers.Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, Formosa, Burma, Solomon Is., Lord Howe I.,Africa (Uganda, Nyasaland, Cape Colony), Sao Thome I., and Madagascar.12. Argyroploce discana (Felder)Tortrix diseana Felder, 1874, Reise Novara, Heterocera, pI. 137, fig. 41.Kasipa Hill, c: 300 ft., 29. x., at light, 10.Distribution: India, China, Java, Moluccas and Solomon Is.13. Argyroploce ancosema solomonensis ssp. n. (Figs. 6, 43-46)Argyroploee aneosema Meyrick, 1932, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 310.Differing notably from the nominate race by the distinct break at the middle of themedial fascia on the fore wing. In aneosema the fascia is unbroken and is sharplyangled beneath the middle of the disc and terminates in a rounded blotch beforethe apex. The male genitalia of the two races show little difference in structure.Type 0: Rennelll., Hutuna, 18-25. x. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3577.Paratypes: Hutuna, x. and xi., 30,6

14. ArgyropJoce parasema MeyrickArgyroploce parasema Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 36: 267.Hutuna, 18-25. x., at light, 1 ~.Distribution: Solomon Is.15. Cryptopblebia iridosoma (Meyrick)Argyroploce iridosoma Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 36: 264.Cryptophlebia iridosoma (Meyrick), Bradley, 1952, Bull. ent. Res., 43: 684.Hutuna, 12. xi., at light, I ~.Distribution: Queensland and Rossel I.16. CryptopbJebia pallifimbriana BradleyCryptophTebia paTliftmbriana Bradley, 1952, Bull. ent. Res., 43: 688.Hutuna, 30. x.-2. xi., I ~, I ~; Tingoa, 9-11. xi., 23.Distribution: New Guinea, Vulcan I., Austral Is., New Hebrides, Society Is., Marquesas,Fiji and Tahiti. The larva feeds on Ivi fruit (lnocarpus edulis).Eleutbodema gen. n. (Figs. 74, 75)Labial palpus porrect, second segment tufted beneath at apex, terminal segment moderate.Head loosely scaled, scales projecting between the antennae. Tongue very short.Antenna simple in female, shaft scaled, minutely ciliated in male. Fore wing with allveins present, 3 and 4 connate, 7 to termen, 9 from upper angle of cell, a weak partingvein in cell from little before vetin 10 to between veins 7 and 8. Hind wing withveins 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximate, cell open between veins 5 and 6, 6 and 7 connateor short stalked.Male genitalia: Valva broad basally; sacculus narrow, produced distally; uncussimple.Female genitalia: Ostial plate heavily sclerotized, quadrate, lateral margins producedcaudally. Bursa copulatrix elongate, entirely membranous and without signum.Type species: Polychrosis pedias Meyrick.This genus is erected to accommodate Po~rchrosis pedias Meyrick, study of examplesfrom Rennell I. having shown that this species does not properly belong in thegenus Po~rchrosis Ragonot. The new genus in which pedias is now placed is related tothe large compound genus Laspeyresia Hubner, from which it may for the presentperhaps be best separated by differences in the structure of the male genitalia, inparticular by the great width of the basal section of the valva in relation to the cucul­Ius in Eleuthodema, the reverse to the comparable development of these structures intypical Laspeyresia species; and by the well developed sacculus in ElellThodema incontrast to the poor development of this structure in Laspeyresia.95

17. Eleutbodema pedias (Meyrick), comb. n. (Figs. 7, 49-51)Polychrosis pedias Meyrick, 1920, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 2: 347.Niupani, 23. xi., I ex.; Hutuna, x. and xi., 10 ex.Distribution: India and New Guinea (Diakonoff, in lilt.).Peripboeba gen. n. (Figs. 76, 77)Labial palpus porrect, slightly recurved, moderately long, second segment with projectingscales above and below, terminal segment moderately long. Tongue short.Head clothed with loosely appressed scales. Fore wing elongate, costa gently arched,termen incurved beneath obtuse-pointed apex, all veins present, 3 and 4 approximatefrom angle, 5 connate with 4, 6 slightly nearer to 7 than to 5 and parallel to 7 whichgoes to termen, 7, 8 and 9 approximate at angle, 8 from angle to costa well beforeapex, 8 and 9 closely approximate and diverging a little at costa, no parting veinpresent in cell. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 closely approximate orcoincident at base.Female genitalia: Ostium anterior, simple. Bursa copulatrix with a double signum inthe form of a pair of weakly sclerotized scobinate plates.Type species: Periphoeba adluminana sp. n.By wing venation this genus approaches nearest to Antichlidias Meyrick, differingin the positioning of certain veins, vein 3 in the fore wing being strongly curved inAntichlidias and approaching vein 4 at the termen, and vein 5 is approximate to 4; inAntichlidias well developed upper and lower parting veins are present in the cell inthe fore wing.18. Peripboeba adJumio.u sp. n. (Figs. 8, 52-54)'l! 12 mm. Labial palpus missing. Head, thorax and tegula sayal brown strongly suffusedwith hair brown, face light buff. Antenna missing. Fore wing sayal brown witha closely reticulate pattern of hair brown, costa marked with dark hair brown strigulaemixed in apical half with about eight fine oblique white striguJae, an obliquelight purplish gray streak at middle of costa, another at 3/4 continuing abruptly upwardsto costa a little before apex and joining the outermost white strigula, a darkhair brown line between distal half of these streaks, 3 or 4 heavy dark hair brown orfuscous-black elongate subterminal patches in lower half, termen edged with lightpurplish gray. Cilia warm buff. Hind wing grayish with a warm buff sheen. Ciliacream-buff, with a grayish basal line.Female genitalia: Figs. 52-54.Type!fl: Rennell I., Hutuna, 20-22. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3464.96

CHLIDANOTIDAE19. Trymalitis cataraeta MeyrickTrymalitis cataracta Meyrick, 1907, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 18: 153.Trymalitis optima Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 36: 294. Syn. nov.Trymalitis macarista Meyrick, 1934, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 489. Syn. nov.Hutuna, 19-24. xi., 10'; Tingoa, 9-11~ xi., 10'; at light.The new synonymy above has been introduced following the examination of thetype material in the British Museum. It has revealed that cataracta Meyrick has amuch wider distribution than was previously believed.Distribution: E. Australia, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Siam, Andaman Is.,Fiji, Ceylon and Africa (Bradley, 1955, Entomologist's Gazette, 6: 181).CARPOSINI DAE20. MerldardUs syncoDeta MeyrickMeridarchis syncolleta Meyrick, 1928, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 404.Malabowo, 3. xi., 1 O'.Distribution: Andaman Is.GELECHIIDAE21. Thiotricha margarodes MeyrickThiotricha margarodes Meyrick, 1904, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 29: 294.Hutuna, 30. x.-2. xi., at light, I ex.Distribution: Queensland.22. Thiotricha oxyopis MeyrickThiotricha oxyopis Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lepidoptera, fasc. 2, p. 80.Onegaguga, 26. xi., at light, 1 ex.Distribution: Samoa.23. Bracbyacma epichroa MeyrickBrachyacma epichroa Meyrick, 1886, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1886: 279.Hutuna, 1-5. xi., at light, 1 ex.Distribution: Fiji.24. Dicbomeris resignata MeyrickDichomeris resignata Meyrick, 1929, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 510.Gaesa praeducta Meyrick, 1929, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 511. Syn. nov.Hutuna, x. and xi., 14 ex.; Niupani, 23. xi., 6 ex.; at light.Distribution: New Hebrides and Bismarck Archipelago.The new synonymy above has been introduced following examination of syntypesin the Meyrick collection in the British Museum.97

25. Cymotricha chlamidota (Meyrick)Trichotaphe chlamidota Meyrick, 1927, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 355.Hutuna, 18-25. x., at light, 10.Distribution: Sumatra and Java.The larva of this species has been recorded (Meyrick, loe. cit.) feeding on theflowers of AcaZvpha boehneriodes (Euphorbiaceae), and (Meyrick:, 1935, Exotic Microlepidoptera,4: 588) on flowers of (?) Tragia hirsuta (Euphorbiaceae).26. Autosticha solomonensis sp. n. (Figs. 9, 55-59)3 ~ 12-13 mm. Labial palpus light warm buff, basal segment and second segmentexcept apex overlaid with dark mummy brown exteriorly, anterior margin of terminalsegment irrorate with mummy brown. Head warm buff. Antenna warm buff, withmummy brown annuli distinct in the female and comparatively indistinct in the male;scape warm buff weakly irrorate with brown. Thorax and tegula warm buff. Fore wingwarm buff, sparsely sprinkled with mummy brown, a dark mummy brown markingat base of costa, a small dark mummy brown dot in disc before middle, a secondslightly obliquely before it in fold, and a third in disc beyond middle, a row of smallmummy brown dots interspersed between the radial veins along the terminal marginand continuing round the apex and along the costa to terminate at a small mummybrown marking on costa at about 4/5, a similar pretornal marking opposite. Cilialight warm buff, whitish at tips. Abdomen light warm buff, whitish at tips. Hind winggrayish light buff, cilia light warm buff, whitish at tips. Abdomen grayish above, lightbuff beneath. Legs warm buff, fore leg suffused with dark mummy brown, middle legsuffused with dark mummy brown exteriorly.Male genitalia: Figs. 55,56.Female genitalia: Figs. 57-59.TypeS: Rednell!.. Hutuna, 8. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B.M. 3633.Para types : Hutuna, x. and xi., I o. 4 ~; at light.Other material: One example undetermined in the Meyrick Collection, in the BritishMuseum; Solomon Is., R.A. L. .9.32.This species superficially resembles pe/odes Meyrick but is slightly smaller; it maybe distinguished by the position of the second dot in the dise in the fore wing. whichin pelodes is situated beyond the first.COSMOPTERYGIDAE27. Cosmopteryx aurelia sp. n. (Figs. 10, 78)o ~ 8-9 mm. Labial pal pus white, with black lateral longitudinal lines. Front of headgrayish with a weak golden sheen, crown fuseous-black with fine central and lateralwhite lines. Thorax and tegula fuseous-black, a fine longitudinal white line at middleof thorax parallel with a fine white line along inner edge of tegula. Antenna fuscousblack,whitish dotted anteriorly, with two narrow white bands at about 2/3 and an-9R

other much broader white band before apex. Fore wing fuscous, a short, fine, whitesubcostal line at about 1/6, two slightly longer white lines beneath apex of this, widelyremote from base and fascia; a broad postmedial deep chrome fascia, anterior marginstraight, sprinkled with a few black scales, edged by a narrow iridescent pale goldenmetallic fascia; a circular iridescent pale golden metallic patch, edged by a sprinklingof black scales, on the inner margin (dorsum) and occupying nearly a quarter of thepostmedial fascia and nearest the outer margin of the fascia which is oblique fromcosta to tornus; in the outer angle made by the costa and the fascia is a small goldenmetallic spot, on the costa immediately beyond this is a heavy white dash whichextends into the cilia; a fine white line from tornus along termen to apex; cilia grayishbecoming blackish around apex, a white dash on costa, and a white bar at apex forminga continuation of the white line from tomus to apex. Hind wing and cilia fuscousblack,cilia slightly grayish.Male genitalia: Fig. 78. Costal part of valva with outer side of the club-shaped terminalportion clothed exteriorly with minute bristles; distal margin of ventralportion of valva straight, abruptly rounded at ends. Aedoeagus compressed, verybroad basally to middle thence narrowing and becoming tubular, a sclerotizedflap-like projection dorsally on the narrow part a little apicad of the middle ..Gnathus with right side developed into a heavily sclerotized cork-screw like hook.Typed': Rennell I., Hutuna, 18-25. x. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B.M. 3711.Paratypes: Hutuna, x. and xi., 10 ex.: Tingoa, 9-11. xi., 2 ex.; Matahenua, 29. xi.,I ex.; at light.This species belongs to a large homogeneous group, but is distinguished by thebroad postmedial fascia of the fore wing enclosing the metallic marking on the hindmargin. The male genitalia indicate relationship with the tropicopoIitan species jlal'ifasciataWollaston (= mimetis Moyrick), the costal and basal parts of the valva beingsimilar in the two species; but the form of the gnathus is different, being pip-shapedinftavifasciata with the end sharply pointed; the form of the aedoeagus also differs,and in f1avifasciata is cylindrical and comparatively slender throughout its length.28. Labdia saliens MeyrickLabdia sa liens Meyrick, 1928, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 385.Hutuna. 18-25. x. and 1-5. xi., 2 ex., at light.Distribution: New Hebrides.29. Labdia torodoxa MeyrickLabdia torodoxa Meyrick, 1928, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 386.Hutuna, x. and xi.. 14 ex.; Onegaguga, 28. x., 2 ex.; Matahenua, 29. xi., 2 ex.; at light.Distribution: New Hebrides.99

30. Pyroderces ptilodelta MeyrickPyroderces ptilodelta Meyrick, 1922, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 2: 570.Hutuna, x. and xi., 13 ex., at light.Distribution: China and Malaya.31. Trissodoris bODorarielJa pauselJa ssp. n. (Figs. 11,80-82)Stagmatophora honorariella Walsingham, 1907, Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1: 515, pI. 15,fig. 21.StagmatopllOra quadrifasciata Walsingham, 1907, Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1: 516, pI. 15,fig. 22.The Rennell race is distinguished by the very much wider transverse pale brownishochreous bands of the fore wings, and a consequent reduction of white areas betweenthe bands, resulting in the general appearance and coloration being appreciably darkerthan in the nominate form from Pitcairn I. This variation seems to be peculiar toRennell, and examples of honorariella from Fiji, Samoa, Hawaiian Is., New Hebrides,Buru and Dinner I. (the latter being the type locality for quadrifasciata) which havebeen examined closely resemble the type from Pitcairn.Male genitalia: Fig. 80.Female genitalia: Figs. 81,82.Type 0': Rennelll., Onegaguga, 26. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 4193.Paratypes: Hutuna, 18-25. xi., 3 ex.; Te-Uhungango, 14. x., I ex.; at light.Distribution: T. honorariella occurs in Ceylon and New Guinea, and is widespread inthe Pacific islands probably occurring wherever its foodplant Pandanus is found.32. Asympborodes polluta MeyrickAsymphorodes pol/uta Meyrick, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 76: 500.Hutuna, x. and xi., 24 ex.; Niupani, 23. xi., I ex.; Matahenua, 29. xi., I ex.; at light.Distribution: Marquesas Is.33. Limnoecia syntaracta MeyrickLimnoecia syntaracta Meyrick, 1897, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 22: 360.Onegaguga, 28. x., 8 ex.; Hutuna, x. and xi., 7 ex.; at light.Distribution: W. Australia.34. Limnoecia melliplanta sp. n. (Figs. 12, 79)c) 'f? 12-13 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, terminal segment marked with a broadfuscous preapical band. Head cartridge buff. Antenna and scape grayish fuscous,flagellum with fuscous-black annuli. Fore wing rather shining fuscous with a variablesprinkling of fuscous-black scales, two cream buff blotches on costa, one at middle100

and the other just before apex, both rounded beneath and reaching to middle ofwing, a similar cartridge buff blotch on inner margin near base, all three blotchessometimes edged with fuscous-black inwardly; cilia grayish around tornus darkeningto fuscous towards apex. Hind wing and cilia grayish. Abdomen dark gray above,gray mixed with cartridge buff below, anal tuft in male cartridge buff. Legs cartridgebuff strongly suffused with fuscous. .Male genitalia: Fig. 79.Typed': Rennell 1., Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x. 1953, at light. Genitalia side B.M.4270.Paratypes: same data as type, 3 ex.; Hutuna, xi., 2 ex.; at light.This species superficially resembles the Australian species triplanta Meyrick butdiffers considerably in the structure of the male genitalia; in triplanta the valva is almosttwice as wide and the lateral process partly glvering the exterior of the valvaand articulated with the tegumen is divided near the base into two long prongs thelower of which extends beyond the apex of the valva and the upper a little way beyondthe middle.It also resembles the Australian and Papuan species tetraplalletis Meyrick (=tyrotoma Meyrick, Syn. nov.) which is distinguished by the additional pretornal doton the fore wing and is a slightly larger species; in the male of tetrar/anetis the lateralprocess from the tegumen is in the form of a single prong curved inwards over thevalva.35. Limnoecia atopa sp. n. (Figs. 13, 83, 86)d' c;: 13-16 mm. Labial pal pus fuscous-black. Head wholly cartridge buff or whitish.Antenna fuscous-black above to a little before middle, thence white to about 3/4,apical 1/4 roughened, fuscous-black; underside of antenna whitish to about 3/4,thence fuscous-black; scape fuscous-black above, whitish below. Thorax and tegulafuscous. Fore wing fuscous-black, a white transverse fascia from inner margin at 1/5reaching nearly to costa, a large circular white tarnal marking, a small white spot oncosta a little beyond middle, a roughly triangular preapical white marking the apex ofwhich rests on the term en a little above middle; cilia grayish fuscous-black. Hind wingfuscous; cilia grayish fuscous. Abdomen fuscous-black above, white below, anal segmentscream-buff. Legs pale cream-buff, banded with fuscous-black.Male genitalia: Fig. 83.Female genitalia: Fig. 86.Type~: Guadalcanall., Tapenanje, 10-23. xii. 1953, at light.Para types : same data as type, 7 ex.; Guadalcanal I., Honiara, x. and xi., 12 ex.Genitalia slides B. M. 4269 d' and B. M. 4250

HELIODINIDAE36. Hieromantis respleodeos sp. n. (Figs. 14, 84, 85, 87)J ~ 10-13 mm. Labial palpus, front of head and antenna cartridge buff. Vertex, antennalscape, thorax, tegula and patagium light buff yellow, a narrow cartridge buffline down middle of thorax. Fore wing light buff yellow, an irregular rather weakcartridge buff fascia on inner margin at 1/4 reaching nearly to costa, followed by andpartly enclosing an elongate submedian black patch containing a silvery-white anteriorspeck and a large posterior golden-metallic spot; a narrow transverse cartridgebuff fascia at 3/5 broadening considerably at the costa and with margins outlined withmouse gray; an inward oblique cartridge buff streak from before apex not reachinginner margin, edged with mouse gray anteriorly; a mouse gray streak along termen;cilia cream-buff. Legs cartridge buff below, buff yellow above. Abdomen cartridgebuff.Male genitalia: Figs. 84, 85.Female genitalia: Fig. 87.Typed': Guadalcanall., llu Farm, 26. xii. 1953 - 4. i. 1954, at light. Genitalia slideB.M.4266.Paratypes: same data as type, I ~; Honiara, ix. 1953 and i. 1954, 4 'fl, I J; Ysabel I.,Tatamba, 2. x. 1953, 1 ;3'; Rennelll., Hutuna, x-xi., 1 ~; at light.Other material: Solomon Is., Gizo, 18. v. 1934 (H. T. PAGDEN), 5 ex. erroneouslydetermined as H. ephodophora Meyrick by E. Meyrick.Closely related and superficially similar to ephodophora Meyrick from Australia,and munerata Meyrick from Fiji; but may be readily distinguished by the characteristicshape of the valva of the male genitalia.37. Stathmopoda periclina MeyrickStathmopoda periclina Meyrick, 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 89: 520.Hutuna, 24. xi., 1 ex.; Tingoa, 9. xi., 4 ex.; at light.Distribution: New Guinea.38. Stathmopoda stropha sp. n. (Figs. 15, 88, 89)j ij! 10 mm. Labial palpus white, suffused with cream-buff exteriorly and on undersideof second segment at apex. Head pearly-white, front of crown shining mustard yellowor capucine yellow, back of crown deep mars brown; patagia silvery-white. Antennaand scape cream-buff, apex of antenna infuscate. Thorax and tegula lemon chromeanteriorly, deep mars brown with an admixture of ferruginous posteriorly. Fore winghair brown, three large semicircular lemon chrome dorsal blotches at 1/4, middle and3/4, each blotch reaching to middle of wing and with the inner margins outlined by athick deep mars brown line, the edges of these lines connecting on the inner marginand reaching nearly to the costa, and edged outwardly with orange buff; a smalltriangular lemon chrome dash at apex; cilia grayish drab. Hind wing with basal half102

and adjoining cilia light buff, becoming grayish drab towards apex with cilia matching.Abdomen grayish above, whitish below. Fore leg and middle leg white, suffused withlight buff above; hind leg, including spurs, white, tarsus and tibial spurs strongly suffusedwith orange-buff above, ringed with fuscous where the four whorls of spines arise.Male genitalia: Figs. 88, 89.Typee!: Rennell 1., Hutuna, 1-5. xi 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B.M. 3302.Paratypes: Hutuna, 8. xi., 33'; Onegaguga, 28. x., I J; at light.This species closely resembles in markings the Australian species triselena Meyrick,and the Indian species orbiculata Meyrick; it is readily distinguished by the lemonchrome semicircular marking on the fore wing which in both the other species iswhite.39. Stathmopocia anticyma MeyrickStathmopoda antic),ma Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lepidoptera, fasc. 2, p. 100.Hutuoa. x. and xi., Sex.; Niupani, 23. xi., I ~; Onegaguga, 26. xi., I 'fl; Matahenua,29. xi., I ex.; at light.Distribution: Samoa.40. Statbmopoda imperator sp. n. (Figs. 16,90-92)J':(. 12 mm. Labial pal pus cartridge buff, terminal segment and apex of second segmentinfuscate exteriorly. Head orange on crown, fore head iridescent drab, face pearlycartridge buff. Antenna and scape cartridge buff suffused with fuscous. Thorax,tegula and patagia drab, two subdorsal orange streaks on thorax. Fore wing drab, asmall chaetura drab mark at base of costa, a small orange dash in fold at 1:6; ciliadrab, lighter at extremities. Hil,d wing grayish ochreous buff; cilia drab, lighter atextremities. Abdomen grayish cartridge buff above. cartridge buff below. Legs cartridgebuff, fore leg and hind leg, including spurs, infuscate above, whorls of spineson tibia and tarsus of hind leg ochraceous-buff.Male genitalia: Figs. 90, 91.Female genitalia: Fig. 92.TypeJ: Rennelll.. Tingoa, 9-11. xi. 1953. at light. Genitalia slide B.M. 3301.Paratypes: same data as type. 23. 3

42. Pachyrhabda pbanta sp. n. (Figs. 17, 94, 95)c! ~ 6-8 mm. Labial palpus, head, thorax and tegula silvery-white. Antenna cartridgebuff. Fore wing silvery-white, sometimes weakly tinged with cream-buff and suffusedwith cream-buff at apex; cilia grayish white. Hind wing silvery-white; cilia grayishwhite. Abdomen cartridge buff above, white below. legs silvery-white, fore leg shadedwith fuscous exteriorly; posterior leg sometimes grayish, tibia with a small, conspicuous,black apical spot above, preceded by a fuscous line in the dorsal fringing hairs.Male genitalia: Fig. 94, 95.Type;: Rennelll., Hutuna, 12. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 4379.Paratypes: Hutuna, x. and xi., 20 ex.; at light; Te-Kanilakulaku Cave, 8. x., I ex.This species is distinguished from the preceding by the black apical spot on thehind tibia which is absent in amianta Meyrick. It closely resembles antinoma Meyrick,found in the Kermadec Is., Samoa, Ceylon, India and Australia, but not representedamong the present collection from Rennell, which has a black apical spot on the hindtibia. These two species are best separated by the male genitalia: in antinoma thesaccus is not free apically, the vinculum is evenly rounded and does not extend sofar ventrad, and the aedoeagus has a weakly sclerotized rod-like projection at the tip.Gl YPHIPTERYGIDAE43. Iridostoma ichtbyopa diana subsp. n. (Figs. 18,60-64)Iridostoma ichthyopa Meyrick, 1909, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 19: 425.Differs from the nominate Ceylon form in having the fulvous-yellow fascia alongthe termen of the fore wing slightly broader and enclosing much heavier black dots,the uppermost dot being no longer than the others, not longer and triangular as inichthyopa ichthyopa, and the second, third and fourth dots from the apex are bluecentred.There are minor differences in the female genitalia, in ichthyopa diana theostium is strollf,er and the signa are a little larger and more heavily sclerotized. Themale of the nominate race is unknown, but the genitalia of a male specimen fromJava, which I believe may represent yet another subspecies, have a weaker uncuslacking the lateral rows of setae on the underside, and the ventral pad of spines onthe valva, which is strongly developed in ichthyopa diana, is very weak in the Javanesespecimen; the anellus also differs, the lobes being longer and pointed at the apices.Male genitalia. Figs. 60,61.Female genitalia. Figs. 62-64.Type): Rennell I., Hutuna, 8. xi. 1953. Genitalia slide B. M. 3632.Paratypes: Hutuna, x. and xi., 3 d, I Cfl.MEYRICK (1934, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 456) records this species from Java,bred from larvae feeding on the male inflorescence of Cocos nucifera.44. Imma albifasciella (Pagenstecher)Tortricomorpha albifasciella Pagenstecher, 1900, Zoologica, 29: 234.Tortricomorpha monodesma Lower, 1903, Trans. R. ent. Soc. S.Australia, 27: 70.104

Hutuna, x. and xi., 20 ex. The Rennell examples of this species tend to have the transversemedian white line on the fore wing much finer, and have lost the white inthe cilia along the termen of the fore wing, where they are brown. Similar variationis also evident in examples which have been seen from Australia.Distribution: Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and Celebes.YPONOMEUTIDAE45. Anticrates dimua rennellensis subsp. n. (Figs. 19, 65-69)Anticrates difflua Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lepidoptera, fase. 2, p. 106.The general coloration in the Rennell race is considerably brighter than that in thenominate race from Samoa. The markings of the fore wing are a uniform deep coralred in contrast to the light purplish markings, suffused crimson on the edges, indifJfua dijjfua. There is no apparent difference in the male genitalia of the two races.Male genitalia: Figs. 65. 66.Female genitalia: Figs. 67-69.Type c3': Rennell I., Tingoa, 9-11. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3578.Paratype: Onegaguga, 26. xi., I ¥, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3681.GRACILLARIIDAE46. Acrocercops unipuncta sp. n. (Figs. 20,93, 96)c3' 5-6 mm. Labial pal pus slender, white. Head with face white, crown, thorax andtegula pale smoke gray. Antenna fuscous. Fore wing white, with a very pale goldensheen to middle, thence along costa and inner margin to 3;4 to merge with a narrowdirect transverse light fuscous fascia; a slender darker fuscous direct trans\erse linebeyond this at about 5/6; a conspicuous jet-black round apical spot surrounded bywhite from costa to torn us anteriorly and by fuscous from costa to tornus distally;cilia fuscous, white tipped around apex. Legs white, banded with fuscous-black.Male genitalia: Figs. 93, 96. The shape of the valva is an important distinguishingcharacter.Type c3': Rennell I., Hutuna, 18-25. x. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 4388.Paratype: Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x., at light, I 3.Closely related to the Indian species phractopa Meyrick which it resembles superficiallybut from which it may be distinguished by the smaller jet-black apical spotin the fore wing and by the narrow white area separating this and the tom us: inphractopa the spot practically rests on the torn us.47. Acrocerops euthycolooa Meyrick'Acrocercops euthycolona Meyrick, 193 I, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 46.Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x., at light, 3 ex.Distribution: Java, India and Malaya. The larva is known to mine blotches in leavesof Hassia lati/olia in India, and Mimusops elangi (Sapotaceae) in Java and Malaya.105

48. Acrocercops brachyglypta MeyrickAcrocercops brachyg~vpta Meyrick, 1931, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 48.Hutuna, x. and xi., 26 ex.; MatahenWl, 29. xi., I ex.; at light.Distribution: Samoa.49. Acrocercops homalacta MeyrickAcrocercops homa/acta Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lepidoptera, fase. 2, p.107.Hutuna, x., at light, 3 ex.Distribution: Samoa.SO. Acrocercops eyma sp. n. (Figs. 21,97, 99)d ~ 9 mm. Labial palpus white, second segment ochraceous-buff exteriorly except atapex, terminal segment banded with ochraceous-buff mixed with fuscous exteriorly.Head white, posterior of crown suffused with pale smoke gray, anterior of crown andupper part of face irrorate with smoke gray. Antenna and scape white suffused withsmoke gray, pecten white. Thorax and tegula white heavily overlaid with smoke gray,an admixture of ochraceous-buff scales at middle of outer margin of tegula. Forewing pale ochraceous-buff, markings white; costa and to a lesser degree inner marginwith ground colour mixed with fuscous-black weakly irrorate with white; a whitishbasal marking; at 115 a fascia of three white lines converging towards costa, separatedby lines of dark fuscous irroration dilated and broken up towards inner margin; asimilar fascia beyond middle, and a third less well-defined at 4/5; between the fasciaeare blackish elongate dorsal tufts somewhat speckled white, the second blacker; arather diffuse preapical fuscous-black dot a little below costa and coalescing with thewhite tornal ar~a containing several small fuscous-black specks along the inner margin;a V-shaped fuseous-black line on costa before apex enclosing a white triangularmarking edged with white along anterior side; cilia white with black tips aroundapex, otherwise wholly dark smoke gray. Hind wing light fuscous, cilia dark smokegray. Abdomen grayish ochraceous-buff dorsally, white laterally and ventrally withoblique lateral fuscous-black stripes; male with a pair of dorsal hair-pencils on eachof the 4th and 5th segments. Legs white, banded with fuscous-black exteriorly.Male genitalia: Figs. 97, 99. Valva broad proximally quickly tapering and becomingcomparatively narrow distally. Sacculus very weak, not free apically.Typee): Rennelll., Hutuna, 18-25. x. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B.M. 4281.Paratypes: Hutuna, x. and xi., 15 ex.; Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., x., 4 ex.; at light.Related to the Javanese species synclinia.s Meyrick which it resembles closely insize, coloration and maculation, but synclinias does not have the fuseous-black apicaldot in the fore wing. The male genitalia enable the two species to be more readilyseparated; in synclinias the sacculus is strongly developed, free and acutely pointeddistally and has a broad, setose; tooth-like projection at the middle of the ventralmargin.106

51. Acrocercops albidorsella sp. n. (Figs. 22,98, 101)J 8 mm. Labial palpus with second segment tufted beneath, wholly white exceptexterior and underside of first and second segments which are dark fuscous exceptthe apex of the second segment and the long projecting hairs immediately below theapex forming the anterior part of the tuft, these being white. Antenna fuscous, scapewhite. Fore wing with a broad white"inner margin, remainder of wing white solidlyoverlaid with fuscous-black, edge of costa white towards apex, a thin oblique whiteline from costa a little before apex, a diffuse blackish infuscation beneath this whiteline and in the apical area beyond, a blackish stigma at 3/5 in the division between thewhite inner margin and the infuscate costal part of the wing, three or four small blackdots or dashes along this dividing line towards the base; cilia white, a diffuse fuscousblacksub-terminal line. Hind wing fuscous; cilia grayish. Legs white, marked exteriorlywith broad oblique fuscous-black stripes.Male genitalia: Figs. 98, 101.TypeJ: Rennell I., Hutuna, 18-25, x. 1953. Genitalia slide B. M. 4593.Para types : Hutuna, 1-5. xi., I ex.; Tingoa, 9-11. x., 1 ex.; Niupani, 23. xi., I ex.Near to brachyg~l'pta Meyrick; readily distinguished by the white inner marginof the fore wing.52. Acrocercops apiceUa sp. n. (Figs. 23, 100, 106)d Cj! 7-9 mm. Labial palpus white, suffused with grayish fuscous exteriorly. Maxillarypalpus well developed, white. Head and thorax white. Tegula white, heavily suffusedwith grayish fuscous anteriorly. Antenna sordid white, scape white. Fore wing narrow,obtusely pointed; white, markings irrorate. fuscous; base of costa irrorate withfuscous; irrorate dark fuscous fatiCiae at 1/3, middle and 3/4, outward oblique fromcosta with margins straight and well'defined to middle, the first and second fasciaeacutely and the third fascia obtusely angled inwards at middle and becoming brokenand diffuse with only the distal edges definable towards the inner margin; two subparalleldirect transverse fuscous lines following outer fascia, an elongate patch ofochraceous-buff from apex to second fuscous line, containing a conspicuous blackspot anteriorly; a thin black line along edge of termen and around apex: cilia white,tipped with fuscous above apex. Hind wing grayish; cilia grayish tinged with ochraceous-buff.Abdomen white suffused with smoke gray above. white below. Legswhite, banded with fuscous-black.Male genitalia: Fig. 100. Saccus moderately long. rod-like througrout its length.Aedoeagus with a small apical thorn, vesica armed with a double row of cornuti.Female genitalia: Fig. 106. Ovipositor serrate at tip. Ostium medial, moderatelybroad. Bursa copulatrix with a small elliptical flat signum, thickened along oneside.Typed': Rennell I, Hutuna, 18-25. x. 1953. Genitalia slide B. M. 4297.Paratypes: Hutuna, x. and xi., 4 ex.: Onegaguga. x., 2 ex.Superficially nearest to the endemic Fijian species habroscia Meyrick which isa larger species with a wing expanse of 11-12 mm.107

53. GraciUaria xanthophareUa (Meyrick)Graci/aria xanthopharella Meyrick, 1881, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 5: 141.H utuna, 1-5. xi., at light, I ex.Distribution: Australia (Queensland and N. S. Wales).L YONETIIDAE54. Opostega argentella sp. n. (Fig. 24)d 4 mm. Labial pal pus white. Head and antennal scape shining silvery-white. Antennafuscous, clad with silvery-white scales towards base. Thorax white. Fore wing lanceolate;shining white, an oblique wedge-shaped dark gray marking on inner marginbefore middle, a very oblique dark gray strigula on costa beyond middle, a minuteblack apical dot; cilia white, costal cilia tinged with ochreous basally and with a fineblackish basal line, a thicker oblique line converging with it before apical spot andhalf encircling the apical spot; a blackish apical line. Hind wing and cilia white. Legswhite; hind tibia obliquely striped with dark gray.Type 3': Rennell I., Hutuna, 8. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 4192.Very near to the Australian species arthrota Meyrick but smaller, and furtherdistinguished by the position of the strigula on the costa which, in arthrota is nearerto the apex than to the middle of the wing.55. Ereunetis leucophaeta sp. n. (Figs. 25, 104, 105)3' 7 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, overlaid with fuscous exteriorly; second segmentwith long fuscous bristles laterally. Crown of head smoke gray, cartridge buffbetween antennae, upper part of face narrowly banded with ochraceous-buff, remainderof face cream-buff. Antenna grayish fuscous posteriorly, cartridge buff anteriorly;scare cartridge buff above, fuscous below. Thorax and tegula drab-gray.Fore wing with apex slightly upturned; cartridge buff suffused with drab gray, sometimestinged with ochraceous-buff, markings fuscous; an elongate fuscous patch atbase of costa, an inwardly oblique narrow fascia from middle of costa interrupted atmiddle and becoming diffuse and disappearing before reaching inner margin, a veryoblique thin silvery line from costa at about 3/4 edged with dark fuscous streaks, aheavy dark fuscous streak from near end of silvery line to middle of wing, area below(tornal area) flecked with fuscous, apex pale violet-plumbeous edged inwardly withfuscous; cilia grayish. Hind wing and cilia grayish cartridge buff.Male genitalia: Figs. 104, 105. Valva broadly rounded distally, costal projection short,thumb-like, slightly tapered apically and heavily setose on the inner side. Saccusvery narrow and long. Aedoeagus long, slender, cylindrical and curved.Typed: Rennell I., Hutuna, 20-22. xi. 1953. Genitalia slide B.M. 3661.Paratypes: Hutuna, x. and xi., 3 ex.The structure of the male genitalia in this species indicates a close affinity withthe Australian iu/optera Meyrick, the type species of the genus; in iuloptera the apexlOR

of the valva is not evenly rounded but is produced to a very short tooth-like pointdorsally. Superficial differences between the two species are greater, the general colorationof the fore wing in iuloptera being cartridge buff with ochraceous-buff markings.56. Ereunetis interte.xta sp. n. (Figs. 26, 102, 103)d

58. Decadarehis euopbthalma MeyrickDecadarchis euophlhalma Meyrick, 1924, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 83.Hutuna, 1-5. xi., at light, I ex.Distribution: Solomon islands. Meyrick (lac. cit.) records this species as having beenbeen bred from larvae feeding on leaves of coconut, probably on dead and dryportions, as is usual in this group.59. Decadarehis iDeulta MeyrickDecadarchi5 inculta Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lepidoptera, fase. 2, p. Ill.Onegaguga, 28. x., I ex.; Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x. I ex.; Hutuna, x. and xi., 9 ex.;at light.Distribution: Samoa.60. CataIectis flexa sp. n. (Figs. 27, 107, 108)d 8 mm. Labial pal pus cartridge buff, first segment and second segment except apexsuffused with fuscous-black exteriorly. Maxillary palpus fuscous-black. Crown ofhead cream-buff, face cartridge buff. Antenna and scape grayish fuscous. Fore wingwhite, an elongate mummy brown spot at base of costa edged inwardly with sayalbrown, a moderate somewhat oblique mummy brown median fascia becoming diffuseand mixed with sayal brown towards inner margin, with anterior margin straight andpoorly defined, and posterior margin straight from costa to middle of wing, thencesharply angled outwards to continue direct and slightly more obliquely to inner margin,sharply defined in dark mummy brown; two small mummy brown dots closetogether on costa at 3/4, a smaller dot obliquely outward beneath them and neartornus; a sprinkling of sayal brown scales distad of the two costal dots extendingacross the wing to the tornus; cilia cartridge buff, tinged sayal brown at apex. Hindwing and cilia mouse gray. Fore leg and middle leg fuseous-black; hind leg creambuffsuffused with grayish.Male genitalia: Figs. 107,108. Tcgumen a very broad sckrotized band with a largemembranous lobe or sac on the caudal margin clothed with hair-like setae. Valvalong and narrow; sacculus strongly developed, free distally and produced as amoderate down-turned point reaching a little beyond middle of valva. Vinculumtriangular. Saccus stout, very short. Aedoeagus cylindrical, with numerous internalheavily sc1erotized tooth-like corn uti.Type d: Rennell I., Hutuna, 8. xi. 1953, at light. Genitalia slide B. M. 3640.Nearest to ptilozona Meyrick from Fiji; distinguished by the darker brown faseiaof the fore wing, and by the two small costal dots, ptilozona having only one dot.llO

TINEIDAE61. Tinissa beterograpta MeyrickTinissa heterograpta Meyrick, 1928, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 425.Hutuna, xi., at light, I

112cence at certain angles; cilia light drab with a weak sheen. Hind wing shining bronzygray;cilia matching those of fore wing.Male genitalia: Fig. 109. Valva with ventral and dorsal margins straight, nearly twiceas broad distally as proximally, distal margin evenly rounded. Saccus a long thinsc1erotized rod. Aedoeagus cylindrical, apex membranous, slightly dilated.Female genitalia: Fig. 113. Ostial plate with a moderately deep medial cleft caudally.Ductus bursae elongate, a pair of weakly scJerotized disc-like signa situated onopposite sides at middle, each with edges poorly defined and with a small toothlikeprojection near the margin; a second pair of similar but slightly smaller signatowards end of bursa situated close together at one side.Type 6: Rennelll., Te-Kangilakulaku Cave, 3. xi. 1953. Genitalia slide B. M. 3652.Paratypes: type locality, 51 ex.This is evidently a true cave-dwelling species, the larva feeding on bat guano, livingin a rather flattened silken case with a granular surface. It is very closely allied topalaechrysis Meyrick occurring in the Batu caves in Malaya, and resembles it veryclosely superficially. There are good structural differences in the genitalia of the twospecies, the valva of godmani being proportionately broader distally and having thesaccus very long, while in palaechrysis the saccus is very short. The female genitaliaof palaechrysis lack signa in the ductus bursae, and the medial cleft in the ostial plateis very shallow.65. Timodora callicirrba MeyrickTimodora callicirrha Meyrick, 1924, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 3: 86.Hutuna, x. and xi., 3 ex.; Kasipa Hill, c. 300 ft., 29. x., I ex; Tingoa, 9-11. xi., 1 ex.:at light.Distribution: Fiji.66. Cyathaula inophora MeyrickCyathaula inophora Meyrick, 1919, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 2: 254.Onegaguga, 26. xi., at light, I ~.Distribution: New Guinea.67. Tinissa heterograpta MeyrickTinissa heterograpta Meyrick, 1928, Exotic Microiepidoptera, 3: 425.Hutuna, 1-5. xL, at light, 1 ~.Distribution: New Britain.REFERENCESBRADLEY, J. D., 1955: 3. Account and list of Stations of the British Museum (NaturalHistory) Expedition, 1953. - The Natural History of Rennell Island, British SolomonIslands, 1: 43-57.MEYRICK, E., 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lepidoptera, fase. 2, pp. 65-116.

