Albert Bleeker, ECN, The Netherlands - Umweltbundesamt
Albert Bleeker, ECN, The Netherlands - Umweltbundesamt
Albert Bleeker, ECN, The Netherlands - Umweltbundesamt
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International Activities on Reactive Nitrogen<br />
<strong>Albert</strong> <strong>Bleeker</strong>, <strong>ECN</strong>, <strong>The</strong> <strong>Netherlands</strong><br />
www.ecn.nl
2 27-11-2008<br />
Outline of presentation<br />
• Nitrogen in Europe<br />
- Cause / Effect<br />
- Policies<br />
• (Integrated) Nitrogen Activities in Europe / World
3 27-11-2008<br />
100 years (and 2 months) Haber Process<br />
Erisman et al., 2008
Trends in human population and nitrogen use<br />
World population (millions)<br />
4 27-11-2008<br />
7000<br />
6000<br />
5000<br />
4000<br />
3000<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
0<br />
1900 1950 2000<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
% world population,<br />
fertilizer input, meat production<br />
world population<br />
world population<br />
(no Haber Bosch<br />
N)<br />
% world population<br />
fed by Haber<br />
Bosch N<br />
average fertilizer<br />
input (kg N / ha<br />
/year)<br />
meat production<br />
(kg / person / year)
Past and future global N fertilizer consumption 1900-2100<br />
Tg N<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
5 27-11-2008<br />
A1 – technol / global<br />
A2 – technol / regional<br />
B1 – environm 250 /global<br />
B2 – environm / regional<br />
Tilman et al, 2001 200<br />
FAO, 2000 (baseline)<br />
Tilman et al, 2001<br />
150 FAO, 2000 (baseline)<br />
FAO, 2000 (improved)<br />
Tg N<br />
FAO, 2000 (improved)<br />
100<br />
50<br />
A1 – technol / global<br />
A2 – technol / regional<br />
B1 – environm /global<br />
B2 – environm / regional<br />
0<br />
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100<br />
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100<br />
A1<br />
efficiency increase<br />
diet optimization<br />
biofuels<br />
food equity<br />
population growth<br />
A2 B1 B2<br />
efficiency increase<br />
diet optimization<br />
biofuels<br />
food equity<br />
population growth<br />
A1 A2 B1 B2<br />
We need a new invention that will change the world the coming 100 years<br />
Erisman et al. 2008
Fossil fuels/energy and nitrogen<br />
• NO x emissions from<br />
combustion<br />
• Fertilizer production<br />
• Globalisation through<br />
transport<br />
• Increased production<br />
through increased<br />
manpower<br />
• Biofuels/bioenergy will<br />
require more fertilizer use<br />
6 27-11-2008<br />
Energy, transport and industry
<strong>The</strong> reactive nitrogen formation and cascade<br />
7 27-11-2008<br />
Sources Effects<br />
Cascade through the environment
8 27-11-2008<br />
Changing insights on role of N in water and air<br />
• 1920s: N in water contribute to algal growth<br />
• 1940s: NO 3 in drinking water has toxic effects on babies<br />
• 1960s: N from sewage contribute to algal growth<br />
• 1970s: N from agriculture contribute to algal growth<br />
• 1980s: Managed pastures contribute to NO 3 leaching<br />
• 1972: United Nations Conference on the Human<br />
Environment in Stockholm<br />
• 1980s: ‘das Waldsterben’
9 27-11-2008<br />
Policies on nitrogen in air Europe<br />
1979: UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)<br />
1988: NO X Protocol UNECE-CLRTAP<br />
1999: Gothenburg Protocol<br />
