Appendix K-7 (PDF) - New York State Department of Environmental ...

Photograph 4.104. East elevation of Town Hall, Association Island (Panamerican
2008).
Photograph 4.105. North and west elevations of Town Hall (Panamerican 2008).
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Photograph 4.106. Intact section of allee of deciduous trees along Association
Lane, south of Ontario Lodge, Association Island (Panamerican 2008).
Photograph 4.107. East façade of Ontario Lodge & Towers (Panamerican 2008).
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Photograph 4.108. East façade of Ontario Lodge & Towers (Panamerican 2008).
Photograph 4.109. East façade of Ontario Towers (Panamerican 2008).
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Photograph 4.110. West façade of Ontario Lodge & Towers, Association Island
(Panamerican 2008).
Photograph 4.111. Association Lane with North Bath House and Olympic Lodge
& Towers (Panamerican 2008).
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Photograph 4.112. East and north elevations of North Bath House (Bath House
No. 2) (Panamerican 2008).
Photograph 4.113. South and east elevations of North Bath House (Panamerican
2008).
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Photograph 4.114. Clubhouse (modified former Hospital building), south
elevation (see Figure 4.32), Association Island (Panamerican 2008)
Photograph 4.115. Clubhouse (modified former Hospital building), south
elevation, with allee of trees intact at left, Association Island (Panamerican 2008).
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Photograph 4.116. Modified former Hospital building, northern wing at right (see
Figure 4.32), Association Island (Panamerican 2008).
Photograph 4.117. Olympic Marina on east side of Association Island, Henderson
Harbor, facing northeast (Panamerican 2008).
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Photograph 4.118. Skeet shoot high house at north end of Association Island
(Panamerican 2008).
Photograph 4.119. “Sunset Cottages” at Association Island (Panamerican 2008).
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Photograph 4.120. Residence and stone foundation on Snowshoe Island
(Panamerican 2008).
Photograph 4.121. Large fieldstone fireplace on Snowshoe Island, once part of
the Associated Island Camp (Panamerican 2008).
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4.4 GRENADIER ISLAND, TOWN OF CAPE VINCENT
Grenadier Island is an approximately 1,290-acre island located near the northeastern end
of Lake Ontario at the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River, two miles from Mud Bay in Cape
Vincent, New York. The island is 2.3 miles long and 1.4 miles wide. It has two main roads:
Grenadier Island Road #1, which extends southwesterly from Harbor Basin (at the northeastern
corner of the island) and follows the southern shoreline; and Grenadier Island Road #3, which
extends west from Harbor Basin near the northern shoreline of the island. A pond is located in
the center of the island. Almost the entire island is within the 10-mile APE viewshed except for a
narrow swath of its northern shoreline. This section provides an historic overview of Grenadier
Island.
4.4.1 Grenadier Island History. French explorers and invaders Champlain, La Salle and
Frontenac, who voyaged up the St. Lawrence River to Lake Ontario, were familiar with
Grenadier Island, as were other navigators and explorers who followed. Known to the French as
the Ile de Toniata, after the Native American community in the region at that time, the island is
referenced in numerous French documents (Stanley 1976). It was also known as the “Ile aux
Chevreuil” after French roe deer (Casler 1906:126). The island more than likely served as a
temporary stopping place for early lake travelers (Emerson 1898). After the American
Revolution in 1783, the Mississaugas sold their rights to the land to the Indian Department
(Stanley 1976). In 1791, the Grenadier and Fox islands, then included in the township of Cape
Vincent, were purchased by Alexander Macomb. Over the years, Grenadier Island became a
haven for smugglers. As early as 1803 Samuel English and Hezekiah Barrett had petitioned the
legislature for a patent for Grenadier Island, but it was then uncertain whether it was within the
jurisdiction of New York State, hence the request could not be granted (Emerson 1898).
In 1807, the United States passed the Embargo Act restricting trade across the Canadian
border. During the subsequent embargo period smugglers sought refuge on Grenadier Island.
At the onset of War of 1812, Grenadier Island was situated along the common thoroughfare
between Cape Vincent and the lower St. Lawrence area (and also between Cape Vincent,
Sackets Harbor and Oswego), which conveyed both settlers to the region as well as others who
left the area because of the uncertainties of war. By the fall of 1813, the island served as the
rendezvous for Major General James Wilkinson's Army prior to his disastrous expedition down
the St. Lawrence to capture Montréal (Emerson 1898). It took Wilkinson two months to
assemble his force (ranging between 8,000 and 10,000 men) on the island due to harsh
weather conditions. His troops encountered severe storms and, by late October, the shores of
Lake Ontario were reportedly “strewn with stranded scows” (Stanley 1978; Lossing 1869).