PLATE IWINGSI. A lIohermellias diffusa type2. Spi/olloTa indellTata paratype ~3. Ice/ita lalarallO typed'4. Pseudodita prosantes type5. Eucosma bidenticulana paratype ~6. Argyroploce allcosema s%monensistype7. Eleulhodema pedias.38. Periphoeba adlumillalla type J9. AUTosTicila solomollellsis type J10. Cosmopteryx aurelia paratype ~II. Tris.wdoris 11OIlorariella pal1sella type 012. Limlloecia meltiplanfa type J13. Limnoecia atopa paratype ¥14. Hierontalliis resplelldens type '"15. Sfafhmopoda sfropha para type

PLATE 216. Stathmopoda imperator type 0 23. Acrocercops apicella type 517. Paclzyrlzabda plzanta paratype 0 24. Opostega argentella type 018. Iridostoma ichthyopa diana type 0 25. Ereunetis leucophaeta type "19. Anticrates diffiua rennellensis type 0 26. Ereunetis intertexta type

PLATE 3MALE & FEMALE GENITALIA30. Allohermellias di.fJusa 6 35. lalita tatarana :)"31. Spilonota indelltafa 6 36. Ice/ita fatarana ~32. Spilollofa illdelltafa :- 37. Ice/ita tatarana 'i?, ostium33. Spilollota illdentafa ?, 0 tium 38. Ice/ita tafarana ~ , signa34. Spiloflota indenfafa ,\ igna

• PLATE 439. Eucosma bidenticulana ~40. Eucosma bidenticulana ~41. Eucosma bidenticulana ~,ostium42. Eucosma bidenticulana ¥,signa43. Argyroploce ancosema solomonensis44. Argyroploce ancosema solomonensis ~45. Argyroploce ancosema solomonensis~,ostium46. Argyrop[oce ancosema solomonensis ¥,signa

PLATE 5475047. Pseudoclita prosalltes

PLATE 655 565861 62.,55. Autosticha solomonensis 0 59. Autosticha solomonensis ~ , signa56. Autosticha solomonensis aedoeagus 60. Iridostoma ichthyopa diana 057. Autosticha solomonensis '? 61. Iridostoma ichthyopa diana aedoeagus58. Autosticha solomonensis ,?, ostium 62. Iridostoma ichthyopa diana '?

PLATE 7636465 666763. lridostoma ichthyopa diana ~, ostium64. lridostoma ichthyopa diana

MALE & FEMALE GENITALIAPLATE 978. Cosmopteryx aurelia 0, with aedoeagus in situ79. Limnoecia melliplanta 0, with aedoeagus in situ80. Trissodoris honorariel/a pansel/a 0, with aedoeagus in situ81. Trissodoris honorariella pansella ¥, ostium82. Trissodoris honorariella pansella ~, bursa copulatrix & signa83. Limnoecia atopa 0, with aedoeagus in situ84. Hieromantis resplendens aedoeagus85. Hieromantis resplendens °86. Limnoecia atopa ¥

PLATE 9,\,\\,...

PLATE 1087. Hieromantis resplendens ~, bursa copulatrix & signa88. Stathmopoda stropha 389. Stathmopoda stropha aedoeagus90. Stathmopoda imperator 091. Stathmopoda imperator aedoeagus92. Stathmopoda imperator ~, bursa copulatrix & signa93. Acrocercops unipuncta aedoeagus94. Pachyrhabda phanta aedoeagus95. Pachyrhabda phanta J96. Acrocercops unipuncta 0

PLATE 10» .

PLATE II97. Aerocereops cyma J98. Aeroeereops albidorsella 6'99. Aeroeereops eyma aedoeagus100. Acroeereops apieella 0, with aedoeagus in situ101. Aerocereops albidorsella aedoeagus102. Ereunetis intertexta °103. Ereunetis intertexta aedoeagus104. Ereunetis leucophaeta °105. Ereunetis leucophaeta aedoeagus

PLATE II •

PLATE 12106. Acrocercops apice/la ~107. Catalectis jfexa (J108. Catalectis jfexa aedoeagus109. Tinea godmani 3. with aedoeagus in situ110. Tinea godmani~. ostiumIII. Crypsithyris sladeni d112. Crypsithyris sladeni aedoeagus113. Tinea godmani~. bursa copulatrix and signa

PLATE 12 I•109d"112

Issued 15. December 1958.20. A NEW SUB-SPECIES OF HASORA HURAMABUTLER (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)BYTHE LATE BRIGADIER W. H. EVANSHONORARY ASSOCIATE, BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)Hasora hurama sub-species nov. dianaType d: "Rennell Island, Hutuna, 12-18. xi. 1953, J. D. BRADLEY" in the BritishMuseum (Natural History). (Named after his wife, Mrs. J. D. BRADLEY).Paratypes: 8 d, 8 ~, "Rennelllsiand; 3 0,9 tj', "Bellona Island" (Brit. Exp.).As shown in the illustrations on Plate 13 diana differs from the Solomon Islandssub-species kieta Strand, the underside having a conspicuous white pre-apical bandin both sexes on the fore wing, as well as a whitish subtornal area, and the hind winghaving a very broad white band, up to 7 mm centrally, features much less pronouncedin ssp. kieta Strand. It is a very distinct sub-species.No other Hesperiidae were collected by the Danish or by the British Expeditionsto Rennell Island.

NAT. HIST. RENNELL I., 2, No. 20 PLATE 13Fig. I. Hasora hl/rallla diana ssp. nO\. Underside, type J. Rennell I . (Wing expanse 42 mm.).Fig. 2. Hasora hurama kiefa Strand. Underside, . Solomon Is. (J. D. BRADLEY phot.).

Issued 15. December 1958.21. CISTELIDAEAND TENEBRIONIDAE (COLEOPTERA)FROM RENNELL ISLANDF.D.BUCKThe material of these two families of Coleoptera collected by the Danish RennellExpedition, 1951 and the British Rennen Expedition. 1953 consisted of a singlespecies of Cistelidae new to science and ten species of Tenebrionidae, of which twoare new to science. Of particular interest is the single example of Byrsax tuberculatusGrav .. an oriental species of which there is another example in my collection, alsosmall, from Bellender Kerr Heights. N. Queensland. bearing the label "BeIlendenK. Mts. N.Q. B.G. Rye:'All localities are on Rennell Island, British Solomon Is.I would like to express my thanks to the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat.His!.), to Dr. T. WOLFF of the Copenhagen Museum, and to Miss C. M. F. VONHA YEK for the opportunity of studying this material.CISTELlDAENocar punctatus n. sp. (PI. 14, Fig. I)Ovate, shining, brunneus. antennae and legs lighter. strongly and moderately closelypunctured, clothed with rather long rufous pubescence.Head brunneus, transverse, glabrous, strongly. closely and rugosely punctured;deeply ~et into thorax so that the base of the eyes are concealed; widest at the eyeswhich arc coarsely facetted; strongly transverse and incised. separated by slightlyless than their own width; in front of eyes forming a supra-antennal ridge which isstrongly contracted to just before the clypeus. where the head is sligthly produced;depressed on the disc just in front of the eyes; clypeus very broad and very thin,coriaceus; labrum shining; transverse about twice as wide as long; come)\.; roundedat sides to anterior margin which is very nearly straight; finely and diffusely punctate,pubescent; antennae somewhat short, reaching just beyond base of pronotum,testaceous, punctured and pubescent, segment I broad, slightly longer than wide,almost parallel sided. 2 much shorter and narrower, about as long as broad, widestat apex, 3 and 4 sub-equal, each about as long as I and 2 combined. widest at apex,5-10 sub-equal, a little shorter than 3 and 4, becoming wider anteriorly, somewhatflattened, II ovate; palpi lighter than antennae, almost flavous, segment I elongate.115

\\idest at apex; 2 as long as broad, widest at apex; 3 broadly securiform, slightlydarker at apical angle, finely pubescent.Pronotum brunneus, shining, transverse, twice as wide as long; evenly, strongly.md closely punctured; clothed with fine, elongate pubescence, each hair overlappingthe one behind; broadest at basal angles which are obtuse; side margin and anteriormargin continuous, semicircular, anterior angles absent, finely bordered; base at,entre slightly projecting on each side of which it is straight.Scutellum moderately large, triangular, very slightly transverse, punctured andpubescent.Elytra brunneus, shining, elongate, half as long again as wide, continuous inoutline with pronotum; gently, arcuately, widened to middle; evenly arcuately,contracted to apex; strongly. rugosely and moderately diffusely punctured, eachpuncture separated by little more than its own diameter, with a tendency to run intotransverse rows when the light is coming from in front; each puncture set with a finerufous, elongate, semi-decumbent hair which overlaps the one behind; striae, somewhatobsolete at the base where the interstices are flat, becoming stronger towardsthe sides and apex, where the interstices are very convex; reflexed margin moderatelybroad, distinct to within a very short distance from the apex, strongly, rugosely andirregularly punctured.Underside fusco-brunneus, diffusely pubescent; prosternum rugose; mesosternumevenly, strongly and diffusely punctate; abdomen strongly and rugosely punctate,longitudinally strigose; legs robust, brunneus, tarsi lighter, punctured and pubescent.Length: 6-7 mm.Holotype: ~, Kasipa Hill, Rennell Island, 300 ft. 29. X. 53, (Brit. Exp.).Para types: Hutuna, 25/28. X. 53, I ~; 13. XI. 53, I j; 16. XI. 53, 1 Cfl; 20. Xl. 53,1 ¥; Kasipd Hill, 300 ft., 29. X. 53,2 :;:::: (Brit. Exp.).This species differs from N. convexus Mac!. by being a little flatter and moreparallel sided, also by being a little less acuminate at the apex. N. pUllctatus. is moreshining, less closely and less rugosely punctate and the striae are not so well marked.From N. depressiusculus Macl v. latus Blbn. it differs in its much more diffuse puncturationand by being more rounded at the sides.TENEBRIONI DAEUloma hamata Gebien(1920, Tenebrionidae N. Guinea: 274)Lavanggu, 20. X. 51, I 0, 2 ¥:;:; Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano. 31. X. 51, 1o, I Q(Dan. Exp.).Byrsax tuberculatus Graveley(1915, Rec. Ind. Mus., 8: 522).A single c) rather small, Niupani, 22. XI. 53 (Brit. Exp.) .•lin

Martianus eeto Hinton(1947, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. II, XIV: 81)One specimen, Hutuna, 26-28 XI. 53 (Brit. Exp.) was present in this collection.The insect was described by Dr. H. E. HINTo::-.l from British New Guinea.Gonoeephalum earpeotariae Blbn.(1894, Trans Roy. Soc. S. Aust., XVIII: 213)This species is represented in the general collection of the British Museum (Nat.Hist.) by a series from widespread localities in Australia ranging right up into N.Queensland. 37 examples were taken on Rennell Island as follows: - Niupani, LakeTe-Nggano 23. X. 51 2 sp. and Lavanggu, 26. X. 51, 14 sp. (Dan. Exp.); Hutuna,2-28. XI. 53, 21 sp. (Brit. Exp.).Aatllradas diversepunctatum (Schauf.)(1885, Horae. Soc. Ent. Ross. XIX: 202)A single example, Hutuna, 2. Xl. 53 (Brit. Exp.). The species was previouslyknown from the Celebes and the Malay archipelago.Platoleoes bradleyi n. sp. (PI. 14, Fig. 2)Ovate, convex, shining; head bluish-green, pronotum purple, elytra blue: legs andantennae fusco-testaceous, tarsi lighter.Head bluish-green, shining, as wide as long. strongly and closely punctured,closer and finer towards the base and supra-antennal prominences, with a smallelongate impunctate area at the base of the c\ypeus. the cIypeus itself strongly transverse,more closely and finely punctured than the head. these punctures becomingfiner and closer towards the sides and apex. Frons between the eyes very narrow. verylittle wider than segment 2 of the antennae. Palpi testaceous. apical segment broadlysecuriform. Antennae fusco-testaceous. slender and elongate. half the length of thebody; segment I elongate, segment 2 half as long as I, 3 longer than 1 and 2 combinedand about as long as 4 and 5 combined. 4-11 sub-equal in length, 7-11 broader,diffusely setigerous and much more strongly punctate.Pronotum purple. convex, transverse, twice as wide as long. finely margined, theanterior margin straight, about two-thirds the length of the base, sides evenly, arcuatelyrounded from the obtuse apical angles to the base; puncturation regular, fineand diffuse.Scutellum triangular, shining, about as finely and diffusely punctured as thepronotum.Elytra blue, convex, shining. elongate-ovate, slightly flattened at the sides. h\Othirdsas broad as long; striate-punctate, the striae deep and the punctures separatedby little more than their own width; the interstices somewhat convex, very finely anddiffusely punctured.117

Ventral surface piceous, shining, finely and diffusely punctate; the mesosternumparticularly shining and more diffusely and finely punctate, abdomen obsoletelywrinkled at the sides. Femora fuscous, shining, very finely and diffusely punctate;tibiae fusco-testaceous, more closely and strongly punctured, with rufous pubescencetowards the apex; tarsi brunneus with rufous pubescence, segment I of the hindtarsi very elongate. as long as the remainder combined; hind tibiae of the malebisinuate on inner margin.Holotype: S[', Hutuna, Rennell [sland, 8. X. 1953 (1. D. BRADLEY) (Brit. Exp.).Allotype: 0, Hutuna, 20. XI. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Paratypes: Hutuna: 3.17-19. X. 1953; 2, 26-28. XI. 1953; ~,2. Xl. 1953; Sf'. 14.X. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).P. hradleyi most closely resembles P. hydrophiloides Fairm. from which it differsin having the head less strongly punctured. the frons much narrower and the anteriormargin of the pronotum straight.Chariotheca cuprina Fairm.(1849. Rev. et Mag. Zoo!. (2) 1: 451)Three specimens. Hutuna. 2. XI. 53. 8. XI. 53 and 20. Xl. 53 (Brit. Exp.).Chariotheca kaszabi n. sp. (PI. 14, Fig. 3)Elongate, sub-parallel. shining greenish and black. legs pitchy black. antennae rufobrunneus,palpi rufous, ventral surface shining black.Head pitchy black. transverse. about twice as wide as long; side margin extendinghalfway across eyes which are moderately large and convex, thence slightly convergingto anterior angles which are very obtuse and slightly raised into a supra-antennalprominence; anterior margin strongly and evenly rounded; disc convex; c1ypealsuture very fine but complete and distinct; puncturation on disc strong and closewith a tendency to run into longitudinal rows by the eyes. becoming finer and closerin the depression immediately in front of the eyes, abruptly finer anterior to thec1ypeal suture. Pal pi rufous. Antennae rufo-brunneus; short not reaching the base ofthe pronotum. segment one stout, somewhat elongate, 2 quadrate. 3 longer thaneither 2 or 4, 4 slightly elongate, 5 and 6 sub-equal in length. 6 wider than 5, 7-10forming an indistinct club. becoming progressively more transverse, II very slightlyelongate, rounded apically. 8-11 punctured and with short outstanding pubescence.Pronotum shining black, somewhat convex, transverse. widest at the base whereit is twice as wide as long, almost parallel sided to just in front of the middle andthence arcuately contracted to anterior angles which are obtuse. anterior marginbroadly excavate. basal margin deeply bisinuate, lateral margin thick inside which isa fine distinct stria continuous from apical angle to basal angles which are acute; basemargined from apical angle towards the centre where the margin becomes evanescent;with an obsolete depression in the centre at the base; puncturation fine and diffuse.Scutellum triangular, impunctate. purplish-black .•118

Elytra shining metallic green; base and suture, particularly at base, narrowlypurplish; elongate, twice as long as wide, almost parallel for three-quarters of theirlength, thence evenly rounded to apex which is acute; very coarsely and deeplyseriate-punctate, these punctures becoming more elongate laterally and evanescentapically; interstices very finely and diffusely punctate to almost impunctate, flat onthe disc and becoming more C0l.lvex to the sides where they are strongly convex.Ventrally shining black; prosternal process lanceolate with two elongate furrowsbetween which it is depressed and flat; mesosternum deeply impressed to take prosternaI process, on each side of which is a sharp angular prominence; metasternumfinely and diffusely punctate; 1 st abdominal segment more strongly punctate, thefollowing segments becoming progressively more finely punctate. Legs piceus, tarsilighter, the apical segment as long as the preceeding united.Length 10 mm, width 4 mm.Holotype: Hutuna, Rennell Island, 16. XI. 53 (J. D. BRADLEY) (Brit. Exp.).Para types: 2 specimens from type locality, 20. xi. 53, and 26-28. xi. 53, (Brit. Exp.).This species runs down to C. profundepunctata Kaszab in his key (1955, Proc.Hawaiian Ent. Soc., 15 (3): 499) which species has not been seen by the writer. Thepresent insect is distinguished by its larger size, the almost impunctate lateral interstices,the finely punctate pronotum which almost twice as wide as long and theshorter rufo-brunneous antennae.PIatydema tricuspis Mots.(1873, Bull. Mosc. XLVI: 479)Two examples, Hutuna, 29-31. IX. 53 (Brit. Exp.).Thesilea puncticeps Fairm.(1881, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6), I: 281)A single example, Niupani. 22. XI. 53 (Brit. Exp.).Amarygmus morio s. sp. cuprells Guer.(1830, Voy. Coqu. II: 102)Two examples, both from Hutuna, 20. XI. 53 (Brit. Exp).(The illustrations of the new species are placed at the end of the following paper­No. 22).119

NAT. HIST. RENNELL I.. 2. Nos. 21 AND 22 PLATE 1423A 1/ six times natural sizeI. Nocar punctatus Buck. Holotype2. Platolenes bradleyi Buck. Holotype.3. Chariotheca kaszabi Buck. Holotype4. Nothoperissops frenatus Marshall. Holotype

•

Issued .15. December 1958.22. ON CURCUUONIDAE (COLEOPTERA)FROM RENNELL ISLAND, SOLOMON ISLANDSBYG. A. K. MARSHALLNo weevils had previously been recorded from Rennell I., and those contained in thepresent collections are much too few to permit of any reliable faunistic conclusions.In all there are 17 species, of which 4 have been described as new (including onenew genus) and 3 are single specimens which can be identified only generically. Of theremaining 10, 5 are widely distributed in the Pacific area, and 5 may be regarded asrepresentatives of the fauna of New Guinea and its adjoining islands.Four of the genera had not previously been recorded from the Solomon Islands:Platysimus, Psepholax, Tychiodes and Diathetes.SUBFAMILY OTIORHYNCHINAECeleuthetes paganus Gyll.Lavanggu, I cr, X. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, I cr, I 'i!, XI. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).This species was originally described from Vanikoro I., Santa Cruz Is., and noother locality has so far been recorded.Platysimus sp.Te-Avamanggu, I cr, X. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).This specimen is of interest as being the first example of this genus recorded fromany of the Solomon Islands. The genus is essentially Polynesian, having been foundso far in Tahiti, Samoa, Fiji, Ellice Is., Wallis I., Loyalty Is. and the New Hebrides.The species have not yet been-adequately studied.SUBFAMILY APIONINAEApion symbolum Fst.Lake Te-Nggano, Niupani, 2 cr, I ~, X. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, I !j', XI. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).This species was identified by Mr. J. Balfour-Browne, who states that it occursalso in Java, Mysol, Celebes, Aru and New Guinea.121

Cylas formiearius F.Hutuna, 63, 1 Cjl, XI. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).This species occurs in practically all tropical countries in which sweet potatoes(Balalas) are grown.SUBFAMILY HYLOBIINAEAclees porosus PascoHutuna, 1

to interval 7 for a short distance, then rapidly expanding inwards to form a largepale triangle covering the side of the declivity and enclosing a variable brown spot,the apex of the triangle reaching stria 2; the lateral margins light brown.Head very nearly concealed from above when withdrawn, with dense brownscales, irregular low bare granules, and a very deep large median fovea. Rostrumshort and stout. widening from th,e antennae to the base and more abruptly at theapex. the dorsum with very coarse conRuent punctures. Antennae inserted at themiddle of the rostrum. red-brown; the funicle with joint 2 longer than I. Pro thoraxslightly transverse (I I: 14). subconical, somewhat rounded laterally, widening fromthe base to one-third. then rapidly narrowing to the apex, the arcuate apical marginless than half the width of the subtruncate base; the dorsum flat down the middle.with very shallow coarse punctures that are almost entirely concealed by the scalesand with very sparse small low bare granules showing through. also with very shortstiff erect setae. which are more conspicuous laterally. Ell'tra broad Iy ovate. widest atone-third from the base, rapidly narrowing behind and rather broadly rounded atthe apex. subtruncate at the base but with the basal angles curving very slightly forwards;the striae rather broad and deep. with large separated punctures that arepartly obscured by scales, stria 6 reaching the base; the intervals all subcostate. bearinga more or less irregular row of small bare granules alternating with very short broadsuberect setae. Legs rugose, with large shallow punctures and subrecumbent shortsetae; the femora without a tooth; the hind tarsi with joint I as long as 2 -~ 3. Sternumwith the mesosterna I receptacle more than twice as broad as long.Length 5-7 mm.Rennelll., Hutuna. 33'. X. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Holotype in the British Museum.This species is provisionally assigned to the genus Noriloperissops in spite of thefact that its femora are unarmed. The genotype. S. alternans Hllr.. from New Caledonia,differs in being of a uniform brown colour and larger size (10 mm.); further ithas no granules above. intervals 3 and 5 of the elytra are more raised. and the mesosternalreceptacle is nearly as long as broad.Hitherto this genus has been known only from New Hebrides and the Loyalty Is.Psepholax sp.Lavanggu to Te-Avamanggu, I d. X. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).This genus is well represented in New Zealand. and occurs also in Australia andNew Caledonia. This seems to be the first record from the Solomons.Acryptorhynchus sp.Hutuna, I ~, Xl. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Probably an introduced species. The genus is widely distributed in the OrientalRegion.•12~

SUBFAMILY ZYGOPINAEPycDorbinus gen. nov.Head projecting well beyond the pronotum, with the eyes large, round and distinctlyseparated. Rostrum unusually short and thick, the scrobes turning downwards far infront of the eyes. straight and rather narrow. Antennae inserted at the middle of therostrum. the scape very short, slightly curved, clavate: the funicle 7-jointed, joint Ibeing longer and much thicker than 2. Prothorax subconical, its lateral line exactlycontinuous with that of the elytra, the base very shallowly bisinuate. Scutellum distinct,transverse. bare. E~l'tra narrowly ovate, widest at the shoulders, without striae,but with rows of microscopic punctures. Legs with the femora not clavate, sulcatebeneath, without a tooth or an external carina. the hind pair not reaching the apexof the elytra; the tibiae gradually widening from base to apex, with a narrow obliqueuncus. the mucro obsolete: the tarsi with joint I as long as 2 + 3. 3 deeply bilobate,4 short. with the claws very small and simple. Sternum with the front coxae verywidely separated for the reception of the rostrum but without any defined sulcus; themesosternal process very broad. almost vertical. the mesepimera rising: the metepisternacomparatively broad and parallel-sided. separating the hind coxae from theelytra: the metasternum between the coxae more than twice as long as a middle coxa.Venter with the intercoxal process very broadly truncate; ventrite 2 in the middleabout as long as 3 ~ 4: the pygidium exposed and rather strongly punctate.Genotype: Pycnorhinus politus n. sp.Having quite the general shape of Brephiope Pasco (1874) which differs in itsmuch longer and slender rostrum, which has a receptacle on the mesosternum: thepygidium is concealed, and the femora have a small tooth.Pycnorhinus politus n. sp.(PI. 15, Figs. 4, 5)j. Body narrowly elliptical, widest at the shoulders of the elytra, the apices of whichare as broadly rounded as the head; very shiny black to red-brown (perhaps teneral),entirely bare above. the underside with sparse short recumbent pale setae on themetasternum and first ventrite.Head smooth, with sparse shallow punctures. the space between the eyes ratherwider than the apex of the scape, the distance between the eyes and the pro thoraxrather more than half the width of an eye. Rostrum short and very stout. wideningrapidly from base to apex; the dorsum tectiform, shiny, with sparse small punctures.Prothorax a little shorter than its basal width (4: 5), subconical, with the sides almoststraight, the arcuate apical margin about three-fifths the width of the very shallowlybisinuate base; the dorsum gently convex longitudinally. highest behind the middle,with sparse minute punctures. Scutellum semicircular, bare, impunctate. E~vtranarrowly ovate, widest behind the shoulders and rapidly narrowing to the jointlyrounded apex, the basal margin jointly and shallowly sinuate, the humeral slopeexactly continuous with the lateral line of the prothorax; smooth and shiny through-•124

out, with 10 regular rows of widely spaced minute punctures. Legs with rather sparseelongate shallow punctures on the femora, which are denser on the front pair.Length 2.5-2.8 mm.Te-Avamanggu, 2 0, taken from the crop of a Fantail Warbler (Gerygone fla~'olateraliscitrina) (Dan. Exp.).Holotype in the Copenhagen Zool9gical Museum; co type in the British Museum.SUBFAMIL Y COSSONINAEStereoderus bradJeyi n. sp.(PI. IS, Fig. I)O{'. Derm very shiny black, entirely bare above and below, except underneath therostrum.Head of the)' shagreened, with rather widely separated small deep punctures,sometimes with a faint median impression; in the middle of the anterior margin twocontiguous shiny granules; head of the,;! not shagreened but shiny, with a smallmedian fovea instead of the two granules. Rostrum transverse (3: 5), almost parallel-sided, but the apical lateral angle more rounded off on the left than on the right:the dorsum of the)' shagreened and with punctures like those on the head but muchmore numerous; the dorsum of the 1 shiny and slightly more comex transversely:the underside in the:; with a semicircular fringe of long dense erect red hairs roundthe buccal opening, which in the ~ is replaced by a very sparse fringe of pale hairs.Prothorax longer than broad (II: 8). widest close to the base, the basal angles beingbroadly rounded, and very gradually narrowing anteriorly (usually with a very feeblesinuation in the middle) to the very deep subapical constriction which is continueddeeply across the disk. the base feebly bisinuate and with a finely punctate margin;the dorsum with widely separated small punctures and an irregular smooth medianstripe, the punctures on the pleurae very similar; the ¥ with larger and closer punctures.Scutellum small, ovate. impunctate. E~rtra with striae 1-5 rather deeply impressedin the basal half and with strong close punctures. but becoming shallowerbehind, the lateral striae also much shallower with smaller. more distant punctures:the intervals slightly convex, with irregular sparse minute punctures. intervals 2-4 ofabout equal width at the base.Length 6-7 mm.Rennelll., Hutuna, 3 ), I ~. IX-X. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Holotype in the British Museum.Most nearly allied to S. barhatus Woll., from Ceram. which has a similar fulvous"beard" beneath the rostrum, but differs in having. the rostrum much more transverse,nearly twice as broad as long; the head has only a single undivided granule in front;the elytra are not longer than the rest of the body (much longer in bradleyi). theintervals are flatter, with more numerous minute punctures, and 3 is wider at thebase than 2 or 4.The genus has a wide range from India to Fiji.125

Tychiodes rcnnclli n. sp.(PI. 15, Fig. 3)J':j:. Derm red-brown to piceous. entirely bare above. and with sparse short subrecumbentsetae on the middle of the sternum and venter.Head with comparatively strong sparse punctures, with a small median fovea, thefrons much broader than the base of the rostrum; the eyes hardly projecting beyondthe temples. Rostrum about as long as the pronotum. curved. cylindrical, but distinctlynarrowed at the base; shiny, with sparse minute punctures; that of the ~ veryslightly longer and more slender than that of the J. Antennae inserted at one-fifthfrom the base of the rostrum in both sexes; the scape short, strongly curved, thefunicle S-jointed with the two basal joints subequal. Prothorax subtrapezoidal.widest near the base and rapidly narrowing with a slight curve to the very narrowand feeble apical constriction, the basal angles broadly rounded, the basal marginarcuate and much broader than the truncate apex (3: 2); the dorsum somewhatflattened in the middle of the disk. with strong punctures that vary somewhat indensity and with a shallow variable depression in the middle of the base. Elylraelongate, about as wide al the shoulders as the prothorax, narrowing very slightlyfrom there to the middle and more rapidly behind, separately rounded at the apexand there slightly explanate, the base truncate; the striae narrow and rather deep,with fine catenulate punctures and becoming rather broader and deeper on thedeclivity; stria 6 reaching the base within the shoulder; the intervals much broaderthan the striae, slightly convex, smooth. with a sparse row of microscopic punctures.Length 2.0-2.7 mm.Te-Uhungango, 25 J, 24 C(, XI. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Holotype in the British Museum.Nearly allied to T. Jansoni Woll. (1874) which is however a much larger insect(4-5 mm.) and differs inter alia in having the frons only as wide as the base of therostrum, th~ prothorax is not constricted at the apex, and stria 6 on the elytra doesnot reach the base but ends behind the shoulder.The genus is known only from Japan and the Philippines.SUBFAMILY CALANORINAEDiathetes morio PascoHutuna, 1 3, X. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Occurs also in New Guinea and Queensland.Diathete!> sannio Pasco var.Hutuna, I J, XI. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Known from New Guine_a and the Aru Is.Diocalandra taitensis Guer.Hutuna, I d, I Cfl, XI. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Widely distributed in the Pacific area, attacking coconuts.126(

NAT. HIST. REN ELL 1.,2, Nos. 21 AND 22 PLATE 142A /I six times llalUra! sb!I. Vocar pUllctatus Buck. Holotypc2. Platolelles bradleyi Buck. Holotype.3. Chariotheca kas=ahi Buck. Holotype4. NotllOl'crissops [rellatus Marshall. Holotype

PLATE 15 AT. HIST. RENNELL I., 2, 0.221... A.m_"",51. Stereodcrlls bradleyi sp. n.2. Nothoperis.\Ops jrenatlls sp. n.3. Tychiodes rennelli p. n.4. Pycnorhillul politus p. n. (Dor al aspect).5. Prcllorhillul fJolitus sp. n. (Lateral aspect)

Issued 15. December 1958.23. COLEOPTERA (PARS)BYJ. BAL FOU R- BROWN E (Ed.)DEPARTMF'T OF F'TIl\IOLOGY. BRITISH \1CSEL'M ('AT. HIST.)The beetles of a number of families, collected by the Danish Rennell Expedition of1951 and the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition of 1953, have been. studied by specialists in each family. In many cases only very few specimens wereobtained of only a few species, none of which are undescribed. The result has beenthat a number of lists recording the occurrence of species on Rennell Island wereobtained which did not lend themselves conveniently to publishing as they stood.At the request of Dr. TOR BEN WOLFF I have amalgamated these lists into a singleone with the families arranged in their systematic order. Apart from the papers onCistelidae, Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae, published by F. D. BUCK and G. A. K.MARSHALL, there remain a small number of families in which determinations havenot yet been possible.The species listed below cannot provide much useful information as to the originsof the fauna of Rennell Island. They are largely species which have an extensivedistribution through New Guirka. the Solomon Islands and Australia. Very muchmore intensive collecting of beetles on Rennell Island would be required before anyinformation of value concerning the origins of the fauna would be obtainable.This list is compiled from separate lists provided by the following authorities. towhom I am indebted.Mr. E. B. BRITTON (London): Cicindelidae, Carabidae, ScarabareidaeMr. W.O. STEEL (Maidenhead): StaphylinidaeProf. H. F. STROHECKER (Miami): EndomychidaeMr. R. D. POPE (London): CoccinellidaeMr. E.A.J. DUFFY (London): Meloidae, Prionidae, Cerambycidae, Lamiidae,Scolytidae, PlatypodidaeMr. S. SHAW (Manchester): BrenthidaeMr. G.E.BRYANT (London): Chrysomelidae.I am myself responsible for the Hydrophilidae.Where not otherwise stated all localities are on Rennell Island, British Solomon Is.127

CICINDELlDAECicindela decemguttata Fabricius var. sanguineomacnlata BlanchardLavanggu, 12. XI. 51,3 ex. (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, 2. XI. 53, 3 ex.; 3. XI 53, 8 ex.; 4. XI. 53, 39 ex.; 13. XI. 53, I ex.; 16. XI. 53;2 ex.; 20. XI. 53, I ex.; Tingoa, 9-11. XI. 53, 3 ex. (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Solomon Is., New Britain, Fiji Is.CARABIDAEPANAGAEINITrichisia azurea ChaudoirLake Te-Nggano, Niupani, 23. X. 51, I ex. (Dan. Exp.).The single specimen differs from the typical form in that the pronotum and elytraare black instead of dark metallic blue.Distribution: Eastern Australia.Hutuna, 26-28. XI. 53, I ex. (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea.HARPALINITrichotichnus nigricans SchaubergerPberosophus verticalis Dejean var. australis Castelnau.Hutuna, 6. XI. 53, 16. XI. 53, 4 ex. (Brit. Exp.).Dis t rib uti OJ1: Eastern Australia, New Guinea.STAPHYLlNIDAEOSORIINAEPriochirus (Syncampsochirus) samoensis (Blanchard)St.: L. 364, Te-Avamanggu- Lavanggu, 16-18. X. 51,1 ex.; St.: L. 380, LakeTe­Nggano, Niupani, 23. X. 51, 2 ex. (Dan. Exp.).Distribution: Samoa, Fiji, Moluccas, New Guinea, Aru Is., Australia.Priochirus (Plastus) beccarii (Fauvel)Guadalcanal, S1.: L. 291,15 miles SE of Honiara, 7. X. 51, 1 ex. (Dan. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea, Aru Is.128

STAPHYLININAEPhilontbus sp.St.: L. 352, Lavanggu, under stone, 14. X. 52, I damaged specimen (Dan. Exp.).AtEOCHARINAETinotoma australis CameronKasipa Hill, ca. 300 feet, from flowers of orchid, I. X. 53, 14 ex. (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: previously recorded only from Rabaul, New Britain, where it wasin the flowers of a cactus.ENDOMYCHIDAEEncymon schwarzbaueri MaderMADER, 1936: Entomologischen Rundschau, 54: 62.ARROW, 1943: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist..(II). 10: 129.STROHECKER, 1953: Genera I nsectorum. 210: 77.Hutuna. 2. XI. 53, I :f (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Solomon Islands.COCCINElLlDAEEPILACH~I"AEEpilachna 28-punctata (Fabricius)St.: l. 371. Te-Avamanggu -l~vanggu. IS. X. 51. 2:). I _;: (Dan. Exp.).Te-Uhungango. 14. X. 53. Ii; Hutuna 22. XI. 53. Ii: Hutuna. 20. XI. 53. I _;:(Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Ceylon: India; Ceram: New Guinea; Solomon Is .. Guadalcanal.Fulakora. Bougainville. Tulagi; Samoa. Upolu. Savaii Is.; Australia. NorthernTerritory. Queensland. N.S. W.COCCI"ELLI"IAECryptolaemus sp. nr. montrouzieri M ulsantSt.: l. 3S5. lake-Te-Nggano. Niupani. 23. X. 51. I ~ (Dan. Exp.).The single example collected by the Danish Expedition does not match exactlyany of the known species of Cry!'tolaemus. The genus comprised a small group ofvery closely related entities and it is unwise to add to their number on the basis of asingle female specimen.The recorded distribution of the genus (other than localities where C. mOllfrou::'leriM uls. has been introduced for the purpose of biological control) is: - New Zezland:Tasmania; Australia; New Guinea: Dorey; Batchian; New Caledonia; Saleyer;Macassar; Gilolo.129

Te-Uhungango, 14. X. 53, I ex. (Brit. Exp.).This species is fairly closely related to A. australis Harold.a130HYDROPHlLIDAESPHAERIDIINAECoelostoma (s. str.) fabricii (MacLeay)Hutuna, 20-24. X. 53,2 ex.; 13. XI. 53, I ex.; Niupani, 22. XI. 53,2 ex. (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Described from New Caledonia and, under the name masters;iMacLeay, from Queensland; it occurs also from Sumatra to New Guinea andthe New Hebrides but there are no records from the Solomon Islands. The specieswas also described, under the name extraneum Sharp, from Hawaii. It also occursdown the east coast of Australia to Tasmania.MELOIDAEZonitis lutea McLeay? (Provisional determination)Te-Uhungango, 14. X. 53, I ¥, 2. XI. 53, I J (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Australia.LUCANIDAECyclommatus speciosus BoileauHutuna, 21. XI. 53, I small 3 (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea; Solomon Is. (Bougainville).Cyclommatus sp.Hutuna. 3. XI. 53, 1 small J (Brit. Exp.).This species differs from C. !lpeciosus in having the head, pronotum and elytravery strongly. punctured, the punctures being circular and very sharply defined.C. kaupi Deyrolle, C. speciosus Boileau and this specimen form a series displayingincreasing strength of puncturation and increasing shininess of the dorsal surface.It may possibly be C. trifurcatus Mollenkamp, which is not recognisable from description.but has head, pronotum and elytra strongly punctured.Lavanggu, 21. X. 51,2 n (Dan. Exp.).Aegus sp.SCARABAEIDAEAPHODIINAEAtaenius sp.

