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Getting Started in Sociology, 3rd Edition 8 Having worked in the justice system for a number of years, I’m aware that members of such gangs display properties of both. Yes; they’re okay with killing to settle disputes. On the other hand, most of the gang members I met had very strongly-held ‘family values’ and religious faiths. How do we categorize groups that have characteristics of both subcultures and countercultures? I suggest we discuss such groups in terms of “the extent to which . . .” they have subcultural and/or countercultural properties. REFERENCES Berger, Peter L. and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality, Garden City, Doubleday, 1967. Cicourel, Aaron V., “Basic and Normative Rules in the Negotiation of Status and Role,” in Hans Peter Dreitzel, Recent Sociology, Number 2, 44 – 49. Cooley, Charles Horton, Human Nature and the Social Order, New York: Schocken, 1964. Denzin, Norman K., Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Studies: The Politics of Interpretation, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Mead, George Herbert, Mind, Self and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What are some of the norms and values you feel are especially important to adhere to? If you become a parent some day, which norms and values will be especially important to teach to your children? 2. What are some of the statuses you occupy at this point in your life? What is the role you play, as an occupant of any one of your statuses? 3. At this point in your life, what agent of socialization influences you the most? Over the course of your whole life to date, which agent has had the biggest effect on the person you have become? 4. What are some of the subcultures you have belonged to, at one time or another? Pick one of them and list the characteristics of the group that identify it as a subculture.
MARK CHAVES 1: ABIDING FAITH God is dead—or God is taking over. Depending on the headlines of the day, soothsayers pronounce the end of religion or the ascendancy of religious extremists. What is really going on? Taking stock of religion is almost as old as religion itself. Tracking religious trends is difficult, however, when religion means so many different things. Should we look at belief in the supernatural? Frequency of formal religious worship? The role of faith in major life decisions? The power of individual religious movements? These different dimensions of religion can change in different ways. Whether religion is declining or not depends on the definition of religion and what signifies a decline. Perhaps the most basic manifestation of religious observance is piety: individual belief and participation in formal religious worship. Recent research on trends in American piety supports neither simple secularization nor staunch religious resilience in the face of modern life. Instead, Americans seem to believe as much but practice less. Religious Belief Conventional Judeo-Christian religious belief remains very high in the United States, and little evidence suggests it has declined in recent decades. Gallup polls and other surveys show that more than 90 percent of Americans believe in a higher power, and more than 60 percent are certain that God exists. Approximately 80 percent believe in miracles and in life after death, 70 percent believe in heaven, and 60 percent believe in hell. Far fewer Americans—from two in three in 1963 to one in three today—believe the Bible is the literal Word of God. The number who say the Bible is either the inerrant or the inspired Word of God is still impressively high, however—four of every five. Religious faith in the United States is more broad than deep, and it has been for as long as it has been tracked. Of Americans who say the Bible is either the actual or the inspired Word of God, only half can name the first book in the Bible and only one-third can say who preached the Sermon on the Mount. More than 90 percent believe in a higher power, but only onethird say they rely more on that power than on themselves in overcoming adversity. People who claim to be born-again or evangelical Christians are no less likely than others to believe in ideas foreign to traditional Christianity, such as reincarnation (20 percent of all Americans), channeling (17 percent), or astrology (26 percent), and they are no less likely to have visited a fortune teller (16 percent). Despite the superficiality of belief among many, the percentage of Americans expressing religious faith is still remarkably high. How should we understand this persistent religious belief? High levels of religious belief in the United States seem to show that, contrary to widespread expectations of many scholars, industrialization, urbanization, bureaucratization, advances in science and other developments associated with modern life do not automatically undermine religious belief. In part this is because modernization does not immunize people against the human experiences that inspire religious sentiment. As anthropologist Mary Douglas points out, scientific advances do not make us less likely to feel awe and wonder when we ponder the universe and its workings. For example, our feelings of deference to physicians, owing to their experience and somewhat mysterious scientific knowledge, may not be so different from the way other people feel about traditional healers —even if the outcomes of treatment are indeed different. Likewise, bureaucracy does not demystify our world—on the contrary, it may make us feel more helpless and confused in the face of powers beyond our control. When confronted with large and complex bureaucracies, modern people may not feel any more in control of the world around them than a South Pacific Islander confronted with the prospect of deep-sea fishing for shark. Modern people still turn to religion in part because certain experiences—anthropologist Clifford Geertz emphasizes bafflement, pain, and moral dilemmas—remain 9
Page 1 and 2: Getting Started in: SOCIOLOGY Third
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents PART I: The Basic
Page 5 and 6: PART I: The Basics FUNDAMENTAL CONC
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Page 23 and 24: MATT RIDLEY 3: WHAT MAKES YOU WHO Y
Page 25 and 26: FIRST MALE FETUS triggers an immune
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3: DISCLAIMERS AND ACCOUNTS IN CASE
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‘This is between you and me. This
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principles. Even were priests to ma
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is like in terms of character, inte
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2: NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND OUR FEELING
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answer to this new challenge. A ret
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watchful of unspoken physical gestu
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met John, I knew that they had made
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unload that tired brick colonial. E
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LAUREN SLATER 3: THIS THING CALLED
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motivation to win rewards. It is wh
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3: THIS THING CALLED LOVE dopamine
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attached to him or her. You will st
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4: DYSFUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION AND
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something like this: “You’re so
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Personal Troubles vs. Public Issues
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REFERENCES Conot, Robert; Rivers of
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CHRIS BRAY 2: HUMAN TRAFFICKING If
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day. The one woman that was arreste
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GRAHAM T. T. MOLITOR 3: FOOD AND AG
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ecame more pronounced, with 8.1 mil
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elative importance in the Knowledge
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altered species as “Frankenfish.
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Subject and Name Index 215
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