Wilkinson's entire fleet of boats sought refuge from the severe weather at Basin Harbor, at the
eastern end of the island. Formed by the wash of gravel and sand, the harbor is landlocked by
the mainland on the north and Fox Island on the east. The harbor “is deep enough for any
vessel that sailed the lake and large enough to hold all of them” (Bedford 1998:8-9). The
Bedford family, early settlers of the island who operated a tavern from a window of their
dwelling, boarded the principal officers while the troops camped near Basin Harbor (Bedford
1998:9). An unidentified disease is reported to have killed many soldiers on the island, as well
as their host, Cornelius Bedford (Bedford 1998:9). Deceased soldiers were buried bare in the
shallow soils of the island (Bedford 1998:9). The troops stayed for almost a year on the island.
An account from the period in the Bedford Journal claimed the Army had “completely
devastated all improvements on the island, killed all the cattle and hogs and poultry and even
horses for fresh meat, destroyed fences and out houses although the officers forbid [sic] and
ordered them to meddle with anything that did not belong to them” (Bedford 1998:9).
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Before the construction of the Erie Canal, the island’s Basin Harbor served as a layover
for vessels transporting produce from the west to eastern markets down the St. Lawrence River
to Quebec and then to England (Bedford 1998:9). Rafts carrying square timber and staves for
casks and barrels from the dense forest surrounding the lake also harbored in the basin before
heading eastern markets. In 1819, the line dividing Canada and New York was established.
Grenadier Island was patented to Hezekiah B. Pierrepont, Joshua Waddington and Thomas L.
Ogden on October 1, 1824. On November 10, 1824 title to the island became vested in
Pierrepont, who sold it (and Cherry Island) to William and Gerardus Post, of New York, on
February 19, 1825 for $7,000. The Posts sold land to settlers, despite the number of squatters
who had taken up residence on the island and who were reluctant to vacate their improvements
(Emerson 1898).
The pioneer of Grenadier Island is supposed to have been John Mitchell, a squatter, who
built a cabin after the War of 1812 (Emerson 1898). At the time the Posts assumed ownership,
there were at least 14 families living on the island. The inhabitants were engaged in lumbering,
limited farming, and fishing. The island changed ownership several times. In 1822, there were
approximately 20 families residing on the island. A log school house was built that year near
Basin Harbor on the island’s main north-south road. In 1823, Grenadier Island was surveyed
and recorded as comprising 1,290 acres. By the mid-nineteenth century the island had a cheese
factory. The fishing industry prospered in northeastern Lake Ontario during the nineteenth
century, as thousands of barrels of fish were annually taken with seines and nets located off the
shores of Grenadier Island. By the last decade of end of the nineteenth century, the extensive
fisheries had dissolved.
Grenadier Island reportedly served as a station on the Underground Railroad. Central and
Northern New York were part of the Underground Railroad, as the cities of Syracuse and
Oswego were the hubs of New York’s freedom trail. Fugitives would travel to Cape Vincent and
other local areas to cross over to Canada. According to Nellie Casler, former historian for the
Town of Cape Vincent, the island had a safe house with a hidden room for fugitive slaves
(Casler 1906). The safe house’s location on the island has not been formally investigated. The
Great Lakes Seaway Trail has recognized Grenadier Island’s association with the Underground
Railroad in one of its history lessons for the Learning on the Great Lakes Seaway Trail program
(Sullivan nd:3).
During the 1870s the island contained at least a dozen farmsteads “varying in size from 32
to 190 acres.” Each farm reportedly had an orchard. During the 1880s, the island became a
popular summer tourist destination. The farmers on the island supported the tourist industry with
produce, as well as producing milk for Jefferson County’s flourishing cheese industry. A new
one-room frame school with an outhouse was constructed in the late nineteenth century in the
center of the island on the main road. This building is not the ca. 1822 schoolhouse of log
construction, which stood farther east, closer to Basin Harbor. The school is still extant (Figure
4.41). By 1893, there were seven structures and one main road on the island (Figure 4.40).