PRIONIDAEOlethrius tyrranus ThomsonHutuna, XI. 53, 1

Te-Uhungango, 26-28. XI. 53, I ex.; Hutuna, 2. XI. 53, I ex., dark var. (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: N. Australia, Fiji, Samoa .•132PLATYPODIDAEPlatypus jansoni ChapmanLavanggu, 12. X. 51, 1 ~ (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, 8. XI. 53, I 3: 3. XI. 53, 13; 26-28. X. 53, 13 (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea, Celebes.BRENTHIDAEMiolispa simulans SennaMiolispa simulans Senna, 1895, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 39: 362.Lavanggu, 15. X. 51, I 2 (Dan. Exp.).This specimen compares well with R. KLEll'E'S description of this species (1919,Stettin. ent. Ztg. 80: 299-302 (5. 2 New Guinea and Molluccas.)). The only materialof M. simulans in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collections is a single male fromNew Guinea determined by R. KLEINE which does not agree as closely with his owndescription of this species as does the present specimen.Elytracantha pogonocerus MontrouzierEZrtracantha pogonocerus Montrouzier, 1855, Ann. Soc. Agr. Lyon, (2) 7: 37.Hutuna, 29-31. IX. 53, 17. XI. 53, 3 ::j! (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea, Gilolo.Tingoa, 9. XI. 53, I ex. (Brit. Exp.).Dist ri bu tion: Solomon Is.CHRYSOMELIDAEHALTICINAENesohaltica leveri BalyGALERUCINAEAulacopbora similis OlivierTe-Uhungango: 26-28. XI. 53, I ex. (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: Malaya to Australia and Japan.Aulacopbora quadrimacoJata Fabricius

133Monolepta semiviolacea FauvelLake Te-Nggano, Niupani, 22. X. 51, 28 ex. (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, 22. XI. 53, 10 ex. (Brit. Exp.).Dis t rib uti 0 n: Solomon Is., New Caledonia.CASSIDINAEAspidomorpba australasiae Boisduval, var.Hutuna, 3. XI. 53, I ex.; 22. XI. 53, I ex. (Brit. Exp.).Te-Maingga, 16. X. 51, I ex. (Dan. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea, Australia.Metriona papuana SpaethHutuna. 20. Xl. 53, 3 ex. (Brit. Exp.).Distribution: New Guinea, Solomon Is .•

•

Tssued 15. December 1958.24. LYGAEIDAE (HEMIPTERA)OF RENNELL AND BELLONA ISLANDSBYG. G. E. SCUDDERUNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. VANCOUVER. CA~ADAWhilst preparing a paper on the Lygaeidae of the British Solomon Islands, I haveexamined specimens from Rennell and Bellona Islands. The species from the lattertwo islands are recorded here as a contribution to The Natural History of RennellIsland.A small collection of Lygaeidae was made by the Danish Rennell Expeditionunder the leadership of Dr. TORBEN WOLFF. and which was part of the GalatheaDeep Sea Expedition Round the World 1950-51. Mr. 1.D.BRADLEY. leader of the.British Museum (Natural History) Expedition 1953 to Rennell and Bellona Islandsalso obtained a number of specimens. Thirdly. Mr. E.S. BRow~. whilst working forthe Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, in the British Solomon Islands, visitedboth Rennell and Bellona and made collections.As far as I know. the only species of Lygaeidae recorded from Rennell and Bellonapreviously. are Dieuchesfinitimus van Duz .• and Scopiastes lepidus ventralis van Duz.taken by the Templeton Crocker Expedition and reported and described by VANDuzEE (1940).J would like to thank all the above mentioned for permitting me to examine thismaterial.Where not otherwise stated, the localities are on Rennell Island.L YGAEIDAELYGAEINAELygaelL'i bospes F.Lygaeus hospes Fabricius 1794. En!. Syst. 4: 150.L. hospes Fabricius 1803. Syst. Rhyng. : 219.L. ajfinis Wolff 1802, Icon. 3: 110 f. 104.L. lanio Herrich-Schaeffer 1844, Wanz. Ins. 7: 21 t. 224 f. 705.L. hospes Dallas 1852. List. 2: 544.L. squalidus Montrouzier, 1861, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1861: 66.L. hospes Sta1. 1865, Hem. Afr. 2: 136 (note).135

L. hospes Distant, 1903, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rhyn. 2: 6 f. 3.L. hospes Distant 1920, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 6: 150.St.: L. 371, Te-Avamanggu - Lavanggu, 18. Oct. 1951 -I ('!); L. 357, Lavanggu,cultivated area with Papaya, 26. Oct. 1951 - I 0; L. 357, Lavanggu, cultivatedarea with Papaya. 12. Nov. 1951 - I J (Dan. Exp.).This species is recorded from New Caledonia, India, China, Philippines and Malacca.I have also seen specimens from New Guinea and other British Solomon Islands.Graptostethus nigriceps StalGraptostethus servus (F.) var. nigriceps Stal 1874, K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Hand!.12 (I): 117.G. servus Kirkaldy 1908, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 33: 354.G. vitiensis Kirkaldy. 1908, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 33: 354.G. nigriceps China 1930, Insects of Samoa, 2: 115.G. nigriceps Usinger, 1946, Insects of Guam 2: 27.Bellona Is., cultivated area, 20. Nov. 1955 - 2 '5, I Cf' (E. S. BROWN).Recorded from Guam. Ascension, Fiji. Samoa, New Hebrides and New Caledonia.I have also seen specimens from other British Solomon Islands.Oncopeltus bicinctus (Montrouzier)Lygaeus bicinctus Montrouzier, 1861, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) /: 67.Lygaeus dispar Walker, 1872, Cat. 5: 60.Oncopeltus hi~inctus Schouteden 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 51: 114.St.: L. 379, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, sun-exposed grass-plain near lake, 24. Oct.1951 - I j (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, 26.-28. Oct. 1953 - 3 3; Tingoa, 9-.11. Nov. 1953 - I d (Brit. Exp.).Anibulia, garden area, 24. Nov. 1955 - 9 j, 2 ~; Niupani, garden area, 26. Nov. 1955- 1 j; Hutuna, semi-cultivated area, 28. Nov. 1955 - I d, 2 Q; Niupani - Te­Uhungango, forest track, 29. Nov. 1955 - I ~; Vaitaki, cultivated area, 29. Nov.1955 - I ~ (E. S. BROWN).This species is recorded from New Caledonia, Batchian, Mysol, New Guinea, Kaisaa,Gilolo and Borneo. I have also seen specimens from the other British Solomon Islands.The specimens from Rennell Is. have crimson markings whereas the ones fromthe other British Solomon Islands have brick red - scarlet markings. Mr. E.S. BROWN136

tells me that this colour difference is very conspicuous in the field. It is less markedin dried specimens. The Rennell Is. specimens may represent a separate subspecies,but I am unable to find any consistent structural differences in the material examined .. ORSILLI N AENysios villicus van DuzeeNysius villicus van Duzee. 1940, Pan-Pacif. Ent. 16: 182.St.: L. 367, Te-Avamanggu, 13 km. W.N.W. of Lavanggu. 17. Oct. 1951 - I

St.: L. 364, Te-Avamanggu, 13 km W.N.W. of Lavanggu, open cultivated area,mainly grassland, 16-18. Oct. 1951 - I c (Dan. Exp.).Recorded from Ceram and Celebes. I have seen specimens of this species from otherBritish Solomon Islands.Dieucbes finitimus van DuzeeDieuches finitimus van Duzee, 1940, Pan-Pacif. Ent. 16: 184.St.: L. 357, Rennell Is., Lavanggu, cultivated area with Papaya, 15. Oct. - 12. Nov.1951 - 2 3,2 Sf! (Dan. Exp.).Rennell Is., Niupani, garden area, 26. Nov. 1955 - 1 9; Rennell Is., Lavanggu, inI

,Clerada apicicornis SignoretClerada apicicornis Signoret 1862, in Maillard's, Notes sur l'ile de la Reunion Ins.(Annexe J.Hemipteres): 28.C. apicicornis Kirkaldy, 1907, Proc. Hawaii ent. Soc. I: 151.C. apicicornis China, 1930, Insects of Samoa, 2: 127.C. apicicornis Usinger, 1946, Insecls of Guam, 2: 29.C. apicicornis Zimmerman, 1948, Insects of Hawaii, J: 120.Hutuna, 13. Nov. 1953 - 1 ¥ (Brit. Exp.).This species appears to have a Holotropical distribution.Lethaeus mungus sp. n.(Fig. 2)FemaleHead dark brown - black; broader than long (1.34 mm: 0.93 mm); preoculardistance slightly longer than length of eye; clypeus slightly longer than paraclypeus;deeply punctate anteriorly, in centre of vertex and to inside of each ocellus; antennaewith first segment dark ferruginous-brown. slightly paler at base, second segmentpale ferruginous, third segment with apical third white, basal two-thirds dark brownwith extreme base narrowly pale ferruginous, fourth segment dark ferruginous-brownwith base narrowly pale; antennal measurements 1.01: 1.39: 1.26: 1.39; rostrumferruginous with tip fuscous, reaching just beyond posterior coxae, first segmentslightly exceeding anterior margin of prosternum.Pronotum black with posterior half and lateral margins brownish; anterior marginwith pale ferruginous streak on either side of midline; humeral angles withslightly paler spots; with distinct collar terminated posteriorly by a rather deepconcave impression; dorsum very slightly transversely depressed just before middle;posterior lobe and collar deeply punctate, anterior lobe with shallower puncturesand centre of lobe almost impunctate; lateral margins laminate and very slightlyconvex; posterior margin slightly convex; pronotum width 2.50 mm, length 1.68 mm;thoracic sterna dark brown-black, rather deeply but sparsely punctate.Scutellum black with a V-shaped slightly browner area; rather coarsely punctate,especially near apex; brownish area, apical to basal depression. rather sparselypunctate.Hemelytra dark brown-black with pale luteous markings as shown in fig. 2;rather thickly and deeply punctate; membrane fuscous with a paler area near base.Legs with femora dark brown; tibiae and tarsi pale ferruginous with fuscousspines; fore femora armed ventrally with three short subapical spines and with three,longer and thinner spines (almost hair-like) proximally; posterior tarsi with basalsegment twice as long as combined length of distal two segments.Abdomen dark brown-black; ventrally impunctate.Total length 7.8 mm.139

MaleColorations more or less as female, occasionally darker. Head width 1.18 mm,antennal measurements 0.84: 1.26: 1.14: 1.26. pronotum length 1.30, pronotumwidth 2.10. Total length 6.4 mm.Holotype:

Cligenes renneUensis sp. n.(Fig. I)MaleHead dark ferruginous, with whitish hairs apically; finely punctate in centre ofvertex; width 0.63 mm, length 0.38 mm; antennae with basal segment and secondsegment except extreme base and .apex, luteous; extreme base and apex of secondsegment and whole of third segment brown (fourth segment missing); first segmentof antennae extending for about half its length beyond apex of head; antennalmeasurements 0.34:0.57:0.42:? (missing); rostrum luteous, extending to middlecoxae.Pronotum completely dark brown: width 1.22, length 0.59; lateral margin slightlyimpressed behind middle; posterior margin deeply concave before scutellum: pronotumantero-dorsally with a slight collar; anterior lobe with rather fine scattered punctures;posterior lobe with denser and deeper punctures; punctures with short silveryhairs.Scutellum with basal half dark brown, apical half whitish-ochraceous; with finepunctures, sparser towards apex, the apical punctures being ferruginous; width0.74, length 0.72.Hemelytra extending slightly beyond tip of abdomen; clavus whitish-ochraceouswith extreme base and apex dark brown and with three rows of ferruginous punctures;corium with basal half whitish-ochraceous and whole of apical half darkbrown; with two rows of punctures adjacent to claval suture, a row along R - M andarea anterior to R -r- M regularly punctate; apical margin sinuate towards innerangle; membrane whitish-ochraceous and hyaline.Legs luteous; anterior femora armed ventrally with about eight minute spines.Abdomen dark ferruginous, rather shiny and with silky pubescence.Total length 2.8 mm.Holotype: J. Rennellis., Hutuna, 8. Nov. 1953 (J.D.BRADLEY) (Brit. Exp.). [BritishMuseum (Nat. Hist.)].Paratype: 1 cr, Hutuna 20.-24. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.). [Zoological Museum, CopenhagenUniversity].This species is distinct from C. signandus Dist. and others in having the apicalhalf of the corium completely dark brown, instead of the typical four fuscous spots.\The pronotum is also characteristically completely dark brown and the scutellumhas only the basal half fuscous.SUMMARYI. Only one species of Lygaeidae. Diellches finitimus van Duz. has previously beenrecorded from Rennell Is. Similarly only Scopiastes lepidus \'entralis van Duz. hasbeen reported from Bellona Is., as far as is known.141

2. Ten species are here recorded from Rennell Is., two of which, Lethaeus mungusScudder and Cligelles rennellensis Scudder, are described as new.3. Three species are recorded from Bellona Is.4. The Lygaeid fauna is very similar to that of the other British Solomon Islands,although Cligenes rennellensis appears to be confined to Rennell Is.5. Austropamera Distant 1918 is synonymised with Bedunia Stal 1874.REFERENCESVAN DUZEE, E. P., 1940: New species of Hemiptera collected by the Templeton CrockerExpedition to the Solomon Islands in 1933. - Pan-Pacif. Ent. 16: 178-192.142

Issued 15. December 1958.25. MALLOPHAGA (INSECTA). PART IBYTHERESA CLAYBRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), LONDONMallophaga were collected from a number of RenneJI Island birds by both theDanish and British Expeditions and below is given a list of their preliminary identifications.The systematics of the group is not yet sufficiently ordered to allow, in manycases, for the identification or description of new species without a revision of thegenus concerned. One new species is described by Dr. TA!'IDAN in a following communication(No. 26).The Mallophaga being obligate ectoparasites spending their whole life-cycle onone host have a distribution which is dependent on that of the bird which is theirhost, and the exact geographical locality from which they have been collected is ofrelatively little importance. Their host distribution may, however, throw some lighton the systematic position of their host and this has been the case with the hithertounknown mallophagan parasites of Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus (see furtherbelow). BRADLEY & WOLFF, 1956 have been followed for the names of the birds.LIST OF MALLOPHAGAFAMILY MENOPONIDAEColpocepbalum angulaticeps Piaget, 1880Host: Fregala a. ariel (Gray). Lake Te-Nggano, 20. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 1 j, 1 ¥.This host is the type host of the spedes.Colpocephalum ~p.Host: Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus Mayr. Te-Avamanggu, 17. Oct. 1951 ; lavanggu,2. Nov. 1951 (Dan. Exp.) - Hutuna, 23. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 40', 14 'fl, 9 nymphs.This may prove to be a new species when a much needed revision of Colpocephalumfrom the Ciconiformes is undertaken.143

Actornithophilus ochraceus (Nitzsch), 1818Host: Plullialis dominica fulva (Gmelin). Hutuna, 8. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 13 C), 14 ~, 4 nymphs.This species was originally described from specimens from Plullialis apricaria andhas been taken from a number of other related waders.Actornithophilus piceus (Denny), 1842Host: Sterna anaethetus novaehollandiae Stephens. Lake Te-Nggano, 3. Nov. 1953(Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: I S.It is doubtful if the populations of this species from the different terns can beseparated taxonomincally (see TIMMERMANN, 1954: 838).Plegadiphilus threskiornis Bedford, 1939Host: Threskiornis molucca prgmaeus Mayr. Te-Avamanggu, 17. Oct. 1951; Lavanggu,2. Nov. 1951 (Dan. Exp.). - Hutuna, 23. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 165.32 :;:, 9 nymphs.It has not been possible to find any differences between these specimens and thosefrom the type host, Threskiornis a. aethiopicus (Latham).Holomenopon sp.Host: Anas superciliosa pele'i'ensis Hartlaub & Finsch. Lake Te-Nggano, 23. Oct.1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 9 :), 15 ~, 4 nymphs.This does not belong to the species group usually found on Anas and relatedgenera but is near the tumidum group known from Plectropterus and Alopochen.However, as Holomenopofl is a relatively rare genus on Anas the present distributionrecords are of little significance. This will probably prove to be a new species.Dennyus ? orientalis Buttiker, 1954Host: Collocalia escu/eflta desiderata Mayr. Lavanggu, 15. Oct. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).Numbers of specimens: 1 -;:.The original description of orientalis, based on a specimen from Collocalia esculenta.is not sufficiently detailed for identification of the single Rennell Island female .•144

Myrsidea spp.Host: Rhipidura rennelliana Mayr. Hutuna, 29. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 1 rJ, 1 :fl.Aplonis c. cantoroides (Gray). Hutuna, 22. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 2,3', 1 'fl.Woodfordia superciliosa North. Hu'tuna, 23. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 1 ¥.Myiagra caledonica occidentalis Mayr. Tingoa, II. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 2 nymphs.These specimens cannot at present be determined.Ricinus sp.Host: Clytorhynchus hamlini (Mayr.). Hutuna. 26. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 3 ;, 4 ;::, 4 nymphs.These specimens cannot at present be identified.FAM I L Y PHI LOPTERI DA EPectinopygus sulae (Rudow). 1~69Host: Sula sula rubripes Gould. Lake Te-Nggano. 20. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens 17 O. 10 ?, 8 nymphs.The interpretation of RUDOW'S name has been discussed elsewhere (CLAY &HOPKINS, 1955: 65); Rennell Island specimens agree with the neotype erected byCLA Y & HOPKINS.Pectinopygus subsetosus (Piaget), 18~0Host: Phalacrocorax melalloleucus hrel'icauda Mayr. Lake Te-Nggano, 21. Oct. 1953(Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 3 0', 3 ¥.This host is the type host of the species.Pectinopygus gracilicornis (Piaget). 1880Host: Fregara a. ariel (Gray). Lake Te-Nggano, 20. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 10 3', 1 If'. I nymph.This species was described from specimens from Fregara aquila Linn.; thosefrom F. ariel do not appear to be separable.145

Ardeicola sp.Host: Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus Mayr. Lavanggu, 2. Nov. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).Hutuna, 23. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: I cJ, 2 ~.Specimens of Ardeicola are available from Threskiornis a. aethiopica (Latham),T. melanoeephala (Latham) and T. m. mo/ucea (Cuvier); those from each host are adistinct species. The single male from the Rennell Island bird is either the same orvery near a single male from T. m. mo/ucea, but the latter is in too poor condition forexact comparison. The same situated is found in regard to the Ibidoecus species fromthese birds, thus suggesting that the arrangement in PETERS (1931 : 131-3) of separatingThreskiornis mo/ucea and aethiopiea specifically is probably correct, and that p)gmaeusis nearer mo/ucea than aethiopica.Ibidoecus sp. n.Host: Threskiornis mo/ucea pygmaeus Mayr. Te-Avamanggu, 17. Oct. 1951 ; Lavanggu,2. Nov. 1951 (Dan. Exp.). - Hutuna, 23. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 120, 13:?, 27 nymphs.This species is described by Dr. TANDAl'i in the following communication (No. 26).Anaticola sp.Host: Anas superci/iosa pe/e'rl'ensis Hartlaub & Finsch. Lake Te-Nggano, 23. Oct.1953 (Brit Exp.).Number of specimens: I ~, I nymph.These spetimens are not identifiable.Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli), 1763 and Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch), 1818Host: Anas superciliosa pe/ell'ensis Hartlaub & Finsch. Lake Te-Nggano, 23. Oct.1953 (Brit. Exp.).Numbers of specimens: 15 cJ, 13~, I nymph.The interpretation of these two species has been dealt with elsewhere (CLAY &HOPKINS, 1951: 15). It is not possible to say whether the specimens on Anas superciliosaare subspccifically distinct from those of the type hosts of these species until thevariation within the populations of Anatoecus has been studied.146

Quadraceps sp.Host: Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin). Hutuna, 8. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 2 ~.These two females are not identifiable with certainty.Quadraceps ptyadis (Seguy), 1949Host: Charadrius 1. leschenaultii Lesson. Lavanggu, I. Nov. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).Numbers of specimens: I b, 2 ~.The original description referred to specimens taken from Charadrius /eschenaultiand C. alexandrinus; TIMMERMANN, 1953: 181 has been followed in restricting thename ptyadis to the species from the first host.Qadnceps legatus Timmermann, 1952Host: Sterna anaethetus nOl'aehollandiae Stephens. Lake Te-Nggano, 20. Nov. 1953(Brit. Exp.).Numbers of specimens: 5 J, I i'. 2 nymph.This species was described from specimens taken from Sterna anaethetus and isknown from no other tern.Saemundssonia meridiana Timmermann, 1950Host: Sterna anaethetus novaehollandiae Stephens. Lake Te-Nggano, 3. Nov. 1953(Brit. Exp.).Numbers of specimens: 3 J, I -;:.The species was described from specimens from Sterna anaethetus and likeQuadraceps legatus is not known from any other species of Sterna.Columbicola sp.Host: Pti/inopus richardsii cyanopterus Mayr. Hutuna, I. Nov. 1953; 2. Nov. 1953:3. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 2 b, 2 ~.This species is almost certainly new.Columbicola sp.Host: Macropygia mackin/a},i arossi Tristram. Lavanggu, 29. Oct. 1951 (Dan. Exp.).'Hutuna, 29. Oct. 1953 and 30. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: 7 nymphs.These nymphs are not identifiable.147

Echinophilopterus sp.Host: GeofJroyus heteroclitus hyacinthinus Mayr. Tingoa, II. Nov. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: I ~, 3 'fl.This is almost certainly a new species.Alcedoecus latigenitaIis Eichler, 1944Host: Halcyon chloris amoena Mayr. Hutuna, 27. Oct. 1953 (Brit. EXp.).Number of specimens: 3 o, 2 ~.This species was originally described from specimens taken from Halcyon chlorisfrom Sumatra.Bruella sp.Host: Woodfordia superciliosa North. Hutuna, 23. Oct. 1953 (Brit. Exp.).Number of specimens: I Q.This single female is not determinable.LIST OF BIRDS AND THEIR MALLOPHAGAHostSula sula rubripes Gould.Phalacrocorax melanoleucus brevicaudaMayr.Fregata a. arIel (Gray).Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus Mayr.Anas superciliosa pelewensisHartlaub & Finsch.Plul'ialis dominica fulva (Gmelin).{1ParasitePectinop)gus sulae (Rudow), 1869.Pectinopygus subsetosus (Piaget), 1880.Colpocephalum angulaticeps Piaget, 1880.Pectinopygus gracilicornis (Piaget), 1880.Colpocephalum sp.Plegadiphilus threskiornis Bedford, 1939.Ardeicola sp.lbidoecus sp. n. (described below).Holomenopon sp.Analoecu.\· denlatus (Scopoli), 1763.or subsp.Analoecus ielerodes (Nitzsch), 1818.or subsp.Analicola sp.J AetornilhophiJus ochraceus (Nitzsch), 1818.I Quadraceps sp.148

Charadrius 1. leschenaultii Lesson.Sterna anaethetus novaehollandiae(Stephens).Ptilinopus richardsii cyanopterus Mayr.Macropygia mackinla),i arossi TristramGeoffroyus heterroclitus hyacinthinusMayr.Col/ocatia esculenta desiderata Mayr.Halcyon chloris amoena Mayr.Rhipidura rennelliano Mayr.Clytorhynchus hamlini (Mayr).Aplonis c. cantoroides (Gray).Woodfordia supercitiosa North.Myiagra caledonica occidentalis Mayr.Quadraceps ptyadis (Seguy), 1949.Actornithophilus piceus (Denny), 1842.Quadraceps legatus Timmermann,11952.Saemundssonia meridiana Timmermann,1950.IColumbicola sp.Columbicola sp.Echinophilopterus sp.Dennyus? orienta lis Buttiker, 1954.Alcedoecus latigentalis Eichler, 1944.Myrsidea sp.Ricinus sp.Myrsidea sp.Myrsidea sp.Briielia sp.Myrsidea sp.REFERENCESBRADLEY, D. & T. WOLFF, 1956: 7. The Birds of Rennell Island. - The NaturalHistory of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, I: 85-120.CLAY, T. & G.H.E.HoPKI:-.IS, 1951: The Early Literature on Mallophaga. pt. 11.­Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entom. 2: 3-37.- 1955: Notes on the Rudow Collection of Mallophaga at Hamburg. - M itt. HamburgZool. Mus. Inst. 53: 49-73.PETERS, J.L., 1931. Check-list of the Birds of the World. - Cambridge. U.S.A.TIMMERMANN, G., 1953: Die Quadraceps -Arten (Mallophaga) der Regenpfeifer. -Zool. Anz. 150: 178-190.- 1954: Das Amblycerengenus Actornithophilus. - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 7:829-841.149

Issued IS. December 1958.26. MALLOPHAGA (INSECTA). PART IIA NEW SPECIES O~ IBIDOECUS CUM MINGS, 1916BYB. K. T ANDAN, M. Sc., Ph. D.DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, INDIAIbidoecus dianae sp. n.(Text-figs. 1-6)Type host: Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus MayrA critical examination of the characters shows that this species is intermediatebetween I. clausus (Giebel) from Threskiornis melanocephala (Latham) and a newspecies from Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck). This latter species, the description ofwhich is now in the press, is referred to throughout this paper as lbidoecus newspecies.The characters to be taken into consideration in comparing males of relatedspecies are the genitalia and the sternal thickening on segment V]1. ]n the formercharacter dianae shows a greater degree of resemblance to clausus than to eitherthreskiornis or the new species, in the nature of the sternal thickening on segment VIIit resembles both clausus and threskiornis. This thickening in the species examinedfrom ibises belonging to the genus Threskiornis is in the form of a median platewhereas in the new species from Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck) it is in the form oflateral plates. The three mesosomal sclerites are basically identical in shape inclausus and dianae, differing only in their size and proportions; the parameres andthe median sclerite (fig. 2, m) also exhibit similar differences. ]n the mesosome, theventral-most sclerite in threskiornis and the penis in lhidoecus new species are markedlydifferent and these characters, along with differences in the abdominal chaetotaxy,the size of the parameres and the size and shape of the median sclerite. readily separatethese forms from the two former species. From clausus it can be distinguished bythe dorsal abdominal chaetotaxy and the genitalia, especially by the shape and proportionsof the mesosomal sclerites.The female, on the contrary, unequivocally resembles lbidoecus new species inpossessing a median, butterfly-shaped, post-vulval sclerite with oblique thickeningand another adjacent sclerite each side, and in the position and length of the tergocentralsetae on the terminal abdominal segments (lX-X]); these setae are not placed. on the tergal plates and normally extend beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen.In threskiornis and clausus the post-vulval sclerites are of altogether differentshapes; the tergocentral setae in threskiornis are not only placed on the tergites butfall considerably short of their posterior margin, while in clausus these setae are151

located off the tergites and are relatively longer but never extend beyond the posteriormargin of the abdomen. I. dianae can, however, be distinguished from Ibidoecusnew species by (i) the dorsal abdominal chaetotaxy, as there are fewer setaeon each segment than in the latter species; the terminal abdominal segments in thelatter normally have 4 tergocentral setae, while dianae has only 2; (ii) the number ofsetae on edge of the vulva: in Ibidoecus new species there are 15-21 as against 24-30setae in dianae. Other, but less striking, differences are the shape of the head andgular plate, the shape of sternites on segment VII and of the genital plate, as wellas the lateral sclerites in the genital region.Male (text-figs. 1-3): General characters of head, thorax and abdomen as shownin fig. I. Pterothorax with 16-21 setae each side on the dorsal, posterior margin;mesosternum with 2 short and metasternum normally with 2, rarely 3, long setae.Tergal thickening on segment XI in the form of triangular plates; sternal thickeningon segment VII in the form of a median plate, prominent in its middle due to heavierpigmentation (fig. 3). Chaetotaxy with variation shown in Table I; lateral edge ofsternum IX with 1-2 short setae each side. Genitalia as shown in fig. 2. The parameresextend beyond the penis, even when the latter is fully extruded; the mesosome consistsof three sclerites, which show interspecific differences.Female (text-figs. 4-6): Head and thorax similar to that of male. Pterothorax with17-21 setae each side on the dorsal, posterior margin; mesosternum with 2 short andmetasternum with 2 long setae. Abdomen with segments IX-XI fused, without anyindication of a suture between segments IX-X and XI; tergal plates on segmentsIX-XI interrupted posteriorly along the medial line (fig. 4). Abdominal chaetotaxywith variation shown in Table I. Terminal segments with only 2 tergocentral setae, notplaced on the tergites, which extend beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen, and 3setae each side on the dorso-lateral margin (fig. 4); lateral edge of sternum IX with2 long, inwardly directed setae each side. Genital region as shown in fig. 5. Marginof vulva set with 24-30 setae and with small setae present on its ventral surface.Post-vulval sclerites as shown in fig. 6.Body measurements of types shown in Table II, as well as breadth of head attemples and the cephalic index of the specimens examined.Holotype male and allotype female; slide no. 618 in the British Museum (NaturalHistory) from Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus Mayr from Rennell Island, collectedby Mrs. DIANA BRADLEY on 23. x. 1953, during the British Museum (Natural History)Rennell Island Expedition. 1953. Parat.~pes: II males and 10 females from the samespecimen of Threskiornis as above; 2 females (and many nymphs) from the samehost and the same locality collected on 2. xi. 1951 by the Danish Rennell Expedition.The species is named in honour of Mrs. DIANA BRADLEY, who collected the form.EXPLANATION OF TEXT FIGURES ON P. 153Ibidoecus dianae sp. n. I. Male. 2. Male genitalia. 3. Sternal thickening of segment VII of maleabdomen. 4-6. Female. 4. Terminal segments of abdomen, dorsal. 5. Terminal segments of abdomen,ventral. 6. Post-vulval sclerites.152

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Table I. Abdominal chaetotaxy.Male (3) Female (5)pleural tergal sternal pleural tergal sternaleach side total total each side total totalII 2-3 16-21 2 3 3-4 22-24 2III 3-4 17-19 II 2-4 24-33 8-11IV 3 18-21 11-12 3-4 31-36 10-13V 3 16-19 11-13 3-5 32-36 10-12VI 3-4 II-IS 9-10 2-4 30-36 9-11VII 2-3 P,9-12,P 4-6 2-3 P,26-30,P 9-14VIII 4 P,7-IO,P 2 4 P,15-20,P 1-2IX 3 1 , 3 2IX-XI3',2 5 -3 5 ,3'I. represents the seta in the pocket of the integument (CLAY, 1955), each side.2. each side.3. minute setae.4. setae on dorso-lateral margin of the segments.5. tergocentral setae.Table II. Measurements, in mm, of types in Canada balsam.MaleFlmalel~ngth breadth length breadthHead 1.09 1.19 1.17 1.30Prothorax 0.45 0.82 0.42 0.88Pterothorax 0.47 1.25 0.54 1.34Abdomen 1.79 1.83 1.91 1.86Total 3.68 4.20c.1. 1.10 1.15ParatypesBreadth across temples 1.09, 1.19, 1.22 1.27, 1.29, 1.32, 1.34C.1. 1.10, 1.15, 1.21 1.11, 1.13, l.lS, 1.18REFERENCESCLAY, T., 1955: The post-spiracular seta and sensillus in the Mallophaga. - Ann.Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 7: 716~718 .154 •

155Issued 15. December 1958.27. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCAOF RENNELL ISLAND, SOLOMON ISLANDSBYWILLIAM J. CLENCHMUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITYCONTENTSIntroduction ................ 155Acknowledgements. .. " .. .. 156Zoogeographical Remarlcs. .. .. 1 ~6Station Data. ., .. 158Systematic Part . .. 159Neritidae ...... 159Helicinidae .. .. .. .. " .. 159Cyclophoridae .. .. ., .. .. ., 164Pupinidae .. .. 166Truncatellidae .. .. .. .. .. 166Assimineidae. .. 167Thiaridae. .. .. .. .. 172Ellobiidae .. .. .. .. .. " 172Succineidae .. .. .. " 173Tornatellinidae .. .. 173Pupillidae .. .. .. .. " 173Subulinidae.. .. " 173Endodontidae .. .. .. 173Ariophantidae ..Bulimulidae . .. .. ..Partulidae ..Camaenidae. .. ..Rhytididae .,References ... ... 175.. .. 180.. .. 180.. .. 180.... 200.. .... Z02INTRODUCTIONThe following report is based upon the material collected by Mr. HARRY KNUDSENand Dr. TORBEN WOLFF, members of the Danish Rennell Expedition 1951 whichwas part of the "Galathea" Deep-Sea Expedition 1950-52. In addition, I have includedrecords and descriptions of new species from material obtained mainly by the"Whitney" Expedition to the Solomon Islands, which was collected by ERNST MAYRand W.J.EYERDAM in 1927 and 1930. Certain records are based upon materialcollected by W. M. MANN during his extended trip to these islands in 1916. Most ofthese data are new. A few locality records are duplicated.References and some notes are given for all known Solomon Island species in theFamily Helicinidae. In the Camaenidae, full citations are given for all Solomon Islandspecies in the subfamily Chloritinae and in the genus Crystallopsis.A general description and maps of Rennell Island. details of the stations of the. Danish Expedition. etc. will be found in WOLFF, 1955 a & b.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI am deeply indebted to Dr. TORBEN WOLFF for the opportunity to study and reportupon the material collected by the "Galathea" Expedition on Rennell and GuadalcanalIslands. Also my sincere thanks are due to RALPH W. MINER, formerly of theAmerican Museum of Nat~ral History for permission to work up the materialcollected by the Whitney Expedition, and to his successors, WILLIAM EMERSO~ andFREDERICK WEIR for their continued interest in supplying data and material from theSolomon Islands. My thanks are also due to Dr. R. K. DELL of the Dominion Museum,Wellington, New Zealand, for the loan of specimens collected on Rennell andBellona Islands, Solomon Islands.ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKSThe existance of the endemic genus QUirosella on Rennell is certainly understandableif we accept the time factor and isolation. The occurrence, however, of three ratherwell defined species in this genus on this Island is far more difficult to understand.These three endemic species on Rennell Island occupy the same ecological niche, atleast in certain stations they were all found together while in others they occurredsingly. Rennell Island is small and its relief is low and the general ecology fairly uniform.This is in no way a unique example. The Island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islandspossesses several genera in a family of mollusks, the Amastridae, known onlyfrom the Hawaiian Islands. The endemic genus Carelia has evolved several specieson this island and its small associated island Niihau. Certainly Kauai is very differentfrom Rennell. It is a "high island" of volcanic origin and presents a multitude ofphysiographic differences not found on a raised coral atoll. Nevertheless, the differenceis probably more apparent than real. Isolation on the higher elevations of thisisland has probably played its part in segregation. On the other hand, low landareas spread about the island making accessible most of the valleys and the ridges.Carelia is a ground species, living in the leaf litter on the forest floor.Perhaps another answer is suggested. It is possible that QUirose/la is a relict genuson Rennell and may at one time have occurred on other islands in the Solomons. It isalso possible that it still does exist on one or more of the islands but has so far eludedthe collector.It is important to realize that all of these islands of the Solomon Archipelago arestill very imperfectly known and many existing anomalies may be erased when theislands have been more thoroughly explored.However, there are two rather important points which are indicated by the landmollusks of the Solomon Islands. These are the relatively high endemicity of molluskson San Cristobal (at least two subgenera which include several peculiar species) andChoiseul Strait (between Choiseul and Bougainville) marking a very definite barrierin distribution of many groups of land mollusks.The first of these would seem to indicate that San Cristobal has been isolated for156

a long period of time and that, if it ever was connected with other islands in theSolomon group, it must have been in the remote past.The second problem is far more difficult to understand. Choiseul Strait is notparticularly wide (25 miles) and is studded with islands. Two genera, Placostylus andCrystal/opsis, common on all of the islands to the south, have failed to reach BougainvilleIsland. On the other hand, a.few genera and subgenera on Bougainville havefailed to reach Choiseul and the islands to the south. Crystal/opsis is peculiar to theSolomon Islands but Placostylus (s. I.) occurs in the Fiji Islands, New Caledonia,Norfolk, Lord Howe and the north island of New Zealand. Why has it failed to crossthe relatively narrow Choiseul Strait?These problems are presented here with no idea of solution. The facts are givenwith the data which are at hand.In the broader considerations of geographical distribution no single group ofanimals should be selected as a basic pattern of what may have been distributed byformer land connections. Certainly it is fairly apparent, as indicated by the landmollusks, that no connection between Bougainville and Choiseul could ha\e existedwithin recent geographical times, otherwise both Crystal/opsis and Placostylus shouldoccur on Bougainville just as certain Bougainville genera. such as Quirosena. shouldhave extended at least into Choiseul.Why, in this particular area did mechanical transport, at least in part. fail thesegenera, for they were unable to cross this island studded strait? Crystal/opsis was ableto reach Rennell Island from San Cristobal, a distance of at least 90 miles over openwater, yet it has failed to island-hop a comparatively narrow strait. Future studies ofother animal or plant groups may shed some light on this problem.The land and freshwater mollusks of Rennell Island are disharmonic and showrelationships with several islands in the Solomon group and in one case. Quirosella.with the Admiralty Islands. However, the two species noted beIO\.,., At. guppyi andC. rennellensis, indicate a little stronger relationship with San Cristobal than to theremaining islands in the Solomon Archipelago.Melanoides guppyi is known elsewhere only from Lake Waileva, Santa Ana Island,while other species in the Thiaridae indicate a relationship to severa! is!ands in theSolomon group. Crystallopsis (Cristovala) rennel/ensis (new) is most closely alliedto C. conica Gude from San Cristobal Island. Also Nesopoma galarhea (new) occurson Rennell, Malaita and San Cristobal. This. however, is a very small land snail andas such means but little in the geographic relationships of these islands at present. Itis to be remembered that very few small species have been collected in these islands.Many species now limited to single or only a few islands may eventually be found onmost of the larger islands. It is, however, interesting that neither Placostylus (s. I.)or Papuina (s. I.) reached Rennell, both genera being very common throughout mostof the Solomon Islands.157