- 1984: EU Air Framework Directive (84/360/EEC),<br />
- 1989: EU Large Combustion Plant Directive 88/609<br />
- 1996: EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (96/61/EC<br />
- 1999: EU Air Quality Directive (1999/30/EC)<br />
- 2000: EU National Emission Ceilings Directive (2001/81/EC)<br />
- 2005: EU <strong>The</strong>matic Strategy on Air Pollution<br />
Barents Sea<br />
- 1997: UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol<br />
Kara Sea<br />
Artic Ocean<br />
Canada<br />
Iceland<br />
Pacific Ocean<br />
North Sea<br />
Finland<br />
United of States America<br />
Norway<br />
Sweden<br />
Estonia<br />
Russian Federation<br />
of America<br />
Denmark<br />
Lithuania<br />
Latvia<br />
Ireland<br />
United Kingdom United Kingdom <strong>Netherlands</strong><br />
PolandBelarus<br />
Belgium Germany<br />
PolandBelarus<br />
Luxembourg<br />
Belgium Germany<br />
Luxembourg Czech Slovakia Rep.Ukraine<br />
France Switzerland Liechtenstein Austria<br />
Atlantic Ocean Slovenia Hungary<br />
Slovakia Rep.Ukraine<br />
Kaz<br />
Austria<br />
Atlantic Ocean France Switzerland Liechtenstein Moldova<br />
MonacoBosnia<br />
Italy<br />
Herzegovina<br />
Croatia Romania Moldova<br />
Aral<br />
Yugoslavia and<br />
Sea<br />
Monaco Serbia<br />
F.Y.R.of Bulgaria and<br />
Italy<br />
Herzegovina<br />
Bosnia Croatia Romania<br />
Aral<br />
and Bulgaria Black Sea<br />
Albania Macedonia Georgia<br />
Caspian<br />
Spain<br />
F.Y.R.of<br />
Caspian Azerbaijan Sea akh<br />
Greece Turkey<br />
Armenia<br />
Sea Kyr<br />
Albania<br />
Armenia<br />
Portugal Spain<br />
Montenegro<br />
Macedonia<br />
Sea Kyr<br />
Portugal<br />
Greece Turkey<br />
sta gyz<br />
Mediterranean Malta<br />
Cyprus<br />
Sea<br />
n sta<br />
n<br />
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION<br />
FOR EUROPE<br />
Atlantic
10 27-11-2008<br />
Policies on nitrogen in water Europe<br />
• 1972: Helsinki Convention / OSCOM / PARCOM<br />
• 1976: Mediterranean Action Plan<br />
• 1992: HELCOM /OSPAR Conventions :50% decrease in N and P loads<br />
• 1991: EU Urban waste water Directive<br />
• 1991: EU Nitrates Directive<br />
• 2000: EU Water Framework Directive<br />
• 2006: Groundwater Directive<br />
• 2007: Marine Strategy
Multiple EU policies affect nitrogen in different sectors<br />
11 27-11-2008<br />
Human/animal<br />
health<br />
Renewable Energy<br />
Directive<br />
Innovation (Lisboa)<br />
IPPC<br />
NO x<br />
Energy<br />
Industry Fertilizer<br />
TS<br />
IPPC<br />
Transport<br />
Euro-5<br />
Agriculture<br />
NEC, CLTRAP<br />
NH 3 N 2 O<br />
Kyoto<br />
N deposition<br />
Forests/grass/<br />
ecosystems<br />
CAP Reform<br />
Animal welfare<br />
Rural Development<br />
Biofuels<br />
NO3 NO3 groundwater<br />
Surface water<br />
Nitrate Directive<br />
Water Framework Directive<br />
Bird & Habitat<br />
Directive<br />
Nature<br />
conservation<br />
Global change<br />
Climate/biodiversity
How to address this Jigsaw Puzzle? Multi-source<br />
agriculture, fossil fuel, natural<br />
Multi-pollutant<br />
N 2 O, NO x , NH 3 , aquatic NO 3 - ,<br />
aerosol etc<br />
12 27-11-2008<br />
Multi-problem<br />
GHG balance, biodiversity, water quality, human health<br />
Multi-receptor<br />
Forests & other terrest. ecosystems, agriculture, rivers,<br />
stratosphere, urban, coastal & marine, humans<br />
Multi-policies<br />
air, water, soil, etc.