Development of the Thousand Islands region as a recreational destination at the end of
the nineteenth century was evidenced at Grenadier Island in 1902 by the construction of
Halcyon Point at the northeastern tip of the island. Edward B. Talcott of New York built an
impressive estate as his summer home (Casler 1906:127). Talcott had visited Cape Vincent and
its vicinity for twenty years before he purchased a nearly mile long tract along of waterfront on
Grenadier Island (Casler 1906:127). In addition to his home, he constructed a building for
helpers and guides, cold storage, a boathouse, and a wharf. Mrs. Josephine Weeks and her
husband, Judge Bartow S. Weeks, improved what became the Moro Estate at Halcyon Point for
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a reported quarter of a million dollars (Thousand Islands Sun 1952). The one time “magnificent”
stone Moro Castle with its “luxurious furnishings” became one of the finest estates in Eastern
Lake Ontario (Thousand Islands Sun 1952). In 1952, the 101-acre estate was purchased by the
local firm of Wagoner & Holman and was then placed at auction (Watertown Times 1952). Avid
fisherman and duck hunter William L. Clay of Rochester, New York, purchased the estate and
Basin Harbor at auction for $5,500 (Thousand Islands Sun 1952). The contents of the house
were also auctioned off.
Figure 4.40. Grenadier Island, Cape Vincent, Jefferson County (USGS 1895
[surveyed 1893] 15’ Quadrangle).
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Figure 4.41. Grenadier Island School House, Grenadier Island, Cape Vincent
(Wikipedia 2008).
Grenadier Island Grassland. Grenadier Island Grassland Preserve is an approximately
400-acre nature preserve, which encompasses roughly 31 percent of the island (Figures 4.42
and 4.43). It is an important part of the nesting bird and raptor habitats of this large island
(Thousand Islands Land Trust [TILT] 2008). The preserve has little human disturbance,
extensive grasslands, and abundant food sources for bird habitats.
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Figure 4.42. TILT’s Grenadier Island Grassland Preserve (Jefferson County Planning
Department 2007).
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Figure 4.43. Grenadier Island Grassland, Cape Vincent, Jefferson County (Thousand
Island Land Trust 2007).
4.4.2 Grenadier Island Previous Architectural Investigations. Two historic resources
on Grenadier Island were previously surveyed as part of an architectural investigation
conducted for the St. Lawrence Wind Project (TRC 2008). These resources were the
Abandoned Farm (no street number) on Grenadier Island Road #3 (USN 04505.000160; TRC
ID No. H-36) and the Uhlein House at 2533 Grenadier Island Road #1 (USN 04505.00016061;
TRC ID No H-37). The St. Lawrence Wind Project five-mile APE included only the northeastern
half of the island.
The Abandoned Farm on Grenadier Island Road #3 (USN 04505.000160; Figure 4.44)
was determined NRE under Criterion A for its association with the development of Grenadier
Island and its once prosperous agricultural community (Bonafide 2008). The abandoned farm is
locally identified as the “Humphrey Farm House” or otherwise known as the "Carbide House.”
Located on the northern shore of the island, the building is not within the Hounsfield Wind Farm
10-mile APE viewshed. The farm house is a ca. 1870, two-story, frame L-shaped building.
Despite its deteriorated condition, the building appears to be the best surviving example of a
frame farmhouse on Grenadier Island (see TRC 2008). Approximately a dozen farmsteads were
located on the island in the late nineteenth century. No extant buildings remain intact that
illustrate the agricultural role of the property.
NYSOPRHP determined the Uhlein House at 2533 Grenadier Island Road #1 (USN
04505.00016061) as “Not” NRE due to its extensive alterations that include many large modern
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additions to an original 1.5-story house (Bonafide 2008; see TRC 2008). The Uhlein house has
an associated mid-nineteenth century stone outbuilding and a large limestone chimney stack
(date unknown [Figure 4.45]). The original stone block is three-bays wide by one-bay deep with
its façade fronting east.
An incomplete copy of a cultural resources investigation for a proposed utility corridor west
of the Basin Harbor area on file at Lyme Heritage Center, with no date or author, noted two
stone gravemarkers (Francis W. Sterling [n.d.] and Vincent Bedford[1878]) were found on the
island in the summer of 1995 (Lyme Heritage Center). The location of the graves was not
identified.
Figure 4.44. The NRE “Abandoned Farm” on Grenadier Island Road #3 (Humphrey Farm
House/Carbide House; USN 04505.000160) (Wikipedia 2008).
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Figure 4.45. Uhlein House at 2533 Grenadier Island Road #1 (USN
04505.00016061) (TRC 2008).
4.4.3 Conclusion. As noted, the current architectural investigation was limited to archival
research. A site visit was not conducted on Grenadier Island as part of the 10-mile APE study.