STATION DATAof the Danish Rennell [sland Expedition October-November 1951 (WOLFF 1955b).StationLocalityDateSubstratum and BiotopeGU A DALCANAL, SOLO MON ISLANDSL 340 HoniaraL 342L 343L 345L 346 5 km WofHoniara9.10.9.10.9.10.9.10.10.10.Under leaves and stones close to vertical wall of coral rockIn mud and on plant debris in a freshwater pond near theshoreUnder stones at above named pondUnder stones at the sea shoreIn and under dry-rotten wood and under stonesL 351 LavangguL 352L 353L 357L 362 Te-MainggaL 363 Lavanggu-Te-AvamangguL 364 Te-AvamangguL 365L 366L 367L 370L 372 LavangguL 374L 375L 377 Niupani atLake Te-NgganoL 382L 385L 387L 389 LavangguL 390L 399 LugugiR ENN ELL ISLAN D, SOLO MO:-.l ISLAN DS13. 10. In coarse grass in coconut grove near the shore13.10.-14.10. Under stones and plant debris in coconut grove near slopeof coral rock13.10.-13. II. Rain forest above the slope15. 10.-1:2. II. On decaying wood and on the ground in cultivated areawith Papaya16.10.16.10.In grass in cultivated area with open coconut groveRain forest16.10.-18.10. In open area around village17.10. On mould and scattered coral blocks in rain forest17.10. On leaves in rain forest17.10. Rain forest and cultivated area18.10. On leaves of young coconut palm20.10. On coral rock and blocks, dry leaves and dry-rotten woodin rain forest21. 10.-12. II. In young forest, about 3 m high, on previously cultivatedarea21.10. In dry-rotten wood in above named young forest22.10.-23.10. In shallow water (5-25 cm) near the shore; bottom: mudand green algae22.10.-23.10. On leaves in coconut grove23. 10. On low vegetation and on the ground near the lake23.10. In shallow water (30-40 em) near the shore; bottom: coral.very little mud and algae27.10.29.10.14.11.Pandanus grove on bare coral rockYoung forest (like L 374); after continuous rain

159Systematic partNERITIDAENeripteron auriculata LamarckNeritina auriculata Lamarck 1822, Animaux sans Vertebres, 6: pt. 2, p.' 186 (NewHolland [Australia1 and neighboring islands).Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 342, Honiara.Tbeodoxus corona LinneNerita corolla Linne 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. p. 777 (in Asiae fluviis).Neritilla brevispina Lamarck 1822, Animaux sans Vertebres, 6, pt. 2, p. 185 (Timor).Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 342, Honiara.Neritina (Vittina) variegata LessonNeritina variegata Lesson 1831, Voy. Coquille, Zoology, 2: 378, (Nouvelle Irlande).Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 343, Honiara.HELICINIDAEThese are rhipidoglossate land operculates of wide distribution in the tropics, a fewspecies extending well into the tempo rate regions. The entire family, however, isabsent from Africa. The few Solomon Island species are not well differentiated andit is rather difficult to assign limits to certain border-line specimens.Sturanyella Pilsbry and CookeSturanyella Pilsbry and Cooke 1934, Nautilus, 48: 54.Type species, Helicina plicatilis Mousson, original designation.Sturanyella modesta PfeifferHelicina modesta Pfeiffer 1853, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 52 (Tanna. New Hebrides);PFEIFFER 1854. Malak. Blatt. /: 102; PFEIFFER 1858, Mono. PneumonopomorumViven,2: 186; ibid. 1865,3: 218; ibid. 1875.4: 246; SOWERBY 1866. ThesaurusConchy, 3: 287, pI. 6, fig. 221-222; SOWERBY 1873, Conch. Icon .. 19: Helicina.pI. 29, fig. 259; SMITH 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 599; Guppy 1887. TheSolomon Islands and Their Natives, London. I: 345.Helicina solomonensis Smith 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London p. 599, pI. 36, fig. II-II b(Faro, Shortland and Treasury Islands); Guppy 1887, The Solomon Islands andTheir Natives. London, I: 345.

•Helicina virido-colare Hartman 1890, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 285, pI. 3, fig. 7(Solomon Islands).Sturanya modesta, Wagner 1905. Denks. Akad. der Wissen., 77: 386, pI. 3, fig. 15a-c,22a-b: WAGNER 1907, Conchy.-Cab., (2) 1: pt. 18, sec. I, p. 43, pI. 6, fig. 25-29.Remarks. Widely distributed in the Solomons, and probably occurring on all ofthe Islands. The locality, Tanna, New Hebrides, is based upon material suppliedto PFEIFFER by CUMING and, according to SMITH, is open to question.I am unable to separate S. solomonensis from modesta. The species is variable insize, height of spire and in its sculpture. Most of the specimens examined are smooth,a very few possess the spiral striae mentioned by SMITH for solomonensis. WAGNER(1907, pI. 6) has probably overdrawn this character.Specimens examined. Choiseul: Bambatana; Luti. Malaita: Auki; Su'u.New Georgia: Labete; Rubiana Lagoon. Rendova. Rennell: L 374; L 390,Lavanggu. San Cristobal: Kira Kira. Santa Ana. Three Sisters. Ysabel:Fulakora.Sturanyella julii BairdHelicina julii Baird Un3, [in] The Cruise of H. M. S. Curacoa Among the SouthSea Islands by J.L.Brenchley, London, p. 449, pI. 41. fig. 7-8 (Cockatoo Island,Solomon Group); SOWERBY 1873. Conch. Icon., 19, Helicina, pI. 30, fig. 272.Remarks. This species has not been reported since its original discovery. It doesnot appear to be closely related to modesta because of its very peculiar type of axialcolor streaks. Cockatoo island is off the south end of Ysabel.Pleuropoma MoellendorffPleuropoma Mlldff 1893, Bericht. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., p. 140.Type species, Helicina dichroa MlIdff.Pleuropoma sophiae BrazierHelicina (Trochatella) sophiae Brazier 1875 [1876]. Proc. Linn. Soc. New SouthWales, 1: 4 (Treasury Island).Helicina sophiae Brazier, PFEIFFER 1877, Malak. Blatt., 24: 155.Aphanoconia sophiae Brazier, WAGNER 1909, Conchy.-Cab. (2), 1, pt. 18, sec. 2,p. 183, pI. 36, fig. 16-20.Remarks. J have not seen this species, but judging by the figures of WAGNER(1909, pI. 36) it appears to be a very distinctive form. It has not been collected inrecent years, and the single specific record suggests an unusual case of isolation as thegenus is widely distributed among the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, asfar west as the Seychelles .

Palaeohelicina Wagner 1905'Palaeohelicina Wagner 1905, Denks. Akad. der Wissen., 77: 435.Type species, Helicina ftscheriana (here designated).Palaeohelicina s. s. is limited in its distribution to New Guinea, the Louisades,Bismarks and Solomon Islands, and is probably a derivative of the more widespreadCerotopoma which ex.tends to New Caledonia and the Philippines. However, thelimits assigned to these two groups are not definite as the characters more or lessoverlap.Paloeohelicina probably originated in the New Guinean center and subsequentlyspread to the Philippines by way of Halmahara and south over the Bismark-Solomonchain to New Caledonia. The genus has also penetrated Australia into Queensland.Palaeobelicina (Palaeobelicioa) moquiniana RecluzHe/icina moquiniona Recluz 1851. Jour. de Conch .. 2: 212, pI. 5, fig. 8. (L'ile Salomon);PFEIFFER 1852, Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viven .. I: 393; ibid. 1858,2: 213: GRAY 1852, Catalogue of Pulmonata in the Collection of the British Museum.I: 286; PFEIFFER 1854, Malak. Blatt. I: 108; SOWERBY 1873. Conch. Icon ..19. He/icina. pI. 26, fig. 231; SMITH 1885. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London. p. 598; Guppy1887, The Solomon Islands and Their Natives. London. I: 345.Trochatella moquiniana, H. and A. ADAMS 1856. The Genera of Recent Mollusca,2: 305; SOWERBY 1866. Thesaurus Conch .. 3: 294, pI. 277. fig. 419-420.Palaeohelicina moquiniana. WAGNER 1905. Denks. Akad. der Wissen., 78: 204. pI. 10,fig. la-d; WAGNER 1910, Conchy-Cab. (2). I. pt. 18. sec. 2. p. 238. fig. 6-10.Palaeohelicino moquiniana chr;'s~oralensis WAGNER 1905. Denks. Akad. der Wissen.,78: 205. pI. 10, fig. 2, (San Chrisloval. Solomon Islands): WAGNER 1910. Conchy­Cab. (2), I. pt. 18, sec. 2, p. 239. pI. 47. fig. II.Remarks. WAGNER has unduly increased the varieties in this and other speciesof the Helicinidae in the Solomon Islands. The differences mentioned for most ofhis new forms seem to be slight. and these differences are not even consistant in specimensfrom a single colony. His illustrations in the Conchylien Cabinet appear tobe overdrawn, and many of the characters are accentuated. However, I may be unfairto judge him without seeing the material from which he made his figures, but mycomparisons have been based upon a very large series of specimens collected on allof the islands from which WAGNER derived his material for his new forms.Specimens examined. Malaita: Alta; Auki. New Georgia: Morovo Lagoon.San Cristobal: Wainoni Bay: Pamua: Rava River: Kira. Santa Ana.Three Sisters Ids. Ugi Id.I. WAGNER (1905, p. 207) and THIELE (1929, p, 87) include Ceral(}pOma Moellendortf 1893, as asubgenus of Palaeohelicina. If Ceratopoma is found to be as closely related to Palaeohelicilla asthis classification would admit. Ceratupoma would have to become the genus and Palaeohelicinathe subgenus. MOELLENDORfF'S name has priority of twelve years.

Palaeobelicina moquiniana livida RousseauHelicina livida 'Hombron and Jacquinot' PFEIFFER 1852, Mono. PneumonopomorumViven, i: 414 [nomen nudum]; ROUSSEAU 1854, Voy. au Pole Sud, 5: 47, p. II,fig. 40-44 (lies Salomon); PFEIFFER 1858, Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viven., 2:219; ibid. 1865,3: 245; ibid. 1876,4: 286.Remarks. This form seems to be only a uniformly colored race of moquiniana.Other than its dark reddish coloration, its size, outline and strongly developed keelare exactly similar to the typical form.The type locality is the southeastern part of Ysabel Island, the only locality inthe Solomon Islands where this French expedition landed.Palaeohelicina moquiniana spinifera PfeifferHelicina spinifera PFEIFFER 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 118, (Wanderer Bay,Guadalcanal); PFEIFFER 1858, Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viven., 2: 218; ibid.1865,3: 244; ibid. 1876,4: 286; SOWERBY 1873, Conch. Icon .. 19, Helieina. pI. 7,fig. 55a-b.Trochatella spinifera, SOWERBY 1866, Thesaurus Conch., 3: 294, pI. 277. fig. 416-417.Palaeohelicina spinifera, WAGI\'ER 1905, Denks. Akad. der Wissen., 78: 205, pI. 10,fig. 3a-c; WAGNER 1910. Conchy.-Cab. (2), I, pi. 18. sec. 2. p. 240. pI. 47. fig.13-16.Re mar k s. This is a local race or subspecies that is apparently confined to Guadalcanaland the associated island of Florida. It is much smaller than the typical form,though agreeing in all other esseritial characters.P. spinifera injlata WAGNER 1905, has been described from New Ireland [NewMecklenburg] in the Bismarks. Though no records are available for Bougainville,either moquiniana or certain of its varieties will probably be found to occur thereupon later iflvestigation. This appears to be the only record for this species outsideof the Solomon group. It is. however. to be regarded as a subspecies of moquinianaand not spinifera.Specimens examined. Florida: Tulagi. Guadalcanal: L 340. Honiara.Palaeohelicina moquiniana ecarinata WagnerPalaeohe!icina moquiniano ccarinala WAGNER 1910, Conchy-Cab. (2), I, pt. 18, sec.2, p. 240, pI. 47, fig. 12 (Solomons).Rem ark s. This subspecies differs from the typical form in possessing a roundedrather than a keeled periphery.Specimens examined. Choiseul. Malaita: Kivarambara; Su'u .162•

Palaeohelicina (Palaeohelicina) mayri, sp. nov.Plate I, fig. 7Description. Shell depressed, imperforate and rather thin. Color brownish yellowthroughout with no secondary coloration. Whorls 5, flattened, the last clearly thoughnot abruptly angled. Spire depressed and forming a broad flattened cone, producedat an angle of 115 0 • Lip reflected. Parietal wall thinly glazed. Aperture subquadrate,the palatal margin somewhat convex as seen in profile. Columella short. forming adefinite angle at its base with the lip. Umbilical area not noticeably depressed. Sculptureof numerous and very fine growth lines crossed with less numerous but finegrooves, the grooves supporting periostracal folds in areas not worn smooth. Thesefolds are finely serrated and near the aperture are somewhat recumbent. Superficiallythese grooves appear to be very finely hirsute. At the peripheral angle and alittle below are two narrow bands produced by a series of short periostracal foldsaxially arranged. This periostracal character is very fine and can only be clearly seenwith at least a 12 powered lens. Operculum thin, with a subcentral nucleus. Operculargrowth lines very indistinct.--------- -~--- -.length Width Height Aperture11.2 9 7 5 4.5 mm Holotype10.5 S.5 7 5 4.5 Paratype, Auki10.8 S.5 7.5 5.5 4.8 Oolamboori10. (young) S.5 7 5 '0 4.7Holotype. Museum of Cqmparative Zoology. no. 32610. Auki. Malaita. W. M.MANN collector. 1916. Paratypes Museum of Comparative Zoology and AmericanMuseum of Natural History from Auki and Oolamboori. Malaita Island.Remarks. This species is a member of the P. moquiniana complex but quitesharply differentiated from that species. It is much more depressed. possesses flatterwhorls and is without any trace of color bands. The sculptural characteristics of thisform may not be peculiar. No specimens of moquiniana or any of its varieties examinedpossess any trace of periostracum though most of the shells had been collectedalive.P. mayri is much larger than P. egregia. and this laller species differs by beingglobose to conic rather than depressed. is smooth and is usually banded with color.Palaeohelicina (Palaeohelicina) egregia (pfeiffer)He/icina egregia PFEIFFER 1855. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 118 (Wanderer Bay.Guadalcanar); PFEIFFER 1858, Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viven .. 2. 195; ibid.1865.3: 228; ibid. 1875,4: 267; SOWER BY 1873. Conch. Icon .. 19. He/icina. pI. 18.fig. 159; SMITH 1885. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 598. pI. 36. fig. 10-lOa; Guppy1887, The Solomon Islands and Their Natives, London, 1: 345.[63

Trochatella egregia SOWERBY 1866, Thesaurus Conch., 3: 228, pI. 273, fig. 272.Pa/aeolle/icina spinifera egregia. WAGNER 1905, Denks. Akad. der Wissen, 78: 206,pI. 10, fig. 4.Pa/aeolle/icina spinifera isabe/ensis WAGNER 1905, Denks. Akad. der Wissen .• 78:207. pI. 10, fig. 5 (Isabel Island, Solomons).Pa/aeohe/icina egregia WAGNER 1910, Conchy.-Cab. (2), /, pt. 18. sec. 2, p. 241,pI. 47. fig. 19-22.Pa/aeohe/icina egregia isabelensis WAGNER 1910. Conchy.-Cab. (2), /. pt. 18, sec. 2,p. 242. p!. 48, fig. 1-2.Pa/aeohe/icina egregia incerta WAGNER 1910. Conchy.-Cab. (2). I, pt. 18, sec. 2.p. 243. pI. 47. fig. 23-24 (Isabel Island, Solomons).Remarks. A very well marked species. generally distributed throughout the Solomongroup. The lack of records from Choiseul and Bougainville may indicate that thisspecies does not occur in the northern part of the islands, but it is more likely that ishas been overlooked.It differs in general from P. moquiniana and its varieties by being smooth, nonkeeled and possessing a ground color of white or pale ivory. The bands of color areusually stronger than in the former species and stand out in greater contrast.Specimens examined. Bio. Florida. New Georgia: Morovo Lagoon.Rennel!. San Cristobal: Pamua; Wai-ai. Ugi. Ulawa. Ysabel: Fulakora.CYCLOPHORIDAELeptopoma PfeifferLeptopoma PFEIFFER 1847, Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie 4: 47.Type species, Cyclostoma l'itrea Lesson (=-~ L. nilidum SOWERBY), subsequent designation,KOBEL T 1898. IIlus. Conchylienbuch, p. 184.Leptopoma (Leptopoma) nitidum SowerbyCyclosloma vitrea LESSON 1830. [in] Voyage de la Coquille 2: 346. pI. 13, fig. 6-6'-6"(New Guinea). non Cyclostoma vitreum Draparnaud 180 I; DESHA YES 1838[in] Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2. 8: 367.Leptoma vitrf'um LESSON. PFEIFFER 1852. Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viven .. i:101; SMITH 1885. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 596; Guppy 1887. The SolomonIslands and Their Natives. London. I: 345; KOBEL T 1902, Das Tierreich, Mollusca(Cyclophoridae). 16: 15.Dermatocera vitrea LESSON, H. and A. ADAMS 1858, The Genera of Recent Mollusca,2: 282. pI. 85, fig. 7; PFEIFFER 1858, Mono, Pneumonopomorum Viven .• 2: 78.Cyclostoma nitidum SOWERBY 1843, Thesaurus Conchyliorum. I: 133 (Guiamaras[Philippines)).Remarks. This protean species has a very wide range. extending from theSolomons on the southeast to Formosa on the northwest, with many records fromislands in between these extreme points. Specimens from the Philippines are on the164

· average a little larger than material obtained from the Solomons and the Bismark!>".It is quite possible that there are several racial elements concerned.Many closely related species are exceedingly difficult to separate from this form.There appears to be but few modifications of shell characters which are of sufficientdiagnostic value to delimit clearly the several species.I have not attempted to give a c;omplete synonomy for this species but only thosereferences which pertain to the Solomon Islands. A complete synonomy is given inKOBELT 1902, p. 9.Specimens examined. Bio. Choiseul: Bambatana; Choiseul Bay. Florida:Tulagi. Santa Isabel: Fulakora. Malaita: Auki; Kivarambara; Su'u. NewGeorgia: Rubiana Lagoon. Rendova. Rennel!: L 380. Niupani. Lake Te­Nggano. San Cristobal: Kira-Kira. Santa Ana.Leptopoma (Leptopoma) pellucidum RousseauCyclostoma pellucida

Leptopoma (Leptopoma) dohrni Adams and AngasLeptopoma dohrni ADAMS and ANGAS 1864, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 38 (NewIreland); PFEIFFER 1875, Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viven., 3: 132; KOBELTand M6u .. ENDORFF 1897, Nach. Deut. Malak. Ges., 29: 79; KOBELT 1902, DasTierreich. Mollusca. (Cyclophoridae), 16: 8.Leptopoma hargra~'esi Cox 1893. Proc. Zoo). Soc. London. p. 151 (Solomon Islands);KOBELT 1902, Das Tierreich. Mollusca (CycIophoridae), 16: 9.Remarks. Four specimens, Museum of Comparative Zoology no. 94850, fromNew Georgia are referable to this species, originally described from New Ireland inthe Bismarcks. They are light olivaceous to yellowish brown in color, stronglykeeled and somewhat malleated. In addition, there are several fairly well developedspiral riblets which are interspaced with fine microscopic, wavy, spiral threads.L. hargrearesi appears to be a synonym of this species. Both are described asbrownish and as having a keel on the body whorl. They agree as well in practicallyall other descriptive points.Specimens examined. New Georgia.PUPINIDAEPupina (Pupina) huntingtoni ClenchPupina (Pupina) huntingtoni CLENCH 1949, Bull. B. P. Bishop Mus., 196: 33, fig. 19(North coast of Guadaleanal Island, Solomon Islands).Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 340, Honiara; L 346,5 km W ofHoniara.Pupina (Pupina) keradreni VignardPupina keradreni VIGNARD 1829, Ann. Sci. Nat., 18: 440, pl.lle (New Guinea).Specimens examined. Rennell: L 351; L 352; L 362; L 389, Lavanggu;L 380, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano. Also many records from other stations in theSolomon Islands. (c. f. CLENCH 1949).TRUNCATELLIDAETruneatella guerinii VillaTruncatella guerinii VILLA 184). Conchyliarum Terrestrium et Fluviatilum, Mediolani[Milan, Italy] p. 49 (Bourbon [Reunion Island]).Specimens examined. Rennell: L 352; L 362, Lavanggu. Shortland:Harapa.Taheitia whitneyi, new species(Plate 16, fig. I)Description. Shell small, reaching 9.8 mm in length, slender, shining, imperforateand sculptured. Color a light straw-yellow. Whorls 7 (truncated holotype),166

probably 12-14 whorls in complete specimens. Spire greatly extended and beginningwith a small flattened nuclear whorl. Aperture subcircular and having the outer lipslightly flaring. Parietal lip somewhat thickened. Columella short and slightly arched.Suture deeply indented. Sculpture consisting of numerous, axial riblets, about 50on the the last whorl. Nuclear whorls 2 and smooth.LengthWidth9.8 mm9.2 -2.4 mm2HolotypeParatypeTypes. The holotype is in the American Museum of Natural History no. 73883.from Bambatana, Choiseul Island, Solomon Islands. A single paratype from thesame locality is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology no. 188089.Remarks. Tahe;t;a clathrata Adams and Angus is the only other known speciesof Taheitia occurring in the Solomon Islands. T. whitneyi differs from T. clathrata bybeing proportionately thinner and in having a smaller and less flaring aperture andin having more numerous and very much finer axial riblets. In its general structure,T. whitney; most nearly approaches T. tongana Clench and Turner from Eua Island,Tonga Islands. T. whitneyi is larger, has more whorls remaining after truncation andhas a less flaring aperture. The sculpture of both is very similar.Taheitia, similar to most other truncatellids, decollate their early whorls.ASSIMINEIDAESetaepoma ClenchSetaepoma CLE"iCH 1955, Nautilus, 68: 134.Shells flattened to slightly elevated and possessing numerous spiral threads whichare slightly raised above the shell surface. Periostracum producing long bristle-likeprocesses which are in spiral arrangement and grouped into three bands, one aboveand one below the periphery, and the third near the base of the shell. Operculumcalcareous, moderately dished. multispiral and deeply grooved. I nner surface coveredwith periostracum. smooth and having a central papilliform nucleus.Type species, Japonia ( ?) hedigeri I. and B. Rensch.Selaepoma does not appear to be closely related to any other known genus in theAssimineidae. at least on the basis of opercular characters. The cyclophorid type ofshell is also quite different from most other assimineids, being somewhat heavy andwitli. a depressed spire.This genus is placed in the subfamily Thaanumellinae because of its thickenedand multispiral operculum. The radula is quite similar to Thaanumella angu!osaAncey from the Caroline Islands.167

Fig. I. Radula of Setaepoma mayri Clench.Setaepoma mayri, new species(Plate 17, fig. 5; text fig. I)Description. Shell depressed turbinate, thin and having three spiral rows ofbristle-like processes of periostracum on the outer whorl. Color a dark straw-yellow.Whorls 4 to 4 1 / 2 , strongly convex and tubular but only narrowly attached to thewhorl above. Spire depressed, the early whorls just appearing above the body whorl.Aperture nearly circular, holostomatous and exceedingly thin. No columella. Umbilicuswide and funnel-shaped, the early whorls to the nuclear whorls being visible.Suture very deep. Periostracum rather thick and forming rather long, thin, bristlelikeprocesses which are grouped to form three spiral crests. Fine thread-like andspiral ridges exist which are without the bristle-like processes. Nuclear whorls P/ 2osmooth and pinkish in color. Operculum calcareous with a periostracal base, depressedabove and with a papilliform nucleus on the lower inner surface. Outer surfacedeeply grooved with a spiral channel, the ridge between being flat and crossedby fine thread-like costae.Height Greater Diameter Lesser Diameter5.5 rom 8.2 mm 7.5 mm Paratype5.5 - 10.5 - 8.5 -7.5 - II 95.5 - 6.5 - 5.8 - HolotypeTypes. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 36840, from Fulakora,Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. W. M. MANN collector, 1918. Paratypes in the Museumof Comparative Zoology and the American Museum of Natural History fromalong the Wurulata River, Choiseul Island at 2500 feet elevation. ERNST MAYRcollector, Sept. 1929.Remarks. Setaepoma mayri is close in its relationships to S. hedigeri I. and B.Rensch from the Island of Bougainville. S. mayri is, however, more depressed, thespire hardly elevated above the body whorl and it has as well a much wider, funnelshapedumbilicus.168 •

169Nesopoma, new genusShell extended. rather thin, having a heavy periostracum which may have bristlelikeprocesses. Operculum multispiral, thickened. composed of calcium and with a thinlayer of periostracum on its inner surface. The outer surface nearly smooth, ratherdeeply dished toward the center. .Type species. Nesopoma eyerdami Clench.Nesopoma eyerdami, new species(Plate 17. fig. 4)Description. Shell small, not exceeding 6 mm in height, extended. rather thin,perforate and sculptured. Color straw-yellow. Whorls 6 and strongly convex. Spiresomewhat extended, forming an angle of 60'. Aperture subcircular, hoi astomatous,and attached only near the anal canal. No columella. Umbilicus open and deep.Suture deeply indented. Sculpture consisting of numerous spiral threads upon whichthere are a series of very short periostracal "hairs." Nuclear whorls 21/2 and smooth.Operculum multispiral, somewhat thickened with calcium and with a thin layer ofperiostracum on its inner surface. Outer surface with diagonal growth lines betweenthe sutures and being somewhat dished toward the center.Height Width Whorls5.5 mm 4 mm 6 Paratype5 3.6 - 6 Holotype5 3.5 - 5.75 ParatypeTypes. Holotype, American Museum of Natural History, no. 73885 from Su'u,Malaita Island. Solomon Islands. W. J. EYERDAM collector. March 1930. WhitneyExpedition. Two paratypes from the same locality in the Museum of ComparativeZoology no. 188086.Remarks. See under N. galathea Clench.Nesopoma galathea, new species(Plate 17. fig. 2)Desc ri pt i on. Shell small, not exceeding 4 mm in height. somewhat extended, perforateand sculptured. Color a dark straw-yellow. Whorls 51, 2 and strongly convex.Spire somewhat extended and forming an angle of 70°. Aperture subcircular andnearly holastomatous. the palatal area very thin where appressed to the whorl above.No columella. Umbilicus small and deep. partially covered by the palatal wall. Suturedeeply indented. Sculpture consisting of numerous. spiral threads which do not possessany outgrowths of periostracal "hairs". Nuclear whorls 2 and smooth. Oper-

aulum multispiral, thickened with calcium and with a thin layer of periostracum onits inner surface. Outer surface nearly smooth and with faint diagonal growth linesbetween the sutures and being dished toward the center.Height Width Whorls--- - ------- -_ -------_._------_4 mm 3.4 mm 5 Holotype4.2 -- 3.5 5 Paratype4.3 - 3.5 - 5Types. Holotype, American Museum of Natural History no. 73884, from Su'u,Malaita Island, Solomon Islands. W. J. EVERDAM collector, March 1930, WhitneyExpedition. Paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the UniversityZoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark, from the same locality.This species was also obtained by the Whitney Expedition at Kira Kira, SanCristobal and by the "Galathea" Expedition at station L 340, Honiara, Guadalcanaland at station L 374, Lavanggu and L 364. Te-Avamanggu. both Rennell Island.Solomon Islands.Re mar k s. This species is close to N. eyerdami but differs in several of its characters.There appears to be no trace of periostracal "hairs." I n addition, the spiralthreads are more numerous. The angle of the spire is greater which gives the shell amore depressed appearance. The umbilicus is much smaller and the outer surface ofthe operculum is smoother.Omphalotropis nebulosa PeaseOmphalotropis nebulosa PEASE 1872, Am. Jour. Conch., 7: 197, (Solomon Islands);SMITH 1885, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 597; Guppy 1887, The Solomon Islandsand Thei'r Natives, London, I: 345.Realia (Omphalotropis) nehulosa Pease. PFEIFFER 1875, Mono. PneumonoponorumViven., 4: 219.Rem ark s. This and the following subspecies are the only known forms in thisgenus occurring in the Solomons. O. nebulosa appears to be distributed throughoutthe archipelago, though not as yet recorded from any other region. The original labelin the PEASE collection (M.C.Z. no. 72347) cites "Makela" as the locality. This maypossibly be an error in transcription for Makira, another name for San CristobalIsland.O. nehulosa differs from O. duca/is 'Bttg.' Molldf., a species occurring in theBismarks, by possessing a smoothly rounded and convex body whorl (not carinate,as in ducalis) and having spiral bands of a rather deep reddish brown coloration. Itapproaches in its method of coloration that of O. hulimoides 'H. & J.' Rouss. fromthe Carolines.Specimens examined. Bio. Bougainville: Kieta. Choiseul: Choiseul Bay;near Bambatana at 1000 feet; Poro Poro. Guadalcanal: Aola; L 340, Honiara .170 •

---~Malaita: Auki; Su'u. New Georgia: Kepi, Rubiana; Labete. Rendova Id.San Cristobal: Wai-ai; Kira Kira. Santa Ana. Shortland: Harapa; Faisi.Three Sist~rs. Also Santa Cruz Id .. Santa Cruz Islands.Omphalotropis nebulosa guppyi, new subspecies(plate 17, fig. I)Description. Shell larger and proportIonately wider with the umbilical areawider and somewhat deeper than in O. nebulosa. The color is dull brown throughoutand not banded.Height Width Aperture11.5 mm 7.5 mm 5.5 , 4 mm Holotype12.5 - 8.8 - 4.8 . 4.5 - Paratype11.5 - 7.9 - 5 v 4.2 -12.1 - 8 4.5 '< 4.1 -10.8 - 8 5.1 . 4.6 -Holotype. American Museum of Natural History no. 59010, Olimburi, 2000feet, Malaita Island. Solomon Islands. W. J. EYERDAM collector. April 1930, WhitneyExpedition. Paratypes from Wahle's village, west central Malaita (1300 feet) and asingle specimen from Kivarambara. Malaita Island.Remarks. Only 5 specimens from these several localities were obtained and onlythe holotype was collected alive.Omphalotropis quirosi, new species(Plate 17. fig. 3)Description. Shell small. reaching 4 mm in length. light in structure. umbilicateand smooth. Color a brick-red and overlaid with a light yellowish-brown and smoothperiostracum. Whorls 6 and slightly convex and with a fine thread-like carina. Spireshort and flat sided. Aperture subquadrate. Outer lip simple. parietal lip consistingof a thin glaze. Columella short and arched. Umbilicus small but deep and marginedwith an umbilical ridge. Suture indented. Sculpture consisting of exceedingly finediagonal growth lines. Nuclear whorls 2. a brick red in color and smooth.Height4 mm3.7 -Width2.5 mm2.3 -HolotypeParatypeTypes. Holotype in the University Zoological Museum. Copenhagen. Denmark.from L 390. Lavanggu, Rennell Island, Solomon Islands. Collected by the Danish171

Rennell Expedition, October 1951. Paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoologyno. 191443, from the same locality. A single specimen was obtained at L 365, Te­A vamanggu, Rennell Island.Remarks. Omphalotropis quirosi differs from O. nebulosa Pease by being verymuch smaller, having a solid coloration and in having the base of the shell lessextended. In addition, there is a thread-like carina at the peripheral area in quirosiwhile there is none in nebulosa.THIARIDAEMelanoides guppyi SmithMelania guppyi SMITH 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 603, pI. 37, fig. 6-6a (LakeWailava, Santa Ana Island, Solomons).Specimens examined. Rennell: L 387, Niupani Lake, Te-Nggano.Remarks. So far as can be determined, this is the second known record for thisspecies, the other being the type locality, the small island of Santa Ana.Tarebia granifera LamarckMelania granifera LAMARCK 1822, Anim. San Vert., 6. pt. 2, p. 167 (Timor).Specimens examined. Rennell: L 377, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano.Stenomelania fuscata undulata GmelinHelix undulata GMELIN 1790 [in] LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, I. pt. 6, p. 3654 (localityunknown); based upon Helix maculata BORN 1778, non MULLER 1774.Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 345, Honiara. Rennell: L 377,Niupani, La~e Te-Nggano.ELLOBIIDAEPythia scarabaeus LinneHelix scarabaeus LINNE 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 768 (Asiae montibus).Remarks. This is a species of wide distribution in the Solomon Islands andprobably throughout most of Melanesia.Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 346, W of Honiara. Rennell: L 351;L 352; L 357; L 362; L 374, all Lavanggu; L 385, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano ..Melampus luteus Quoy and GaimardAuricula lutea QUOY and GAIMARD 1832, Voyage de L'Astrolabe, Zoology, 1: 163,pI. 13, fig. 25-27 (Nanoun-ha Islet [Naun-ha] Vanikora [Santa Cruz Islands».Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 345, Honiara.172

"SUCCINEIDAESuccinea simplex PfeifferSuccinea simplex PFEIFFER 1854 [1855], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 123 (SolomonIslands).Specimens examined. Rennell: L 357; L 389, both Lavanggu and L 380,Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano. Also many additional records from other localitiesin the Solomon Islands (c.f. CLENCH 1941).TORNATELLlNIDAETornateIIina microstoma Quadras and MoellendorffTortellina microstoma QUADRAS and MOELLENDORFF 1894, Deutschen Malak. Gesell.26: 16 (Guam).Remarks. Similar to the Pupillidae, members of this family have heretoforeescaped notice by collectors. This species has been recorded by RE;'I.'SCH (1937, p.584)from Karlei, New Britain Island, Bismark archipelago.Specimens examined. Santa Ana. (Whitney Expedition).PUPILLlDAEGastrocopta pediculus ShuttleworthPupa pediculus SHUTTLEWORTH 1852, Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaftin Bern, p. 296 (Marquesas and Tahiti).Notes. I believe that heretofore no records were known of any pupillid in theSolomons. Their small size makes them difficult to find.Specimens examined. Bellona. Rennell: L 357, Lavanggu. Santa Ana.SUBULINIDAELamellaxis gracilis HuttonBulimus gracilis HUTTON 1834, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 3: 93 (Mirzapur, India).Remarks. An introduced species now widely distributed through most of thetropical world.Specimens examined. Bellona. Guadalcanal: L 340, Honiara. Rennell:L 351, L 352, L 357, L 374, L 390, Lavanggu; L 367, Te-Avamanggu; L 385, Niupani .•ENDODONTlDAECharopa hoeyeri, new species(Plate 16. fig. 6)Description. Shell small. not exceeding 5 mm in greater diameter. depressed andstrongly sculptured with axial costae. Color probably light brown when alive. Whorls173