13 27-11-2008<br />
Ongoing Activities<br />
National<br />
research activities<br />
CarboEurope IP<br />
Other EU<br />
research projects<br />
Building blocks for developing an<br />
Integrated N approach in Europe<br />
NitroEurope IP<br />
FP6<br />
Primary Research<br />
Measurement & modelling<br />
at multiple scales<br />
Methods, datasets,<br />
process understanding,<br />
models, maps, trends<br />
verification, uncertainty<br />
IGBP - iLEAPS<br />
UNECE<br />
Task Forces & ICPs<br />
COST 729<br />
Atmosphere-Biosphere<br />
& multiple N strategies<br />
Research Synthesis<br />
Model harmonization<br />
&source-receptor links<br />
Refined parameterization,<br />
integrated assessment<br />
and analysis of Kyoto-<br />
Gothenburg synergies<br />
UNFCCC: IPCC and<br />
Monitoring Mechanism<br />
European Commission<br />
and National Parties<br />
NinE<br />
European Science<br />
Foundation (ESF)<br />
Analysis of links<br />
between the 9 major<br />
nitrogen issues<br />
Synthesis of synergies<br />
& recommendations<br />
for Integrated<br />
Nitrogen Management<br />
UNEP / SCOPE / IGBP<br />
International Nitrogen<br />
Initiative (INI) & ENC<br />
Input to underpin<br />
Convention negotiations<br />
FCCC, CLRTAP & others<br />
Projects<br />
Core Role<br />
Main<br />
Deliverables<br />
International<br />
Users
14 27-11-2008<br />
NitroEurope IP<br />
Main Question:<br />
What is the effect of reactive nitrogen supply on the<br />
direction and magnitude of net greenhouse gas<br />
budgets for Europe?<br />
• 5 year project (started Feb. 2006)<br />
• 67 partners<br />
• Coordinated by Mark Sutton (UK)<br />
• www.nitroeurope.eu
15 27-11-2008<br />
NitroEurope<br />
Overall Science Structure<br />
Other EU & national<br />
activities, including<br />
CarboEurope IP<br />
C1<br />
NEU<br />
Flux Network<br />
C2<br />
NEU Ecosystem<br />
Manipulation<br />
C 3<br />
NEU Plot Scale<br />
Modelling<br />
C 4<br />
NEU Landscape<br />
Analysis<br />
C 5<br />
NEU European<br />
Integration<br />
C 6<br />
NEU Verification
16 27-11-2008<br />
• Chair: Jan Willem Erisman<br />
• Vice Chair: Peringe Grennfelt<br />
• Started: March 2005 (5 year)<br />
• www.cost729.org
COST 729 Mid-term Workshop 2009<br />
Nitrogen Deposition and Natura 2000<br />
Science and practice in determining environmental impacts<br />
Goal<br />
• To develop harmonized approaches for assessing the impacts of atmospheric<br />
nitrogen deposition on Natura 2000 and to inform future policy development.<br />
Key Issues<br />
• Pairing national scientists and conservation practitioners<br />
• Considering site-based case studies<br />
• Comparing approaches between countries<br />
• Developing clear messages to improve assessments<br />
• Exploiting cross-compliance and informing future policy development<br />
• Communicating the scale of the problem<br />
• Coordinates: Belgium May 2009 Information: info@cost729.org<br />
27-11-2008 Integrated Activities on Reactive Nitrogen 17
<strong>The</strong> ESF Networking<br />
Programme<br />
‘Nitrogen in Europe’<br />
www.nine-esf.org
Nitrogen in Europe (NinE)<br />
ESF Research Networking Programme<br />
Domain of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences<br />
Started: March 2006<br />
Runs for 5 years<br />
Chair: J.W. Erisman Vice-Chair: M. Sutton<br />
Progr. Coord.: A. <strong>Bleeker</strong><br />
www.nine-esf.org<br />
27-11-2008 Integrated Activities on Reactive Nitrogen 19
Nitrogen in Europe (NinE)<br />
www.nine-esf.org<br />
• Aims to integrate European research and researchers<br />
• Delivering an assessment report on the state of<br />