Grenadier Island presently contains three extant nineteenth-century buildings, and
approximately eight seasonal cottages along its southern shoreline. Two of three nineteenthcentury
buildings on the island were previously surveyed (TRC 2008; see above section). The
NRE abandoned “Humphrey Farm House,” also known as the "Carbide House," is a two-story
building with a basement and an attic (see Figure 4.44). The other building is the “Stone House”
located in the northeast corner of the Island at Harbor Basin, which is part of a large seasonal
rental cottage. The “Stone House” was determined “Not” NRE due to extensive modifications.
Despite the “Not” NRE status, the property is of local interest as one of Jefferson County’s
nineteenth-century stone buildings.
“Grenadier Island School House,” the third building, is a late nineteenth-century one-room
frame school house (see Figure 4.41). It was identified in the 10-mile APE architectural
investigation. The school house is located on Grenadier Island Road in the center of the island.
It is a one-story, front-gabled rectangular block set on a stone foundation and sheathed with
clapboard. The fenestration is intact, but the original sash has been replaced. It has a rear ridge
brick chimney. Based on this initial background review, it appears “Grenadier Island School
House” is potentially NRE for its historical association with the development of Grenadier Island
and the rural school districts of Cape Vincent. It is further architecturally significant as a largely
intact example of a frame one-room school house in the Northern New York.
Overall, Grenadier Island is historically significant for its association with the War of 1812
as the headquarters and encampment for Major General James Wilkinson's Army (under NRHP
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Criteria A, B and D). The island is further significant for its role in the Underground Railroad as a
safe house for fugitive slaves (under NRHP Criteria A and possibly D).
4.4.4 Little Grenadier Island. Little Grenadier Island is a small island located east of the
northeastern corner (Harbor Basin) of Grenadier Island (Figure 4.46). The entire island is within
the 10-mile APE viewshed. It was purchased in 1897 by General Louis Fitzgerald of Garrisonon-the-Hudson,
and three men from New York City: Richard H. Halstead, Russell Murray and
George C. Andrea (Casler 1906:138). The following year, buildings were constructed by the four
men, which converted the island into a summer retreat, as was the popular trend in the region
during the late nineteenth century (Figure 4.47).
The current architectural investigation was limited to archival research; a site visit was not
conducted on Little Grenadier Island as part of the 10-mile APE study. As such, the extent and
integrity of historic resources associated with the ca. 1898 summer estate on Little Grenadier
Island is not known. Based on review of aerial photography, there appears to be a few
structures and a dock on the island.
Figure 4.46. Aerial view of Little Grenadier Island, Cape Vincent, Jefferson County
(NYSGIS Clearinghouse 2009).
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Figure 4.47. An early twentieth-century postcard of Little Grenadier Island, Cape Vincent,
New York (G.H. Glenn Publisher, NY).
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4.5 FOX ISLAND, TOWN OF CAPE VINCENT
Fox Island is an approximately 263-acre island situated roughly 0.7 mile to the east of
Grenadier Island near the northeastern end of Lake Ontario at the headwaters of the St.
Lawrence River and near the isthmus of Point Peninsula in Cape Vincent, Jefferson County
(Figure 4.48). It is a long narrow strip of land of irregular shape with one main road along its
northwestern shore, Fox Island Road #7. A vast marsh area comprises the east side of the
island. The entire island is within the 10-mile APE viewshed except for a narrow swath of its
northern shoreline. This section provides an historic overview of Fox Island.
Figure 4.48. Aerial view of Fox Island, Cape Vincent, Jefferson County, facing east (Woltz
2007).
4.5.1 Fox Island History. Fox Island was identified on early maps as “Isle aux Renard
(Fox)” (Casler 1906:137). Both Grenadier and Fox Islands were purchased by Alexander
Macomb in 1791, and were included in the Town of Cape Vincent (Casler 1906:126). The island
is historically associated with the War of 1812 and Major General James Wilkinson's Army prior
to his disastrous expedition down the St. Lawrence to capture Montréal (Emerson 1898).
Several of Wilkinson’s vessels were wrecked or stranded on Fox Island during the mid-October
storm of 1813 (Casler 1906:131). At the close of the War of 1812, Stephen Bedford, the son of
Cornelius Bedford, and his family moved from Grenadier Island to Fox Island. The family
resided in a log house on the unoccupied island for at least two winter seasons from 1815 to
1816 (Bedford 1998:11). In the spring of 1817, the Bedfords returned to Grenadier Island
(Bedford 1998:13). Furman Fish, son of Ebenezer and Anna Arnold Fish, is attributed as the
first owner of Fox Island in the late 1830s (Merchant 1946). In 1864, there were two structures
on the island associated with F.J. Fish (Beers 1864).