3 3 / ,. rounded but slightly flattened above the periphery. Spire depressed, earlierwhorls but slightly above the last. Aperture subcircular. Lip simple. Umbilicus wideand deep, being about 11/2 mm in width. Sculpture consisting of numewus, axial andmoderately sinuous riblets which number about 10 to the millimeter. Nuclear whorlsmooth, there being no trace of spiral sculpture when seen under high magnification.Greater diameter Lesser diameter Height5 mm 4 mm 2.3 mm HolotypeTy pe s. Holotype in the University Zoological Museum. Copenhagen, Denmark,from station L 374. Lavanggu. Rennell Island. Solomon Islands, collected by theDanish Rennell Expedition. Paratype from the same locality in the Museum ofComparative Zoology no. 191461. The species is named for M r. MOGENS HOEYER,the photographer of the Danish expedition.Remarks. This new species is based upon two specimens. both dead but in agood state of preservation. The holotype is mature, the paratype a younger shell.It differs from Charopa solomonensis Clapp by being much larger, having a muchlarger funnel-shaped umbilicus and much heavier riblets. In solomonensis. the firstnuclear whorl exhibits very fine spiral threads, while in the present new form thenuclear whorl is smooth. lCharopa insularis, new species(Plate 18. fig. 5)Description. Shell small. not exceeding 4 mm in greater diameter, depressed andnearly smooth. Color probably brownish in live material. Whorls 4. rounded andnot flattened above the periphery. Spire greatly depressed, hardly appearing abovethe last whorl. Aperture subcircular. Lip simple. Umbilicus wide and deep. being.8 mm in width. Sculpture consisting of a few. somewhat coarse growth lines. Nuclearwhorls smooth.Greater diameter Lesser diameter Height3.8 mm 3.5 mm 2 mm HolotypeTypes. Holotype in the University Zoological Museum. Copenhagen, Den '!lark.from station L 365, Te-Avamanggu, Rennell Island. Solomon Islands, collected bythe Danish Rennell Expedition.Rem ark s. This species differs from C. hoeyeri by being entirely smooth as wellas being a little smaller. Only a single specimen was obtained.J. Endodollia (Charopa) J%mollenJ'is Clapp is now placed in the genus MOCl'lI" Iredale accordingto ALAN SOLEM in a recent letter.174

ARIOPHANTIDAEQuiroselJa. new genusShell depressed to globose, imperforate or with an imperfectly closed umbilicus.Sculpture consisting of fine growth lines and exceedingly fine spiral threads; nuclearwhorls entirely smooth.This new genus appears to be close in its relationships to Nesonanina Bgt. of theAdmiralty Islands. It differs in not having the dome shaped spire of Nesonanina andin having rather deeply incised sutures. The general shape of the two are quitedifferent yet difficult to describe. Quirosella appears to be more remotely related toHemiplecta Albers. a genus of wide distribution in the western Pacific islands. Fromthis genus. Quirosella differs in being imperforate or nearly so. in lacking all sculptureother than occasional specimens with very fine spiral threads and in not havingthe peculiar color pattern which occurs in Hemiplecta. In this latter genus bothsculpture and color may differ quite remarkably on the whorls above and below theperiphery.Type species, Quirosella coultasi Clench.Quirosella coultasi, new species(Plate 18. fig. 1-2; text fig. 2. p. 191)Desc r i pt ion. Shell globose. relatively solid. imperforate or with a minute umbilicalopening. Color a uniform dark yellowish brown or with two bands of a much darkerbrown, one above and one below the periphery. Whorls 5 and strongly convex. Asmall rounded lip margins the aperture which is colored a \ery pale pink in freshspecimens. Fully matured specimens have a small tooth-like thickening on ti'.ecolumellar margin of the lip with a second thickening on the basal margin of the lip.Sculpture offine and somewhat irregular growth lines. On a few of the paratypes thereare very faint and very fine hair·like spiral threads. Columella oblique and thickenedbelow with the tooth-like process. Outer lip in profile produced in a narrow sigmoidcurve. Aperture cast at an angle of 40" from the axis (50' from the base line).Height Width Aperture Width13.2 mm 14.4 17 mm 8 mm Holotype13.8 - 15 17.4 - 7.6 - Paratype12 15.3 , 17.5 -- 8.1 -13.5 - 14.5 17 S11.8 _- 14.5 16.5 - 6.5 -Types. Holotype, American Museum of Natural History no. 59011. from RennellIsland, Solomon Islands. W.J. EYERDAM collector. May 25, 1930. Paratypes fromthe same locality in the American Museum Natural History no. 59012. the Museumof Comparative Zoology no. 93017, the Dominion Museum,Wellington, New Zealand,175

lind the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. The specimens collected by the DanishRennell Expedition are from the following stations: L 357; L 362; L 363; L 372;L 374; L 375; L 389, all Lavanggu; L 365 and L 367 from Te-Avamllnggu; L 380,Niupani and L 399, Lugugi, all Rennel Island. In addition, there are two lots of paratypesfrom Bellona Island collected by W.J. EYERDAM during the Whitney Expeditionand by members of the Crocker Expedition for the B. P. Bishop Museum. The specimensin the Wellington Museum came from the cliffs above Te-Uhungango anchorageon Rennell Island, collected by M. LAIRD, August 1953.Remarks.]t is quite astonishing that three species of an apparently new genus ofariophantids should occur on this relatively small and low island. Though quiteobviously related to one another, the three species are very distinct with no indicationat all of intergrading examples among any of the several specimens collected. Allthree species occurred in the same immediate locality such as station L 365 at Te­A vamanggu where they Jived in rain forest in leaf mold among the scattered coralblocks.Named for W. F. COULTAS, a member of the Whitney Expedition party.Quirosella wolffi, new species(Plate 18, fig. 3)De sc r i pt ion. Shell subglobose. relatively solid and with a minute perforation.Color a dark yellowish brown with a single specimen showing a light band at theperiphery. Whorls 5 3 / ~ and strongly convex. Aperture subcircular. Lip slightlythickened and pale pink in color. Old individuals show a very slight thickening on thecolumellar margin of the lip. Sculpture consisting only of very fine growth lines.Height Width Aperture Width16' mm 24 . 19.5mm 13 mm Holotype16.5 - 23 19.5 - 12 - Paratype"16.5 - 24.5 " 21.5 - 13 -16 22.5 18 12 -Types. The holotype is in the University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, fromstation L 367, Te-Avamanggu, Rennell Island, Danish Rennell Expedition. Para typesin the Zoological Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology no. 191447 and191448 from the same station and from stations L 365 and L 364, both Te-Avama,ngguand station L 372 at Lavanggu, Rennell Island.Remarks. See under Q. coultasi. Named for Dr. TORBEN WOLFF, leader of theDanish Rennell Expedition. -176

QuiroseUa knudseni, new species(Plate 3, fig. 4; text fig. 2, 3, p. 191)Description. Shell depressed, relatively solid, imperforate and acutely keeled.Color a yellowish brown. Whorls 5 and acutely keeled. Aperture subquadrate andhaving a slightly thickened pinkish lip. No indication of a columellar tooth orthickening. Sculpture consisting of very fine growth lines. Nuclear whorls smooth.Periostracum thin, and yellowish.Heigh Width Aperture WidthII mm 20 :< 17.5 mm 9.5 mm Holotype10.5 - 20.5 X 17 II Paratype10 20 17.5 - 9.8 -Types. The holotype is in the University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen,from station L 364, Te-Avamanggu, Rennell Island, Danish Rennell Expedition.Paratypes from station L 365, Te-Avamanggu and station L 372, Lavanggu, RennellIsland, in the Zoological Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology no.191452 and 191453.Remarks. See under Q. coultasi. Named for Mr. HARRY KNUDSEJI,; who collectedmollusks of the Danish Rennell Expedition.Dendrotrochus cineraceus Humbron and JacquinotHelix cineracea HUMB. and JACQ. 1841, Annales Sciences Naturelles (2), /6; 64(New Guinea).Helix helicinoides JACQUIJI,;OT (Nov.) 1849. Zeitschrift fUr Malakozoologie 6: 77(Insulis Salomonis); ROSSEAU 1854, Voyage au Pole Sud. 5: 28, pI. 7. fig. 34-37(lies Salomon); non Helix helicinoides Mousso]'\; (Dec.) 1848.Helix (Caroeol/o) cleryi REClUZ 1851. Jour. de Conchy .. 2: 211. pI. 5. fig. 10 (Leslies Salomon).Helix cinerarea "Homb. and Jacq." ROUSSEAU 1854, Voyage au Pole Sud. 5: 28, pI.7, fig. 30-33 (Nouvelle-Guinee).Helix cyrene CROSSE 1870. Jour. de Conchy., 17: 183; ibid. 18: 102, pI. 2, fig. 2 (Oceania).Helix (Geotrochus) quirosi Cox 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 147 (SolomonIsl.ands).Helix (Geotroehus) cleryi seplentrionalis SMITH 1885, Proc. Zoo I. Soc. London,p. 593. pI. 36, fig. 6 (Choiseul Bay [Choiseul Island), Shortland and TreasuryIslands).Helix (Geolrochus) cleryi simboana SMITH 1885. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 593,pI. 36, fig. 6a (Simbo [= Eddystone] Island).Helix (Geotrochus) deryi meridionalis SMITH 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 593,pI. 36, fig. 6 b (Santa Anna Island).177

Helix zenobia PFEIFFER 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 527 (New Georgia).Helix hidalgoiana CROSSE 1864, Jour. de Conch., 12: 283 (Oceania); ibid. 1864, 14:56, pI. I, fig. 2.Helix (Trochomorpha) eudora ANGAS 1869, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 47, pI. 2,fig. 8 (New Georgia).Trochomorpha zenobia PFEIFFER, PILSBRY 1892, Man. of Conch. (2),8: 131, pI. 42,fig. 14-16; CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 374 .•178trochonanina helicinoides tenera l. and B. RENSCH 1935, Sitzungsberichte d. Gesell.Naturfreunde, p. 249 (Aola; Domma; Dalomay and Wanderer Bay, Guadalcanal,Solomon Islands).This is a polytypic species of wide distribution in the Solomon and Bismarkarchipelagoes. Many of the forms have been named, but they appear to me to havebut little taxonomic value. They vary exceedingly in size, shape and in coloration andcertain of these different forms may occur at one station. In other places they areremarkably uniform.The original locality of New Guinea given by HUMBRON and JACQUINOT forD. cineraceus may well be in error. So far as I can trace this species has not beenreported beyond the Bismarks by any recent authors. The "Astrolabe" and "Zelee"made only one station in the Solomon Islands and that station was at the southeasternextremity of Ysabel Island. The figures of cineraceus and helicinoides in theVoyage au Pole Sud are exceedingly close and could have been examples of thisspecies from one locality.Specimens examined. Bellona. Rennell: L 351, L 357, L 372, L 374, L 389.Lavanggu; L 365, Te-Avamanggu; L 386, Niupani. Also many additional localities inthe Solomon Islands.Trochomorpha AlbersTrochomorpha ALBERS 1850, Die Helicien, Berlin, p. 116; VON MARTENS 1860, [inAlbers] Die Helicien, Leipsig, 2nd. ed., p. 60.Type species, Nanina trochiformis Ferussac, subsequent designation. VON MAR­TENS 1860.A "genus" of wide distribution, extending from southeastern Asia through theEast Indies to Melanesia and Polynesia.Subgenus Lentitrochus H. B.BakerLentitrochus H.B.BAKER 1941, Bull. B. P. Bishop Mus. no. 166, p. 286.Type species, Trochomorpha sanctaeannae SMITH, original designation.It is possible that all species of Trochomorpha from the Solomon Islands belongin this subgenus. BAKER gave no shell characters with which this subgenus could beseparated from the others.Trochomorpha zenobia Pfeiffer

Trochomorpha eudora Angas, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 365.Trochomorpha hidalgoiana Crosse, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo!., 65: 368.Remar~s. A species of wide distribution in the Solomon Group. I cannotdifferentiate hidalgoiana Crosse and eudora Angas from zenobia Pfeiffer. All werederived originally from the Island of New Georgia.This is the most coarsely sculptured species of Trochomorpha occurring in theSolomon Islands. The whorls are generally well rounded both above and below thesharply keeled periphery. So far as known, this species is the only one in the Solomonsto extend over several of the larger islands. Most of the species are localized onsingle islands.Specimens examined. San Cristobal: Kira-Kira; Kavo River;Wainoni Bay.Choiseul: Choiseul Bay. Guadalcanal: L 346, west of Honiara. This species hasbeen reported from New Georgia by PFEIFFER, ANGAS, CROSSE and PILSBRY.Trochomorpha florideosis ClappTrochomorpha floridensis CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 367 (FloridaIsland, Solomon Islands) .. Specimens examined. Rennell: L 364; L 385, L 357, Lavanggu.Trochomorpha meleani, new species(Plate 17, fig. 6)Description. Shell reaching 30 mm in width, subdepressed, carinated and umbilicated.Color a straw-yellow with a subperipheral band of dark brown. Whorls 5 1 / Z to6, convex, the last whorl moderately carinated. Spire depressed, dome-shaped andforming an angle of about 110". Aperture subquadrate with the lip simple and notnoticeably thickened. No columella. Umbilicus wide and deep. being 1/, the greaterdiameter of the shell. Suture moderately indented. Sculpture consisting of numerous,oblique growth lines. Nuclear whorls 11/z and smooth.Height Greater diameter Lesser diameter15 mm 30 mm 25.5 mm Holotype14.5 - 30.4 - 25.5 - Paratype15.5 - 30 25Ty pe S. The holotype is in the American Museum of Natural History no. 79016 from10 miles inland from Su'u, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands, collected by the WhitneyExpedition. Paratypes from the same locality in the American Museum and theMuseum of Comparative Zoology, no. 93070, and from 20 miles inland from Su'u'Malaita Island.Rem ark S. This species is, perhaps, nearest in relationship to T. conCQlIQ Clapp.179

differing by having a dome-shaped spire and not concave as in the latter form.T. concava is very sharply carinated, in fact the entire whorl is sharply angled.This species is named for Mr. R. A. McLEAN, a former student of mine.Specimens examined. M alaita: Aurola; Kivarambara: Fiu; 10 and 20miles inland from Su'u.OrpieUa treasuryensis TryonHelix (Nanina) nitidissima SMITH 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 589, pl. 36,fig. I-I b (Treasury Id., Solomon Islands).Nanina treasuryensis TRYON 1886, Man. of Conch. (2), 2: III, pl. 37, fig. 100-2(Treasury Id., Solomon Islands); new name for H. nitidissima SMITH, non MOEL­LENDORFF.Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 346. Honiara.OrpieUa pamuaensis ClappFretum pamuaensis CLAPP 1923. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 359, pI. 2, fig. 1-3Pamua, San Cristobal).Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 340; L 346, Honiara. Malaita:Su'u. Rennell: L 365. Te-Avamanggu; L 372, Lavanggu.BULIMULlDAEPJacostyJus macgiUivrayi PfeifferBulimus macgillivrayi PFEIFFER 1855, Proc. Zoot. Soc. London, p. 108. pl. 32, fig. 2(Wanderer Bay. Guadalcanal).Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: L 346, 5 km west of Honiara.PARTULlDAEPartula (Rennellia) cramptoni ClenchPartufa (Rennelliaj cramptoni CLENCH 1941. American Museum Novitales 1129,p. 20, fig. 13 (Rennell Island).Specimens examined. Rennell: L 357, L 372, L 374, Lavanggu; L 364,L 365, L 367, Te-Avamanggu.CAMAENIDAECrystallopsis AnceyCrystal/opsis ANCEY 1887, Conchologists Exchange, 2: 22, types, H. hunteri Coxand H. al/asteri Cox; PILSBRY 1892, Man. of Conch. (2),8: 243; PILSBRY 1894,Man. of Conch., (2), 9: 220, type, H. hunteri.Type species, Helix hunteri Cox, subsequent designation, Pilsbry 1894.The genus Crystal/opsis has been, until a rather recent date, considered a sectional180

element in the genus Helicostyla. ANCEY (1887, p. 22) erected the genus, placed'itafter Papuina, and named two species, hunteri and al/asteri, as types. SubsequentlyPILSBRY (I~I, p. 105) included the species of this genus in Corasia, a section ofHelicostyla, and later (1894, p. 220) considered it as an independent section inHelicostyla. GUDE (1907, p. 235), describing a new species in Crystal/opsis, used it ina generic sense and was later followed by CLAPP (1923, p. 396) in his list of the landshells of the Solomons. CLAPP listed Crystal/opsis after Papuina. In a publication byTHIELE (1931, p. 685) the genus was reduced to sectional value. included. however,in Papuina. RENSCH (1933, p. 317) has followed THIELE.Its association with the section Corasia in Helicostyla was due to the remarkableparallelism in the shell characters, namely their depressed form, the glass-like textureand the thin structure, and the fact that anatomical comparisons were not made withany true Crystal/opsis. This group should, however, be accorded full generic rankand not be reduced to sectional value under Papuina.The radula and reproductive system of the Solomon Island species (CLAPP. 1923,p. 398) are similar to Papuina and not to Helicostyla. The statement by PILSBRY (1894,p. 220) that the radula and reproductive organs were similar to Helicostyla was basedupon the anatomy of H. coni/ormis (not in the genus Crystallopsis), a species fromNew Guinea, and not any Solomon Island species, the anatomy of which was un­Itnown to PILSBRY at the time he made his studies. Species accredited to this genusfrom localities in New Guinea and the islands to the west are probably not relatedto Crystallopsis at all but either to Corasia or other purely East Indian genera.No species of Crystallopsis are known to occur on the two large and most northerlyislands of the Solomon group. namely, Choiseul and Bougainville, but are confinedentirely to the remaining large islands of the southeast and a few of the smallerassociated islands. The subgenus Cristovala occurs only on San Cristobal. the smallislands near by and on Rennell. Cristol'ala parallels the conditions of Aspastus, a subgenusin Placostylus, which is as well confined to San Cristobal but not on Rennell.From evidence based upon its anatomy and distribution. Crystal/opsis has veryprobably been derived from Papuina at a comparatively recent period. Its non-occurrenceon Choiseul and Bougainville would indicate that these islands were separatedfrom those of the southeast before the advent of this group. and the occurrence ofonly a single species of Placostylus (P. founaki Rousseau) on these two islands furtherbears out the point.Crystal/opsis differs from Papuina of the Solomons by possessing fewer whoris,and usually being much more depressed. The shells are usually glossy in texture,generally , translucent and, with very few exceptions. not colored. and then onlybrown or red-brown.181

Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) hunteri (Cox)(Plate 16, fig. 3)Helix hunteri Cox 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 646, pl. 52, fig. II, (Guadalcanal);DoHRN, 1880, in Conchy. Cabinet, (2), 1, pt. 12, sec. 4, p. 583, pI. 172,fig. 5-6.Helix allasteri Cox 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 564 (Solomon Islands).Helix aggiei v. HEIMBURG 1890, Nach. der Deut. Malak. Gesell., 22: 191 (SolomonIslands).Cochlostyla (Corasia) hunteri Cox, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2), 7: 105, pl. 13,fig. 41, 44, 45.Cochlostyla (Corasia) allisteri [err. typ.] Cox, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2),7: 106.Cochlostyla (Crystallopsis) aggiei v. Heimburg, PILSBRY 1892, Man. of Conch. (2),8: 244, pI. 57, fig. 7-9.Helicostyla (Crystallopsis) hunteri Cox, PILSBRY, 1894, Man. of Conch. (2), 9: 220.Crystallopsis hunter; Cox, CLAPP, 1923, Bul!. Mus. Compo Zoo!., 65: 396.Remarks. The only widely umbilicated species in the genus. The transition of thischaracter between species is exhibited by a partially closed rimately shaped orificein C. crystal/ina and nearly obsolete in C.fictilia Clapp. Angle of spire 118°. Apertur'!forming an angle of 55: with the horizontal base line. Paratypes of this species are inthe Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 47826.Cr)'Stallopsis al/asteri Cox is only C. hunteri Cox with a few, narrow, spiral bandsof opaque white. This same character is also found in other species and it appears tobe relatively rare and of a sporadic occurrence.Specimens examined. Guadalcanal.Crystallopsis (CrystaUopsis) crystallina, new species(Plate 16, fig. 5)Description. Shell semi-globose to subquadrate, thin, shining, translucent,rimately umbilicate, carinate. Color pale horn, crystalline. A narrow milk-whiteband superimposed over the carina. A second narrow milkwhite band is developedsubsuturally in nearly all of the adult shells. Whorls slightly convex, 3'/t to 3 3 /"definitely though not abruptly carinate. Nuclear whorl not indicated by any character.Spire obtuse and produced at about 1100. depressed. Aperture subquadrate, large,cast at an angle of 40° from the horizontal. Lip well reflected, milk white. A verythin callus is developed on the parietal wall. Columella rather short, slightly outwardlyarched and more or less abruptly angled with the parietal area. Columellarfold free at the basal edge, producing the narrow umbilical rimation. Suture slightlyimpressed, sharply defined by the subsutural white band. Sculpture of fine, irregularlyspaced growth lines. Very fine spiral lines indicated on all but the last half of the bodywhorl.182

Measurements:Length~Gt. diam. Less. diam. Ap. length Ap. width18 mm 26.5 mm 21.5 mm 12 mm 12.5 mm16 28 23 12.5 - 13.5 -17 26 22 12 1218 27.5 - 22 13 1317.5 - 26.5 - 22 11.5 - 1216 25 21.5 - 12.5 - 12.5 -18 25.5 - 21 12 1216.5 1 - 25 21.5 - 12.5 - 1216.5 - 25.5 - 20 II 11.5 -16.5 - 24 19.5 - 10.5 - 10.5 -Types. The holotype is in the American Museum of Natural History, no. 66484.from Ulawa Island, Solomon Islands, W.J. EVERDAM collector, April 1930. Para typesin the American Museum of Natural History no. 66441 and the Museum of Com parativeZoology no. 92945 from the same locality .• Remarks. Apparently closely related to C. hunteri from Guadalcanal. It differsfrom that species in being very much broader, having a flatter spire, and not beingopenly umbilicate. It differs from C. fietilia of Malaita in being strongly carinate,thinner and glass-like rather than chinalike in its texture. It is intermediate betweenC. hunteri and C. fietilia in the development of the umbilicate orifice. The latterspecies has only an occasional specimen that possesses a minute rimation. This is thefirst reported Crystallopsis from Ulawa Island.Crystallopsis gowerensis BoettgerPapuina gowerensis BOETIGER 1918, Abhandlungen d. Senckenberg NaturforschendenGeseJIschaft, 36: 294, pI. 23, fig. 19a-c (Gower Island, Solomon Islands).Types. The holotype of this species is in the Senckenberg Museum.Remarks. This is a small, compact and nearly opaque species. It is most closelyallied to C. fietilia Clapp from Malaita Island. It is smaller and has more convexwhorls than fietilia. all other characters appearing about the same.A large series of this species was obtained by the Whitney Expedition.I. I~jured specimen, loss of I mm on this measurement.183

CrystaUopsis (Crystallopsis) fictilia ClappCr),stallopsis fictilia CLAPP, 1923. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 397, p'l. 4, fig. 1-3.(Auki, Malaita).Length Gt. diam. Less. diam. Ap. length Ap. width21.5 mm 26 mm 21 mm 14 mm 13 mm20 25 20 13 12.5 -19.5 - 25 20.5 - 12 11.5 -19 26 20 13 I318 24.5 - 19 12.5 - 12Types. The holotype is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology no. 32455, andparatype no. 47830 from Auki. Malaita.Re mar k s. This species has nearly lost the carina and it is only slightly indicatedon a few specimens in the type series. There is as well a than lamina produced alongthe columella which parallels the face of the aperture. This ends smoothly on thebasal area of the lip. Spire forms an angle of 112°. Aperture cast at an angle of 39°with a horizontal base line.Notes: Animal white, found on bushes in forest (EYERDAM).Crystallopsis (CrystaUopsis) lactiOo. (Pfr.)Helix lactiflua PFEIFFER 1861, Proc. Zoo1. Soc. London. p. 190 (New Georgia).Helix isabellensis SOUVERBIE 1863, Jour. de Conch., II: 74 and 173, pI. 5, fig.(Isabella, [Ysabel]).Helix (Geotrochus) isabellensis Souverbie. KOBELT 1894, Conch.-Cab. (2). I. pt. 12,sec. 4, p:711, pI. 202, fig. 9-10.Cochlostyla (Corasia) lactiflua Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2), 7: 108,pI. 13, fig. 36.Helicostyla (Crystallopsis) lactiflua Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch. (2),9: 220.Crystallopsis lactiflua Pfeiffer, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 397.LengthGt. diam.Less. diam.Ap. lengthAp. width]9 mm18.5 -23.5 mm2419.5mm19.5 -12mm11 -IO n'lm11.5 -Remarks. SoUVERBIE'S species, isabellensis. seems to be C. lactiflua Pfr. withoutquestion. It is possible that either of the above localities may be wrong; more probablythat of PFEIFFER'S as his species was based on Cumingian material, long Doted forerrors in assignment of proper locality.184

•Angle of spire 99°. Aperture cast at 44° with a horizontal base line. MuseuMof Comparative Zoology, no. 47829, Solomon Islands, Ex. Beddome.Specimfns examined. New Georgia. Russell: Pavuvu.CrystaUopsis (CrystaJlopsis) purcbasi (Pfr.)Helix purchasi PFEIFFER 1858. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 21, pI. 40, fig. 4 (AdmiraltyIslands); DOHRN 1880, Conch.-Cab., I, pt. 12, sec. 4, p. 590, pI. 173, fig. 7-8.Cochlostyla (Corasia) purchasi Pfeiffer. PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2), 7: 108,pI. 13, fig. 46-47.Helicostyla (Crystal/opsis) purchasi Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch., (2), 9: 220.Crystal/opsis purchasi Pfeiffer, CLAPP 1923. Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo!., 65: 397.Papuina (Cristal/opsis) [err. typ.] paravicinii RENSCH 1933, Zoologischer Anzeiger,102: 317, text fig. 5 (Auki; Buma; Maka; Malaita).Remarks. There is probably no question but that the type locality given byPFEIFFER as "Admiralty Islands" is in error. Specimens collected by EYER DAM agreeboth in the description and figure of this species as given by PFEIFFER and DOHRN.The recently described form, C. paral'icinii Rensch. appears to be an absolutesynonym of C. purchasi Pfr. The slightly differential characters mentioned byR.ENSCH are to be found in any sizable series of purchasi as a minor factor of variation.Angle of spire 119:. Aperture cast at an angle of 58: with a horizontal base line.Notes. Arboreal, found in gardens of the natives. March and April 1930(EYERDAM).Specimens examined. Malaita: Auki; Olimburi; Su'u; Kivarambara.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) wisemanni (Brazier)Helix (Corasia) wisemanni BRAIZER 1875 [1876]. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,1: 3 (Solomon Islands).Cochlostyla (Corasia) Ifisemanni Brazier, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch., (2), 7: 109.He/icostyla (Crystal/opsis) wisemanni Brazier, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch. (2)9: 220.Crystallopsis wisemanni Brazier, CLAPP 1923. Bul!. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 399.Remarks. This species is unknown to us and has not been reported since theoriginal description. The two outstanding characters. "rounded at the periphery"and "peristome ... whitish brown". occurring together. differentiate this form fromall described.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) rossiteri (Angas)Helix (Corasia) rossiteri ANGAS 1869. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London. p. 46. pI. 2. fig. 5(Ysabel).Cochlostyla (Corasia) rossiteri Angas, PILSBRY 1891. Man. of Conch .. (2). 7: 109,pI. 21, fig. 26.Helicostyla (Crystal/opsis) rossiteri Angas, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch. (2),9: 220.185

crystal/opsis rossiteri Angas, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 399.Remarks. Differs from the other members of this group by having a proportionatelyhigher spire.Specimens examined. Ysabel.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) fulakorensis ClappCrystal/opsis fulakorensis CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 398, pI. 4, fig.4-6, text fig. 38 (Fulakora, Ysabel).Remarks. This species is nearest in relationship to C. rossiteri (Angas), butdiffers from that species by being broader and having a much coarser sculpture.Angle of spire 126°, aperture cast at an angle of 55° with a horizontal base line.Specimens examined. Ysabel: Fulakora.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) woodfordi (Sowerby)Helix (Corasia) woodfordi SOWER BY 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 578, pI. 56,fig. 6 (Guadalcanal).Cochlostyla (Crystal/opsis) woodfordi Sowerby, PILSBRY 1892, Man. of Conch., (2),8: 243, pI. 57, fig. 14.Helicostyla (Crystal/opsis) woodfordi Sowerby, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch., (2),9: 220.Crystal/opsis woodfordi Sowerby, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 403.A small species with a very thin shell. It differs from all other Crystal/opsis s. s.by having a thin pinkish peristome. Angle of spire 98°, aperture cast at an angle of45" from a horizontal base line.LengthWidthAp. lengthAp. width15.5 mm14.5 -19.2mm18.3 -II mm1l.2 -9.5 mmtoMeasured specimens from Doma, Guadalcanal, collected by E. PARAVICINI.Specimens examined. Guadalcanal: Doma.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) anadyomene (Adams & Angas)Helix (Corasia) anadyomene ADAMS & ANGAS 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 38(Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands); SMITH 1885, ibid., p. 590; Guppy 1887, TheSolomon Islands and Their Natives, London, I: 344.Cochlostyla (Corasia) anadyomene Adams & Angas, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch.(2), 7: 110.Helicostyla (Crystal/opsis) anadyomene Adams & Angas, PlLSBRY 1894, Man. ofConch. (2), 9: 220.186

Crystal/opsis anadyomene Adams & Angas, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool.;65: 400.Remark~. This species has never been figured, and all references are based uponthe original description. It is apparently a well marked species and is a differentiationof the C. aphrodite and C. balcombei series. SMITH (loc. cit. p. 590) and Guppy(loc. cit. p. 344) listed this form. from Ugi. Without question they were dealingwith a variant of C. aphrodite. A large series of this latter species from Ugi collectedby W. M. MANN exhibits a wide range of variation and several approach somewhatthe shape that is described for C. anadyomene.References. Guadalcanal: (ADAMS & ANGAS; PILSBRY). Ugi: (SMITH;Guppy; PILSBRY), questioned.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) aphrodite (Pfeiffer)Helix aphrodite PFEIFFER 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 26, pI. 44, fig. 2 (NewCaledonia); CROSSE f 871, Jour. de Conchy., 19: 173.Cochlostyla (Corasia) aphrodite Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2), 7: 109,pI. 23, fig. 8-12.Helicostyla (Crystal/opsis) aphrodite Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch. (2),.9: 220.Crystal/opsis aphrodite Pfeiffer, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 400.Remarks. The specimens described by PFEIFFER were obtained from H. CUMINGand were wrongly labelled as to type locality. The genus Crystal/opsis does not occuroutside of the Solomon Islands.The island of San Cristobal was unquestionably the original locality, as the figureof PFEIFFER compares exactly with material from that island in the Museum ofComparative Zoology collection. This is also stated by CROSSE (loc. cit.).Specimens from Ugi Island are on the average a little smaller and a little higherin proportion than those from San Cristobal.Angle of spire 1400, aperture cast at an angle of 43 C with a horizontal base line.Specjmen~ examined. San Cristobal: Kira Kira. Ugi.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) debilis ClappCrystal/opsis debilis CLAPP, 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo!., 65: 400, text fig. 40-41(Waiai, San Cristobal).Remarks. This species is exceedingly close to C. aphrodite. The holotype andsingl~ para type are both badly broken. It is, however, far more fragile than C. aphrodite.In a limited series, it is impossible to determine whether or not thinness of theshell constitutes a genetic character or whether it is only a factor contributed by theenvironment. There is no question but that both exist in certain groups. Polymitapieta from nonlimestone regions of Cuba are very thin and fragile but agree in allother characters with the typical form occurring in limestone areas. On the other hand,certain races of Liguus from specific areas are very thin while others have a much187

thickened shell. Both occur in exactly the same type of habitat, have the same foodplants and exist in a limestone region.The spire of this species forms an angle of 134 D. Aperture cast at a{l angle of 50°with a horizontal base line (M. C.Z. 32459). These angles are slightly different fromthose of e. aphrodite.Specimens examined. San Cristobal: Waiai.Crystallopsis (Crystallopsis) psyche (Angas)Helix (Corasia) psyche ANGAS 1869, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 624, p!. 48, fig. I(New Georgia).Cochlostyla (Corasia) psyche Angas, PILSBRY 1891. Man. of Conch. (2). 7: 110,pI. 23, fig. 13-14.Helicostyla (Crystallopsis) psyche Angas, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch. (2), 9: 220.Crystallopsis psyche Angas, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 400.Remarks. I have not seen this species. Judging by both description and figure,it appears to be quite distinct.References. New Georgia (ANGAS; PILSBRY).CrystaIlopsis (Crystallopsis) balcombei (Cox)Helix (Corasia) halcomhe; Cox 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 565, pI. 48, fig. 4(Solomon Islands).Cochlostyla (Corasia) holcomhei Cox, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2), 7: 111,pI. 23, fig. 15.Helicostylo (Crystallopsis) halcomhei Cox. PILSBRY 1894. Man. of Conch. (2),9: 220.Crystollopsis holcombei Cox, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo!., 65: 403.Remarks. A very distinctive species and materially different from all others inthe group. It is flat with a very sharp keel. The spire forms an angle of 144°. Aperturecast at an angle of 48° with a horizontal base line (M.C.Z. 32458).Specimens examined: Malaita: Auki; Burna.Cristovala, new subgenusShell depressed-turbinate, imperforate and carinate. Columella brownish. peristomeusually brownish, carina with or without brownish coloring but when colored, it isusually as an interrupted and more or less mottled band. The remaining portions ofthe shell white, sometimes having two shades of whitish spiral bands. A single form,e. tricolor picta, is ornamented with reticulated spiral bands of brown.This subgenus differs from typical Crystallopsis by having the brownish colorationand a somewhat heavier and more porcelaineous rather than glasslike structureto the shell.The name is derived from San Cristobal.Type species, Crystallopsis tricolor Pfeiffer.188

189Crystallopsis (Cristol'ala) tricolor (Pfeiffer)Helix tricolor;, PFEIFFER 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 129 (San Christoval);REEVE 1852, Conch. Icon., 7, pI. 81, fig. 43 I ; PFEIFFER 1853, Mono. HeliceorumViven., 3: 168; PFEIFFER 1853, Conchy.-Cab., I, pt. 12, sec. 2-3, p.281, pI. 124,fig. 22-24.Helix (Corasia) tricolor Pfeiffer, SMITH 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 589;Guppy 1887, The Solomon Islands and Their Natives, London, I: 344.Cochlostyla (Corasia) tricolor Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2), 7: I I I,pI. 23, fig. 1-6.Helicostyla (Crystallopsis) tricolor Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch. (2), 9: 220.Crystallopsis tricolor Pfeiffer, GUDE 1907, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7: 234; CLAPP1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 401, text fig. 42-44.Remarks. A variable species, both in its shape and extent of coloring. Certainforqls are devoid of brown pigmentation, having only spiral bands of two shadesof white, crystalline and opaque. Others have the lip and columellar area tinged withbrown. Forms from the north coast of San Cristobal have the keel area and abovecovered with brown flecks in addition. This is the varietal form named pieta bySMITH .• PFEIFFER'S figures of this species in the Conchy.-Cab. are slightly over-drawn andnot properly colored and they indicate a depression that is much greater than actuallyexists.Specimens examined. San Cristobal: Waiai; Kira Kira; along the KoroRiver. Santa Ana. Ugi.CrystallopSis tricolor santa-aonae [. Rensch(Plate 16, fig. 4)Papuina (Crysrallopsis) tricolor santa-annae I. RENSCH 1934, Sitz. Gesell. Natur.Freunde, p. 453 (Santa Ana, Solomon Islands): I. & B. Rensch 1935, RevueSuisse de Zoologie, 41: 66.Remarks. This is a well marked subspecies, differing mainly by being a littlesmaller and proportionately higher. In addition, it lacks the peripheral band of colorwhich is found in the subspecies piela Smith.We include a figure of a paratype kindly sent to us by B. RENSCH. Museum ofComparative Zoology, no. 156953.Crystallopsis tricolor picta (Smith)Helix (Corasia) tricolor pieta E. A. SMITH 1885. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 590,pI. 36, fig. 3-3a-b (north coast of San Cristobal); Guppy 1887, The Solomon Islandsand Their Natives, London, I: 344.Cochlostyla (Corasia) tricolor pieta Smith, PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2), 7:112, pI. 18, fig. 69-7 L

eochlostyla (Corasia) tricolor transenna PILSBRY 1891, Man. of Conch. (2),7: 112,pI. 23, fig. 7, 16-18 (Solomon Islands).Helicostyla (Crystallopsis) tricolor picta Smith, PILSBRY 1894, Man. Qf Conch. (2),9: 220.Crystal/opsis tricolor picta Smith, CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compl Zoo1., 65: 403.Remarks. A color form of C. tricolor that possesses a reticulated color patternof brownish markings in a spiral arrangement.Specimens examined. San Cristobal: north coast. Bio.Crystallopsis (Cristovala) conica GudeCrystallopsis tricolor var. conica GUDE 1907, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7: 235, pI. 21,fig. 13; CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 403.Remarks. This species was considered as a variety of C. tricolor by GUDE, butfrom an abundance of material at hand there seems to be no question as to its specificrank. It is shaped differently, is far thicker and heavier and differs as well in itstype of coloring. GUDE cited no locality for this species but it probably came fromSan Cristobal. This island can be considered the type locality.Spire produced at an angle of 101", aperture cast at an angle of 40° from thehorizontal.Specimens examined. San Cristobal: Mountains at 1000-2000 feet.Crystallopsis (Cristovala) rennellensis, new species(Plate 16, fig. 2; text fig. 2, I, text fig. 3)Description. Shell depressed turbinate, reaching 32 mm in greater diameter, imperforate,shining and fairly solid. Color a porcelain-white and with the outer lip adark chocolate brown. Whorls 4 to 4'/2 and rather acutely carinated. Spire moderatelydepressed artd formed at an angle of 100 c. Aperture subovate and slightly constrictedbehind at the periphery. Palatal lip thin and reflected on its lower margin, and fromthe columella to near the mid base it is exceedingly broad. Parietal wall very thinlyglazed. Columella short and merging into the broadened basal portion of the lip.Suture slightly indented. Sculpture consisting of very fine growth lines. Spiral sculptureof faint and exceedingly fine incised lines. Nuclear whorls entirely smooth.Greater widthLesser widthHeightWhorls32mm32 -25.5 mm2623 mm22.5 -4 mm4.5 -Holotype'ParatypeTypes. The holotype is in the University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen,Denmark, from station L 382, Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, Rennell Island, SolomonIslands. Collected by the Danish Rennell Expedition, October 1951. Paratypes inthe Zoological Museum are from the same locality and from station L 364, L 370,190

1911 'EI0Ej080vOvtv~41d~4'Fig. 2. Radulae.I. Cryslallopsis rennellensis Clench.2. Quirosella coultasi Clench.3. Quirosella knudseni Clench.4. Euslomopsis bellonensis Clench.Te-Avamanggu and from station L 372, Lavanggu, Rennell Island. Additionalparatypes from Te-Avamanggu (no. 191379), Lavanggu (no. 191433) and from Te­Nggano (no. 191434) are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.Remarks. This species is exceedingly close to Crystal/opsis conica Gude fromSan ~ristobal. It differs from C. conica by having the brown coloration limited to thelip and not extending along the carina as it does in this latter species. In addition,the spiral incised lines are exceedingly fine on rennellensis while on C. conica, theyare visible to the unaided eye.Notes. The brilliant green colour of the live animal was visible through thetransparent shell. The species was found exclusively on leaves of coconut palms(WOLFF).

t·uterusfig. 3. Anatomy of Cryslaflopsis renneflmsis Clench.Cryptaegis ClappCryptaegis CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 403.Type species. C. pilsbry; Clapp.192

193Cryptaegis pilsbryi ClappCryptaegis pilshryi CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Zoo!., 65: 403, text fig. 45-48 [soft partsonly], (Wainoni Bay, San Cristobal); THIELE 1931, Handbuch der Syst. Weichtierkunde,lena, 2: 685, fig. 738 [reproductive organs]; HOFFMA~N 1931, Zeit. Wissen.Zool., 138: 122, fig. 18-30.Remarks. This genus is considered by CLAPP as an offshoot of Papuina orPapuina-like stock, though he definitely states that the "systematic position of thisgenus is very uncertain". The shell, though materially different from Papuina, is notunlike certain species of Crystal/opsis and in this case may mark another line ofevolution from similar stock.HOFFMANN, in a very able paper (Ioc. cit.), shows definitely the relationship ofthis genus with that of Papuina and considers it a rather late offshoot from that genus.HOFFMANN'S material was obtained from Dr. PARAVACINI, but unfortunately nolocality was assigned to the material he examined. As far as known it is limited toSan Cristobal.Specimens examined. San Cristobal: Wainoni.-.Chloritis BeckChloritis BECK 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 29.Type species, Helix ungulina Linne, subsequent designation, von Martens 1860.Only three of the several genera in the Chloritinae are to be found in the SolomonIslands. Various species occupy apparently all of the islands, even those of coral formationsuch as Bellona, Rennell, Santa Ana, Ugi and Ulawa. They are purely terrestrialforms and have apparently reached the smaller non-volcanic islands by mechanicalmeans.The group as a whole is probably Asian in origin and has migrated into theSolomons from Papua by way of the Bismarks. Eustomopsis is probably much theoldest of the three genera as it is far more widespread and retains the more characteristicdepressed coil of the type genus. The genus Sulcobasis is more variable insculpture and has given rise to several rather distinct types.There is a certain amount of flexibility in all of these species as regards their sizeand shape. This is best exhibited by quercilla and a form of it which has been calledhombroni. Both may occur in the same colony, and both may show a considerablerange in size. The extremes would normally be considered valid species without theinteqnediate forms.The surface of the shells, in certain species with the periostracum worn away, iscovered with small knobs which are the points of origin for the periostracal hairs.These knobs are analogous to the ball in a ball and socket joint. In fresh specimensthe "hairs" are arranged in oblique axial rows. "staggered" or offset alternately. Thisfeature gives rise to the so-called quincuncial pattern.