European nitrogen, sources, transformations and<br />
impacts, as well as establishing a basis to<br />
recommend future solutions<br />
27-11-2008 Integrated Activities on Reactive Nitrogen 20
www.nine-esf.org<br />
• Addressing 9 interacting<br />
problems related to excess<br />
nitrogen<br />
• Logo reflects the challenge<br />
to interlink these problems<br />
• NinE will build the scientific<br />
network to quantify the<br />
interactions<br />
• Logo places NinE at the<br />
centre of this<br />
interdisciplenary network<br />
• ‘ACT AS GrOUP’<br />
27-11-2008 Integrated Activities on Reactive Nitrogen 21
European Nitrogen<br />
Assessment<br />
www.nine-esf.org
www.nine-esf.org<br />
European Nitrogen Assessment (ENA)<br />
Major outcome of NinE<br />
Launch ENA planned for Spring 2011<br />
Involvement of large number of European scientists/policy makers<br />
Funtions through workshops:<br />
– Background documents (available via www.nine-esf.org)<br />
– Discussion during workshop sessions<br />
– Preparation of ENA chapter<br />
– External review<br />
27-11-2008 Integrated Activities on Reactive Nitrogen 23
European Nitrogen<br />
Assessment<br />
1. Nitrogen in Europe<br />
2. Nitrogen processing in the<br />
atmosphere, aquatic and biosphere<br />
system<br />
3. Dispersion and fate of nitrogen on<br />
different scales<br />
4. Managing nitrogen in relation to key<br />
social threats<br />
5. EU nitrogen policies and<br />
future challenges<br />
www.nine-esf.org
www.nine-esf.org<br />
European Nitrogen Assessment (ENA)<br />
Nitrogen in Europe<br />
• ENA-1: Wageningen (May 2008)<br />
Nitrogen processing in the atmosphere, aquatic and biosphere system<br />
• ENA-2: Crieff (July 2008)<br />
Dispersion and fate of nitrogen on different scales<br />
• ENA-3: Dourdan (November 2008)<br />
Managing nitrogen in relation to key social threats<br />
• ENA-4: Gotenborg (April 2009)<br />
EU nitrogen policies and future challenges<br />
• ENA-5: <strong>Netherlands</strong> (September 2009)<br />
27-11-2008 Integrated Activities on Reactive Nitrogen 25
Iceland<br />
North Sea<br />
Ireland<br />
United<br />
Kingdom <strong>Netherlands</strong><br />
Poland Task Poland Force<br />
Belarus<br />
Atlantic Ocean<br />
Spain<br />
Portugal<br />
Belgium<br />
Germany<br />
Czech Rep. Ukraine<br />
Luxembourg ICP Rep. Ukraine<br />
Luxembourg<br />
Slovakia<br />
Austria<br />
France Vegetation<br />
Programme<br />
Switzerland Liechtenstein Hungary<br />
Moldova<br />
Slovenia<br />
Romania<br />
Task Force<br />
Centre<br />
Croatia<br />
Bosnia and<br />
Monaco<br />
Herzegovina Yugoslavia Serbia and<br />
Bulgaria Black Sea<br />
Montenegro<br />
Bulgaria<br />
Georgia<br />
Italy ICP F.Y.R.of<br />
Albania Macedonia<br />
Armenia<br />
Waters<br />
Programme<br />
Greece<br />
Turkey<br />
Azerbaijan<br />
Caspian<br />
Sea<br />
26 27-11-2008<br />
Nitrogen and the Convention on LRTAP<br />
Working Group<br />
on Effects<br />
Norway<br />
Denmark<br />
ICP<br />
Forests<br />
Task Force<br />
ICP<br />
Integrated Monitoring<br />
Task Force<br />
Malta<br />
Finland<br />
ICP<br />
Modelling Sweden<br />
and Mapping<br />
Estonia<br />
Task Force<br />
ICP<br />
Materials<br />
Task Force<br />
Task Force<br />
Latvia<br />
Lithuania<br />
Mediterranean Sea<br />
Barents Sea<br />
Programme<br />
Coordinating<br />
Centre<br />
Programme<br />
Centre<br />
Coordination<br />
Center for<br />
Effects<br />
Main Research<br />
Centre<br />
Cyprus<br />
Centre<br />
Executive Body<br />
Russian Federation<br />
Kara Sea<br />
EMEP<br />
Steering Body<br />
Task Force on<br />
Emission Inventories<br />
