Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion, 1890-1909 In the years after the ...

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Christianity, profit from trade: and cons- can’t give back to Spanish misrule can’t abandon and have some else take the over) the US would pay Spain 20 m. for the Philippines (Spain was disputing over US right to take the Philippines because she felt it was not a spoil of war since Manila was captured after the armistice was signed.) 2. The signing of the Pact of Paris created furious debate in the US. With the exceptions of Hawaii, Alaska. And a few small Pacific Islands we had only taken over contiguous land in North America. Now we had taken on a far away people with a very different culture. 3. The Anti-Imperialist League which was fighting this annexation included many prominent citizens. They argue that it was against our beliefs, that it was despotic and could lead to despotism at home, and it would involve the US in the problems of the Far East. 4. The expansionist/imperialists appealed to patriotism and the desire for profits. They said it was America’s duty to uplift (and exploit) the poorer people of the world. 5. Senate opposition to the treaty was very strong and it looked like it would fail until W.J Bryan supported it. He wanted to use Republican imperialism as a campaign issue in 1900. 6. Bryan argued that we needed to officially end the war and that since we already had them on our hands we should accept them so we could set them free sooner. He got Democrats to vote for the treaty and it passed. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba 1. Puerto Rico’s population grew faster than its economy and the country was poor (as a result). 2. The US passed the Foraker Act of 1900 which gave PR a limited amount of popular government. In1917, PR’s were given US citizenship. 3. The US was responsible for many internal improvements in PR, but many of the people wanted their freedom. 4. The question, “Does the Constitution follow the flag?” arose. Did US laws and rights fully apply in new territory? 5. In a series of cases (The Insular Cases) which began in 1901 a divided Supreme Court decided that the answer was no. PR and the Philippines while ruled by the US did not have all US rights. 6. Under the leadership of Rough Rider Wood many political and social improvements were made in Cuba (including the wiping out of yellow fever as a results of discoveries made by Dr. Walter Reed- a boon to the S. and Atlantic seaboard regions of the US too). 7. The US honored the Teller Amendment and withdrew from Cuba in 1902 8. Using US concern for Cuba’s vulnerability, the Cubans were forced to write into their 1901 constitution the Platt Amendment. 9. Under the Platt Amendment Cuba’s government bound themselves not to endanger their independence through treaty or indebtedness. They gave the US the right to do military intervention to restore order and to provide mutual protection. Finally they promised to sell/lease coaling/ naval stations to the US. We ended up with Guantanamo Bay as a result.(They can only get it back if both the US and Cuba agree.) New Horizons in Two Hemispheres 1. The Spanish-American War let the world know that the US was a world power. 2. Sp. Amer War= Splendid Little War because it was short, low in causalities, successful. Our world prestige rose and Europeans were more respectful of the US. 3. A negative result for the US- it increased our indifference to our unpreparedness 4. As shown by US’s enthusiasm for things like John Philip Sousa’s marches the war increased national pride and cockiness. 5. Enthusiasms made it easier to become imperialistic. 6. Latin America became suspicious of US greed.
7. Taking on the Philippines made the US a Far Eastern power and created the problem of defending the islands and America wasn’t willing to do so. 8. The war supported Mahan’s big-navyism, and American pride in the navy’s accomplishments created public support for more and better battleships. 9. Elihu Root became secretary of war. He did reorganizations by establishing a general staff and a war college. These changes were helpful in WWI. Fighting together helped heal the rift that still existed as a result of the division of the states in the Civil War. "Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines 1. Filipinos assumed that they would be granted their freedom after the Spanish-American War, just like the Cubans. But, the U.S. excluded them from peace negotiations from Spain and intended to stay in the Philippines indefinitely. 2. On February 4, 1899, the Filipinos erupted in rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo. 3. American soldiers as well as Filipino guerillas resorted to brutal fighting tactics and guerilla warfare. Despite it’s noble ideals, the U.S. resorted to torture such as the “water cure” for information out of prisoners; rivaled the atrocities of “Butcher” Weyler in Cuba. 4. The backbone of the Filipino rebellion was broken in 1901 when American soldiers captured Emilio Aguinaldo. 5. William H. Taft, who referred to the Filipinos to "little brown brothers," became governor of the Philippines in 1901. 6. President McKinley's plan of "benevolent assimilation" of the Filipinos was very slow and involved improving roads, sanitation, and public health. The plan developed economic ties and set a school system with English as the 2 nd language. It was ill received by the Filipinos who preferred liberty over assimilation. 7. The Filipinos finally received freedom July 4, 1946 (after WWII had ended). Hinging the Open Door in China 1. Following China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, Russia and Germany moved into China. 2. The American public was worried. Churches were concerned about their missionaries and merchants feared that Chinese markets would be monopolized by Europeans. The public demanded that the U.S. government do something. 3. Secretary of State John Hay dispatched to all the great powers a communication known as the Open Door note. He urged the powers to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition. 4. All the great powers eventually accepted it except for Russia (who wanted Manchuria). 5. The Chinese did not care to be used by the West and in 1900, a super-patriotic group in China known as the "Boxers" killed hundreds of foreigners. A multinational rescue force came in and stopped the Boxer rebellion. 6. After the failed rebellion, the allied invaders assessed China an indemnity of $333 million, of which US was to get $24.5 million. U.S. didn’t need that much to pay for damages and expenses so it gave back $18 million to be used for education of Chinese students in the U.S. (an attempt to further westernize Asia). 7. Secretary Hay declared in 1900 that the Open Door would embrace the territorial integrity of China as well as its commercial integrity. This was eventually written into the Nine Powers Treaty of 1922 but was broken by Japan when they conquered Manchuria in the ‘30s. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? 1. President McKinley was the Republican presidential nominee for the election of 1900 because he had led the country through a war, acquired rich real estate, established the gold standard, and brought prosperity to the nation.
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Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion, 1890-1909 In the years after the ...

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