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In 1905, a partnership of four men consisting of Senator Elon R. Brown of Watertown,
Senator Horace White of Syracuse, Judge Wallace of Albany, and Hone E. Sexton of New York
City purchased Fox Island. Five years later, Horace White (1865-1943) became the 37th
Governor of New York State (1910). The original lodge building consisted of a rustic-inspired
cottage with an open full-width porch (Figure 4.49). The interior of the lodge featured antique
furnishings mostly designed by the furniture maker Gustav Stickley. In 1906, White persuaded
the state to turn over to him a large duck marsh just offshore of the island (The New York Times
2007b). Fox Island became a favorite seasonal hunting retreat of politicians and state leaders.
Senator Brown, a former State Senate leader, died on Fox Island in 1922 of an apparent heart
attack (The New York Times 2007b).
Fox Island’s Governor Horace White Lodge estate has had four owners since the 1905
partnership (The New York Times 2007a). After White’s death in 1943, Mr. Marcellus and
Clellan S. Forsythe purchased the property from the White estate (Thousand Islands Sun 1980).
It was sold in 1980 by Fox Island Realty Company, which was headed by Mr. Marcellus’ son
John, to S.C. Robinson of New Albany, Indiana, and Richard Mattox for $160,000 (Thousand
Islands Sun 1980). The property included at that time an airstrip, a 12-room main lodge, a
pheasant-rearing house, dog kennels, barns, a farmhouse, a caretaker’s cottage, two large
boathouses, a duck-decoy house, a boat shed and a pumphouse (Thousand Islands Sun 1980).
In the last two decades, the original main block of the lodge has been enlarged and
expanded with the addition of lower flanking wings (TRC 2008). The estate recently sold in 2007
for $3.78 million (The New York Times 2007a). A 40-piece collection of Gustav Stickley antique
furnishings was also auctioned (The New York Times 2007b). The current owner plans to retain
the undeveloped character of the island (The New York Times 2007a).
Figure 4.49. The original Governor Horace White Lodge in the early
1900s, Fox Island (Woltz 2007).
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4.5.2 Fox Island: Previous Architectural Investigations. Two historic resources on Fox
Island were previously surveyed as part of an architectural investigation conducted for the St.
Lawrence Wind Project (TRC 2008). These include: the Governor Horace White Lodge at
2079/2261 Fox Island Road #7 (USN 04505.000162); and a vacant building on Fox Island Road
#7 (USN 04505.000167). NYSOPRHP determined both of these buildings as “Not” NRE. The
St. Lawrence Wind Project five-mile APE included almost all of Fox Island except for a small
portion of its southern extremities.
The White Lodge has been significantly enlarged since the early 1900s and, except for the
chimneys and the foundation, its original features are not discernable (TRC 2008). The building
has undergone modifications that include replacement siding, primary porch enclosure, and
replacement of all original doors and windows (TRC 2008). The lodge also has a caretaker’s
cottage.
The other inventoried structure is a ca. 1870 deteriorated two-story, frame, L-shaped
building with gabled roof. The primary west façade has a one-story hipped porch that has
collapsed. Roof and walls have partially collapsed. There are no associated outbuildings.
4.5.3 Conclusions. Fox Island is one of the last privately held islands in the Thousand
Islands region. It remains one of the Northeast's finest water fowling destinations. The island
features a sprawling renovated lodge (White Lodge) with native stone fireplaces that includes a
guest house, a large front dock, and mainland dock recently constructed with 70-year steel
pilings and pressure-treated staving; newly constructed protected harbor and docks, associated
large steel storage barn; a harbor house; decoy house; and pumphouse (Woltz 2007). It has a
3,000-ft private grass landing strip. The island also has one late nineteenth-century abandoned
building.
Additional research conducted as part of the 10-mile APE study, revealed that Fox Island
is of historical significance for its association with events of the War of 1812 and its proximity to
Grenadier Island (a channel between the islands), which served as the headquarters and
encampment for Major General Wilkinson's Army.
The current architectural investigation was limited to archival research; a site visit was not
conducted on Fox Island as part of the 10-mile APE study. As such, the extent and integrity of
historic resources associated with the ca. 1905-1907 Horace White Lodge has not been
assessed. A previous study of the White Lodge did not provide full documentation of ancillary
structures and other features of the property. Despite alterations to the White Lodge, Fox Island
is locally important for its historical association with the early halcyon days of the seasonal
resort development of the Thousand Islands region of St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.