and Projections<br />
Task Force on<br />
Measurement and<br />
Modelling<br />
Chemical Coordinating<br />
Centre<br />
Meteorological<br />
Synthesizing<br />
Centre-West<br />
Meteorological<br />
Synthesizing<br />
Centre-East<br />
Aral<br />
Sea<br />
Task Force on<br />
Integrated<br />
Implementation Committee<br />
Kazakhstan<br />
Assessment Modelling<br />
Centre for Integrated<br />
Assessment Modelling<br />
Health<br />
Task Force on<br />
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE<br />
Hemispheric Transport of<br />
Air Pollution<br />
Kyrgyzstan<br />
Artic Ocean<br />
Pacific Ocean<br />
Working Group on<br />
Strategies and<br />
Review<br />
Task Force on<br />
Reactive Nitrogen<br />
Expert Group<br />
on Ammonia Abatement<br />
Canada Canada<br />
Task Force on<br />
Heavy Metals<br />
United of America States<br />
of America<br />
Network of Experts<br />
on Benefits and<br />
Economic Instruments<br />
Expert Group on<br />
Techno-economic Issues<br />
Task Force<br />
on POPs<br />
Expert Group on<br />
Particulate Matter<br />
Organization<br />
Atlantic Ocean
Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen: TFRN<br />
co-chairs: Mark Sutton (UK) and Oene Oenema (NL)<br />
Long-term:<br />
• To provide technical information to be able<br />
– to develop an integrated vision and approach to abatement of Nr emissions and<br />
effects;<br />
– to improve coordination on the development of integrated Nr policies;<br />
– to search for synergies between policies on air pollution and other policies;<br />
Short-term activities:<br />
• Expert Panel on N budgets<br />
• Expert Panel on mitigation of agricultural nitrogen<br />
• European Nitrogen Assessment (ENA)<br />
• Analyse the linkages across Convention,<br />
plus Convention Biological Diversity and Marine Conventions<br />
• Develop Nr related options for revision of the Gothenburg Protocol<br />
27 27-11-2008
28 27-11-2008<br />
http://www.clrtap-tfrn.org
29 27-11-2008<br />
International Nitrogen Initiative<br />
Optimize nitrogen’s beneficial role in sustainable food<br />
production and minimize nitrogen’s negative effects on<br />
human health and the environment resulting from food<br />
and energy production<br />
5 year periods:<br />
- Phase 1 – Assessment of knowledge<br />
- Phase 2 – Identification of solutions<br />
- Phase 3 – Implementation of solutions<br />
http://www.initrogen.org
30 27-11-2008<br />
Global INI Activities<br />
• Organisation of the N-Conferences (every 3 years)<br />
- 5 th conf: 2010 – New Delhi (India)<br />
• Initiating the UNEP ‘Global Partnership on Nutrient Management’<br />
- Goal: to reduce nutrient over-enrichment of coastal and marine<br />
ecosystems and their associated watersheds<br />
- Special workshop during 4 th N-conf 2007 – Brasil<br />
• Contribution to the CBD – BIP2010 (Biodiversity Partnership) of<br />
UNEP<br />
- Developing biodiversity indicators in relation to nitrogen<br />
- Also linking to the European SEBI2010 process
31 27-11-2008<br />
Summary<br />
• Nitrogen is a multi/multi/multi problem, requiring an integrated<br />
approach<br />
• In recent years this approach is addressed in Global/European<br />
programs, like:<br />
- INI<br />
- NinE / ENA<br />
- COST Action 729<br />
- TFRN<br />
• Since TFRN is operating between science & policy, it is a big step<br />
towards bringing the Integrated Nitrogen approach into the EU<br />
policy arena
Thank you for your attention!<br />
a.bleeker@ecn.nl<br />
www.nine-esf.org<br />
www.ecn.nl
More information on nitrogen:<br />
33 27-11-2008
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