194Key to the species of the Chloritinae occurring in the Solomon Islands.I. Shell openly umbilicated, less than 50 mm in greater diameter ..... I . . . . . . . .. 2Shell narrowly umbilicated to imperforate. 50 mm or larger in greater diameter 72. Spire very much depressed or entirely flattened. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3Spire elevated and pointed ............................................. 53. Shell exceeding 25 mm in diameter .................................. S. isisShell less than 25 mm in diameter ...................................... 44. Spire slightly produced above body whorl. lip thickened, aperture ncarly circular...................................................... E. bellonensisSpire usually never produced above body whorl, lip thin, aperture somewhatoval ....................................................... E. eustoma5. Aperture auricular. shell about twice as wide as high ............... E. renschiAperture reniform to ovate. nearly as wide as high ........................ 66. Aperture reniform. spire somewhat concave .................... E. hombromAperture ovate. spire not concave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. quercina7. Shell rather depressed. slightly carinate, almost imperforate ......... Q. scorteusShell rather globose, not carinate, usually completely imperforate Q. bougainvilleiEustomopsis GudeEustomopsis GUDE 1906. Proc. Mala. Soc. London. 7.' 112.Type species. Helix ellstoma Pfr.Sheha IREDALE 1941. Australian Zoologist. /0: 89.With one or two exceptions. this genus is limited to New Guinea, the Bismarks,Louisiades. Admiralty and Solomon Islands. The shells are generally discoidal. thin,dark reddish brown in color and covered with a thin persistent periostracum withnumerous fine hairs.Eustomopsis eustoma (Pfeiffer)(Plate 19, fig. 6-7)Helix ells/oma PFEIffER 1856 [1857], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 283, (AdmiraltyIslands); PFEIFFER 1856 [1857], Mala. BHitt .. 3: 243; PFEIFFER 1860, Novil.Conch., 2: 148. fig. 3-5; PFEIFFER 1859. Mono Heliceorum Viven., 4: 293; ibid.5: 391: DOHRI'< 1880, Conchy.-Cab .. I. pt. 12, sec. 4. p. 572. pI. 169. fig. 1-3;BRAZI[R U~89. Jour. of Conch .. 6: 76.Helix erinaccus PfEIFFER 1861, Proc. Zoal. Soc. London. p. 192, (New Geor.gia);PFEIFFER 1861, Novit. Conch .• 2: 174, pI. 47. fig. 3-4; PFEIFFER 1868. Mono.Heliceorum Viven .. 5: 387: DOHRN 1881. Conchy-Cab .• J. pt. 12, sec. 4, p. 602.pI. 175, fig. 15-16.Helix (Chloritis) ellstoma PFEIFFER, SMITH 1885. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 594;Guppy 1887. The Solomon Islands and Their Natives, London, J: 345; PILSBRY1890, Man. of Conch., (2).6: 252, pI. 50, fig. 44-46 and pI. 52. fig. 86-87.

Helix (Chloritisj erinaceus Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1890, Man. of Conch., (2), 6: 251, pI.52, fig. 88-89.Chloritis (Ohloritisj eustoma Pfeiffer, PILSBRV 1894, Man. of Conch., (2), 9: 120.Chloritis (Chloritis) erinaceus Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch., (2), 9: 120.Chloritis eustoma Pfeiffer, GUDE 1906, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7: 43: I. and B.RENSCH 1935, Revue Suisse de Zoologie 42: 71.Chloritis (Eustomopsis) eustoma Pfeiffer, GUDE 1906, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7:112; CLAPP 1923, Bul!. Mus. Compo ZooL, 65: 61, text fig. 25-27, (radula andreproductive organs).Chloritis eustoma var. erinaceus Pfeiffer, GUDE 1906, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7: 44.Chloritis (Eustomopsisj eustoma erinaceus Pfeiffer. GUDE 1906, Proc. Mala. Soc.London, 7: 112.Chloritis cOllomphala GUDE 1907. Proc. Mala. Soc. London. 7: 229, pI. 21. fig. I a-d;CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo!., 65: 381.Remar ks. This species is well distributed throughout the Solomon Islands andpossibly the Bismark Archipelago. The two names euslOma and erinaceus unquestionablyrefer to the same species. A large amount of material was obtained byEVERDAM from most of the localities visited by the Whitney Expedition while in theIslands. There is a fairly wide range in size and shape in each colony and differentcblonies vary slightly in general shell outline. SMITH (1885. p. 594) believed them tobe the same, though DOHRN (1881, p. 602) and PILSBRY (1890, p. 251) held themdistinct. GUDE. however. took a middle course and considered erinaceus to be avariety of eustoma. The availability of a "ery large series of this species for studywould indicate the correctness of SMITH'S opinion.Chloritis moellendorJfi (Ancey) is listed by GUDE (1906. p. 44) from Rubiana, NewGeorgia. This identification was probably based upon a specimen of C. eustomapossessing a slightly raised spire. AI'CEY'S species was described from Tuom Islandin the Siassi Islands off northern New Guinea.I fail to see where C. cOllomphala Gude differs from this species. The figures byGUDE and specimens in the Museum of Compa:ative Zoology supplied by Cox.from whom GUDE received his material. agree in all details with any usual series ofthis form. The collection of this group made by EYER DAM shows that there is a certainflexibility in general shape in each colony and that these varieties do not possessspecific or even subspecific value.A sinistral specimen is recorded by GLUE (1907. p. 228).Specimens examined. Bougainville: Kieta. Choiseul' Bambatana; Choiseu~Bay: Wunulata River. Florida: Tulagi. Gizo Island. Guadalcanal: Aola;Domma: Marassa: Nalimbu. Malaita: Auki: Aurola: Kirarambara: Su'u. NewGeorgia: Marovo Lagoon; Rubiana. Rendova Island. San Cristobal: Waiai;Kira Kira. Santa Ana. Shortland Island. Ugi Island. Ulawa Island.Ysabel: Fulakora.

196Eustomopsis bellonensis, new species(Plate 19, fig. 1-3; text fig. 2,4, p. 191)Description. Shell small, rather solid, umbilicated, depressed to subglobose. Colordark red-brown, shining and of a lighter red-brown on areas denuded of the hairyperiostracum. Whorls 4 1 /. to 4 3 /., well rounded. Spire flattened. Aperture subcircular.Outer lip broad, reflected and lightly colored red to purplish brown, whitish on thecolumellar area. Parietal lip consisting only of a thin callus on the body whorl.Columella short. widest at its point of attachment, and partially reflected over theumbilicus. Suture sharply defined and well indented. Sculpture of very short andnumerous periostracal hairs, arranged in oblique staggered rows which gives rise tothe quincuncial pattern.Bellona Island.LengthWidthAperture15 mm14.5 -14.9 -14.8 -1319.8 mm20.5 -19.5 --19187 5 mm7.5 5.5 -7.2 , 5.5 -7 57 " 5HolotypeParatypeRennell IslandLengthWidthAperture14.5 mm15' -14.5 -20.5 mm20.5 -20.6 -8.5 . 5.5 mm8 /- 5.5 -7.5 . 5.4 -ParatypeTy pes. The holotype is in the American Museum of Natural History, no. 66430,from Bellona Island, Solomon Islands, collected by W.J. EYERDAM in May 1930.Paratypes in the American Museum of Natural History, the Museum of ComparativeZoology from Bellona (no. 92958) and Rennell Islands, the B. P. Bishop Museum andUniversity Zoological Museum, Copenhagen.Remarks. This species is very probably related to C. eustoma (Pfr.) and evo}vedfrom that species by isolation. The two islands, Bellona and Rennell, are approximately90 miles south of the nearest land mass of the Solomon group and are the mostwidely separated in the Solomon archipelago.Specimens examined. Bellona. Rennell: L 353; L 357; L 372; L 374,Lavanggu; L 364; L 365; L 367, Te-Avamanggu. Additional specimens from twomiles inland from Kanggava, Rennell Island, collected by the Crocker Expedition(B. P. Bishop Museum).

197Eustomopsis quercina (Pfeiffer)(Plate 19, fig. 8)Helix quercina PFEIFFER 1856 [1857], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 382, (AdmiraltyIsland); PFEIFFER 1859, Novit. Conch., I: 108, pI. 31, fig. 1-2; PFEIFFER 1859,Mono. Helic;eorum Viven., 4~ 247.Hadra quercina Pfeiffer, ALBERS 1860, Die Heliceen, 2: 165.Helix (Chloritisj quercina Pfeiffer. PILSBRY 1890, Man. of Conch. (2), 6: 257, pI. 37,fig. 48-49.Chloritis quercina Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch., (2), 9: 121.Chloritis (Su/cobasisj quercina Pfeiffer, GUDE 1906. Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7:114; CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 65: 382.Chloritis (Sulcobasisj camaratus DALl 1910, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool., Ser. 7,p. 220, pI. 4, fig. 2-4 (Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands).Remarks. This species is well distributed throughout the islands. It completelyinte rgrades with the subspecies hombroni which is the more common of the twoforms. There is a wide variation in size, not only in specimens from different localitiesbut in material obtained in a single region.C. camaratus Dall appears to be an absolute synonym of C. quercina. Comparison~as made with a paratype in the United States National Museum.Specimens examined. Bougainvilfe: Kieta at 3000 feet. Choiseuf: Bambatana;Choiseul Bay; Luti; headland of the Wurulata River. San Cristobal:mountains at 1000-2000 feet.Eustomo~is quercina form hombroni (Pfeiffer). (Plate 19, fig. 4)He/ixjane/lii 'Homb. & Jacq: ROUSSEAU 1854. Voy. au Pole Sud .. 5: 8, atlas. pI. 4,fig. 15-18, (Solomon Islands); non H.janellei LE GUILLOU 1842. Rev. Zool.. p. 137 1 •Helix homhroni PFEIFFER 1856 [1857], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 382. new name forH.janellii 'H. & J.' ROUSSEAU 1854, non H.jannellei LE GUILLOU 1842: PFEIFFER1859. Novit. Conch., I: III, pI. 31. fig. 9-11; PFEIFFER 1859, Mono. HeliceorumViven., 4: 262; PFEIFFER 1868, ibid. 5: 340; DOHRN 1880. Conchy.-Cab .• I, pt.12, sec. 4, p. 583. pI. 172, fig. 1-4.Helix Janellei. PFEIFFER 1856 [1857], [err. typo = janellii], Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p.382.Hodra hombroni Pfeiffer, ALBERS 1860, Die Heliceen, 1: 165.Helix (Camaellaj hombrOlli Pfeiffer, SMITH 1885. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p.594;Guppy 1887, The Solomon Islands and Their Natives, London, I: 345.Helix (Chloritisj quercilla var. hombroni Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1890, Man. of Conch.,(2), 6: 258, pI. 37, fig. 45-47.I. HelilC janellii and H. jannellei are homonyms according to A.rticle 36 in the International Rules.This justifies the use of hombroni for this subspecies.

Chloritis (Sulcobasis) quercina hombroni Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch.,(2),9: 121; GUDE 1906, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7: 114; CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus.Compo Zoo!., 65: 382.Remarks. Judging from the material obtained by EYERDAM, this form is a littlemore abundant than E. quercina and is associated with it at nearly every locality.As stated by PILSBRY (1890, p. 257), it completely intergrades with the typical form.We have retained the name hombroni as a form only under quercina becauseextreme specimens of both quercina and hombroni are so different as to size and toa less degree in shape.Specimens examined. Bougainville: Kieta. Choiseul: Choiseul Bay;Luti; Bambatana. Florida. Ysabel: Fulakora.Eustomopsis renscbi, new species(Plate 19, fig. 9-10)Descri ption. Shell medium in size, depressed, umbilicated, rather heavy. Color inlive material probably a deep red brown. Whorls 5, bluntly keeled, the keel high oneach whorl producing a shoulder. Spire very depressed and slightly concave. Apertureoblique and somewhat auricular in shape. Lip strong and well reflected with a slightthough very definite indentaion on the outer side. Parietal wall very thinly callouse6.Columella very short and curved outwardly. Sutures fine and indented. Sculpture ofrather short periostracal hairs arranged in oblique rows producing the quincuncialpattern. On shell areas denuded of the periostracum, th~ little knobs are well pronounced.These are the insertion areas for the hairs. The remaining sculpture is offine, somewhat oblique, growth lines. Angle of spire 144 -, aperture cast at an angleof about 18: from the axis.Length16.5 mm20.5 -37.4 mm40.5 -17.5 5.5 mm19 6.5-HolotypeParatypeTypes. Holotype. American Museum of Natural History no. 66463, Tulagi, Floridagroup, Solomon Islands, W.J.EYERDAM collector, April 20, 1930. Paratype, Museumof Comparative Zoology no. 92957. same data as holotype.Remarks. This species is very probably an extreme development of the E. quercinahombroni stock and has evolved its distinctive form through isolation on Florjda.A parallelism of this sort is as well expressed by C. isis which represents the extreme. flattened form of the Sulcohasis series.The open umbilicus of E. rimschi is somewhat funnel shaped and in part coveredby the reflected lip at the columellar area.198

Sulcobasis Tapparone CanefriSulcobasis TAPPARONE CANEFRI 1883, Ann. Mus. Storia Genoa, 19: 161.Opterigone IREDALE 1941, Australian Zoologist, 10: 89.Type species. Helix sulcosa PFEIFFER, subsequent designation, PILSBRY 1894.Description. Shell generally large, rather heavy, globose to depressed andcolored a dark reddish or mahogany brown. Periostracum thin and in certain formscovered with short oblique rows of hairs. Denuded areas usually showing hair scarsas minute flat knobs.This group occurs in New Guinea, the Bismark and Solomon Islands.GUDE (1906, p. 114) placed E. quercina in the section (subgenus) Sulcobasis. butits relationships are without question with those of Eustomopsis. It possesses welldeveloped and abundant periostracal hairs which are poorly developed or entirelylacking in Sulcobasis. and has a general structural outline far more closely allied tothe latter genus.Sulcobasis isis (Pfeiffer)Helix isis PFEIFFER 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 133, pI. 50, fig. 8 (AdmiraltyIslands); PFEIFFER 1861, Malak. BIatt., 7: 237; PFEIFFER 1868, Mono. Heliceorum, Viven .• 5: 375; PFEIFFER 1885, Novit. Conch .• 4: 113. pI. 126. fig. 1-5; DOHR~1880, Conchy.-Cab., 1. pt. 12, sec. 4, p. 591. pI. 173, fig. 11-13.Helix (Chloritis) isis Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1890. Man. of Conch .• (2), 6: 256. pI. 32.fig. 46-48 and pI. 49. fig. 16-17.Chloritis isis Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch. (2). 9: 121.Chloritis (Sulcobasis) isis Pfeiffer, GUDE 1906, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7: 114;OBERWIMMER 1909. Denh K. Akad. d. wissen .. 84: 516, pI. I, fig. 2a-c; CLAPP1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo I., 65: 382.Remarks. This species is very closely related to Sulcohasis majuscula Pfr. fromthe Bismarks. The umbilical opening is about one-half closed in isis by the ref'lexedlip of the columellar area and possesses a smaller umbilicus. S. isis may well extendthroughout the Bismark Archipelago but it does not occur in either the Solomon orthe Admiralty Islands.Quirosena ] redaleQuirosena IREDALE 1941. Australian Zoologist. 10: 89.Type species. Helix bougailll·illei PFEIFFER. original designation.This genus has but two species. The shell is rather large. dark brown in color andhas smooth or faintly malleated surface. It is known only from Bougainville Island.Quirosena bougainvillei (Pfeiffer)(Plate 19, fig. II)Helix bougainvillei PFEIFFER 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 133. pI. 50. fig. 7.(Bougainville); PFEIFFER 1861, Malak. Bliitt., 7: 235; PFEIFFER 1868, Mono.199

, Heliceorum Viven., 5: 275; PFEIFFER 1877, Conchy.-Cab., I, pt. 12, sec. 4, p. 557,pI. 167, fig. 1-2.Helix angasiana NEWCOMB 1860 [1862], Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, 7: 283,(non H. angasiana PFEIFFER 1862).Helix (Hadra) bougainvillei Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1890, Man. of Conch., (2),6: 128, pI.22, fig. 55-56.Chloritis (Sulcobasis) bougainvillei Pfeiffer, PILSBRY 1894, Man. of Conch., (2), 9:121; GUDE 1906, Proc. Mala. Soc. London, 7: 114; CLAPP 1923. Bull. Mus.Compo Zool., 65: 381.Remarks. Helix angasiana Newc. is an absolute synonym of Chloritis bougainvillei(Pfr.).Specimens examined. Bougainville: Buen; Kieta.Quirosena scorteus Vanatta(Plate 19. fig. 5)Chloritis scorteus VANATTA 1930, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 82: 263. pI. 20,fig. 2-3a (Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands).Remarks. This species differs from Q. bougainvillei Pfr. by being far moredepressed. by being smooth and by having a wider umbilicus. (Speci mens exam i ned. Bougai nville (holotype specimen Academy of NaturalSciences, Philadelphia. no. 151678).RHYTIDIDAEOuagapia CrosseOuagapia CROSSE 1894, Jour. de Conchy .. 42: 203.Type species. Ouagapia raynali Gassies. monotypic.Ouagapia villaodrei GassiesHelix villandrei GASSIES 1865, Jour. de Conch .. 13: 210 (New Caledonia); CROSSE1871, Jour. de Conchy., 19: 174.Helix (Rhytida) boydi ANGAS 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 626. pI. 48, fig. 8.Helix (Rhytida) villandrei Gassies, 1. BRAZIER 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 805;E. A. SMITH 1885, ibid. p. 594; Guppy 1887, The Solomon Islands and TheirNatives, London, I: 345.•Rhytida vii/andrei Gassies, TRYON 1885, Man. of Conch. (2), I: 119, pI. 23, fig.43-46; (as boydii Angas). pI. 23. fig. 47-48; CLAPP 1923, Bull. Mus. Compo Zool.65: 354.Helix eustrophes A. D.BROWN 1870. Jour. de Conchy., 18: 391; TRYON 1887. Man.of Conch., (2) 3: 49.Rhytida (Ougapia) [err. typ.] oldroydae VANATTA 1930. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,p. 263. pI. 20. fig. 4-4 b.200

Remarks. A slightly variable species, showing a little range in color patterv,though quite consistent as to general outline and other shell characters. Fig. 23 inthe Man. 0' Conch. exhibits a wider umbilical region than exists in any materialexamined by me.In this species the upper half of each whorl is strongly striated, the striationsterminating abruptly at the peripheral region. The lower half of the body whorl isshining and nearly smooth, roughened only by very fine irregular growth lines. Atthe peripheral area and a little above, there are many fine incised oblique lines thatcross the axial striations.I fail to see differences enough to warrant the retention of O. oldroydae Vanattaas a valid species. It falls well within the normal range of variation as exhibited byany large series of this species. BRAZIER (1872, p. 805) placed R. boydi Angas in thesynonymy of O. vii/andrei, as boydi was described prior to the knowledge that villandreiwas a Solomon Island form. CROSSE (1871, p. 174) also placed R. boydi in the synonymyof O. vii/andrei. A sinistral specimen is mentioned by GUDE (1907, p. 235).Greater diameter Lesser diameter Height27 mm 24 mm 12 mm25.5 - 22.5 - II•26.5 - 23 1225.5 - 23 11.5 -24.5 -- 22 II24 21.5 - IISeries from mountains of S~n Cristobal.This species is distributed apparently throughout the Solomon group. However,the records known are still only for the extreme islands in this archipelago. Bougainvilleand Choiseul on the northwest and San Cristobal on the southeast. It is quitepossible that this form is highly localized as to its ecological station and it has notbeen found on the intervening islands because of lack of collecting in suitable areas.BRAZIER (1872, p. 805) states that missionaries obtained this species in the Solomonsbut specimens were sent to GASSIES by these missionaries after they had reached NewCaledonia, causing the error in the assignment of the type locality.Specimens examined. Bougainville. Kieta. Choiseul: Fahro; Luti. SanCristobal: Kiva Kiva; along Kavo River; Wainoni Bay. Santa Ana.Notes. On the ground in forests and plantations at 1800 feet in the mountains ofSan•Cristobal (EYER DAM).• 201

REFERENCESICLAPP, W. F., 1923: Some Mollusca from the Solomon Islands. - Bull. Mus. CompoZoo!., 65: 35 t -418, 5 plates, 55 text figs.CLENCH, W.J .. 1941: The Land Mollusca of the Solomon Islands. (Succineidae,Bulimulidae and Partulidae). - Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1129: 1-21,2 plates.- 1949: Cyclophoridae and Pupinidae of Caroline, Fijian and Samoan J slands. -B.P.Bishop Mus. Bull., 196: 1-52,28 text figs.DELL: R. K., 1955a: The Land Mollusca of the Treasury Islands, Solomon Islands.­Pacific Science, 9: 423-429, 2 text figs.1955 b: A Tornatellinid Land Mollusk from the Solomon Islands. - Ibid .. 9: 357-358, 1 text fig.KOBELT, W., 1902: Das Tierreich. Mollusca, Cyclophoridae. 16: 1-662.PILSBRY, H.A., 1919: A Review of the Land Mollusks of the Belgian Congo Basedon the Collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition. 1909-1915. -Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 40: 1-370,23 plates, 162 text figs.RENSCH, l. & B. RENSCH, 1935 a: Systematische und tiergeographische Studien iiberdie Landschnecken der Salomonen. - Rev. Suisse de Zool., 42: 51-86, J plate,14 text figs.- 1935 b: Diagnosen neuer Landschnecken von den Salomonen. Pt. 2. - Sitzungsber.Gesellsch. Natur. Freunde; 249-250.WOLFF, T., 1955a: 1. Introduction. - The Natural History of Rennell Island, BritishSolomon Islands, 1: 9-31. 13 text figs.- 1955 b: 2. Account and List of Stations of the Danish Rennell Island Expedition,1951. - Ibid.: 33-41, 1 text fig.EXPLANATION OF PLATESAbbreviationsAMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York.ANSP - Academy of Naturel Sciences, Philadelphia.MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.UZM - University Zoologieal Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.202

NAT. HIST. RENNELL I, 2, No. 27PLATE I (j>Fig. I. Taheitia whitneyi Clench, Bambatana, Choiseul ld., Solomon Islands. Holotype AMNHno. 73883 (lOX).Fig. 2. Crystal/apsis rennel/ensi~' Clench, Rennell id., Solomon Islands. Holotype UZM (2X).Fig. 3. Crystal/opsis humeri (Cox), Solomon Islands. Cotype ANSP no. 63653 (about :!X).Fig. 4. Crystal/apsis tricalor sallta-allllae Rensch, Santa Ana Id., Solomon Islands. Paratype MClno. 156953 (about 2X).Fig. 5. Crystal/apsis crystal/ina Clench, Ulava Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype AMNJ:\ no. 66484 (2X).Fig. 6. Charapa hoeyeri Clench, Lavanggu, Rennell Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype UZM (6X).Fig. 7. Paleohelicina mayri Clench, Auki, Malaita Id. Solomon Islands. Holotype MCZ no. 32610

Fig. 1. Omphafotropis nebuosal guppyi Clench, Olimburi, Malaita Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype,AMNH no. 70794 (5.4X).Fig. 2. Nesopoma galatheae Clench, Su'u, Malaita Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype, AMNH no. 73884(13X).Fig. 3. Omphafolropis quirosi Clench, Lavanggu, Rennell Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype, UZM (l3X)Fig. 4. Nesopoma eyerdami Clench, Su'u, Malaita Jd., Solomon Islands. Holotype, AMNH no. 73885(about II X).Fig. 5. Selaepoma mayri Clench, Fulakora, Ysabel Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype, MCZ no. 36840(9X).PLATE 17 NAT. HIST. RENNELL 1.,2, No. 275

NAT. HIST. RENNELL I., 2. No. 27 PLATE 18Fig. 1-2. Qllirosella cOlillas; Clench, Lavanggu, Rennell Id., Solomon Islands. Paratype, MCZno. 191450 (4.2X).Fig. 3. Quirosella wolffi Clench, Te-Avamanggu. RennellId., Solomon Islands. Holotype, UZ I (3.4X).Fig. 4. Quirosefla "lIuliselli Clench, Te-Avamanggu, Rennell Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype UZM(3.6X).Fig. 5. Champa illslllaris Clench, Te-Avamanggu, Rennell ld., Solomon Islands. Holotype, ZM(1IX). ~

-PLATE 19 AT. HIST. REN!'IELL I., 2, No. 2749Fig. 1-3. Eus/omopsis belfollemis Clench, Bellona rd., Solomon Islands. Holotype, (fig. I) A 1 Hno. 66430 (J.2X).Fig. 4. EUJ/omopsis qllcrrillll form hombrolli (Pfeiffer), Fula~ora, Ysabel Id., Solomon Islands. (I.5X).Fig. 5. QllirOS(,II11 .leOr/I.'IIS Vanatta, Bougainyillc Id., Solomon Islands. Holotype, ANSP no. 151678(nat. size).Fig. 6-7. Elis/omuplis (,lIstOnto (Pfeiffer), Ugi Id., Solomon Islands. (lAX).Fig. 8. Ell tomo"s; qllerclIlo (Pfeiffer), Bambalani, Choiseul ld., Solomon Island. (1.3X).Fig. 9-1 O. EII~tomopsis r(,11 ('hi Clench, Tulagi, Florida Id., Solomon Islands. Paratype, MCZ no. 92957(I.4X).

•Issued 15. December 1955.28. MARINE MOLLUSCA OF RENNELL ISLAND,SOLOMON ISLANDSBYR. TUCKER ABBOTTPILSBRY CHAIR OF MALACOLOGYACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIADuring the Danish explorations by the research ship. Galathea. from 1950 to 1952,a group of scientists, including Drs. TOR BEN WOLFF and KAJ BIRKET-SMITH and Mr.HARRY KNUDSEN, spent one month on Rennell Island in the British Solomons.Among the general zoological material obtained was a small collection of 118 speciesof marine mollusca collected at six shore stations. Nearly all of the species are commonforms found over most of the Indo-Pacific area. so that no conclusions can beMade as to the relationship of the Rennell marine fauna. other than to state that itis similar to that of other nearby Melanesian islands. One rare species (Emargil1ulac1athrata Pease) and one uncommon species (Cypraea aurantium Gmelin) wereobtained. The collection upon which this report is based has been returned to theUniversity Zoolo!;ical Museum in Copenhagen.Little time was available to collect marine mollusks, but a search was made atlow tide on the coral reef in front of Lavanggu village, Kanggava Bay, south side ofRennell on October 26. 1951 (station 516 d); in nearby waters in the lagoon. 1-1.5meters in depth (station 516 g); on coral rock along the shore at low tide (station516 b); on the beaches of the bay with the help of natives (station L 349 and stationL 358); and along the tidal zone in front of Lugugi village on November 14, 1951(station L 399).AMPHINEURAAcanthopleura gemmata Blainville. 1825516d (7 live); 516b (3 live).GASTROPODAEmarginula clathrata Pease. 1862 (PI. 20,fig. I)516d ( live).Patella stel/aejormis Reeve. 1842516b (3 live); L 349 (I dead).Cel/ana rota Gmelin. 179 I516d (5 live); L 399 (13 live); L 349(2 dead).Trochus (Trochus) niloticus Linne, 1758516d (I young, live).Trochus (Trochus) maculatus Linne. 1758516d (2 dead); L 358 (I dead); L 399L 399 (3 dead).Tectus pyramis Born, 1780516d (I live).Tectus noduliferus Lamarck 1822516d (3 dead); L 358 (I dead).203

(.;ena strigosa A. Adams, 1850516d (I live).Turbo (Turbo) perholarus Linne. 1758516d (I live).Turbo (Marmarostoma) argyrostomusLinne 1758516d (2 live).Turbo (Marmarostoma) setosus Gmelin,1791516d (5 live); L 349 (4 dead); L 358(2 dead).Nerita plicata Linne, 1758516d (9 live); L 349 (3 dead).Nerita lineata Gmelin. 1791516d (I live); L 358 (I dead).Nerita grossa Linne, 1758516 d (I dead).Nerita polita Linne, 1758516b (6 live); L 358 (I dead).Littorina (Littoraria) scabra Linne. 1758L 358 (I dead); L 349 (3 dead).Littorina (Melarhaphe) undulata Gray.1839L 349 (I dead).Echininus cumingi Philippi, 1845L 349 (3 live); L 358 (6 live).Planaxis nigra Quoy and Gaimard. 1833L 349 (I dead).Planaxis sulctJtus Born, 1780L 349 (I dead).Pian{Jxis Iinealus da Costa, 1778L 358 (I dead).Cerithium nodulosum Bruguiere. 1792L 349 (I dead).Cerithium punctatum Bruguiere, 1792516d (12 live); 516g (23 live).Cerithium rostratum Sowerby. 1855516g (2 live); L 349 (I dead).Cerithium sejunctum I redale, 1929L 349 (I dead).Cerithium columna Sowerby, 1855L 349 (I dead); L 358 (2 dead).Rhinoclavis asper Linne. 1758L 349 (I dead).204Rhinoclavis sinensis Gmelin, 1791516d (I dead); L 349 (I live).Sabia conica Schumacher, 1~17516d (4 live); L 358 (2 live).Lambis lambis Linne. 1758L 358 (I dead).Strombus jlammeus Link, 1807516d (I dead); 5I6g (4 live); L 358(2 dead).Strombus gibberulus Linne, 1758L 349 (2 dead).Strombus luhuanus Linne, 1758L 358 (4 dead); L 349 (I dead).Trivia ory:a Lamarck, 1810516d (I dead).Cypraea (Cypraea) ~rnx Linne. 1758L 358 (I dead).Cypraea (CypraeaJ aurantium Gmelin.1791 (PI. 20, fig. 2)L 349 (I dead).C)'praea (MauritiaJ mauritiana Linne.1758L 349 (I dead).Cypraea (Mauritia) arabica Linne, 1758L 358 (I dead).(lpraea (Naria) felina Gmelin. 1791L 349 (I dead).C)praea (Erosaria) caput-serpentis Linne.17585I6d (I live).Cypraea (Monetaria) moneta Linne. 1758516g (I live); L 349 (5 dead); L 358(7 dead).CJpraea rTalparia) argus Linne. 1758L 349 (I dead).Lampusia flicoharica Roding, 1798L 358 (I dead).Bursa hufoflia Gmeli n. 17915I6d (I dead).Thais hippocastanum Linne, 1758516d (I live); L 349 (I dead); L 358(I dead).Thais tuherosa Roding. 1798516d (I live).