White Lodge is also notable for its owners and guests who were prominent politicians of New
York State from the early twentieth century.
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5.0 Architectural Survey Results
This report documents a total of 66 properties: seven individual NRL; one NRL historic
district; two individual NRE; 37 recommended individual NRE (inclusive of two cemeteries); and
19 unevaluated properties. Farm complexes with numerous farm buildings or features are
considered as one property. As part of the final architectural survey, these properties were
examined along with other historic resources in the positive viewshed. The breakdown of the
results follows the order of the Annotated List of Properties in Section 8.0, which catalogs the
findings of this architectural survey. Buildings with limited access due to private lake frontage
(i.e., lake elevation not visible) are identified as unevaluated in this report.
5.1 TOWN OF BROWNVILLE (MCD 04504), JEFFERSON COUNTY
One individual property, the Samuel Read House at 20669 South Shore Road (in Pillar
Point) is recommended as NRE in the Town of Brownville. No previously recorded NRL or NRE
properties are located in the ten-mile APE study area section of Brownville.
5.2 TOWN OF CAPE VINCENT (MCD 04505), JEFFERSON COUNTY
For the Grenadier islands and Fox Island, the current architectural investigation was
limited to archival research. A site visit was not conducted on these three islands as part of the
10-mile APE study (see Sections 4.4 and 4.5). Grenadier Island presently contains three extant
nineteenth-century buildings. Two of three nineteenth-century buildings were previously
surveyed (TRC 2008). These include the NRE abandoned “Humphrey Farm House” (also
known as the "Carbide House") and the “Stone House” located in the northeast corner of the
island at Harbor Basin, which is part of a large seasonal rental cottage. The “Stone House” was
determined “Not” NRE due to extensive modifications. Despite the “Not” NRE status, the
property is of local interest as one of Jefferson County’s nineteenth-century stone buildings.
“Grenadier Island School House,” the third building, is a late nineteenth-century one-room,
frame school house (see Figure 4.41). Identified in the ten-mile APE architectural research
investigation, the school house building is located on Grenadier Island Road in the center of the
island. It is a one-story, front-gabled rectangular block set on a stone foundation and sheathed
with clapboard. The fenestration is intact, but the original sash has been replaced. It has a rear
ridge brick chimney. Based on this initial background review, it appears “Grenadier Island
School House” is potentially NRE for its historical association with the development of Grenadier
Island and the rural school districts of Cape Vincent. It is further architecturally significant as a
largely intact example of a frame one-room school house in the Northern New York.
Overall, Grenadier Island is historically significant for its association with the War of 1812
as the headquarters and encampment for Major General James Wilkinson's Army (under NRHP
Criteria A, B and D). The island is further significant for its role in the Underground Railroad as a
safe house for fugitive slaves (under NRHP Criteria A and possibly D).
Little Grenadier Island was purchased in 1897 by General Louis Fitzgerald of Garrison-onthe-Hudson
and three men from New York City—Richard H. Halstead, Russell Murray and
George C. Andrea (Casler 1906:138). The following year, buildings were constructed by the four
men, who converted the island into a summer retreat. The extent and integrity of historic
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esources associated with the ca. 1898 summer estate on Little Grenadier Island is not known.
Based on review of aerial photography, there appears to be a few structures and a dock on the
island.
Fox Island is one of the last privately held islands in the Thousand Islands region. It
remains as one of the Northeast's finest water fowling destinations. The island features a
sprawling renovated lodge (White Lodge) with native stone fireplaces that includes a guest
house, a large front dock and mainland dock recently constructed with 70-year steel pilings and
pressure-treated staving; newly constructed protected harbor and docks; associated large steel
storage barn; a harbor house; decoy house; and pumphouse (Woltz 2007). It has a 3,000-ft
private grass landing strip. The island also has one late nineteenth-century abandoned building.
Additional research conducted as part of the ten-mile APE study revealed that Fox Island
is of historical significance for its association with events of the War of 1812 and its proximity to
Grenadier Island (a channel between the islands), which served as the headquarters and
encampment for Major General Wilkinson's army.
The extent and integrity of historic resources on Fox Island associated with the ca. 1905-
1907 Horace White Lodge has not been assessed. A previous study of the White Lodge did not
provide full documentation of ancillary structures and other landscape features of the property.
Despite alterations to the White Lodge, Fox Island is locally important for its historical association
with the early days of seasonal resort development of the Thousand Islands region of the St.
Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. White Lodge is also notable for its owners and guests, who
were prominent politicians of New York State from the early twentieth century.