Thais armigera Link, 1807 .516d (2 live).Drupa ( Drupa) grossu/aria Roding, 1798L 358 (1 dead); 349 (1 dead).Drupa (Drupa) ricinus Linne, 1758516d (3 Jive).Drupa (Drupa) morum R6ding, 1798L 349 (2 dead); 516d (4 live).Drupa (Morula) fiscella GmeJin, 1791516b(J dead); L 358 (I dead).Drupa (Morula) granulata Duclos, 1832516 b (17 live); 516b (3 live); L 349(I dead).Drupa ( Morula) fusconigra Dunker, 1871SI6b (I live).Drupa (Morula) marf(inata Blainville.1832516d (I dead).Drupa (Morula) ura ROding, 1798• 516d (2 dead).Drupa (Drupella) ochrosloma BJainville.J8325J6d (I dead).Drupa (Cronia) cariosa Wood. J828516b (J Jive); 5J6d (2 Jive); L 349(I dead).Coralliobia (Quoyula) madreporarum,Sowerby. J832516d (2 Jive).Pyrene pardolina Lamarck. 1822516d (2 live); 516g (4 Jive).Pyrene fulgurans Lamarck. 1822516b (I Jive); 516d (2 live); L 358(I dead).Engina melldicaria Linne, 1758516d (7 live); L 349 (I dead); L 358P dead).Engina lilleata Reeve. 1847516d (I live).Colubraria digitalis Reeve. 1844516d (3 live); 516g (I dead).Nassarius muricatus Quoy and Gaimard.1833516d (I dead); L 349 (2 dead).Nassarius gaudiosus Hinds, 1844516b (I Jive); 516g (I live).Nassarius graniJerus Kiener, 1834L 358 (I dead).Nassarius monile Kiener, 18345J6b (I Jive); L 349 (I dead).Pleuroploca filamentosa Gmelin. 179 J516d (J live).Mitra (Strigatella) paupercula Linne1758516b (23 Jive); 516d (7 live); L 349(2 dead); L 358 (2 dead).Mitra (Strigatella) litterata lamarck,1811516d (I live); l 358 (1 dead).Mitra (Vexillum) cf carnic%r Reeve,1844516d (I Jive young).Pusia cancel/aroides Anton. 18395J6d (3 live).Pusia cf cremans Reeve. 1844516d (I Jive).Vasum turbinellus Linne. 1758516d (8 dead).Vasum ceramicum Linne. 1758L 349 (I dead).Conus chaldeus Roding. 1798516d (2 Jive); l 349 (I dead).Conus corona/is Rbding. 1798516b (2 live); 516g (1 live).Conus distal1s Hwass. 1792516d (I live).Conus ehraeus Linne, 1758516b (3 live); 516d (7 live); L 349(2 dead).Conus eburneus Hwass. 1792l 349 (I dead).COllusjlavitiw; lamarck. 1810516d (I Ji\e); L 358 (2 dead).Conus leopardus R6ding. 1798L 349 (I dead).Conus lividus Hwass. 1792516d (2 live).205

Conus marmoreus Linne. 1758L 349 (I dead).Conus miles Linne, 1758SI6d (llive).Conus miliaris Hwass. 1792516d (7 live).Conus nanus Sowerby. 1833SI6d (2 dead).Conus pulicarius Hwass, 1792L 358 (I dead).Conus raltus Linne, 1758516d (2 live).Conus sponsalis Hwass. 1792516d (I live); L 358 (I dead).Terebra crenulata Linne. 1758L 349 (I dead).Terebra dimidiata Linne, 17585t6d (I dead).Terebra felina Dillwyn, 1817L 349 (2 dead).M elampus fasciatus Deshayes. 1830L 349 (1 dead).Siphonaria (Siphonaria) laciniosa Linne,1758516b (1 live); 516d (l dead); L 349(3 dead).PELECYPODAAnadara antiquata Linne, 1758L 358 (5 dead valves).Barbatia amygda/umtostum Roding, 1798516g (I live); L 349 (10 dead valves);L 358 (2 dead valves).Barhatia decussata Sowerby. 1833L 349 (2 dead valves).Modiolus modulo ides Roding, 1798L 349 (4 dead velves); L 358 (I deadvalve).Lithophaga levigata Quoy and Gaimard,1832516d (2 live).Isognomon isognomon Linne, 1758516d (I live); 516g (3 live).Pinctada margaritifera Linne, 1758L 349 (l dead valve).Electroma smaragdina Reeve, 1857516d (I live).Spondy/us duca/is Roding. 1798L 349 (2 dead valves); L 358 (3 deadvalves).Codakia punctata Linne. 1758516d (I live).crena bella Conrad, 1837L 349 (3 dead valves); L 358 (I deadvalve).Chama speciesL 349 (I dead valve); 358 (16 deadvalves).Fragum fragum Linne, 1758L 349 (10 dead valves); L 358 (2 deadvalves).Hippopus hippopus Linne. 1758L 349 (2 dead valves).Tridacna maxima Roding, 1798516d (I live); L 349 (3 dead valves);L 358 (1 dead valve).Perig~vpta puerpera Linne.L 358 (2 dead valves).Lioconcha castrensis Linne. 1758L 358 (I dead valve).Gafrarium pectinotum Linne, 1758516b (I live); L 349 (5 dead valves);L 358 (8 dead valves).Asaphis deftorata Linne. 1758L 349 (4 dead valves); L 358 (5 deadvalves).Atactodea striata Gmelin, 1791516b (1 live); L 349 (23 dead valves).Scutarcopagia scohinata Linne, 1758L 349 (2 dead, I live); L 358 (I deadvalve).Quidnipagus rugosus Born. 1780L 358 (I dead valve).206

NAT. HIST. RENNELL 1., 2, No. 28PLATE. 2C

••

207Issued 15. December 1958.,"29, MILLIPEDS AND CENTIPEDSFROM RENNELL AND GUADALCANAL ISLANDSBYRALPH V. CHAMBERLINUJ\IVERSITY OF VTAH, SAL T LAKE CITYHitherto no millipeds or centipeds have been recorded from Rennell Island. However,collections of these groups were made from the Solomon Islands of the morenorthern group many years ago by Dr. W. M. MANN. These were reported upon bythe present writer in 1920 in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology ofHarvard University (Vol. 64, No. I). The Danish Rennell Island Expedition of 1951(which took place during the Galathea Deep-sea Expedition 1950-52) brought backcollections, unfortunately small, of these arthropods which are here reported upon.Heven species are represented. six of diplopods and five of chilopods. The chilopodswere all taken upon Rennell Id .. whereas five of the six species of diplopods weretaken only on Guadalcanal. Of the diplopod species. two are here described as newand of the chilopod species one. representing a new genus. is so described. The sevenknown species were all previously recorded from the Solomon Islands.The material was collected by the biological leader of the Rennell Id. Expedition,Dr. TORBEN WOLFF of the Clpenhagen Zoological Museum. and by Mr. HARRYKNUDSEN.DIPLOPODAFAMI LY SI PHONOPHORI DAESiphonophora obscurior ChamberlinSiphonophora obscurior Chamberlin. 1920. Bull. Mus. Compo Zoology, 64. No. I,p.IOI.St.: L. 291, Guadalcanal. 15. miles SE of Honiara. in rai n forest. 7 Oct. 1951. - IThe single female secured is variant in somewhat largcr size (15 mm) and in thesomewhat larger number of hody segments 59 as against a maximum of 55 previousJ,ynoted. The rostrum of the head is relativcly a little shorter. not extendingbeyond the sixth article of the antennae. The head is a little narrower than in thetypical form. In the absence of a male the significance of these minor differences mustremain uncertain.

FAMILY TRIGONIULIDAEPlokamostropbus ampbelictus ChamberlinPlokamostrophus amphelictus Chamberlin, 1920, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoology, 64,No. I, p. 216.All localities are on Rennell Id.St.: L. 351, Lavanggu, coconut grove, in coarse grass, 13 Oct. 1951 - 4 ¥; L. 352,Lavanggu, under stones and plant debris, 13 Oct. 1951 - 2.:),6 ¥; L. 257, Lavanggu,cultivated area with Papaya, on decaying wood and on the ground, 15 Oct. and12 Nov. 1951 - numerous:) and 2; L. 372, Lavanggu, in rain forest with coralrocks and blocks, 20 Oct. 1951 - 2 3, 6 Cjl; L. 374, Lavanggu, in young forest,about 3 m high, on previously cultivated area, 21 Oct. and 12 Nov. 1951 -? J,? 42; L. 375, Lavanggu, young forest, in rotten wood, 21 Oct. 1951 - 3 J, 7

. ..~--------_)', \ ~I/Fig. I. Acladocricus wvlffi n. sp. Gonopods of the male. cephalic aspect.Fig. 2. Acladocricus ,,,"o/ffi n. sp. Posterior gonopod of male.Fig. J. Ac/adocricl/s ..... olffi n. sp. Anal scale and adjacent area.Fig. 4. Plalyrlwcus J...lludselli n. sp. Gonopod of male. lateral vie"'.I4Sternite of the anterior gonopods ""ith the usual long median tongue beyond thebase, its sides subparallel to the terminal tip. Proximal joint of anterior gonopodsdistally acute. much surpassed by the elongate telepodi te which considerably surpassesthe sternite. The slender blades of the posterior gonopods cuning evenlydisto-mesad. Cf. Figs. I and 2.Number of segments in the female 54.Width of male, 8 mm: of female, II mm.St.: L. 346, Guadalcanal, 3 miles W of Honiara. in and under dry rotten wood and~nder stones, 10 Oct. 1951 - I .). 2 If: the male designated the holotype.St.: L. 291, Guadalcanal. 15 miles SE of Honiara. in ram forest. 7 Oct. 1951 - malea;c.i females.Closely related to A. solomollu.I' Chamberlin. Aside from the gonopods. differingin being a much larger form composed of more numerous segments. Among otherdifferences in detail may be mentioned the interrupted rather than continuousmedian sulcus of the head.This species is named for Dr. TOR8EN WOLFF.209

FAMILY PLATYRHACIDAEPlatyrbacus knudseni new species (Fig. 4)General color. including legs and antennae. dark brown, without lighter markings.Antennae cylindrical, of uniform thickness, reaching beyond middle of secondtergite.Collum only a little wider than head; lateral ends protruding in a rounded lobe;surface with numerous large tubercles.Second tergite wider than the collum and than the tergite following it. In the malethree rounded scallops or lobes at each lateral end; anterior and posterior marginsof keels smooth. with no projecting teeth. The ends of third and fourth keels similarbut on subsequent keels the lateral margin bears an increasing number of projectingtubercles. the number rising to seven or eight on the most posterior tergites. Surfaceof tergites with three transverse rows of of well separated large tubercles betweenwhich sre densely arranged smaller tubercles and granules.Last tergite with dorsal surface covered with tubercles and granules; the semicurlarcaudal margin bearing five or six stout setae.Gonopods of the male falling in the group in which the primary branches aresubdivided. the characteristic features being as shown in Fig. 4.Width of male. 7.5 mm; of female 8 to 8.5 mm.St.: L. 346. Guadalcanal. Honiara. in and under dry rotten wood and under stones,10 Oct. 1951 - I J. 3 ;.A species intermediate in size between P. gonethus and P. fallens. occurring atFulakora, from which it is distinguishable in the details of the male gonopods as shownin Fig. 4.The species is named for Mr. HARRY KNUDSEl'.FAMI LY STRONGYLOSOMI DAEOxidus sp.St.: L. 340 and L. 341. Guadalcanal. Honiara, 9 Oct. 1951 -- many females and immaturespecimens.In the absence of male specimens accurate determination of the species cannotbe made.CHILOPODAFAMILY SCUTIGERIDAEPhanothereua new genusA genus belonging in the "subtribe" Thereunemini of VERHOEFF in which tarsalspines are lacking on all legs and tarsal pegs are present on all but the last pairs ofJegs. Apparently nearest to Tachythereua with which it agrees in lacking hairs or hairpoints on the tergites but differs in having the dorsal spines or prickles single. notpaired (i.e. in having each normal spine accompanied by a more slender companion)210

and in having the marginal spines of the tergites numerous and close-set insteadof nearly absent.Type spe.:ies. - Phanothereua birket-smithi new species.,.Phanotbereua birket-smithi new speciesDorsum dark green at sides, a wide mid-dorsal longitudinally bifid stripe of lightercolor. Second tarsi and antennae ferruginous.Articles of antennae very short in proportion to width. First division of antennaecomposed of about thirty-five articles; articles of second division about seventy-fivein number, terminal portion of antennae broken off in the type and full number ofarticles thus uncertain.Spines of the tergites rather slenderly acute. numerous over entire surface includingthe stoma saddles. close-set on margins.Caudal excision of tergites deep. angular; stoma short and extending into thecavity.Fourth legs with first tarsus composed of ten articles, the second division of twenty-one articles. In the ninth legs the second tarsus is composed of twenty-eight articles:in the first division of the tarsu~ the first article is long. comprising nearly half thetotal length. with distad of it three ordinary articles., Anal styles of the male slender. nearly straight. those of anterior and posteriorpairs approximately equal in length.length II mm.St.: L. 35 I, Rennellld .. lavanggu, coconut grove. in coarse grass, 13 Oct. 1951 - I :3.This species is named for Dr. KAJ BIRKET-SMITH. Ethnologist of the DanishRennell Island Expedition.IFAMILY CRYPTOPIDAECryptops niuensis ChamberlinCryptops niuensis Chamberlin. 1920. Bull. Mus. Zoology. 64. No. I. p. 5.St.: L. 351, Rennell Id., Lavanggu, in coarse grass. 13 Oct. 1951: L. 352, Lavanggu,under stones and plant debris, 14 Oct. 1951 - -+ specimens: L. 390. Lavanggu,young forest on previously cultivated ground. 29 Oct. 1951 - I specimen.Widespread in the Solomons as well as in the Fijian and Hervey Is.FAM IlY SCOLOPENDRIDAECormocephalus (Cupipes) propulsus (Chamberlin)Cupip'e~' propulsus Chamberlin. 1920. Bull. Mus. Compo Zoology. 64, No. I. p. 24.All stations on Rennell rd. SI.: L. 351. lavanggu. in coarse grass and on earth,13 Oct. 1951 - 2 specimens: L. 357. Lavanggu. cultivated area with Papaya.15 Oct. 1951 - I specimen; L. 389. lavanggu. Pandanus grove on bare coralrock, 27 Oct. 1951 - 1 specimen; L. 379. Niupani. lake Te-Nggano. sun-exposedgrass plain near lake, 24 Oct. 1951 - I specimen.Previously known from various localities in the Solomons.• 211

212FAMILY OTOSTIGMIDAEOtostigmus glaber Chamberlin•Otostigmus glaber Chamberlin, 1920, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoology, 64, No. I, p. 12.St.; L. 379. Rennell Id., Niupani, Lake Te-Nggano, sun-exposed grass plain nearlake, 24 Oct. 1951 - I specimen.Variant in apparently lacking a tarsal spine on the posterior legs.FAMILY MECISTOCEPHALIDAEMecistocephalus maxiUaris (Gervais)Geophilus maxillaris Gervais, 1837, Ann. sci. nat., 2, 7, p. 52.Mecistocephalus guldingii Meinert, 1870, Naturhist. Tidsskr., ser. 3, 7, p. 96.Lamnonyx maxillaris Silvestri, 1919, Rec. Ind. Mus., 17, p. 61, f. 9.Mecistocephalus maxillaris Chamberlin. 1920, Canad. EnL, 52, p. 185.All stations on Rennell (d. S1.; L. 351, Lavanggu, under coconut palms in coarse grassand on ground, 13 Oct. 1951 - 5 specimens; L. 352, Lavanggu, coconut grove,under stones and plant debris, 13-14 Oct. 1951 - 2 specimens; L. 372, Lavanggu,rain forest with coral rock and blocks, 20 Oct. 1951 - I specimen; L. 374, Lavanggu,young forest, about 3 m high, on previously cultivated ground, 21 Oct.1951 - 2 specimens; L. 390, Lavanggu, young forest on previously cultivatedground. 24 Oct. 1951 - I specimen; L. 367, Te-Avamanggu, rain forest and cultivatedarea, 17 Oct. 1951 - I specimen.A tropicopolitan species readily carried in shipping and occasionally found ingreenhouses in temperate countries.Mecistocephalus mimeticus ChamberlinMecistoceplialus mimeticus Chamberlin, 1920, Bull. Mus. Compo Zoology, 64, No.1.p.61.St.: L. 352, Rennell Id., Lavanggu, coconut grove under stones and plant debris,13 Oct. 1951 - I specimen; L. 357, Lavanggu, in decaying wood in cultivatedarea with Papaya, 15 Oct. 1951 - I specimen; L. 372, Lavanggu, rain forest withcoral rock and blocks. 20 Oct. 1951 - 2 specimens.Previously recorded from the Solomon Is. at Fulakora, Tulagi, Auki, Wai-ai,Pamua and Wainoni Bay. (CHAMBERLIN, op. cit.).,.

213Issued 15. February 1959!•30. CULICIDAE AND HAEMATOZOA FROMBELLONA AND RENNELVBYMARSHALL LAIR02 and ELIZABETH LAIR0 3INTRODUCTIONLAMBERT (1931) was the first to collect mosquitoes on Bellona and Rennel!. His specimenswere identified as follows by Dr. FRANCIS M. ROOT of the Johns HopkinsUniversity. -BI:LLONA Aedes I'uriegatus.AMe,\ alhilahris.~!'INELL Aedes variegatu.I' and A, variegatus \oar. hebrideus.Aedes alhilabris.Culex (Lophoceratomyia) hilli var. buxtoni.Aedes (Stegomyia) I'ariegatus (DoleschaII. 1858) and A. scuteffar~s (Walker. 1859)are synonymous. the latter name being the Yalid one as the former had been appliedto a European mosquito befJre DOLESCHALL used it (EDWARDS. 1932). STO,\E (1947)showed that A. I'ariegatus var. /uhrideus Edwards, 1926. must also fall as a synonymof A. scutellaris, which is referred to herein by the name employed by MARKS (1954).A. scutellaris scutellaris. The systematic position of Aedes (Finlaya I alhilabri.lEdwards, 1925. remained unaltered. hut there has been some confusion oyer tnestatus of the third mosquito listed. This insect's subgeneric name has been emendedto Lophoceraomria, to the fraudatrix group of which it belongs (EDWARDS. 1932).I ha\oe previously followed PERRY (1946) in referring C. hilli buxtolli to C. fraudatri.\(Theobald. 1905). but as the subgenus is to be delt with in a comprehensi\ e accountof South Pacific mosquitoes now being prepared by Dr. JOH' N. BEL"T\. the speciesin question is simply designated LopllOceraomyia sp. for present purposes ...1.lIopheles (My=omyia) farauti Laveran. 1902. recorded from Lake Te-Nggano.Renn~U, by BLACK (1952). was the only addition to the above list prior to thepresent survey.I. All material collected during a malaria research project initiated by the Royal New Zealand AirForce and supported by funds from the N. Z. Department of Scientific and r ndustrial Research.2. Institute of Parasitology. McGill Uni\ersity. Macdonald College. Macdonald College P.O .. Que.,Canada. Formerly of the R.N.Z.A.F.3. Formerly Technical Assistant, N. Z. D. S. & I. R.

LAMBERT (1931, 1934) was unable to find any evidence of malaria on either islandduring visits in 1930 and 1933, but JAMES (according to LAMBERT, 1949) reportedthat the disease was general on Rennell in 1937.BLACK (1952) recorded Plasmodium malariae from an immigrant Melanesian childat Longona, Bellona, and also identified this species from Rennell, where he tookthe evidence of splenomegaly to indicate a mesoendemic level of malaria. The presentvisit to Rennell, the purposes of which are set out in the general account alreadypublished (LAIRD & LAIRD, 1956). disclosed a much higher incidence of malariadue to P. jalciparum and P. vivax as well as to P. malariae. However, autochthonousmalaria remained absent from Bellona. These medical findings are being dealt within detail elsewhere.None of the previous visitors searched for blood parasites of birds, reptiles orfishes. Several such parasites were recorded from birds on this occasion, and theseare described following the summary of our mosquito survey presented hereunder.CULICIDAEStations where mosquito larvae were collected are listed in Table I. They are numbered229-252, these being the numbers employed in a general account of the lanaibiology of South Pacific Culicidae (LAIRD, 1956). The numbers in parentheses. thoseof the field data sheets, were the only references supplied to zoologists who assistedwith identifications during the project. They are included here in case those concernedshould use them in published reports.Table 1. List oj Stations.Water I Air IStationAltitudeNature of temp- tempno.in metres habitat erature leraturel pHDateLocalityin ~C I in "CBELLONA229 (aE 5) 15 aug. 1953 Ahanga Brackish water in 26 25 7.4canoe230 (aE 6) Polluted water incanoe231 (aE 7) 20 Matahenua Fresh water in 26 6.8dug-out- log232 (aE 8) ? Rim between Water with decom- 2( 7.4Ahanga and posing leaves. inMatahenua hollow in coralboulder233 (aE 10) 20 Matahenua Rainwater in 28 6.644-gallon drum234 (af I) 20 Rainwater in half 29 27 7.2coconut shell

Eight species of mosquitoes were recorded from these stations, five from Bellonaand seven from Rennel!. -•215Stationno.• DateIWaterI IAir'Altitude Nature of temp- temp- i HLocalityin metreshabitat erature lerature j pIn 'C 10 C I235 (aF 3) 16 aug. 18 longona Polluted ",ater in 26 6.6rubber tyre fromaircraft236 (aF 4) RalOwater in44-gallon drum237 (aF 6) 34 Near rim. Water with decom- 25Hangemangama posing leaves.in tree hole238 (aF 7) 17 aug. Ahanga Polluted brackish 26 7.4water In canoe39' (aE 9) 15 aug. 20 Matahenua lu/ocosiu leaf axil 29 7.0(No. mosquito larvae)40' (aF 2) 16 aug. 18 Longona Fresh water in dug- 25 6.6out log (No mosquitolanae)41" (aF 5) 20 Longau Pal1dul1l1s leaf axils 28 7.0•(No mosquito lanaclRENNELL239 (aF 8) 18 aug. 1953 La'anggu Rain"ater in half 24 25coconut shell240 (aF 9) ~241 (aF 10) 26242 (aG I) 7 fresh "ater in 24coral erelicc243 (aG 2) Brackish "ater in ~5 26 8.0,anoe244 (aG 3) Pollute,d "ater in 7.0half coconut shell245 (aG 4) Water with decomp- 27 7.4osing leal'es.in tree hole246 (aG 5) Brackish "ater in ~5 9,Scoral pool247 (aG 6) Water" ith decomp- 7.2,)sing leales. III44-gallon drum248 ~G 7) Spring-fed coral pool 26 25 7.6249 (aG 8) 7.2250 (at/ 9) 19 aug. 2 Niuranl Edge of Lake Te- 30 26 7.8l"ggann (brad.ish)251 (aG 10) 2 Rat-gna'led coconut252 (aH I) 20 aug. Tc-Uhungango Spring·fedcoral pool 25 ~4 7.2

BELLONAAedes (Finlaya) albilabris Edwards, 1925 (233, 237, 238).Aedes (Stegomyia) albolineatus (Theobald, 1904) (238).Aedes (Stegomyia) s. sculellaris (Walker, 1859) (229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 236).Culex (Lutzia) halifaxi Theobald, 1903 (231).Culex (Lophoceraomyia) sp. (231, 232, 237, 238).RENNELLAnopheles (MFomyia) farauti Laveran, 1902 (250).Aides albilabris (241,249, 252).Aedes albolineatus (242, 244).Aedes s. sculellaris (239,240,241,243,245,246,248,249,251,252).Culex (Lophoceraomyia) sp. (247, 248, 249).Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse, 1889 (250).Culex (Culex) squamosus (Taylor, 1914) (250).EPIBIONTS AND PARASITES OF MOSQUITO LARVAE..None of the larvae from the 10 breeding sites at Bellona, and only a single examplefrom one of the 14 larval habitats at Rennell, bore epibionts. This contrasted withoverall findings from various parts of the tropical South Pacific, for 80 (22 per cent.)of 372 lan'al collections made over a two-year period included specimens infestedwith epibiotic ciliates alone (LAIRD, 1956). The case in question concerned a poorlypreserved .and unidentifiable species of the genus Zoothamnium (Ciliate: Peritricha)noted on the abdomen of a mounted fourth instar larva of Culex annulirostris fromstation no. 250.One third instar larva of Aides 5. sculellaris from station no. 241 was heavilyinfected with the endoparasitic fungus Coelomomyces stegomyiae Keilin (Phycomycetes:Coelomomycetaceae) as described in detail elsewhere (LAIRD, 1956).HAEMATOZOATable 2 lists the vertebrates examined for blood parasites. Several of the marL'le fishrecords, being additional to those published by ROFEN (1958), are new for Rennel!.The names of the species concerned are marked with an asterisc (*) as is that of abird additional to the Bellona list published by BRADLEY & WOLFF (1956). The materialcomprises thin films of heart blood which were made on numbered microscopeslides, fixed in methyl alcohol soon after collection, and later stained with Giemsa.No film was declared negative until two half-hour examinations, using x8 oculars

and oil immersion, had failed to reveal any parasites. All illustrations were preparedwith the aid of a Zeiss-Winkel drawing apparatus, and all averages and percentagesare based up.n the measurement of 50 successive examples of the organism concerned.Gill smears on 7/8" (22 mm) square cover slips were made from the fish, in additionto blood films. They were fixed in DAVIS' (1947) modification of Worcester'sfluid, stored in iodized alcohol,· and subsequently stained with Heidenhain's ironhaematoxylin. Intestinal or other parasites were not searched for as so little time wasavailable.All the Bellona films proved negative for haematozoa, and neither blood- norgill parasites were detected in the preparations from fishes. By way of contrast theRennellese birds yielded blood protozoans of several species, and one harbouredmicrofilariae.Table 2. List of vertebrates collected.•locality and dateAhanga-Longona,15-16 Aug. 1953Matahenua-Longona,15-16 Aug. 1953Longona. 16 Aug. 1953Longona-Matahenua,16 Aug. 1953Systematic position, andnumber collectedBELLONAREPTILESEmoia nigra (Hombron & Guichenot)(Scincidae) (8)Varanl/s indieus indicl/s (Daudin)(Varanidae) C)Gee",) l'i((IIIIIS Houttuyn (Geckonidae) (I)Enygrl/s ')/hroni al/slralis (Montrouzien(Boidae) (2)Local name (italicizedwhen different from the\ ersion published byWOLFF, 1955, and followedin parentheses bythe name he gives) .te kanginoIe hokaite I-..amoko (te moko)te ngataAhanga. IS Aug. 1953•••BIRD• Tringa h,ypoleueos L. (Scolopacidae) (I)RENNElLFISHESTe Uhungango, 20 Aug. 53 • Epinephl'ills melanosligma (Schultz)(Serranidae) (I)- • Abudefduf sordidus (ForsUI)(Pomacentridae) (3)Ie siriu (mungikakongi:"te si\ iu" is perhapsa group name forsmall shore birds. forbesides its present applicationto the CommonSandpiper,WOlFF lists it for boththe Pacific GoldenPlover and the LargeSand Dotterel)

Locality and dateTable 2 (contd.)Systematic position, andnumber collectedLocal name (italicizedwhen dilfer'ent from theversion published byWOLFF, 1955, and followedin parentheses bythe name he gives).Te Uhungango. 20 Aug. 53RENNELLFISH ESChrysiplera (0= Abudefdufl biocellata(Quoy & Gaimard) (Pomacenlridae) (2)Chryjiplera (~. Abudefduh glauca(Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Pomacentridae) (3)• ChrySipfera amabilis (De Vis)(Pomacentridae) C!)• Thalassomu IImbrosfygma (Riippell)(Labridae) (4)• Tripferygion punclulmus (Herre)(Clinidae) (I)• Salarias periophfhalmus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)(Blenniidae) (3)• Salarias edenfUlus (Bloch & Schneider)(Blenniidae) (I)Salarias sp. (Blennidae) (23)Acanthurus Iriosfegus (L.) (Acanthuridae) (8)• Anlennarills sp.? (Antennariidae) II)No local names werenoted for any fishesLavanggu, 18 Aug. 1953LakeTe-Nggano, J 9 Aug. 53Te Uhungango, 20 Aug. 53BIRDSCillorhynchus hamlin; (Mayr)(Muscicapidae) (I)Threskiornis molucca pygmaells Mayr(Threskiornithidae) (J)Anas superciliom pelewensis (Hartlaub &Finsch) (Anatidae) (I)Cillorhynchus hamlin; (Mayr)(Muscicapidae) (I)Chalcifes lucidus harlerli Mayr(Cuculidae) (2)Halcyon chloris amoena Mayr(Alcedinidae) (I)Rhiphiduru rennellianu Mayr(Muscicapidae) (3)Gery!(one jfavolalerali.v cilrina Mayr(Muscicapidae) (I)Myzomela cardinalis sanfordi Mayr(Meliphagidae) (I)Woodfordia supercilio.fa North(Zosteropidae) (3)Zosterops rt'nnelliana Murphy(Zosteropidae) (I)Ie wowoviuIe tagoaIe gamanagite wowoviuIe fanghioi (tangione)Ie ligoIe mangigape (te magigape)Ie lokelokeIe vagiwote gagaIe sesuvangu (te susuvangu)

PROTOZOATrypanosom. paddae Laveran & Mesnil, 1904 (PI. I, Figs. 1-3).Host: Woodfordia superciliosa (1/3).Several trypanosomes measuring from 27.9 to 36.7 IJ. by from 4.1 to 7.8 [J. weredetected in a blood film from one of the three examples of W. superciliosa. The roundto oval nucleus, staining a very light pink with Giemsa. is located a little in advanceof the middle of the body (39 to 46 ~ 0 of the body length from the anterior end).A brightly staining kinetoplast is positioned 36 to 42 % of the body length from theposterior end. The flagellu:l1, which reacts poorly to Giemsa in normally stainedexamples and only shows up as illustrated (Figs. 1-3) in overstained ones. follows theouter edge of a hyaline undulating membrane 0.5 to 1.5 [J. wide. Anteriorly there isa short free portion up to 5 [J. (usually 1.5 to 2 ;.L) in length. Both extremities arefiliform, the alveolar cytoplasm staining light blue and exhibiting from three to fivemyonemes which are most evident in the vici nity of the nucleus (Figs. I, 2).Many species of Trypanosoma have been described from birds. a large proportionof them on the basis of the examination of a single blood film. New species have oftenbeen proposed purely on the basis of their occurrence in new hosts and localities - aniltdefensible procedure. for avian trypanosomes exhibit a high degree of polymorphismand may parasitize a wide \ariety of hosts in different parts of the world.Some authors go to the other extreme. and relegate all these parasites to the earliestrecognizable species. Trrpanosoma arium Danilewsky. However. detailed studies ofthe vertebrate cycle of trypanosomes from various birds and localities have placedit beyond reasonable doubt that more than one species exist.DANllEWSKY (1885.1889) recognized the polymorphism of T. arium. and Novy& MACNEAl. (1905) discussed la.-ge and small forms of this species measuring 21 to4O!.L by 5 to 7 i.L and 14 to 25 fl. by 3.5 to 5 [J. respectiHly. The kinetoplast of the smallform is almost terminal in position, but that of the large one (which is filiform posteriorly)is closer to the nucleus. LA VFRA~ (1903) had already remarked that whenthe posterior extremity of T. OI';um is markedly attenuated the kinetoplast is at aconsiderable distance from the tip. While the Woodfordia parasite falls within theupper part of the size range of T. arium. it differs from this organism in one significantrespect. It has a very short free flagellum. and LA VERA"i (1903). Novy &MACNEAL (1905) and COATlI;EY (19381 - who recorded T. ariulIl from two NorthAmerican herons - all drew attention to the presence of a well developed free flagellulVin the laller species.qlJTTO~ & TODD (1903) described Trypanosoma jO}lflston; from Estrelda in Gambia.This parasite is pointed at hoth ends and its kinetoplast is located at about onethirdof the body length from the posterior extremity. I t lacks a free flagellum altogether,and is extremely slender. measuring 36 to 38 [J. hy 1.4 to 1.6 11. A verysimilar trypanosome. measuring 35 hy 2 :.L hut having: the kinetoplast relatively closerto the posterior tip. has been described from Queensland honey-eaters under thename of T. anellobiae Cleland & Johnston. 1910 (CLELAND, 1915).

220The earliest adequately described avian trypanosome characterized by a short freeflagellum like that of the Rennellese species is T. paddae Laveran & MesniI. Thisparasite, which was discovered in blood from a Java Sparrow purchat:ed in Paris,measures 30 to 40 fl. by 5 to 7 fl.. It has a relatively narrow undulating membrane,myonemes are evident, the nucleus is near the middle of the body, and the extremitiesare finely drawn out (see Figs. I and 3 herein). LAVERAN & MESNIL (1904) gave thelength of the free flagellum of T. paddae as 1.5 to 6 fl., adding that the anterior end ofthe body proper reaches almost to the tip of the flagellum. THIROUX (1904) declaredthat only a very short portion of the flagell urn is free, remarking that the kinetoplastis usually about mid-way between the nucleus and the posterior end but sometimescloser to the nucleus. and commenting on the poor staining qualities of the nucleus,undulating membrane, and flagellum.Answering as closely as it does to this descripion, the trypanosome of Woodfordiasupercifiosa is identified as T. paddae. The locality and host are new, although itshould be noted that trypanosomes have been reported from another bird of thesame family, (Zosterops chforophea) ,~ Z. chloronota. on Mauritius (DAVID, 1912).DAVID did not describe this parasite because of the scantiness of his material, buthe designated as Trypanosoma mayae a paddae-like species from sparrows on thesame island. Trypanosomes possibly referable to T. paddae are known from manyhosts and localities, for example, bee-eaters in Uganda (MINCHIN, 1910) and dovtsn Formosa (OGAWA & UEGAKI, 1927).Haemoproteus galatheae n. sp. (PI. I, Figs. 4-13).Host: Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus (1/1).An ibis shot at Lake Te-Nggano was parasitized by a haemoproteid which causesmarked hypertrophy of invaded red cells. Fifty consecutive erythrocytes containingmature haemoproteids measured 13.1 to 16.1 fl. (av., 14.9 fl.) by 6.7 to 9.4 fl. (av.,7.6 iLl, whife the same number of adjacent uninfected cells measured 12.2 to 14.9 fl.(av., 13.3 !L) by 6.1 to 7.5 [1. (av., 6.9 (1.). The nucleus of the parasitized cell becomesdisplaced laterally, maturing gametocytes pressing it towards (Figs. 5-10) or against(Fig. II) the cell membrane. Rarely, the location of the haemoproteid is polar insteadof lateral. In such cases the erythrocyte nucleus is likely to be tilted out of itslongitudinal alignment, as happens more frequently in Plasmodium infections, as wellas being displaced towards the uninfected end of the cell.Young parasites have a subterminal or terminal nucleus (Fig. 4), and pigmentbecomes evident at an early stage. As growth proceeds the nucleus adopts a cen\ralposition, and golden-black pigment granules become grouped at one end of the ~ody,sometimes forming a ring around the periphery of a vacuole (Fig. 5). Immaturemacrogametocytes (Figs. 6, 7) may still have a circle or irregular cluster of pigmentgranules towards one end, but other granules are scattered throughout the cytoplasmas well. The parasite now begins to grow around the ends of the host cell nucleus.Macrogametocytes retain their smoothly rounded outline through this stage, but theextremities of microgametocytes (Fig. 8) sometimes become irregularly shaped.

Microgametocytes have a diffuse or somewhat saddle-shaped nucleus which stains avery light link, and their cytoplasm does not react to Giemsa and appears paler thanthe surrouneing cytoplasm of the host cell. Their round to oval pigment granules,which reach a rather larger size than do those of the females, become bunched at theextremities and number from 13 to 30 (av., 23). Macrogametocytes (Figs. 9-13) aremuch more abundant than male parasites. Their small and compact nucleus isrounded to elongate-oval, stains deep red, and contains a prominent karyosome whichassumes a still deeper red shade. The alveolar cytoplasm is coloured bright blue byGiemsa. A characteristic feature is a large and prominent vacuole - the site wherepigment was initially deposited? - which may attain a diameter of 2.5 fL. From 21 to43 (av., 33) pigment granules are scattered throughout the body.Large macrogametocytes very often all but surround the host cell nucleus (Figs.10, 11), and sometimes their extremities meet and fuse so that the nucleus is completelyengulfed (Fig. 12). Until this stage the parasite and the nucleus are seldom in actualcontact, but thereafter there is no sign of a gap between them. The length. measuredalong the midline, reaches 28.5 fL in the case of males and 29.5 fL in that of females.Examples which have pushed the host cell nucleus to the periphery may be as muchas 7fL in width.Two parasites may develop within one erythrocyte. finally completely filling thes~ace between the nucleus and membrane of the host cell. and losing all sign of thei rindividual identity (Fig. 13). When two macrogametocytes are associated in this way,their nuclei are usually conspicuous. The true nature of the invasion is also revealedby the occurrence of two large vacuoles instead of one, and of double the usualnumber of pigment granules. Occasionally parasites of opposite sexes jointly occupya red cell. The phenomenon is not uncommon among haemoproteids. BRUMPT (1935)illustrated avian erythrocytes completely filled by two gametocytes of various species.and figured the apparent intraer)throcytic fusion of male and female gametocytes ofHaemoproteus aluci Celli & San Felice and H. tinl1unculi Wasielewski & Wiilker.Like Trypanosoma. Haemoproteus includes a large number of species describedsolely on the basis of their occurrence in new hosts and localities. In all but a fewinstances stages other than gametocytes - which alone occur in the peripheral circulation- are unknown.Fully developed gametocytes are usualiy elongate and more or less halter-shaped.but sometimes - and perhaps more frequently than would appear from the literature- they completely engulf the host cell nucleus. COATNEY & ROUDABUSH (1937)pointed out that earlier literature indicates that the host cell nucleus becomes sur·rOlV'ded by gametocytes of H. danilclfSkii Kruse. H. fringillae Labbe and H. maccalfum;Novy & MacNeal. These authors, however. asserted that the first two species••never completely fill the space between the nucleus and limiting membrane of thehost cell, and stated that. contrary to the original description. gametocytes of H.maccal/um; do not fully encircle the host cell nucleus. The Rennell parasite is thusnot referable to any of these species nor to a more recently described one. H. halcyon;_

Gametocytes of the following haemoproteids bear comparison with those of thepresent species in that they are liable to completely fill the space formerly occupiedby the cytoplasm of the host cell. - ..Haemoproteus lophort)'x O'Roke, 1929velans Coatney & Roudabush. 1937orchilochus Coatney & Roudabush, 1938globulosus Ortega & Berenguer, 1950H. orchi/ochus, a parasite of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird in the U.S.A.,has only half as many pigment granules as the Rennell species (macrogametocytes 6to 20, av., 15.5: microgametocytes 8 to 18, av., 11.4), from which it also differs inthat its pigment varies from dust-like particles to large elliptical or rod-shapedbodies, and in causing only slight lateral and longitudinal distension of the host cell(COAT~EY & ROUDABUSH, 1938). H. globulosus. described from the European Gold·finch in Spain, likewise has relatively few pigment granules (macrogametocytes, 18to 25; microgametocytes. 17 to 22), distends the host cell in a lateral direction only,and has rounded gametocytes (the taxonomic value of the last two characters mayperhaps be questioned, for haemoproteids characteristically round up following thehost's death so that if too long a time elapses between death and blood-smearing'~misleading picture is obtained). Neither of these species need be considered furtherfor present purposes.Two North American parasites, H. lophortyx of the Californian Valley Quail andH. velans of the Flicker, come closest to the one under discussion. Macrogametocytesand microgametocytes of the latter species attain mid-line lengths of 28.20 fL and27.88 fL respectively. Although these figures are in close agreement with those for theibis parasite, H. velans is much the slenderer of the two. Its greatest width, 3.21 fL,reflects the ,fact that the host cell is distended longitudinally rather than laterally.Pigmen t granule numbers correspond in the two species, being 21 for microgametocytesand 31 for macrogametocytes in the case of H. velans. COATNEY & ROUDABUSH(1937) referred to the occurrence of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of mature macrogametocytesof this species, but unlike that of the present haemoproteid, which isof inconstant position, those of H. velans are polar. COATNEY & ROUDABUSH madeno mention of the occurrence of rings of pigment granules in developing gametocytesof their parasite, and they remarked that the pigment of microgametocytes is scatteredthroughout the cytoplasm, instead of being localized at the ends of the body as isusual in species of this genus including the Rennell one.Resemblances between the latter and H. lophortyx extend to the occurren('~ of alarge vacuole eq ualli ng the nucleus of the parasite in size, and to the causing of verymarked host cell hypertrophy. The vacuole of H. lophortyx may have a ring of pigmentgranules about its periphery (O'RoKE, 1930), and hypertrophy of the parasitizederythrocyte extends to II /~ in the long diameter and 9 % in the short one - the respectivefigures for the Rennell haemoproteid being 12 % and 10 %. In both, theremay be double invasion of red cells with ul timate loss of the individual outline of the

gametocytes. H. /ophortyx, though, with its maximum dimensions of 18 by 2.5 fl, ;smuch the smaller of the two. Furthermore, its pigment granules may be rod-shaped,and their a~rage number is 19.6 (microgametocytes) and 24.25 (~acrogametocytes).There are a few previous records of Haemoproteus from ibises. MINCHIN (1910)published a brief account of a species from a Uganda host queried as (Ibis aethiopica)= Threskiornis aethiopicus, a near relative of T. ma/ucea. This unnamed haemoproteidis usually irregularly amoeboid, with long and thin pseudopodia, although raresausage-shaped examples occur. It is evident from MINCHIN'S illustrations that whilethe latter forms occupy most of the length of the host cell they do not encircle itsnucleus. The chromatin is highly diffuse and stains indifferently, the cytoplasm stainsmost deeply at the periphery, and the pigment granules are fine and clumped. A verysimilar parasite was described as H. pelouroi by TI:NDEIRO (1946. 1947), the hostbeing Hagedashia hagedash brel'irastris (Reichenow), an ibis of. Portuguese Guiana.The parasites dealt with by MINCHIN and TElIODEIRO not only differ from the presentspecies in their typicalJy amoeboid outline, but they neither engulf the host cellnucleus nor fill the space between this structure and the cell membrane. Kow ARSKIet al. (1937) found a species of Haemoproteus in Ibis ibis L. and Guara rubra L. in thezoological park at Vincennes, but published no morphological data. Their figuresshow that the Guara parasite resembles the Rennell one in having a prominent~ryosome. displacing the host-cell nucleus to one side. and completely replacing thehost cell cytoplasm (KOWARSKI et al., 1937; PI. XVI. fig. 4). Microgametocytes andmacrogametocytes of KOWARSKI'S species have 25-30 and 33 pigment granules respectively,according to these authors' illustrations. Although none of the figures showa large vacuole in the cytoplasm, there are obviously close affinities with the Rennellhaemoproteid. The parasite of Ibis ibis evidently occurs commonly in twos and eventhrees in single host cells. but as microgametocytes are depicted as having about 36and macrogametocytes about 40-47 pigment granules, resemblances are less apparent.Whether or not the parasites of Threskiornis ma/ucea p.lgmaeus and Guara rubraare conspecific, it is evident from this discussion that the former must be describedas new. It is accordingly designated Haemoproteus galatheae n. sp .. the specific namerecognizing the major contributions to Pacific biology made by the Galathea Expedition.Haemoproteus clelandi n. sp. (PI. I, Figs. 14-19),Host: Myzomela cardif/alis sanfordi ( 1/1 ) .• Like the preceding species. this one causes considerable hypertrophy of theinvaQed erythrocytes. Normal red cells of M. cardinalis mnfardi measure 9.0 to 11.6 fl(av., 10.6 fl) by 4.3 to 5.7 fl (av., 5.0 fl.), the figures for parasitized ones being 11.0 to12.9 fl (av.• 11.9 fl) by 5.3 to 6.3 fl (av.. 5.7 fl). The percentage increases in lengthand width are thus 12 ~/o and 14 ~~ respectively. the width increment slightly exceedingthat of ibis erythrocytes containing mature gametocytes of H. galatheae. Lateraldisplacement of the host cell nucleus was evident in 35 (70 O~) of 50 parasitized cellsmeasured. Only 15 of the displaced nuclei had completely left the central third of the•

e-.-ythrocyte and none of them were in contact with the cell membrane, displacementthus being less pronounced than in H. galatheae infections.Pigment is at first massed at one end of the body, but rings of granl.lles have notbeen observed. Developing gametocytes of both sexes are of somewhat irregular outline(Figs. 14 and 17). Mature ones are rounded at the ends, filling most of the longdiameter of the host cell and curling around the ends of the nucleus (Figs. 15, 19).Occasionally the parasite almost (Fig. 16) or completely encircles the host cellnucleus, but it never completely fills the space between nucleus and cell membrane.A common form of gametocyte is illustrated in Fig. 18, the nucleus being saddleshapedand on the side of the body away from the nucleus of the host erythrocyte,and the adjacent cytoplasm being retracted from the erythrocyte membrane. Microgametocytenuclei (Figs. 14-16) stain very lightly, and the cytoplasm appears palerthan that of the red cell. Macrogametocytes become coloured deep blue. their saddleshaped(Fig. 18) or band-form (Figs. 17-19) nucleus staining bright red. The blackand highly refractile pigment granules number 6 to 13 (av., 9) in macrogametocytesand 5 to 10 (av., 7) in microgametocytes. Twinned granules (Figs. 15. )9) occurcommonly. and most of the pigment may be concentrated in two widely separatedzones in macrogametocytes (Fig. 17) as well as in microgametocytes (Fig. 15).The parasite is quite small, microgametocytes measuring 10.9 to 14.1 iJ. (av.,12.4 [1-) by 1.7 to 2.9 [1- (av., 2.2 [1-), and macrogametocytes 11.3 to 14.6 [1- (av., 13.4 (f)by 1.7 to 3.3 :J. (av., 2.7 iJ.). These figures were derived from 50 consecutive maturegametocytes, none of wh ich encircled the host cell nucleus. One that did so proved tohave reached a length of 20 [1-.This haemoproteid resembles H. danilewskii Kruse in that it may completely surroundthe host cell nucleus without altogether replacing the host cell cytoplasm, buthas far fewer pigment granules than the latter species. Published data are too incompletefor adequate differentiation of the Myzomela parasite from many of the"species" aJready described. H. picae Coatney & Roudabush, of the AmericanMagpie, appears to be a close relative. This species is said to differ from any of thosepreviously described in exhibiting a pronounced depression in the outer boundary ofthe macrogametocyte (COAT:-iEY & ROUDABUSH, 1937). While such a depression mayoccur in the present species it is not a constant feature, and microgametocytes sometimesdisplay it too. Microgametocytes of the Rennell parasi te have a smaller nucleusthan that of H. picae. which occupies the full width of the body, but the commonlocation of the nucleus towards one extremity characterizes both organisms. There isalso close agreement in overall size, and the number and shape of the pigmentgranules.The family Meliphagidae (honey-eaters) is restricted to the Australo-Papuanarea(MAYR, 1945). Haemoproteus is known from various Australian genera and species(CLELAND & JOH~STO~, 1909, 1910, 1912; BREINL, 1913; CLELAND, 1915, 1922), andthere are other records from caged honey-eaters in foreign zoological gardens (PUM­MER, 1912, 1915; HAMERTON, 1933). H. ptilotis (Cleland & Johnston, 1909) has up to16 rods or coarse masses of pigment which is, however, altogether lacking in someexamples. The nucleus of H. philemoll (Cleland & Johnston, 1909) is said to be

efractory to Giemsa, and H. meliornis (Cleland & Johnston, 1909) is characterizedby its amoeboid outline and the frequent presence of several individuals at differentstages of de .. elopment within one cell. CLELAND (1915) mentioned a notable scarcityof pigment in a haemoproteid from Melithreptus validirostris, and characterized aspecies from My:::omela sanguineolenta as having from one to a few large grains ofpigment and surrounding the host cell nucleus "leaving only a thin rim of protoplasmexternally". Although none of these descriptIOns are full enough for comparativepurposes, and the evidence suggests that more than one species of Haemoproteusparasitize honey-eaters, the species from M. sanguineolenta certainly seems close tothe one under discussion.Similarities between the Rennell honey-eater parasite and those from relatedhosts in Australia, indicate the need for further studies of these haemoproteids in thelatter country. Such studies might well reveal synonymy, but as the present parasitecannot be referred with certainty to any of those already described from closelyrelated or other hosts, it must be accorded provisional recognition as a distinctspecies. The name allotted to it, Haemoproteus clelandi n. sp., recognizes the contributionsof Professor J. BURTON CLELAND to our knowledge of Australian haematozoa.,"Haemoproteus johnstoni n. sp. (PI. II. Figs. 20-27).P1osts: Woodfordia superciliosa ( 1/1): Zosterops rellne/liana (I, I ).Erythrocytes of W. superci/iosa normally measure 10.2 to 11.8 fl (av., 11.0 fl.)by 5.5 to 7.3 fl (av., 6.2 fl.). When parasitized by this haemoproteid they becomedistended lengthwise, measuring 11.4 to 13.3 fl (av.. 12.2 fl.) by 5.1 to 7.5 fl (av.. 6.3 fl).The percentage increase in length is II 0 0, but the \\'idth is not significantly altered.Lateral displacement of toc nucleus had taken place in 25 (50 ~o) of the parasitizedcells measured. Only five of the 25 displaced nuclei had moved altogether beyond thecentral third of the erythrocyte. and only one of them was in contact with the ceIlmembrane.Normal red cells of Z. renlle/liana measure 10.2 to 12.4 fl. (av.. 11.4 fl) by 5.9 to7.3 fl (av., 6.5 fl). parasitized ones 11.2 to 13.1 ~t (av.. 12.4 fl.) by 5.5 to 7.1 fl (av..6,3 fl.). In this case the percentage increase in length amounts to 9 °0' and once againthere is scarcely any effect on the width of the cell. Lateral displacement of the nucleushad taken place in 28 (56 () 0) of 50 infected cells. but only eight of the 22 displacednuclei had moved right out of the central third of the erythrocyte. and none of themwere touching the cell membrane .• Parasites from the two hosts differed slightly in regard to the number of pigmentgra,\~es (see below). but agreement between them was otherwise complete. Thedescription which follows was made from one of the J·Voodfordia slides.Developing and mature gametocytes occupy all the space on one side of the nucleusbetween this structure and the cell membrane. None of them are of irregular outline.A distinctive type of gametocyte. which occurs plentifully. is illustrated in Figs. 22(microgametocyte) and 27 (macrogametocyte). These parasites engulf. or all but engulf,the host cell nucleus. The rounded outline of their extremities is lost, the side

of the body on the outermost side of the surrounded nucleus becoming concave sothat a lens-shaped area is enclosed between this face and the host cell membrane ofthe same side. A second type of gametocyte has rounded ends (Figs. 2~, 21, 23-26)enclosing the ends of the host cell nucleus which is sometimes all but encircled(Fig. 26). No examples of complete encirclement could be found. The cytoplasm ofmicrogametocytes. like that of the two species already described, appears whitishafter Giemsa. but the faintly staining nucleus, unlike that of the others, is elongateand highly diffuse (Figs. 20-22, 24. 25). Macrogametocytes have alveolar, bluestainingcytoplasm. Their reddish nucleus is sometimes poorly differentiated (Fig. 26),although it usually appears more or less rectangular and stretches right across thebody (Figs. 23,27). Microgametocytes measure 12.5 to 17.9 fL (av., 14.1 fL) by 1.8 to3.1 fL Cav .. 2.4 f.l) and macrogametocytes 12.9 to 19.5 f.l (av., 14.8 f.l) by 2.1 to 3.4 f.l(av., 2.5 f-l). When two parasites are present in an erythrocyte their individual identityis retained. The pigment granules are dot-like, oval or (most commonly) rod-shaped.Granule counts were made for 50 male and 50 female gametocytes from each of thehosts. -W. superciliosa Microgametocytes, 10 to 17 (av., 13)Macrogametocytes, 14 to 23 (av., 18)Z. rennel/iana Microgametocytes, 8 to 14 (av., 12)Macrogametocytes, 15 to 19 (av., 16)This parasite has much smaller gametocytes than H. galatheae. from which it alsodiffers in having a large proportion of rod-shaped pigment granules, in lacking alarge vacuole and in never completely filling the host cell. It agrees with H. clelandiin the last three features and is of much the same size as this species. from which,however. it differs in several respects - its more abundant pigment, the diffuse, elongatenucleus of the microgametocyte. the common occurrence of forms in which the sidemost distant from the host cell membrane is highly concave, and the close contactestablished with the membrane and nucleus of the host cell.JOH:-;STOIlO (1910) and CLELAND & JOHNSTON (1910) found a "Halteridium" in theblood of (Zosterops caerulescens) C~ Z. I. lateralis, from various parts of Australia,The description of the organism was confined to statements that it occupied one sideand most of the ends of the host cell, and that both granules and small rods of pigmentwere formed. Several other instances of haemoproteid infection have since beenrecorded from white-eyes. MATHIS & LEGER (1910) found a Haemoproteus in Zosteropssimplex in Tonkin, reporting that the species, which is characterized by fine andnumerous pigment granules, neither enlarges the host cell nor displaces its nucle,lJs,OGAWA (19i2) failed to describe the Haemoproteus which he found in ZosJeropsjaponica in Japan. but OGAWA & UEGAKI (1927) provided notes on a species fromZosterops palpebrosa peguensis in Formosa. This parasite encircles the nucleus of thehost cell, which is not hypertrophied. Its pigment granules are large and yellow, notblack like those of the present species, and from the illustrations of OGAWA & UEGAKI(Their PI. 2, Figs. 9 and 10) it seems that gametocytes of both sexes have about 20granules. Finally, CHAKRAVARTY & KAR (1945) accorded the name of Haemoproteus

Many small, unsheathed microfilariae are present in two blood films from theWhite-collared Kingfisher shot at Te-Uhungango. They are broadly rounded an-•zosteropsi to a species from Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa at Calcutta. Maturegametocytes of H. zosteropsi are oval to halter-shaped, their dimensions ranging up to13.2 by 5.5 fJa They completely fill the host erythrocyte, the nucleus of which is pushedto one side. CHAKRAVARTY and KAR omitted to mention the numbers of pigmentgranules. Their illustrations show that these are more numerous than in the presentspecies, gametocytes of 'Which are lenger and narro\'.er than those of H. ::osteropsi.The haemoproteid of Rennell \'.hite·cyes clearly differs from those described byCHAKRAVARTY & KAR (1945), OGAWA & UEGAKI (1927) and MATHIS & LEGER (1910).JOHNSTON & CLElAl\D (1910) did not provide enough data on the Haemoproteus ofZosterops I. latera/is for comparative purposes, although such facts as they didpublish are certainly not a variance with the description presented herein. It is evidentthat the parasite under discussion cannot be allocated to any known species onthe available information, and it is named Haemoproteus jollIIstolli n. sp. after thelate Professor T. HARVEY JOI-INSTO"'l who made many discoveries concerning theparasi tology of Australian animals.Atoxoplasma paddae (Aragao, 191 I) (PI. II, Figs. 2!1 and 29).Hosts: rVoodfordia superciliosa (I !3); Zosterops rellllelliana (I i I).This widely distributed parasite of uncertain affinities occurs in lymphocytes andm~>nocytes (Figs. 28. 29) of various birds. Multiplication is by binary fission, few(usually two) division products being present in a single host cell. If the latter is alymphocyte, these division products commonly lie on opposite sides of its nucleus,which becomes deeply indented. Large forms occurring singly are more often seen.They are characteristically sausage-shaped (Fig. 28), and because of their weakstaining reaction it is often difficult to differentiate them from the surroundingcytoplasm of the host cel!.1 dlthough sometimes they are thrown into relief by amarginal clear zone (Fig. 29) presumably caused by shrinkage. The nucleus exhibitsnumerous granules including a karyosome which stains a brighter pink than the rest.The following measurements were derived from large. solitary parasites from the n."ohosts. -W. superciliosa 5.1 to 10.7 fL (av .. !I.I fL) by .2.9 to 4.4 [J. (a\ .. 3.!I f-l)Z. rellllellialla 6.7 to 10.2 fL (av .. g,4 fL) by 2.6 to 4.g fL (av .. 3.7 fL)It is not proposed to deal further wi t h A toxoplasma paddae in this contribution,as an account of the parasite from several South Pacific hosts - chiefly members ofthe Zosteropidae - is in press (Journal of Parasitology) .•••NEMATODAMicrofilaria hruulli n. sp. (PI. 11, Figs. 30-35).Host: Halcyon chloris amoena (I: I).

and taper posteriorly, the caudal extremity sometimes appearing hooked~eriorly(Figs. 30,31,34). Fifty of them measured 56.5 to 106.6 !L (av., 79.0 IL) by 3.0 to5.0 !L (av., 4.0 fL). Just behind the anterior end the nuclei of the somati:: cells divideto enclose a U-shaped space (Figs. 32, 35). A prominent central body, which stainsless deeply than the surrounding nuclei, is always apparent. The nerve ring (Figs. 30,31) is seldom evident, but the excretory and first and second genital cells usually are.Relative distances of these structures from the anterior end, expressed as percentages(to the nearest whole number) of overall length, are as follows. -Nerve ring ............. 21 ~~ (18-24 /~)Excretory cell .......... , 34 ~.~ (31-38 %)Central body ........... 62 /'~ (58-67 %)First genital cell . . . . . . . .. 73 /~ (70-77 %)Second genital cell ...... 85 ~~ (81-88 (~)Microfilariae have been recorded from Halcyon smyrnemisfusca in Portuguese India(VALLES. 1938), and adult Filarioidea are known from several kingfishers of thisgenus. Thus Diplotriaena sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916, parasitizes H. senegaloides (ref.from YORKE & MAPlEsTOsE. 1926). and VUYlSTEKE (1953) described Te(racheilonemarodhailli from another African host, H. alhiventris orientalis. JOHNSTON & MAwsdN(1940) proposed the name of Hamatospiculum hOll'ense for a parasite of Halcyonragan!> from Lord Howe Island, and another even more pertinent Pacific record isthat of TUBASGUI (1934), who described Hamato.lpiculum leticiae from a PhilippineIslands subspecies of Halc~roll chloris. As adult worms were not collected from theRennell subspecies, its parasite cannot be linked with any of these. In any event, thespecies in question is not characterized by strict host specificity, for filarial larvaeagreeing in all respects with those from H. chloris amoena occur in the blood ofZoster0f!s flarifrons majuscula on the island of Aneityum, New Hebrides (originalobservation). Morphologically similar microfilariae were reported from a Sudanesehornbill and guinea fowl by NEAVE (1906), who gave their length as 65 to 105 !Land stated that "spots 2 and 3" (the excretory cell and central body) arc constantlyevident at 33.4 ~ 0 and 59.3 ~.~ of the overall length from the anterior end.The Pacific species described herein is assigned to the genus Microfilaria Cobbold.a name used as a collective designation for young larval Filarioidea, especially whenfound in the blood (YORKE & MAPLESTONE, 1926). It is proposed to call it Microfilariabruuni n. sp. in recognition of Dr. ANTON FR. BRUUN'S scientific leadership ofthe Galathea Expedition.TYPE MATERIALThe type slides of Haemoproteus galatheae. H. c1elandi. H. johnstoni and Microfilariahruuni. have been deposited in the collection of the Dominion Museum,Wellington, New Zealand.••

•DISCUSSIONAedes alboli"eatus, Culex halifaxi and C. (Lophoceraomyia) sp. were previously unknownfrom Bellona, and A. albolineatus, C. annulirostris and C. squamosus had notbeen collected on Rennell. Five of the eight species of mosquitoes now known from thetwo islands - Anopheles jarauti, Aedes albolineatus. Culex halifaxi. C. allnulirostrisand C. squamosus - are common to New Guinea (BICK, 1951) and Guadalcanal,British Solomon Islands Protectorate (BELKIN, 1945). A. albilabris is restricted to theSolomons, and A. s. scutellaris, which occurs in New Guinea and the New Hebrides.is not known from the Solomon Islands north of Rennell and Bellona. MARKS (1954)quoted HALE-CARPENTER for the information that Rennellese butterflies of the genusEuploea differ considerably from those of other islands of the Solomons. the evidenceindicating that at least some of the insect fauna of Rennell was derived from thecastern tip of New Guinea via the louisiade Archipelago. She drew attention to thedesirability of confirming earlier records of A. s. scutellaris from Rennell. and hassince (p. c .. 1954) examined males from the present collection and established thatthey are definitely referable to this species. Two of the other mosquitoes of the island,All. jarauti and C. alll1u/iroslris. are also found in the New Hebrides and NewGuinea but occur elsewhere in the Solomons as well. while "Culex hilli huxtolli" istisfed from both the latter Group and the New Hebrides. The last three records thus"add nothing to the theory that Rennell and Bellona have acted as stepping stonesbetween New Guinea and the New Hebrides.1t is true that three of the four mosquitoes not found in the New Hebrides (A. albalineatus,C. halifaxi and C. SqIlQI1l0SIIS) might have reached Rennell equally easilyfrom eastern New Guinca or the Solomons proper. but A. albilabris could only havecome from an island of the l;;tter group. However. human agency may well ha,'ebrought about the southward dispersal of this container-breeding species. lanae ofwhich common Iv occur in coconut husks and c,'en in brackish water at thebottom of canoes (c. g., station nO. 238). Such habits obviously favour accidentaltransportation, and the Rennellese have a tradition of inter-island \ oyaging(FIRTH, 1931).LAMBERT (1949). having quoted evidence that malaria had been introduced intoRennell between 1933 and 1937. feIt it necessary to assume that "As trading vesselswere prohibited. a government or mission vessel may have carried anophelines" tothe island. Such an assumption is only required if LAMBERT'S failure to find anophelinesthere in 1930 or 1933 is regarded as proof positive of the absence of thesemm'luitoes at that time. It is of course quite possible that anophelism withoutmalaria prevailed on this isolated island until parasite introductions took place inthe early nineteen-thirties. and that LAMBERT simply o\erlooked the occurrence ofanophelines. This is the more likely in that BLACK (J 952) made a prolonged searchbefore finding his only larval habitat for Anopheles jarauti (at Niupani. betw~cn thegrassy margin of the lake and a moored canoe): while during the nresent suney,despite the fact that malaria proved rife at Lavanggu. a three-hour search in thevillage and its vicinity yielded neither adult nor larval anophelines, and only a single229

-oreeding site (apparently the selfsame one found by BLACK in the previous year)was discovered in upwards of three hours' collecting at Niupani.It must also be pointed out that LAMBERT (1931) made no mention of bloodexaminations for Plasmodium at Rennell, and concluded that malaria was absent as"no evidence of the disease was found there, either in the histories or by spleenexamination." Falciparum malaria. although not necessarily marked by pronouncedsplenomegaly (KITCHEN, 1949a), would certainly have been indicated by the histories.Nevertheless, there is a possibility that at least one form of the disease was endemic atthe time of his visit, for splenomegaly is less evident in P. malariae infections than inthose due to P. vivax (KITCHEN, 1949b). The remaining two, if not all three, parasitescould have become established following gametocyte introductions before the islandwas declared a closed district in 1936, during the Pacific war, or since 1950 - when,according to BLACK (1952), the Administration granted the Rennellese permissionto leave home to seek employment elsewhere in the Solomons.Rennell and Bellona being raised coral islands, natural drainage is highly efficient.An almost complete absence of permanent surface water (always excepting thebrackish Lake Te-Nggano) limits the choice of larval habitats in the areas visited,and most of the larvae collected were discovered in natural and artificial conta; nersof various kinds (Table I). Brackish water in coral pools or containers frequentlyyields larvae on the coasts of both islands. It is of considerable interest that all Sutone of the species recorded (c. halifaxi) were found at one time or another in suchwater. This is a decidedly unusual circumstance for some of them, but obviously anability to tolerate some degree of brackish conditions is almost a prerequisite formosquitoes undergoing dispersal to islands isolated by the ocean. Larvae of A. s. scute/larisfrom station no. 246 and of C. (Lophoceraomyia) sp. from station no. 238exhibited anal papillae of below normal size in response to the brackish nature oftheir environment.The.. absence of blood parasites from the reptiles examined at Bellona is notsurprising in view of the small numbers dealt with, and failure to record eitherhaematozoa or gill epibionts from Rennellese marine fishes is in general accord withresults elsewhere in the tropical Pacific (LAIRD, 1958). Howcver, the fact that only 16birds of I J species shot on Rennell Island should yield six species of blood parasitesreferable to four genera, suggests that a more leisurely survey might reveal a richand diverse haematozoan fauna. It should be understood that individual avian bloodparasites are often widely distributed and not characterized by strict host specificity.Among the species found on Rennell Trypanosoma paddae and Aloxoplama paddaemay be cited in this connection, and as is evident from the descriptions of the ~hreespecies of Haemoproteus our knowledge of this genus is highly incompletc anil futureresearch is likely to reveal considerable synonymity. It may be mentioned thatHaemoproteus clelandi and H. johnJtoni. like Microfilaria hruulli. occur elsewhere (inthe New Hebrides: original observation). Our findings from other parts of theSouth Pacific are been published separately.

•SUMMARY..Aedes s. scutellaris (Walker), A. albolineatus (TheobaJd), A. albilabris Edwards,Culex halifax; Theobald and C. (Lophoeeraomyia) sp. occur on Bellona and (withthe exception of C. halifaxi) Rennell, where Anopheles farauti Laveran, Culex annuliroslrisSkuse and C. squamosus (Taylor) are found as well. The avian blood parasitesTrypanosoma paddae Laveran & Mesnil and Aloxoplasma paddadAragao) are recordedfrom Rennell (from Woodfordia supereiliosa and this species and Zosterops rennellianarespectively), as are four new species. - Haemoproteus gafatheae n. sp. (fromThreskiornis mo/ueea pygmaeus) , H. cle/andi n. sp. (from M),zomela eardinalis sanfordi), H. johnstoni n. sp. (from Woodfordia superciliosa and Zosterops rennelfialla)and Microfilaria hruuni n. sp. (from Halcyon chloris amoena). Each haematozoanis described in detail and its relationships considered.ACK NOWLEDGMENTSThanks are due Drs. R.A.FALLA (Dominion Museum. Wellington. New Zealand),WALTER BROWN (Stanford University) and HENRY W. FOWLER (Academy of NaturalSciences of Philadelphia) for their kind assistance in identifying birds, reptiles andfishes respectively. also to Dr. ELIZABETH N. MARKS (Uni'\ersity of Queensland) forexamining our specimens of Aedes (Stegomyia) s. scutcllaris.REFERENCESBELKIN. 1. N., 1945: A revised list of the common mosquitoes of Guadalcanal withnotes on bionomics. - Cyc10styled report. U.S. 420th Medical Composite Unit:1-9.BICK, G. H., 1951: The ecology of the mosquito larvae of New Guinea. - PacificScience, 5, 4 : 392-431.BLACK, R. H., 1952: A survey of malaria in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.- South Pacitlc Commission, Techn. Paper 33 : 1-27.BRADLEY, D. & T. WOLFF, 1956: 7. The birds of Rennell Island. - The Natural Historyof Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands. 1 : 85-120.BREINl, A., 1913: Parasilic protozoa encountered in the blood of Australian nativeanimals. - Rep. Austral. Inst. Trop. Med. for 1911: 30-38.BRVMPT, E., 1935: Au sujet de la pretendue schizogonie regressive des gametes femeliesd'Hae/noprotcus raddac: presentation de preparations. - Bull. Soc. Path.exot., 28, 3 : 144-154 .. CHAKRAVARTY, M. & A. B. KAR, 1945: Studies on Haemosporidia from Indian birds.Series II. - Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci .. B, 22, 2 : 63-69.CLELAND, 1.B .. 1915: The haematoloa of Australian birds. No.3. - Tr. and Proc.Roy. Soc. South Australia, 39 : 25-37.231

CLELAND, J. B. 1922: The parasites of Australian birds. - Tr. and Proc. Roy. Soc.Soulh Australia, 46 : 85-118.CLELA:-';D, J. B. and T. H. JOH:-;STON, 1909: Descriptions of new haemopJZ)tozoa frombirds in New South Wales ... - J. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N. South Wales, 43, I : 75-96.- 1910: The haematozoa of Australian birds. No. I. Tr. and Proc. Roy. Soc. SouthAustralia, 34 : 100-114.- 1912: The haematozoa of Australian birds. No.2. - J. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N.South Wales. 45 : 415-444.COATNEY, G. R. 1938: Some blood parasites from birds of the Lake Okaboji region.­Am. Midland Nat .. 20, 2 : 336-340.COATNEY, G. R. & R. L. ROUDABUSH. 1937: Some blood parasites from Nebraskabirds. - Am. Midland Nat., 18, 6 : 1005-1030.- 1938: Some blood parasites from Nebraska birds - II. - Am. Midland Nat.,19,3 : 601-612.DANILEWSKY, B., 1885: Zur Parasitologie des Blutes. - Bio!. Centralbl. S, 17 : 529-537.- 1889: La parasitologie comparee du sang. l. Nouvelles recherches sur les parasitesdu sang des oiseaux. - Darre. Kharkov.DAVID, R .. 1912: Trypanosomes of birds, in Maya, E. and R. David, Blood parasitesof birds. - Ann. Rep. Bact. Lab .. Port Louis (Mauritius), for 1911 : 16-19.DAVIS, H. S., 1947: Studies on the protozoan parasites of fresh-water fishes. - U t~.Dept. Interior, Fish. Bull. 41 : 1-29.DCTTO:-;. J. E. & J. L. TODD, 1903: First report of the trypanosomiasis expedition toSenegambia (1902) ... - Liverpool School Trop. Med. Mem. 11 : I-57.EDWARDS, F.W., 1932: Diptera. Family Culicidae. - Genera Insect. 194: 1-258.FIRTH, R. W., 1931: A native voyage to Rennell. - Oceania 2, 2 : 179-190.HAMERTON, A. E .. 1933: Report on deaths occurring in the Society's gardens duringthe year 1932. - Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1933, 2 : 451-482.JOHNSTON. T.H., 1910: On Australian avian entozoa. - J. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N.South Wales, 44, I : 84-122.JOH,,"STON, T.H. and P. M. MAWSON, 1940: Some filarial parasites of Australianbirds. - Tr. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 64,2 : 355-361.KITCHEN, S. F., 1949a: Falciparum malaria in Boyd's Malariology. Vol. II. - Saunders.Philadelphia.- 1949b: Quartan malaria in Boyd's Malariology. Vol. II. - Saunders, Philadelphia.KOWARSKI, T., M.-A. PASQUIER, G. PIETTE & M.J. NOUVEL, 1937: Recherche d'unparasite endoglobulaire du genre Haemoproteus chez diverses especes d'oiseauxdu parc zoologique du bois de Vincennes. Ann. Parasitol., 15, 6 : 529-536.LAIRD, M .. 1956: Studies of mosquitoes and freshwater ecology in the South Pa~ific.~ CI,- Roy. Soc. N.Z. Bull. No.6: 1-213.- 1958: Parasites of South Pacific fishes. I. Introduction, and haematozoa. - Can.J. Zoo!., 36 : 153-165.LAIRD, M. and E. LAIRD, 1956: 5. Account of a visit to Bellona and Rennell in August,1953. - The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands1 : 65-71.

• . ,.LAMBERT, S. M., 1931: Health survey of Rennell and Bellona Islands. - Oceania,2,,J. : 136-173.- 1934: I-¥:alth survey of British Solomon Islands Protectorate, 1933. - GovernmentPr!nter, Suva.1949: Malaria incidence in Australia and the South Pacific, in Boyd's Malariology,Vol. II. - Saund(!rs, Philadelphia.LAVERA]';, A., 1903: quoted by LAVERAN, A. & F. MESl':JL, 1904.LAVERAN, A. & F. MESNIL, 1904, Trypanosomes et trypanosomiases. - Masson, Paris.MARKS, E. N., 1954: A review of the Aedes scutellaris subgroup with a study ofvariation in Aedes pseudoscutellaris (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae). - Bull. Brit.Mus. (Nat. Hisl.), Entomol.. 3, 10 : 349-414.- 1954: Personal communication.MATHIS, e. & M. LEGER, 1910: Sur des Haemoproteus de quelques oiseaux du Tonkin.- Bull. Soc. Path. Exol.. 3, 10 : 704-70~.MAYR, E., 1945; Birds of the southwest Pacific. Macmillan, New York.DE MELLO, I. F. & L.DA FO!'JSECA, 1937: Further notes on the haemoparasitology ofthe Indian birds. - Proc. Indian Acad. Sc .. B. 6, 4 : 213-219.MINCHI],;, E. A., 1910: Report on a collection of blood parasites made by the SleepingSickness Commission 1908-09, in Uganda. - Rep. Sleep. Sick. Com. Roy. Soc.,• 10: 73-86.NEAVE, S.H.M., 1906: Report of travelling pathologist and naturalist. - 2. Rep.Wellcome Research lab. : 183-204.Novy, F.G. & W.J. MACNEAL. 1905: On the trypanosomes of birds. - J. Infect. Dis.,2, 2 : 256-308.OGAWA, M., 1912: Notizen iiber die blutparasitischen Protozoen bei japanischenVogeln. - Arch. Protistenk., 24, 2 : 119-126.OGAWA, M. & J.UEGAKI, 1927: Beobachtungen iiber die Blutprotozoen bei TierenFormosas. - Arch. Protistenk., 51, 1 : 14-30.O'ROKE, E. e., 1929: The morphology of Haemoproteus lophortyx sp. nov. - Science,10 : 432.- 1930: The morphology, transmission, and life history of Haemoproteus lophortyxO'Roke, a blood parasite of the California Valley Quail. - Univ. Calif. PublicationsZoo)., 36, 1 : I-50.ORTEGA, J.e. & J.G. BERENGUER, 1950: Haemoproteus aviares. - Rev. Iber. Parasit..10 : 141-185.PERRY, W. J .. 1946: Keys to the larval and adult mosquitoes of Espiritu Santo (NewHebrides) with notes on thei r bionomics. - Pan-Pacific Ent., 22: 9-18 .PUMMER,•..H.G .. 1912: Report on the deaths which occurred in the Zoological gardens._ "-during 1911. - Proc. Zoo]. Soc. London. 1912; 1 : 235-240.- 1915: Report on the deaths which occurred in the Zoological gardens during1914, together with a list of the blood-parasites found during the year. - Proc.Zool. Soc. London, 1915, I : 123-130.ROFEN, R. R., 1958: 10. The marine fishes of Rennell Island. - The Natural Historyof Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, 1 ; 149-218.

; /.:.S~ONE, A., 1947: A topotypic male of Aedes scutellaris (Walker) (Diptera, Culicidae).- Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 49: 85.cTENDEIRO, J., 1946: Cited by Tendeiro, J., 1947. ..1947: Acerca dos hematozoarios de algumas aves da Guine Portuguesa. - Rev.Med. Vet., Lisboa, 42, 323 : 285-350.THIROUX, A., 1904: Sur un nouveau trypanosome des oiseaux. - Compo Rend. Acad.Sc .• Paris, 139, 2 : 145-148.TUBANGUI, M. A., 1934: Nematodes in the collection of the Philippine bureau ofscience, II. Filarioidea. - Philippine J. Sc., 55, 2 : 115-122.VALLES, C. T., 1938: Further statement on the blood parasites of the Indian birds.Arq. Escola Med.-Cirurg. Nova Goa, Ser. A, 12 : 309-314.VUYLSTEKE, C. 1953: Nematodes parasites d'oiseaux, in Exploration du Pare Nationalde l'Upemba ... - Brussels. 17, I : 1-41.WOLFF, T .• 1956: 4. Rennellese names of animals. - The Natural History of RennellIsland, British Solomon Islands, 1 : 59-63.YORKE, W. & P.A.MAPLESTONE. 1926: The nematode parasites of vertebrates. -Blakiston's, Philadelphia.ADDENDUMSince this paper was submitted for publication. we have learned that further collectionsof mosquitoes were made on Bellona and Rennell in 1956, by Mr. E. S. Brown andDr. 1. de Beaux. This material was submitted to Dr. 1. N. Belkin of the University ofCalifornia, who proposes to discuss it in his forthcoming book OIl the mosquitoes ofthe South Pacific.oEXPLANATION OF THE PLATESPLATE 1(All figures X 2, 850)Figs. 1-3. Trypanosoma paddae Laveran & Mesnil, from Woodfordia superciliosa North.Figs. 4-13. Haemoproteus galatheae n. sp., from Threskiornis molucca p)'gmaeus Mayr.Figs. 14-19. Haemoproteus clelandi n. sp., from Myzomelll cardillo lis sanfordi Mayr.PLATE II(Figures 20-29 X 2,850; figures 30-35 X I, 150)Figs. 20-23. Haemoproteus johnstoni n. sp .. from Zusterops rennel/iana Murphy.Figs. 24-27. Haemoproteus johnstoni n. sp., from Woodfordia superciliosa North.Figs. 28, 29. Atoxoplasma pllddae (Aragao), from Woodfordia superciliosa North.Figs. 30-35. Microfilaria hruuni n. sp., from Halcyon chloris amoena Mayr.

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