5.3 TOWN OF HENDERSON (MCD 04509), JEFFERSON COUNTY
Seventeen individual properties are recommended as NRE in the ten-mile APE study area
section of Henderson (Table 5.1). An additional 18 properties were assigned an “Unevaluated”
NRHP status because of lack of access (i.e., principal facades front Lake Ontario). One NRE(I)
property, Association Island, is located in the project viewshed in Henderson. There are no NRL
properties in the ten-mile APE study area in Henderson (see Section 4.3 for historic resources
in Henderson).
Table 5.1. Summary of properties in the ten-mile APE study area in the Town of Henderson.
Property Name Address Locality NRHP Status
Robert G. Wehle State
Park
On Lake Ontario Stony Point Unevaluated
Association Island Association Island (h) NRE(I)
Stony Point Light
House
3415 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Recommend Eligible
Crandall Property 3535 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
3597 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
3667 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
Margi Lodge 3693 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
Roe Property 3765 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
Howard Property 3779 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
3787 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
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Table 5.1 continued.
Property Name Address Locality NRHP Status
3815 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
3833 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
3845 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
3857 Lighthouse Road Stony Point (h) Unevaluated
Former Tyler Inn 13030 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Greiner Property 13040 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13068 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Hillbrook Cottage 13102 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
R.J.W. Morgan House 13370 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13399 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13498 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13547 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Gill House Inn 13565 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13608 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13611 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Unevaluated
13643 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Unevaluated
13644 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13699 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Unevaluated
Brown Owl Cottage 13723 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Unevaluated
Bittersweet Lodge 13773 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Unevaluated
13799Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Unevaluated
13832 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Innisfaell 13962 Harbor Road/CR 123 Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
13689 Harbor View Road Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Cedarhurst 15318 Snowshoe Road Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Cedar Lodge 15321 Snowshoe Road Henderson Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
5.4 TOWN OF HOUNSFIELD (MCD 04510), JEFFERSON COUNTY
One property, the former U.S. Coast Guard Station on Galloo Island, is recommended as
NRE (see Section 4.1.3). One NRL property, Galloo Island Lighthouse, is located in the project
viewshed in Hounsfield (see subsection below for Sackets Harbor).
For Stony and Calf islands, the current architectural investigation was limited to archival
research; site visits were not conducted on Stony and Calf islands as part of the ten-mile APE
study. As such, the extent and integrity of historic resources on these two islands has not been
assessed (i.e., unevaluated for NRHP eligibility).
Stony and Calf islands are privately owned by ConocoPhillips Petroleum. The company
still operates Stony Island Lodge as a corporate retreat. The lodge is historically significant for
its association with the summer resort era of eastern Lake Ontario and the Thousand Islands. It
is further possibly architecturally significant for its association with prominent central New York
architect Archimedes Russell and as a representative example of rustic lodge resort
architecture. However, the architectural integrity of Stony Island Lodge is not known. One other
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esource of note is a reported cemetery on the island containing the graves of former Stony
Island inhabitants. The location of the cemetery is not known (Quick 2006:177). The old Stony
Island school house is no longer extant; it succumbed to fire in 1990 (JCJ 1990).
5.5 VILLAGE OF SACKETS HARBOR (MCD 04558), TOWN OF HOUNSFIELD,
JEFFERSON COUNTY
Ten individual properties are recommended as NRE in the APE study area in Sackets
Harbor (Table 5.2). An additional 18 properties were assigned an “Unevaluated” NRHP status
because of lack of access (i.e., principal facades front Lake Ontario).
The NRL Sackets Harbor Village Historic District is a large district containing some 156
properties, which includes most of the village proper (note: the district was assigned a single
map point for this study). Three individual NRL properties are located in the project viewshed
(see Table 5.2), inclusive of one contributing property to the district, the Elisha Camp House (it
was assigned its own separate map point for this study).
Table 5.2. Summary of properties in the ten-mile APE study area in Sackets Harbor.
Property Address Municipality NRHP Status
Boulton Beach Farms Ambrose Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
402 Ambrose Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
518 Ambrose Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Sackets Harbor
Battlefield
Black River Bay Sackets Harbor (v) NRL
Madison Barracks Black River Bay Sackets Harbor (v) NRL
328 County HWY 75 Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Lakeside Cemetery Dodge Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Military Cemetery Dodge Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
352 Dodge Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
362 Dodge Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
323 East Main Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
Elisha Camp House 310 General Smith Drive Sackets Harbor (v) NRL
Sackets Harbor Village
Historic District
Main Street Sackets Harbor (v) NRL
390 Ontario Street Sackets Harbor (v) Recommend Eligible
5.6 TOWN OF LYME (MCD 04513), JEFFERSON COUNTY
Eight individual properties are recommended as NRE in the in the ten-mile APE study
area in the Town of Lyme (Table 5.3). One property was assigned an “Unevaluated” NRHP
status because of lack of access (i.e., principal facades front Lake Ontario). Three individual
NRL properties in Lyme are located in the project viewshed. The study area only included Point
Peninsula.
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Table 5.3. Summary of properties in the ten-mile APE study area in the Town of Lyme.
Property Address Municipality NRHP Status
Hanson's High
Rocks
4811 Becker Lane Point Peninsula (v) Unevaluated
Getman
Farmhouse
South Shore Road Point Peninsula (v) NRL
Farm South Shore Road Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
Farm buildings South Shore Road Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
South Shore Road Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
Farm complex
19458 South Shore
Road
Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
19532 South Shore
Road
Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
21585 South Shore
Road
Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
25201 South Shore
Road
Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
25403 South Shore
Road
Point Peninsula (v) Recommend Eligible
Lance Farm South Shore Road Point Peninsula/Chaumont (v) NRL
Angell Farm South Shore Road Point Peninsula/Chaumont (v) NRL
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6.0 Impacts
The study area is a ten-mile radius extending from the perimeter edge of the proposed
layout of the Hounsfield Wind Farm project site. The project is located in Jefferson County. The
towns included within the project’s ten-mile visual APE primarily include portions of the Galloo
Islands in Hounsfield, Henderson, Brownsville, Lyme, and Grenadier and Fox islands in Cape
Vincent. The Village of Sackets Harbor, which is 13 miles northeast of Galloo Island, was
included in the APE at the request of NYSHPO. No structures or buildings will be demolished or
physically altered in connection with the construction of the project. Access to the surrounding
historical, recreational, and commercial land uses will not be impeded by the project.
The definition of visual impacts has historically been conceptually problematic. The New
York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) defines Visual Impact as:
…when the mitigating effects of perspective do not reduce the visibility of an object to
insignificant levels. Beauty plays no role in this concept. A visual impact may also be
considered in the context of contrast. For instance, all other things being equal, a blue object
seen against an orange background has greater visual impact than a blue object seen
against the same colored blue background. Again, beauty plays no role in this concept
[NYSDEC 2000:10-11].
The difficulty, however, lies in defining insignificant levels or in determining the levels of contrast
that have an effect. Further, at what level of contrast does the effect become adverse? In the
overall assessment, the multivariate natures of the NRL and NRE properties in the viewshed
can be considered to a limited degree. In many instances, the setting of the property contributes
to its eligibility, while in other cases it is less so or not at all important. In this summary, the level
of effect (visibility and contrast) is measured on the dataset as a whole—the National Register
listed and eligible (and potentially eligible) properties within the viewshed (Table 6.1 [end]).
One method used by Panamerican and others for illustrating the degree of visual impact is
loosely based on categories suggested by the U.S. Forest Service for assessing visual impacts
on landscapes. In this framework, the project viewshed is divided into zones of relative visibility
based on geographical distance from the viewer. In order to present these analyses in a
consistent and comparable manner, Panamerican uses the following categories: Foreground (0-
0.5 mile); Middle ground (0.5-3.0 miles); and Background (3.0 miles to horizon). Only two
properties, the lighthouse and Coast Guard Station on the island, are in the visual foreground
while the remaining properties are well in the background relative to the wind farm. While the
Forest Service inspired scheme has been adapted for a number of 5-mile radius studies, versus
the 10-mile radius used here, it does lend some perspective when comparing this project to
other built or planned wind farms. While some of the affected historic properties are grouped
together within municipalities—specifically in the villages of Sackets Harbor and Henderson
Harbor—and along roads or in associated complexes such as farmsteads, on the whole, the
properties are found across the study area. This typifies dispersed rural settlement as well as
the clustered seasonal and permanent cottages that reflect the seasonal development of the
region.
There are 66 NRL, NRE and recommended NRE properties within the topographic
viewshed (Figure 6.1). As noted above, virtually all of these properties are located well in the
background. One of these properties is the NRL Sackets Harbor Historic District that comprises a
total of 156 properties on approximately 71 acres. The total number of structures/places within this
extended viewshed (the ten-mile ring and Sackets Harbor) is in the hundreds. However, the bulk
Panamerican Consultants, Inc. 6-1 Hounsfield Wind Farm 10-mile APE